Search History * #6 ((apis mellifera)) or ((honeybee)) (6434 records) #5 ((apis mellifera)) in or (1208 records) #4 apis mellifera (5252 records) #3 bee (11009 records) #2 apis meillfera (0 records) Searches and records below from: multiple databases #1 (Apis Mellifera) in or (1208 records) Record 1 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Polinizacao e biologia floral de Clusia arrudae Planchon & Triana (Clusiaceae) na Serra da Calcada, municipio de Brumadinho, MG. [Pollination and floral biology of Clusia arrudae Planchon & Triana (Clusiaceae) in Serra da Calcada, Brumadinho, MG.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Carmo-Roselaini-M; Franceschinelli-Edivani-V {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Botanica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, ICB, 30161-970, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; E-Mail: edivani@icb.ufmg.br, Brazil SO Source: Revista-Brasileira-de-Botanica. [print] 2002; 25 (3): 351-360. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0100-8404 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English AB Abstract: The floral biology and pollination of Clusia arrudae was studied at "Serra da Calcada". C. arrudae does not present apomixis even when resin is deposited on the stigma. Fruits developed from flowers manually pollinated produced more seeds (6.3 per locule in average) than fruits developed from flowers naturally pollinated (4.3 seeds per locule). Blooming of C. arrudae peaks between December and mid-February. Male and female individuals of C. arrudae produce flowers daily; however, each three days there is a synchronized anthesis peak within the population. Sexual rate in the population is 1:1, with male plants producing more flowers than female. Male flowers produce about 11X106 pollen grains along the three day anthesis. Most of them (about 66%) are presented on the first day. The stigmas of female flowers remain receptive for three days or four days when pollination does not happen in the first three days. Flowers of C. arrudae were visited by six species of bees for pollen or resin collection. Workers of Apis mellifera and Trigona spinipes, and females of Xylocopa frontalis and Neocorynura sp. visited male flowers for pollen; workers of Trigona spinipes also visited female flower for resin collection. Workers of Melipona quadrifasciata and females of Eufriesea nigrohirta were observed collecting resin on both male and female flowers. Due to its frequency and behavior on flowers of both sexes, E. nigrohirta is the main pollinator of C. arrudae at "Serra da Calcada". AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Guttiferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Clusia-arrudae (Guttiferae-): floral-biology, pollination-; Eufriesea-nigrohirta (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Melipona-quadrifasciata (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Neocorynura-sp. (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Trigona-spinipes (Hymenoptera -): pollinator-; Xylocopa-frontalis (Hymenoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Serra-da-Calcada, Brumadinho-, Minas-Gerais (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flower-production; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200300130430 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 2 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Biologia reprodutiva de Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae). [Reproductive biology of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae).] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Freitas-Cristiane-V; Oliveira-Paulo-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Instituto de Biociencias, 38400 -902, Caixa Postal 593, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil; E-Mail: poliveira@ufu.br, Brazil SO Source: Revista-Brasileira-de-Botanica. [print] 2002; 25 (3): 311-321. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0100-8404 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English AB Abstract: A survey on the phenology and reproductive biology of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. was carried out in a cerradao area at Fazenda Capim Branco, Uberlandia, MG. Flowering occurs during the rain season and seed dispersal during the dry season. Flowers are pale-green, 0.5 cm in diameter, weakly zigomorphic and organized in particulate inflorescences. They are highly odoriferous, one-day flowers. Anthesis begins at about 5:00 h. The nectar production is very small (0.2 mul) with 49% of sucrose equivalents. The most frequent flower visitors and pollinators were Apis mellifera, Scaptotrigona cf. depiles and Trigona spinipes bees. Controlled hand-pollinations showed that the species is mostly self-sterile and non -apomictic. However, pollen tubes were observed growing down to the ovary and penetrating the ovules in self-pollinated pistils, a fact which suggests late-acting self-sterility phenomena or inbreeding depression. Fruit-set was always low and related to low flower to fruit conversion, may be due to inefficient pollination and fruit predation. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): flower-visitation, pollinator-; Copaifera -langsdorffii (Leguminosae-): Caesalpinioideae-, reproductive-biology; Scaptotrigona-depiles (Hymenoptera-): flower-visitation, pollinator-; Trigona-spinipes (Hymenoptera-): flower-visitation, pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flowering-: rainy-season; fruit-set; seed-dispersal: dry-season AN Accession Number: 200300130429 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 3 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Genetic diversity within honeybee colonies prevents severe infections and promotes colony growth. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Tarpy-David-R {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Seeley G. Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; E-Mail: dt66@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-Royal-Society-Biological-Sciences-Series-B. [print] 7 January 2003 2003; 270 (1510): 99-103. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-8452 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Multiple mating by social insect queens increases the genetic diversity among colony members, thereby reducing intracolony relatedness and lowering the potential inclusive fitness gains of altruistic workers. Increased genetic diversity may be adaptive, however, by reducing the prevalence of disease within a nest. Honeybees, whose queens have the highest levels of multiple mating among social insects, were investigated to determine whether genetic variation helps to prevent chronic infections. I instrumentally inseminated honeybee queens with semen that was either genetically similar (from one male) or genetically diverse (from multiple males), and then inoculated their colonies with spores of Ascosphaera apis, a fungal pathogen that kills developing brood. I show that genetically diverse colonies had a lower variance in disease prevalence than genetically similar colonies, which suggests that genetic diversity may benefit colonies by preventing severe infections. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Evolution-and-Adaptation; Infection-; Population-Genetics (Population -Studies); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): female-, male-, social-insect; Ascosphaera-apis (Ascomycetes-): pathogen-, spore- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- DS Diseases: chronic-infection: epidemiology-, genetics-, infectious-disease, prevention -and-control MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: altruism-; colony-growth; genetic-diversity; inclusive-fitness-gains; intracolony-relatedness; multiple-matings; polyandry- AN Accession Number: 200300130285 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 4 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Spring propagation and size dynamics characteristics of two kinds of bee populations in Anhui Province. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Yu-Linsheng {a}; Meng-Xiangjin AD Author Address: {a} Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; E-Mail: chenhq@mail.hf.ah.cn, China SO Source: Yingyong-Shengtai-Xuebao. [print] September 2002 2002; 13 (9): 1127-1130. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1001-9332 LA Language: Chinese; Non-English AB Abstract: Systematical observations and researches were conducted on the population size dynamics of Apis mellifera Ligustica Spi. and Apis cerana cerana Feb. in Wanzhong, Wanxi and Wannan mountainous area in Anhui Province in 1997 -1999. The results showed that the bee population size was influenced by climate and flower fertility, which was higher in Spring and Autumn, and lower in Summer and Winter. The propagation and renewal of A. mellifera in Autumn were quicker than those of A. cerana cerana, while the effect of overcoming Summer was inferior to that of Apis cerana cerana. The sex ratio of A. mellifera was (314.4 +- 289.9): 1-(329.4 +- 305.8): 1, and that of A. cerana cerana was (334.2 +- 235.5): 1-(413.1 +- 377.2): 1. The birth of drones was seasonal, and the age structure of each bee population was variable. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Population-Studies ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana-cerana (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-structure; population-size; population-size-dynamics; sex-ratio; size -dynamics; spring-propagation AN Accession Number: 200300129972 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 5 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic activity of Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Griseb (Convolvulaceae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Paula-A-C-B; Hayashi-L-S-S; Freitas-J-C {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Fisiologia Instituto de Biociencias, USP, Rua do Matao, Travessa 14, 101, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; E-Mail: jfreitas@usp.br, Brazil SO Source: Brazilian-Journal-of-Medical-and-Biological-Research. [print] January 2003 2003; 36 (1): 105-112. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0100-879X LA Language: English AB Abstract: Ipomoea imperati (Convolvulaceae) lives on the sandy shores of the Brazilian coast and in other areas of the world. The anti-inflammatory activity of a methanol-water extract of the leaves of I. imperati was investigated in experimental models of acute and subchronic inflammation. Topical application of the extract (10 mg/ear) inhibited mouse ear edema induced by croton oil (89.0 +- 1.3% by the lipid fraction with an IC50 of 3.97 mg/ear and 57.0 +- 1.3% by the aqueous fraction with an IC50 of 3.5 mg/ear) and arachidonic acid (42.0 +- 2.0% with an IC50 of 4.98 mg/ear and 31.0 +- 2.0% with an IC50 of 4.72 mg/ear). Phospholipase A2, purified from Apis mellifera bee venom, was also inhibited by the extract (5.0 mg/ml lipid and aqueous fraction) in vitro in a dose-dependent manner (85% by the lipid fraction with an IC50 of 3.22 mg/ml and 25% by the aqueous fraction with an IC50 of 3.43 mg/ml). The methanol-water extract of I. imperati (1000 mg/kg) administered by the oral route also inhibited the formation of cotton pellet-induced granulomas (73.2 +- 1.2% by the lipid fraction and 56.14 +- 2.7% by the aqueous fraction) and did not cause gastric mucosal lesions. I. imperati extracts (10 mg/ml) also inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the muscle contractions of guinea pig ileum induced by acetylcholine and histamine (IC50 of 1.60 mg/ml for the lipid fraction and 4.12 mg/ml for the aqueous fraction). These results suggest the use of I. imperati as an anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic agent in traditional medicine. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Muscular-System (Movement-and-Support); Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Caviidae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Convolvulaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Ipomoea-imperati (Convolvulaceae-): medicinal-plant; guinea-pig (Caviidae -); mouse- (Muridae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Chordates-; Dicots-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Plants-; Rodents-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: muscle-: muscular-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Ipomoea-extract: antiinflammatory-drug, antispasmodic-, oral-administration AN Accession Number: 200300129556 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 6 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Reproduction of Varroa destructor in worker brood of Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Medina-Medina-Luis {a}; Martin-Stephen-J; Espinosa-Montano-Laura; Ratnieks -Francis-L-W AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Apicultura, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Apartado Postal 4-116, C.P. 97100, Merida, YUC, Mexico; E-Mail: mmedina@tunku.uady.mx, Mexico SO Source: Experimental-and-Applied-Acarology. [print] 2002; 27 (1-2): 79-88. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0168-8162 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Reproduction and population growth of Varroa destructor was studied in ten naturally infested, Africanized honey bee (AHB) (Apis mellifera) colonies in Yucatan, Mexico. Between February 1997 and January 1998 monthly records of the amount of pollen, honey, sealed worker and drone brood were recorded. In addition, mite infestation levels of adult bees and worker brood and the fecundity of the mites reproducing in worker cells were determined. The mean number of sealed worker brood cells (10,070+-1,790) remained fairly constant over the experimental period in each colony. However, the presence and amount of sealed drone brood was very variable. One colony had drone brood for 10 months and another for only 1 month. Both the mean infestation level of worker brood (18.1+-8.4%) and adult bees (3.5+-1.3%) remained fairly constant over the study period and did not increase rapidly as is normally observed in European honey bees. In fact, the estimated mean number of mites fell from 3,500 in February 1997 to 2,380 in January 1998. In May 2000 the mean mite population in the study colonies was still only 1,821 mites. The fertility level of mites in this study was much higher (83-96%) than in AHB in Brazil (25-57%), and similar to that found in EHB (76-94%). Mite fertility remained high throughout the entire study and was not influenced by the amount of pollen, honey or worker brood in the colonies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Parasitology-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Africanized-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa -destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Yucatan- (Mexico-, North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: population-growth; reproduction- AN Accession Number: 200300128340 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 7 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the important honey bee pest, Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Evans-Jay-D {a}; Lopez-Dawn-L AD Author Address: {a} Bee Research Lab, USDA-ARS, BARC-East Bldg. 476, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA; E-Mail: evansj@ba.ars.usda.gov, USA SO Source: Experimental-and-Applied-Acarology. [print] 2002; 27 (1-2): 69-78. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0168-8162 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Mites in the genus Varroa are the primary parasites of honey bees on several continents. Genetic analyses based on Varroa mitochondrial DNA have played a central role in establishing Varroa taxonomy and dispersal. Here we present the complete mitochondrial sequence of the important honey bee pest Varroa destructor. This species has a relatively compact mitochondrial genome (15,218 bp). The order of genes encoding proteins is identical to that of most arthropods. Ten of 22 transfer RNAs are in different locations relative to hard ticks, and the 12S ribosomal RNA subunit is inverted and separated from the 16S rRNA by a novel non-coding region, a trait not yet seen in other arthropods. We describe a dispersed set of 45 oligonucleotide primers that can be used to address genetic questions in Varroa. A subset of these primers should be useful for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies in other mites and ticks. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 12S-ribosomal-RNA-subunit; mitochondrial-DNA; mitochondrial-DNA-sequence; transfer-RNA MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: pollination- AN Accession Number: 200300128339 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 8 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Learning in honeybees: From molecules to behaviour. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mueller-Uli {a} AD Author Address: {a} Neurobiologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institut fuer Biologie, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 28/30, 14195, Berlin, Germany; E-Mail: muelleru@zedat.fu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Zoology-Jena. [print] 2002; 105 (4): 313-320. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0944-2006 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Studies in a variety of organisms as diverse as molluscs, insects, birds and mammals have shown that memories can exist in a variety of temporal domains ranging from short-term memories in the range of minutes to long -term memories lasting a lifetime. While transient covalent modifications of proteins underlie short-term memory, the formation of long-term memory requires gene expression and protein synthesis. Different intracellular signalling cascades have been implicated in distinct aspects of learning and memory formation. Little is known however, about how learning in intact animals is related to the modulation of these signalling cascades and how this contributes to distinct neuronal and behavioural changes in vivo. Associative learning in the honeybee provides the opportunity to study processes of memory formation by analysing its progression through different phases, across levels of behaviour, neural circuits, and cellular signalling pathways. The findings reveal evidence that various cellular signalling pathways in the neuronal circuit of distinct brain areas play a role in different processes during learning and memory formation. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe: nervous-system; brain-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: protein-; protein-kinases RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9026-43-1Q: PROTEIN KINASES; 80449-02-1Q: PROTEIN KINASES; 134549-83-0Q: PROTEIN KINASES; 372092-80-3Q: PROTEIN KINASES MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: associative-learning; behavioral-changes; gene-expression; intracellular -signaling-cascades; long-term-memory [LTM-]: formation-; neural-circuits; neuronal-changes; protein-synthesis; second-messenger-cascades AN Accession Number: 200300127545 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 9 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: A simple field method for manipulating ultraviolet reflectance of flowers. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Johnson-Steven-D {a}; Andersson-Staffan AD Author Address: {a} School of Botany and Zoology, University of Natal, Scottsville, P. Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa; E-Mail: Johnsonsd@nu.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: Canadian-Journal-of-Botany. [print] December 2002 2002; 80 (12): 1325-1328. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0008-4026 LA Language: English AB Abstract: It has been difficult to manipulate the ultraviolet (UV) reflectance of flowers independently of other wavelengths to study the response of insect pollinators to this trait. One effective solution is to paint flower corollas with human sunscreen that absorbs UV wavelengths. Honeybees (Apis mellifera scutellata) foraging on the strongly UV-reflecting flowers of Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A. Mey. rejected flowers that had UV reflectance eliminated by a sunscreen coating, but continued to visit control flowers painted with sunscreen solution that did not contain the UV absorbing compound. The sunscreen technique could be useful for determining the response of a wide range of pollinators to the UV component of spectral reflectance in flowers and could be used to test the functional significance of UV-contrasting "nectar guide" patterns. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences); Methods-and-Techniques; Morphology-; Radiation-Biology; Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-scutellata [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: UV-reflectance, color-, reproductive-system MQ Methods and Equipment: flower-corolla-human-sunscreen-painting: applied-and-field-techniques; human-sunscreen: field-equipment MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: UV-reflectance-manipulation; foraging-behavior; insect-pollinator-response; nectar-guide-pattern; pollination-; reproductive-ecology AN Accession Number: 200300127218 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 10 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Effect of different modes of honeybee pollination on oil content in seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kumar-Manoj {a}; Chand-Hari; Singh-Ramashrit; Ali-M-S AD Author Address: {a} Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, BR, 848 125, India, India SO Source: Journal-of-Entomological-Research-New-Delhi. [print] September 2002 2002; 26 (3): 219-221. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-9519 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Studies on the effect of different modes of honeybee pollination on oil content in seeds of sunflower Helianthus annus L. indicated that oil content varied between 22.15 to 36.30 per cent. The oil content was higher in hand+insect pollination (36.30%) followed by open to all insect pollination (32.43%). The Apis mellifera pollinated seeds produced (30.96%) more oil as compared to Apis cerana indica (28.13%) over self pollinated (22.15%) and hand pollinated seeds (26.90%). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Helianthus-annus [sunflower-] (Compositae-): oil-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Dicots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: hand-pollination; oil-content; pollination-; self-pollination AN Accession Number: 200300122365 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 11 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: The water-soluble fraction (<10 kD) of bee venom (Apis mellifera) produces inhibitory effect on apical transporters in renal proximal tubule cells. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Han-Ho-Jae {a}; Yoon-Byeong-Cheol; Oh-Young-Joon; Park-Soo-Hyun; Lee-Jang -Hern; Mar-Woong-Chon AD Author Address: {a} Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, 500-757, South Korea; E-Mail: hjhan@chonnam.ac.kr, South Korea SO Source: Kidney-and-Blood-Pressure-Research. [print] 2002; 25 (6): 375-383. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1420-4096 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Human envenomation caused by bee stings has been reported to cause acute renal failure and the pathogenetic mechanisms of these renal functional changes are still unclear. Bee venom is also a complex mixture of enzymes and proteins. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the effects of bee venom (BV, Apis mellifera) fractions on apical transporters' activity and its related signal pathways in primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells. Whole BV was extracted into three fractions according to solubility (a water-soluble fraction (BVA), an ethylacetate-soluble fraction (BVE), and a hexane-soluble fraction (BVH)). BVA fraction was further separated to three portions according to molecular weights: BF1 (>20 kD), BF2 (10-20 kD), and BF3 (<10 kD). Each fraction was treated to the PTCs to the ratio of BV (1 mug/ml). BVA (930 ng/ml) significantly decreased cell viability, but BVH (27 ng/ml) and BVE (43 ng/ml) did not. BF3 (710 ng/ml) among BVA fractions predominantly decreased cell viability and inhibited alpha -methyl-D-glucopyranoside (alpha-MG), phosphate (Pi), and Na+ uptake. In addition, BF3 increased (3H) arachidonic acid release, lipid peroxide formation, and Ca2+ uptake. These effects of BF3 were blocked by mepacrine and AACOCF3 (phospholipase A2 inhibitors) or N-acetylcysteine, vitamin C, and vitamin E (antioxidants). In conclusion, BF3 (<10 kD) among BV fractions is the most effective portion in BV-induced inhibition of alpha -MG, Pi, and Na+ uptake and these effects of BF3 are associated with phospholipase A2-oxidative stress-Ca2+ signal cascade in the primary cultured rabbit renal proximal tubule cells. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Metabolism-; Toxicology-; Urinary-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leporidae-: Lagomorpha-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [bee-] (Hymenoptera-); New-Zealand-white-rabbit (Leporidae -): adult- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Lagomorphs-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: renal-proximal-tubule-cells: apical-transporter-activity, excretory-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: N-acetylcysteine: antioxidant-; alpha-methyl-D-glucopyranoside: uptake-; arachidonic-acid: release-; bee-venom: ethylacetate-soluble-fraction, hexane-soluble-fraction, toxin-, water-soluble-fraction; calcium(II)-ion: uptake-; lipid-peroxide: formation-; mepacrine-; phosphate-: uptake-; phospholipase-A-2; sodium-ion: uptake-; vitamin-C: antioxidant-; vitamin -E: antioxidant- DS Diseases: bee-envenomation: toxicity- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 616-91-1: N-ACETYLCYSTEINE; 97-30-3: ALPHA-METHYL-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE; 506-32 -1: ARACHIDONIC ACID; 14127-61-8: CALCIUM(II) ION; 83-89-6: MEPACRINE; 14265-44-2: PHOSPHATE; 9001-84-7: PHOSPHOLIPASE A-2; 17341-25-2: SODIUM ION; 50-81-7: VITAMIN C; 1406-18-4: VITAMIN E MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: oxidative-stress AN Accession Number: 200300121907 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 12 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Social exploitation of vitellogenin. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Amdam-Gro-V; Norberg-Kari; Hagen-Arne; Omholt-Stig-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Centre for Integrative Genetics and Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, N-1432, Box 5025, Aas, Norway; E-Mail: stig.omholt@ihf.nlh.no, Norway SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-National-Academy-of-Sciences-of-the-United-States-of -America. [print] February 18 2003 2003; 100 (4): 1799-1802. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0027-8424 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Vitellogenin is a female-specific glucolipoprotein yolk precursor produced by all oviparous animals. Vitellogenin expression is under hormonal control, and the protein is generally synthesized directly before yolk deposition. In the honeybee (Apis mellifera), vitellogenin is not only synthesized by the reproductive queen, but also by the functionally sterile workers. In summer, the worker population consists of a hive bee group performing a multitude of tasks including nursing inside the nest, and a forager group specialized in collecting nectar, pollen, water, and propolis. Vitellogenin is synthesized in large quantities by hive bees. When hive bees develop into foragers, their juvenile hormone titers increase, and this causes cessation of their vitellogenin production. This inverse relationship between vitellogenin synthesis and juvenile hormone is opposite to the norm in insects, and the underlying proximate processes and life-history reasons are still not understood. Here we document an alternative use of vitellogenin by showing that it is a source for the proteinaceous royal jelly that is produced by the hive bees. Hive bees use the jelly to feed larvae, queen, workers, and drones. This finding suggests that the evolution of a brood-rearing worker class and a specialized forager class in an advanced eusocial insect society has been directed by an alternative utilization of yolk protein. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): drones-, reproductive-queen, sterile-workers TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: hemolymph-: blood-and-lymphatics; yolk-: embryonic-structure CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: vitellogenin-: female-specific-glucolipoprotein-yolk-precursor, social -exploitation MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: eusocial-insect-society; yolk-protein: utilization- AN Accession Number: 200300119011 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 13 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Observations on foraging index of European honeybee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nagaraja-N {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Apiculture, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, G.K.V.K. Campus, Bangalore, 560 065, India; E-Mail: nn_apis_99@yahoo.com, India SO Source: Journal-of-Entomological-Research-New-Delhi. [print] September 2002 2002; 26 (3): 185-192. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-9519 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The present study aimed to determine the foraging activity, load carrying capacity and foraging trip frequency of Apis mellifera during 1995-98 showed similar diurnal pattern in respect of number of pollen foragers, pollen load size and number of pollen foraging trips on one hand and number of nectar foragers, nectar load size and nectar foraging trips on the other hand. However, minimum foraging index was observed on mid day. Comparatively, the foraging performance of A. mellifera was better during 1997-98 than previous years 1995-97 of the study period. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [European-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: carrying-capacity; diurnal-pattern; foraging-performance; foraging-trip -frequency; nectar-foraging-trips; nectar-load-size AN Accession Number: 200300118471 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 14 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Phylogeny of the death's head hawkmoths, Acherontia (Laspeyres), and related genera (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae: Sphinginae: Acherontiini). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kitching-Ian-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK; E-Mail: I.Kitching@nhm.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Systematic-Entomology. [print] January 2003 2003; 28 (1): 71-88. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0307-6970 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Adult death's head hawkmoths (Acherontia species) have a unique feeding biology as cleptoparasites of honeybees, stealing honey from the combs, rather than imbibing nectar from flowers. The moths have a range of features, both morphological and behavioural, that enable them to successfully enter, feed and escape from the colonies. These adaptations may vary among the three Acherontia species and allow them each to target different species of honeybee. A cladistic analysis is presented of the hawkmoths of tribe Acherontiini. The study aims to resolve the relationships of the genera and species of Acherontiini, with a particular focus on the three species of Acherontia. The dataset comprises sixty-five characters derived from adult, larval and pupal morphology, and larva host -plant biology. These data are analysed using equal weighting and implied weighting. Acherontiini and each constituent genus are recovered as monophyletic. However, within Coelonia, there is ambiguity in that the sister-species relationships C. brevis + C. fulvinotata and C. fulvinotata + C. solani are equally parsimonious under both weighting schemes. Furthermore, under equal weighting Agrius is placed equally parsimoniously as the sister group of either Acherontia + Coelonia or Callosphingia. Under implied weighting, however, only the latter relationship is most parsimonious (fit). Within Acherontia, A. atropos and A. styx are always recovered as sister species to the exclusion of A. lachesis. The results of the phylogenetic analysis provide an objective basis for future studies of the unique cleptoparasitic association of these moths. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Evolution-and-Adaptation; Systematics-and-Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acherontia- (Lepidoptera-); Acherontia-atropos (Lepidoptera-); Acherontia -lachesis (Lepidoptera-); Acherontia-styx (Lepidoptera-); Acherontiini- (Lepidoptera-); Coelonia-fulvinotata (Lepidoptera-); Coelonia-solani (Lepidoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: adult-morphology; kleptoparasitism-; larval-morphology; phylogeny-; pupal -morphology AN Accession Number: 200300116299 UD Update Code: 20030326 Record 15 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Colour vision: Colouring the dark. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Land-Michael-F {a}; Osorio-Daniel-C {a} AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK; E-Mail: m.f.land@sussex.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Current-Biology. [print] February 4 2003 2003; 13 (3): R83-R85. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0960-9822 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Humans lose colour vision at night and it has often been assumed that this happens to other animals as well. It is not true of nocturnal moths, however: a recent study has shown that the elephant hawk moth makes use of trichromatic colour vision when seeking flowers by starlight. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis- [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Deilephila-elpenor [elephant-hawk-moth] (Lepidoptera-); human- (Hominidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: eye-: sensory-system; flower-: reproductive-system; rod-: sensory-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: color-vision; night-vision; optics-; photon-flux; starlight-; trichromatic -color-vision AN Accession Number: 200300115895 UD Update Code: 20030326 Record 16 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Encoding of plant odour information in insects: Peripheral and central mechanisms. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mustaparta-Hanna {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, Neuroscience Unit, MTFS, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7489, Trondheim, Norway, Norway SO Source: Entomologia-Experimentalis-et-Applicata. [print] July 2002 2002; 104 (1): 1 -13. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8703 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Insects are suitable model organisms for studying mechanisms underlying olfactory coding and olfactory learning, by their unique adaptation to host plants in which the chemical senses are essential. Recent molecular biological studies have shown that a large number of genes in insects and other organisms are coding for olfactory receptor proteins. In general, one receptor type seems to be expressed in each neurone. The functional characterisations of olfactory receptor neurones have been extensive in certain insect species, demonstrating a fine-tuning of single neurones to biologically relevant odourants; both insect and plant produced volatiles. Stained neurones of the same functional type have been shown to project in one and the same glomerular unit in the primary olfactory centre, the antennal lobe. This corresponds to molecular biological studies, showing projections in one glomerulus by neurones expressing the same receptor type. Comparison of these findings with physiological and morphological characterisations of antennal lobe neurones has indicated correspondence between input and output of the glomerular units. Examples are presented from studies of heliothine moths. From the antennal lobe, the olfactory information is further conveyed to the mushroom bodies, particularly important for learning, and the lateral protocerebrum, a premotoric area. The three brain areas are regions of synaptic plasticity important in learning of odours, which is well studied in the honeybee but also in species of moths. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Communication-; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory -Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Insecta-: Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-); insect- (Insecta-); moth- (Lepidoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe-neuron: nervous-system, sensory-system; glomerulus-; mushroom -body: nervous-system; olfactory-receptor-neuron: nervous-system, sensory -system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: plant-volatiles MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: central-mechanisms; chemical-communication; molecular-biology; olfactory -information: coding-; peripheral-mechanisms; plant-odors; synaptic -plasticity AN Accession Number: 200300115878 UD Update Code: 20030326 Record 17 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Effect of acaricide resistance on reproductive ability of the honey bee mite Varroa destructor. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Martin-Stephen-J {a}; Elzen-Patti-J; Rubink-William-R AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield University, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK; E-Mail: s.j.martin@sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Experimental-and-Applied-Acarology. [print] 2002; 27 (3): 195-207. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0168-8162 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The reproduction of pyrethroid-resistant Varroa destructor mite, a brood parasite of honey bees, was observed in Weslaco, Texas, and the results compared with known susceptible mite populations from other studies. Seven Apis mellifera colonies that had mite populations resistant to the acaricide Apistan(R) were used. Pyrethroid-resistance was confirmed when only 17% rather than 90% of mites confined in dishes containing Apistan(R) died after 12 h of exposure. The average number of eggs laid by resistant mites invading worker and drone cells was 4.4 and 5.4 respectively. This is similar to the number of eggs laid by susceptible mites in worker (4.4 -4.8) or drone (4.7-5.5) cells. Also the average number of fertilised V. destructor female mites produced by resistant mites in worker (1.0) and drone (2.1) cells were similar to the number produced by susceptible mites in worker (0.9) and drone (1.9-2.2) cells. In addition, no major differences between the resistant and susceptible mite populations were observed in either worker or drone cells when six different reproductive categories and offspring mortality rates were compared. Therefore, it appears that there is little or no reproductive fitness cost associated with pyrethroid resistance in V. destructor in Texas. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Varroa-destructor [honey-bee-mite] (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Apistan-: acaricide- GE Geopolitical Location: Weslaco- (Texas-, USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 69409-94-5: APISTAN MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: acaricide-resistance; offspring-mortality-rates; reproductive-ability; reproductive-fitness-cost AN Accession Number: 200300112999 UD Update Code: 20030326 Record 18 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Insect herbivores and pathogens of Alnus species in Uganda. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nyeko-P {a}; Edwards-Jones-G; Day-R-K AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; E-Mail: nyeko@forest.mak.ac.ug, Uganda SO Source: Agroforestry-Systems. [print] 2002; 56 (2): 117-127. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0167-4366 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Published documentation of insect pests and pathogens associated with Alnus species in Africa is very scarce. We surveyed damaging insects and pathogens, and arthropod natural enemies on Alnus acuminata and A. nepalensis in Kabale and Mbale districts, Uganda between March 1999 and August 2000 in order to identify the range and relative abundance of arthropods and pathogens associated with the Alnus species. Frequently encountered damaging insects on the Alnus species included Apis mellifera, Apion globulipenne, a Systates sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Phymateus viridipes, a Lobotrachelus sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Coloborrtics corticina and some Chrysomelidae. Some species such as Aphis fabae, Parastictococcus multispinosus and a Cacopsylla sp. (Homoptera: Psyllidae) were observed feeding on other agroforestry tree species and/or crops although they generally occurred at low population intensities. Spiders and parasitic Hymenoptera were the most common natural enemies. Diseases were more severe in nurseries than in the field. Damping-off caused by Fusarium oxysporum, Septoria brown leaf spot and stem canker were the most serious diseases of Alnus. The array of damaging insects and pathogens indicates a potential danger to the cultivation of Alnus species in Uganda as adoption of the species for agroforestry continues to expand in the country. In view of the increasing demand for Alnus species for agroforestry in Uganda, regular pest monitoring and appropriate control strategies are necessary. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Forestry-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Arachnida-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Arthropoda -: Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Betulaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata -, Animalia-; Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae-; Homoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Insecta-: Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Orthoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata -, Animalia- OR Organisms: Alnus-acuminata (Betulaceae-); Alnus-nepalensis (Betulaceae-); Alnus-spp. (Betulaceae-): multipurpose-tree-species; Aphis-fabae (Homoptera-): herbivore-; Apion-globulipenne (Coleoptera-): pest-; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pest-; Cacopsylla-sp. (Homoptera-): herbivore-; Chrysomelidae- (Coleoptera-); Coloborrtics-corticina (Insecta-); Fusarium -oxysporum (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): pathogen-; Hymenoptera- (Hymenoptera-): parasite-; Lobotrachelus-sp. (Coleoptera-): pest-; Parastictococcus-multispinosus (Homoptera-): herbivore-; Phymateus -viridipes (Orthoptera-): pest-; Septoria- (Fungi-Imperfecti-or -Deuteromycetes): pathogen-; Systates-sp. (Coleoptera-): pest-; arthropod- (Arthropoda-); insect- (Insecta-): herbivore-, pest-; spider- (Arachnida-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Dicots-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Kabale- (Uganda-, Africa-, Ethiopian-region); Mbale- (Uganda-, Africa-, Ethiopian-region); Uganda- (Africa-, Ethiopian-region) DS Diseases: brown-leaf-spot: fungal-disease; damping-off: fungal-disease; stem-canker: fungal-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: pest-monitoring: applied-and-field-techniques AN Accession Number: 200300112937 UD Update Code: 20030326 Record 19 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Rotenone and oxalic acid as alternative acaricidal treatments for Varroa destructor in honeybee colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gregorc-Ales {a}; Poklukar-Janez AD Author Address: {a} Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbiceva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mail: ales.gregorc@vf.uni-lj.si, Slovenia SO Source: Veterinary-Parasitology. [print] 27 February 2003 2003; 111 (4): 351-360. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0304-4017 LA Language: English AB Abstract: This experiment assessed the efficacy of rotenone and oxalic acid (OA) in an aqueous sugar solution in controlling the honeybee mite Varroa destructor. Colonies were populated with mite-infested brood combs and worker bees. Three rotenone or OA treatments administered during the period with capped brood on 31 July, 14 and 18 August resulted in an average efficacy of 24.10%. In untreated colonies mite mortality averaged 5.40%. No significant differences (P>0.05) were found between the rotenone and OA treatments. Three OA treatments administered on 9, 12 and 18 September resulted in a 77.93% mite mortality. An increase in mite drop (P<0.05) was observed at 2 and 4 days after each treatment. OA applications in broodless colonies resulted in significantly (P<0.001) higher mite mortality rates (98.65% average) than the three treatments of rotenone or OA in colonies with capped brood. The dynamics of mite mortality after each rotenone or OA treatment are discussed in this study. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Varroa-destructor [honeybee-mite] (Acarina-): parasite-; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): host- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxalic-acid: acaricide-; rotenone-: acaricide- DS Diseases: Varroa-destructor-infestation: parasitic-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 144-62-7: OXALIC ACID; 83-79-4: ROTENONE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mortality- AN Accession Number: 200300112823 UD Update Code: 20030326 Record 20 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: A role for octopamine in honey bee division of labor. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schulz-David-J; Barron-Andrew-B; Robinson-Gene-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, 320 Morrill Hall, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; E-Mail: generobi@life.uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Brain-Behavior-and-Evolution. [print] 2002; 60 (6): 350-359. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-8977 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Efficient division of labor is one of the main reasons for the success of the social insects. In honey bees the division of labor is principally achieved by workers changing tasks as they age. Typically, young adult bees perform a series of tasks within the colony before ultimately making the transition to foraging outside the hive for resources. This lifelong behavioral development is a well-characterized example of naturally occurring behavioral plasticity, but its neural bases are not well understood. Two techniques were used to assess the role of biogenic amines in the transition from in-hive work to foraging, which is the most dramatic and obvious transition in honey bee behavioral development. First, associations between amines and tasks were determined by measuring the levels of amines in dissected regions of individual bee brains using HPLC analysis. Second, colonies were orally treated with biogenic amines and effects on the onset of foraging were observed. Octopamine concentration in the antennal lobes of the bee brain was most reliably associated with task: high in foragers and low in nurses regardless of age. In contrast, octopamine in the mushroom bodies, a neighboring neuropil, was associated with age and not behavior, indicating independent modulation of octopamine in these two brain regions. Treating colonies with octopamine resulted in an earlier onset of foraging in young bees. In addition, octopamine levels were not elevated by non-foraging flight, but were already high on return from the first successful foraging trip and subsequently remained high, showing no further change with foraging experience. This observation suggests that octopamine becomes elevated in the antennal lobes in anticipation of foraging and is involved in the release and maintenance of the foraging state. Foraging itself, however, does not modulate octopamine levels. Behaviorally related changes in octopamine are modulated by juvenile hormone, which has also been implicated in the control of honey bee division of labor. Treatment with the juvenile hormone analog methoprene elevated octopamine and octopamine treatment 'rescued' the delay in behavioral development caused by experimentally depleting juvenile hormone in bees. Although the pathways linking juvenile hormone and octopamine are presently unknown, it is clear that octopamine acts 'downstream' of juvenile hormone to influence behavior and that juvenile hormone modulates brain octopamine levels. A working hypothesis is that octopamine acts as an activator of foraging by modulating responsiveness to foraging-related stimuli. This is supported by the finding that octopamine treatment increased the response of bees to brood pheromone, a stimulator of foraging activity. Establishing a role for octopamine in honey bee behavioral development is a first step in understanding the neural bases of this example of naturally occurring, socially mediated, behavioral plasticity. The next level of analysis will be to determine precisely where and how octopamine acts in the nervous system to coordinate this complex social behavior. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Development-; Nervous-System (Neural -Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): juvenile-, mature-, young- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: juvenile-hormone; methoprene-: juvenile-hormone-analog; octopamine-: biogenic-amine RN CAS Registry Number (R): 40596-69-8: METHOPRENE; 104-14-3: OCTOPAMINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-development; behavioral-plasticity; division-of-labor; foraging -; neuromodulation-; response-thresholds; social-behavior AN Accession Number: 200300112284 UD Update Code: 20030326 Record 21 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Honeybees in food of the Blue-cheeked Bee-eater (Merops persicus) in the lower Zeravshan River valley (southern Kizilkum, Uzbekistan). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kossenko-S-M SO Source: Byulleten'-Moskovskogo-Obshchestva-Ispytatelei-Prirody-Otdel -Biologicheskii. [print] September-October 2002 2002; 107 (5): 64-68. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0027-1403 LA Language: Russian; Non-English AB Abstract: A role of the Honeybee (Apis mellifera) as a prey of the Blue-cheeked Bee -eater (Merops persicus Pall.) was studied in the lower reaches of the Zeravshan River (southern Kizilkum, Uzbekistan) in 1989-1991. The honeybees were recorded in food of the Blue-cheeked Bee-eater in 10 of 13 localities studied ranging from 0.5% to 54.7% of the total numberot prey items. There was also a large geographical and seasonal variation in the consumption rate of honeybees by Blue-cheeked Bee-eater. A strong relationship was fond between the percentage of honeybees in the diet of nestlings and distance from apiary. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Coraciiformes-: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): prey-; Merops-persicus [Blue -cheeked-Bee-eater] (Coraciiformes-): diet- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Birds-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Zeravshan-River-valley, southern-Kizilkum (Uzbekistan-, Asia-, Palearctic -region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiary- AN Accession Number: 200300106879 UD Update Code: 20030326 Record 22 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Parasitic Cape bees in the northern regions of South Africa: Source of the founder population. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Neumann-Peter {a}; Radloff-Sarah-E; Hepburn-H-Randall AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Zoologie/Molekulare Oekologie, Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg, Kroellwitzerstr. 44, 06099, Halle/Saale, Germany; E -Mail: p.neumann@zoologie.uni-halle.de, Germany SO Source: South-African-Journal-of-Science. [print] July-August 2002 2002; 98 (7-8): 404-406. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0038-2353 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Multivariate discriminant analyses of nine standard morphometric characters of honeybee workers were used to track the origin of a social parasitic pseudo-clone of thelytokous laying workers that have invaded colonies of Apis mellifera scutellata in South Africa. Twenty social parasitic workers were sampled from both of two infested A. m. scutellata colonies at two distant apiaries (Graskop and Heilbronn, about 390 km apart) and compared with data obtained from 80 colonies in four different geographical zones (zone I: thelytokous A. m. capensis morphocluster; zone II: natural thelytokous hybrids between A. m. capensis and A. m. scutellata; zone III: thelytokous A. m. scutellata morphocluster; zone IV: an arrhenotokous A. m. scutellata morphocluster). Thelytokous laying workers occur naturally in zones I-III. Highly significant morphometric differences were found among the bees in the four zones. The data support the conclusion that the social parasitic workers belong to the thelytokous A. m. capensis morphocluster. It is most likely that the social parasitic workers originated from the heart of the Cape bee's distribution range in the Western Cape region in zone I. Morphometric analysis makes it feasible to restrict the possible origin of the social parasitic workers from the natural distribution range of thelytoky (approximately 240 000 km2) down to about 12 000 km2, which represents a resolution capacity of about 95%. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Methods-and-Techniques; Pest-Assessment-Control-and -Management ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [cape-bee] (Hymenoptera-): female-producing-laying -worker-subspecies, social-parasite, social-parasitic-pseudo-clone-worker, thelytokous-subspecies; Apis-mellifera-scutellata (Hymenoptera-): arrhenotokous-subspecies, male-producing-subspecies TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: South-Africa (Africa-, Ethiopian-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: morphometric-analysis: laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; bee-identification; colony-loss; colony-usurpation; founder -population-source-identification; infestation-occurrence; neighboring -colony-invasion; thelytoky- AN Accession Number: 200300106336 UD Update Code: 20030326 Record 23 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Detection and application of Paenibacillus larvae larvae spores in honey. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Chen-Yue-Wen; Hwang-Guan-Ying; Ho-Kai-Kuang {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan; E-Mail: kkho@ccms.ntu.edu.tw, Taiwan SO Source: Formosan-Entomologist. [print] September 2002 2002; 22 (3): 261-270. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1680-7650 LA Language: Chinese; Non-English AB Abstract: For this study, we constructed methods to detect the number of Paenibacillus larvae larvae spores in honey, and found that the detection limit was 181 spores/g of honey. Honey samples were examined using this method, and we found detectable levels of P. l. larvae in 31 of 124 samples from Taiwan. This method was also used to investigate the control effects of oxytetracycline (OTC) on American foulbrood (AFB). The results showed that in bee colonies with a heavy AFB infection (AFB signs >500), the larval mortality might reach 62%, and the spore density might reach 1.2X106 spores/g of honey. All combs of these infected colonies were replaced with healthy ones and divided into three groups: one group was just fed syrup; one was medicated with 125 mg OTC; and the other one was given 50 mg OTC syrup. Their AFB signs, larval mortality, and spore density in honey were counted weekly. The results showed that 125 mg of OTC syrup eventually prevented AFB recurrence; i.e. no detectable levels of AFB signs or spores and normal larval mortality were found in the investigating period. However, good AFB prevention could not be achieved with treatment using syrup only or with 50 mg OTC medication. The larval mortality of these groups decreased with treatments but then increased again, and detectable spores and AFB signs were found in most samples in 3 -6 weeks post-treatment. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pharmacology-; Veterinary-Medicine (Medical-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species, larva-; Paenibacillus-larvae-larvae (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): spore- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxytetracycline- [OTC] GE Geopolitical Location: Taiwan- (Asia-, Palearctic-region) DS Diseases: American-foulbrood [AFB-]: bacterial-disease, prevention-and-control RN CAS Registry Number (R): 79-57-2: OXYTETRACYCLINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-colonies; honey-; honey-combs; infection-intensity; mortality-; spore -density AN Accession Number: 200300106326 UD Update Code: 20030326 Record 24 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Organization of work in the honeybee: A compromise between division of labour and behavioural flexibility. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Johnson-Brian-R {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; E-Mail: brj6@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-Royal-Society-Biological-Sciences-Series-B. [print] 22 January 2003 2003; 270 (1511): 147-152. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-8452 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Although the caste concept has been central to our understanding of the organization of work in social insect colonies, the concept has been the subject of considerable recent criticism. Theoretically, it has been suggested that temporal castes are too inflexible to allow a colony to rapidly reallocate labour in response to changing conditions. In addition, several authors have suggested that task switching is so prevalent that it precludes even the possibility of a rigidly controlled temporal caste system. This study addresses these two criticisms by presenting and testing a revision of the temporal caste concept that recognizes two categories of tasks: those that require a physiological specialization for their efficient performance, and those that all workers are equally able to perform. Only those tasks requiring a physiological specialization are relevant to the temporal caste concept. Two castes of honeybees were shown to vary in response to increased nectar influx, which requires a physiological specialization, but not to heat stress, which requires no specialization. This work suggests that the organization of work in social insect colonies reflects a compromise between selection for the benefits of division of labour and opposing selection for flexibility in task allocation. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): social-insect, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-flexibility; division-of-labor; general-tasks; heat-stress; nectar-influx; physiologically-specialized-tasks; task-switching; temporal -caste-concept; work-organization AN Accession Number: 200300102329 UD Update Code: 20030326 Record 25 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Variabilidad del ADN mitocondrial en poblaciones de Apis mellifera iberica de Galicia (NW Espana). [Mitochondrial DNA variability in Apis mellifera iberica population from Galicia (NW Spain).] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Canovas-F {a}; de-la-Rua-P {a}; Serrano-J {a}; Galian-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Zoologia y Antropologia Fisica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30071, Apdo. 4021, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; E-Mail: fcanovas@um.es, pdelarua@um.es, jserrano@um.es, jgalian@um.es, Spain SO Source: Archivos-de-Zootecnia. [print] 2002; 51 (196): 441-448. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0004-0592 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English AB Abstract: The mitochondrial DNA of Apis mellifera iberica, sampled in 72 beehives and 20 localities of Galicia (Northwest Spain) have been studied. A fragment of the subunit I of the cytochrome oxidase gene and the intergenic region between the tRNAleu and the subunit II of the cytochrome oxidase gene was amplified by PCR and digested with the endonucleases HincII and Dral respectively. Ninety-five percent of beehives from Lugo and La Coruna (the two Northern provinces) corresponds to the western European lineage (M), whereas in Orense and Pontevedra (the two Southern provinces) the haplotypes belonging to the African lineage (A) are more frequent. This pattern of haplotype distribution was previously known for other parts of the Iberian Peninsula, although in Galicia it shows the steepest transition. The presence of seven A haplotypes in Galicia suggests the occurrence of more than one colonising episode from the South. Further investigations are needed for assessing the influence of beekeeping, together with natural processes, in the genetic composition of bee populations of Galicia. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular -Biophysics); Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-iberica (Hymenoptera-): honeybee- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DraI-endonuclease; HincII-endonuclease; mitochondrial-DNA GE Geopolitical Location: Galicia- (Spain-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); Iberian-Peninsula (Europe-, Palearctic-region); La-Coruna (Spain-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); Lugo- (Spain-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); Orense- (Spain-, Europe-, Palearctic -region); Pontevedra- (Spain-, Europe-, Palearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: PCR- [polymerase-chain-reaction]: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: beehive-; beekeeping-; genetic-composition; haplotype- AN Accession Number: 200300099447 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 26 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Efficacy of formic acid in gel for Varroa control in Apis mellifera L.: Importance of the dispenser position inside the hive. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Eguaras-Martin {a}; Palacio-Maria-Alejandra; Faverin-Claudia; Basualdo -Marina; Del-Hoyo-Marcelo-Luis; Velis-Gustavo; Bedascarrasbure-Enrique AD Author Address: {a} Dpto. Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, 7600, Argentina; E-Mail: meguaras@mdp.edu.ar, tiruggi@infovia.com.ar, palacio@vet.unicen.edu.ar, Argentina SO Source: Veterinary-Parasitology. [print] 13 February 2003 2003; 111 (2-3): 241-245. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0304-4017 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The efficacy of formic acid in a gel matrix was evaluated in two groups of honeybee colonies. In Group 1, a dispenser with 120 g of formic acid (70%) in gel was placed on the brood combs and another dispenser with the same dose was located on the hive bottom (total dose, 240 g). Group 2 received two doses of 240 g of formic acid (70%) in gel and each application was applied in two dispensers containing 120 g of the formic acid solution each and they were located over the brood chamber (total dose, 480 g). In Group 2, the period between both applications was 15 days, and the efficacies after the first and both applications were calculated. Significant differences were registered for final efficacy between both groups. When final efficacy of Group 1 was compared with efficacy after first application of Group 2, significant differences were found (P=0.0005). Same doses in different positions within the hive have different final efficacy. The higher efficacy was registered when the dispensers were placed over brood combs and on the hive bottom. It is suggested that efficacy is related to dispenser position within the hive. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences); Parasitology-; Veterinary-Medicine (Medical-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Ixodes-nipponensis (Acarina-): parasite-; Ixodes-ovatus (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: formic-acid: brood-comb-placement, dispenser-hive-position, dosage-, efficacy-, gel-matrix, hive-bottom-placement RN CAS Registry Number (R): 64-18-6: FORMIC ACID MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Varroa-control; beekeeping-; hive-; honeybee-colony AN Accession Number: 200300097317 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 27 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Disruption of vitellogenin gene function in adult honeybees by intra -abdominal injection of double-stranded RNA. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Amdam-Gro-V; Simoes-Zila-L-P; Guidugli-Karina-R; Norberg-Kari; Omholt-Stig -W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Centre for Integrative Genetics and Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, N-1432, Aas, Norway; E-Mail: gro.amdam@ihf.nlh.no, zlpsimoe@usp.br, karina@rge.fmrp.usp.br, kari.norberg@ihf.nlh.no, stig.omholt@ihf.nlh.no, Norway SO Source: BMC-Biotechnology. [online] January 20 2003 2003; 3 (1 Cited February 14, 2003): No Pagination URLJ Journal URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6750 PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1472-6750 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Background: The ability to manipulate the genetic networks underlying the physiological and behavioural repertoires of the adult honeybee worker (Apis mellifera) is likely to deepen our understanding of issues such as learning and memory generation, ageing, and the regulatory anatomy of social systems in proximate as well as evolutionary terms. Here we assess two methods for probing gene function by RNA interference (RNAi) in adult honeybees. Results: The vitellogenin gene was chosen as target because its expression is unlikely to have a phenotypic effect until the adult stage in bees. This allowed us to introduce dsRNA in preblastoderm eggs without affecting gene function during development. Of workers reared from eggs injected with dsRNA derived from a 504 bp stretch of the vitellogenin coding sequence, 15% had strongly reduced levels of vitellogenin mRNA. When dsRNA was introduced by intra-abdominal injection in newly emerged bees, almost all individuals (96%) showed the mutant phenotype. An RNA -fragment with an apparent size similar to the template dsRNA was still present in this group after 15 days. Conclusion: Injection of dsRNA in eggs at the preblastoderm stage seems to allow disruption of gene function in all developmental stages. To dissect gene function in the adult stage, the intra-abdominal injection technique seems superior to egg injection as it gives a much higher penetrance, it is much simpler, and it makes it possible to address genes that are also expressed in the embryonic, larval or pupal stages. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Methods-and-Techniques; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular -Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, animal-model, embryo-, larva-, pupa- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: double-stranded-RNA; vitellogenin-; vitellogenin-mRNA [vitellogenin -messenger-RNA] MQ Methods and Equipment: RNA-interference: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques; egg-double -stranded-RNA-injection: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques; intra -abdominal-double-stranded-RNA-injection: genetic-techniques, laboratory -techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: gene-function AN Accession Number: 200300096218 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 28 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Rapid detection of Paenibacillus larvae from honey and hive samples with a novel nested PCR protocol. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lauro-Federico-M; Favaretto-Matteo; Covolo-Loredana; Rassu-Mario; Bertoloni -Giulio {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnology, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli, 63, 35121, Padua, Italy; E-Mail: giulio.bertoloni@unipd.it, Italy SO Source: International-Journal-of-Food-Microbiology. [print] 25 March 2003 2003; 81 (3): 195-201. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0168-1605 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The bacterial pathogen Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American foulbrood disease in honeybees (Apis mellifera). A touchdown nested PCR protocol was developed to detect the presence of P. larvae spores directly in honey and hive samples. This approach allows early discovery of the bacteria even at concentrations below pathogenic levels, opening the door to new prophylactic approaches against American foulbrood and real-time epidemiological studies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Foods-; Infection-; Methods-and-Techniques; Molecular -Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Paenibacillus-larvae (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): bee-pathogen, pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- DS Diseases: American-foulbrood: bacterial-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: PCR- [polymerase-chain-reaction]: genetic-techniques, laboratory -techniques; nested-polymerase-chain-reaction-technique: genetic -techniques, laboratory-techniques; rapid-bacterial-detection-techniques: laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; bee-hive-samples: microbial-analysis; food-microbiology; honey -: microbial-analysis, sugar-product; infection-prophylaxis; pathogenicity -; real-time-epidemiological-studies: methods- AN Accession Number: 200300096112 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 29 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Endothermic heat production in honeybee winter clusters. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stabentheiner-Anton {a}; Pressl-Helga; Papst-Thomas; Hrassnigg-Norbert; Crailsheim-Karl AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Zoologie, Universitaet Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, A -8010, Graz, Austria; E-Mail: anton.stabentheiner@uni-graz.at, Austria SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] January 2003 2003; 206 (2): 353 -358. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In order to survive cold northern winters, honeybees crowd tightly together in a winter cluster. Present models of winter cluster thermoregulation consider the insulation by the tightly packed mantle bees as the decisive factor for survival at low temperatures, mostly ignoring the possibility of endothermic heat production. We provide here direct evidence of endothermic heat production by 'shivering' thermogenesis. The abundance of endothermic bees is highest in the core and decreases towards the surface. This shows that core bees play an active role in thermal control of winter clusters. We conclude that regulation of both the insulation by the mantle bees and endothermic heat production by the inner bees is necessary to achieve thermal stability in a winter cluster. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Metabolism-; Physiology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): winter-clusters TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: endothermic-heat-production; shivering-thermogenesis; thermal-stability; winter-cluster-thermoregulation AN Accession Number: 200300095704 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 30 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Preliminary investigations into possible resistance to oxytetracycline in Melissococcus plutonius, a pathogen of honeybee larvae. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Waite-R {a}; Jackson-S; Thompson-H AD Author Address: {a} National Bee Unit, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK, UK SO Source: Letters-in-Applied-Microbiology. [print] 2003; 36 (1): 20-24. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0266-8254 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Aims: To investigate the occurrence of oxytetracycline (OTC) resistance in Melissococcus plutonius, which causes European foulbrood in honeybee colonies. Methods and Results: Strains of M. plutonius were isolated from diseased colonies in England and Wales and tested for resistance to OTC. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of OTC was also determined for selected isolates. No resistance to the antibiotic was found in any isolate and the average MIC was found to be 3.9 mug ml-1. Melissococcus plutonius was found to be susceptible to both chlortetracycline and tetracycline. Conclusions: No resistance to OTC was found in M. plutonius. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study demonstrated that OTC can continue to be used to treat European foulbrood and that resistance may not explain why some treatments fail. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection-; Pharmacology- ST Super Taxa: Bacteria-: Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-, larva-; Melissococcus -plutonius (Bacteria-): bee-pathogen, pathogen-; bacteria- (Bacteria-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxytetracycline-: antibacterial-drug, antiinfective-drug, bacterial -resistance, uses- DS Diseases: European-foulbrood: bacterial-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 79-57-2: OXYTETRACYCLINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; bacterial-drug-resistance-mechanisms: studies- AN Accession Number: 200300092515 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 31 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: A diagnostic expert system for honeybee pests. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mahaman-B-D {a}; Harizanis-P; Filis-I; Antonopoulou-E; Yialouris-C-P; Sideridis-A-B AD Author Address: {a} Informatics Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855, Athens, Greece; E-Mail: bader@aua.gr, Greece SO Source: Computers-and-Electronics-in-Agriculture. [print] October 2002 2002; 36 (1): 17-31. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0168-1699 LA Language: English AB Abstract: This paper describes the development of a rule-based expert system to diagnose pests of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and to suggest the appropriate treatments. The system can be used as a diagnostic tool for beekeepers and as for educational and extension purposes in bee pathology. It provides a diagnosis based on the description of the external appearance or behavior of the affected colony. Corresponding pictures accompany the most important symptoms and certain measures to be taken are proposed. The expert system was evaluated following the conventional expert system evaluation methodologies. The system was implementing using EXSYS for Microsoft Windows environment. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Computer-Applications (Computational-Biology); Economic -Entomology; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Greece- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: EXSYS-software: computer-software; bee-pest-management: applied-and-field -techniques; diagnostic-expert-system: applied-and-field-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-colony-behavior; expert-system-domains: multiple-causal-agents, multiple-symptoms AN Accession Number: 200300091432 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 32 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Virulence and site of infection of the fungus, Hirsutella thompsonii, to the honey bee ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Peng-Christine-Y-S; Zhou-Xinsheng; Kaya-Harry-K {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Nematology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; E-Mail: hkkaya@ucdavis.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Invertebrate-Pathology. [print] November 2002 2002; 81 (3): 185 -195. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-2011 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The Varroa mite, Varroa destructor, is recognized as the most serious pest of both managed and feral Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) in the world. The mite has developed resistance to fluvalinate, an acaricide used to control it in beehives, and fluvalinate residues have been found in the beeswax, necessitating an urgent need to find alternative control measures to suppress this pest. Accordingly, we investigated the possibility of using the fungus, Hirsutella thompsonii, as a biocontrol agent of the Varroa mite. Among the 9 isolates of H. thompsonii obtained from the University of Florida and the USDA, only the 3 USDA isolates (ARSEF 257, 1947 and 3323) were infectious to the Varroa mite in laboratory tests. The mite became infected when it was allowed to walk on a sporulating H. thompsonii culture for 5 min. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the membranous arolium of the mite leg sucker is the focus of infection where the fungal conidia adhered and germinated. The infected mites died from mycosis, with the lethal times to kill 50% (LT50s) dependent on the fungal isolates. Thus, the LT50s were 52.7, 77.2, and 96.7 h for isolates 3323, 257, and 1947, respectively. Passage of H. thompsonii through Varroa mite three times significantly reduced the LT50s of isolates 257 and 1947 (P < 0.05) but not the LT50 of isolate 3323. The fungus did not infect the honey bee in larval, prepupal, pupal, and adult stages under our laboratory rearing conditions. Our encouraging results suggest that some isolates of H. thompsonii have the potential to be developed as a biocontrol agent for V. destructor. However, fungal infectivity against the mites under beehive conditions needs to be studied before any conclusion can be made. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection-; Parasitology-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and -Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Fungi -Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Western-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, feral-, host-, larva-, pupa-; Hirsutella-thompsonii (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): biological-control-agent, pathogen-; Varroa-destructor [Varroa-mite] (Acarina-): host-, parasite-, pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: fluvalinate-: acaricide- NC Institutions and Organizations: USDA-; University-of-Florida DS Diseases: Hirsutella-thompsonii-infection: fungal-disease; Varroa-destructor -infestation: parasitic-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 69409-94-5: FLUVALINATE MQ Methods and Equipment: scanning-electron-microscopy: imaging-and-microscopy-techniques, laboratory -techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: beehive-; beeswax-; mortality-; virulence- AN Accession Number: 200300091423 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 33 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Hirsutella thompsonii and Metarhizium anisopliae as potential microbial control agents of Varroa destructor, a honey bee parasite. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kanga-L-H-B {a}; James-R-R; Boucias-D-G AD Author Address: {a} Agricultural Research Service, Beneficial Insects Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, 2413 E. Highway 83, Weslaco, TX, 78596, USA; E -Mail: lkanga@weslaco.ars.usda.gov, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Invertebrate-Pathology. [print] November 2002 2002; 81 (3): 175 -184. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-2011 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The potential of Hirsutella thompsonii Fisher and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschinkoff) as biological control agents of the parasitic mite, Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman was evaluated in the laboratory and in observation hives. In the laboratory, time required for 90% cumulative mortality of mites (LT90) was 4.16 (3.98-4.42) days for H. thompsonii and 5.85 (5.48-7.43) days for M. anisopliae at 1.1 X 103 conidia mm-2. At a temperature (34 +- 1 degreeC) similar to that of the broodnest in a honey bee colony, Apis mellifera L., H. thompsonii (LC90 = 9.90 X 101 (5.86 -19.35) conidia mm-2 at Day 7) and M. anisopliae (LC90 = 7.13 X 103 (2.80 -23.45) conidia mm-2 at Day 7) both showed significant virulence against V. destructor. The applications of H. thompsonii to observation hives resulted in significant mortality of mites, and reduction of the number of mites per bee 21 and 42 days post-treatments. The treatments did not significantly affect the mite population in sealed brood. However, the fungus must have persisted because infected mites were still observed (82.97 +- (0.6)%) 42 days post-treatment. In addition, the fungus was found to sporulate on the host. A small percentage (2.86 +- (0.2)%0) of dead mites found in the control hives also showed fungal infection, suggesting that adult bees drifted between hives and disseminated the fungus. H. thompsonii was harmless to the honey bees at the concentrations applied and did not have any deleterious effects on the fecundity of the queens. Microbial control with fungal pathogens provides promising new avenues for control of V. destructor and could be a useful component of an integrated pest management program for the honey bee industry. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Fungi -Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-, queen-; Hirsutella -thompsonii (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): biological-control -agent, pathogen-; Metarhizium-anisopliae (Fungi-Imperfecti-or -Deuteromycetes): biological-control-agent, pathogen-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): host-, mite-, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- DS Diseases: Hirsutella-thompsonii-infection: fungal-disease; Metarhizium-anisopliae -infection: fungal-disease; Varroa-destructor-infestation: parasitic -disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: fecundity-; hive-; integrated-pest-management; mortality-; virulence- AN Accession Number: 200300091422 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 34 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Social behavior and comparative genomics: New genes or new gene regulation? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Robinson-G-E {a}; Ben-Shahar-Y AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; E-Mail: generobi@life.uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Genes-Brain-and-Behavior. [print] November 2002 2002; 1 (4): 197-203. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1601-1848 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Molecular analyses of social behavior are distinguished by the use of an unusually broad array of animal models. This is advantageous for a number of reasons, including the opportunity for comparative genomic analyses that address fundamental issues in the molecular biology of social behavior. One issue relates to the kinds of changes in genome structure and function that occur to give rise to social behavior. This paper considers one aspect of this issue, whether social evolution involves new genes, new gene regulation, or both. This is accomplished by briefly reviewing findings from studies of the fish Haplochromis burtoni, the vole Microtus ochrogaster, and the honey bee Apis mellifera, with a more detailed and prospective consideration of the honey bee. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Cricetidae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Osteichthyes-: Pisces-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Haplochromis-burtoni (Osteichthyes-); Microtus-ochrogaster [vole-] (Cricetidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Fish-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals -; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: molecular-analysis: laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: comparative-genomics; gene-regulation; social-behavior; social-evolution AN Accession Number: 200300089493 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 35 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Free radical scavenging activity of propolis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ichikawa-Hisatsugu {a}; Satoh-Kazue; Tobe-Takashi; Yasuda-Ichiro; Ushio -Fusao; Matsumoto-Kenichiro; Endo-Kazutoyo; Ookubo-Chiharu AD Author Address: {a} Tokyo Metropolitan Research Laboratory of Public Health, 3-24-1, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan; E-Mail: ichikawa@tokyo-eiken.go.jp, Japan SO Source: Redox-Report. [print] 2002; 7 (5): 347-350. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1351-0002 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We investigated the radical scavenging activity of propolis by ESR spectroscopy using spin trapping method. In addition, we examined the influence of a diet of 2% propolis on mice under oxidative stress. At low concentrations, the methanolic extract of propolis exhibited strong scavenging activity in vitro towards both the superoxide anion radical, generated by the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction, and the NO radical, generated from the mixture of NOC-7 (NO generator) and carboxy -PTIO (spin trapping agent). An inhibitory effect of propolis on lipid peroxidation in vivo was observed, as determined by measurement of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in mouse liver homogenate. The level of vitamin C in the brain of mice under oxidative stress significantly increased compared with control mice under atmosphere, which was not observed in the mice given 2% propolis. The level of alpha -tocopherol in the brain of mice given 2% propolis significantly increased compared with control mice under atmosphere, which was not observed in mice under oxidative stress. SOD activity in the brain and plasma of mice given 2% propolis significantly decreased under atmosphere and oxidative stress compared with control mice. These results suggest that propolis possesses potent antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Metabolism-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: mouse- (Muridae-): animal-model TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Chordates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system; plasma-: blood-and-lymphatics CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: lipid-peroxidation; propolis- [honeybee-glue]: antioxidant-, free-radical -scavenging-activity; vitamin-C RN CAS Registry Number (R): 50-81-7: VITAMIN C MQ Methods and Equipment: ESR-spectroscopy: laboratory-techniques, spectrum-analysis-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: oxidative-stress AN Accession Number: 200300087573 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 36 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Pollen foraging response to brood pheromone by Africanized and European honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pankiw-Tanya {a}; Rubink-William-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Beneficial Insects Research Unit, Honey Bee Group, USDA-ARS, Weslaco, TX, 78596, USA; E-Mail: t-pankiw@tamu.edu, USA SO Source: Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America. [print] November 2002 2002; 95 (6): 761-767. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8746 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We examined the pollen foraging responses of Africanized and European honey bee colonies to hexane extractable compounds of Africanized and European larvae (brood pheromone). Brood pheromone was presented to broodless Africanized and European colonies equalized for numbers of bees, food stores and, empty comb space. The pheromone significantly increased the ratio of pollen to nonpollen foragers returning to colonies. There was no differential pollen foraging response to pheromone racial origin. European colonies in this study had a significantly higher proportion of pollen to nonpollen foragers entering colonies than did Africanized colonies for pheromone and control treatments. The proboscis extension response to sucrose was used to test the sensitivity to sucrose of eight Africanized (most similar to Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier) and six European colonies (most similar to Apis mellifera ligustica L.). Individual sensitivity to sucrose has been demonstrated as a neuro-sensory correlate of foraging behavior in European bees such that individuals that forage for pollen have lower response thresholds to sucrose than bees that forage for nectar. Africanized bees were significantly more likely to respond to lower concentrations of sucrose than European bees. We concluded that sucrose response threshold was a poor predictor for comparative foraging behavior of these races because the neuro-sensory systems of the two races may be differentially "tuned" by thresholds to defensive cues. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-ligustica [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): larva-; Apis -mellifera-scutellata [Africanized-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: brood-pheromones; hexane-extracts; nectar-; sucrose-: response-thresholds RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUCROSE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-size; comb-space; food-stores; foraging-responses; neuro-sensation AN Accession Number: 200300087066 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 37 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Identification of BmKAPi, a novel type of scorpion venom peptide with peculiar disulfide bridge pattern from Buthus martensii Karsch. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Zeng-Xian-Chun; Wang-San-Xia; Li-Wen-Xin {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; E-Mail: xianchun_zeng@hotmail.com, zengx@nhlbi.nih.gov, China SO Source: Toxicon-. [print] December 2002 2002; 40 (12): 1719-1722. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0041-0101 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A novel cDNA sequence encoding a new type of scorpion venom peptide (BmKAPi) was first isolated from the venom gland of Buthus martensii Karsch by cDNA library screening combined with 5'-race. The encoded precursor of BmKAPi consisted of 89 amino acid residues including a signal peptide of 24 residues, a putative mature peptide of 64 residues (BmKAPi) and an extra basic residue at the C-terminus which might be removed in the post-translational processing. BmKAPi is stabilized by five disulfide bridges, whereas all other disulfide-bridged scorpion toxins described are cross-linked by three or four disulfide bridges. It suggested the three -dimensinal scaffold of BmKAPi might be different from other scorpion toxins. The amino acid sequence of BmKAPi showed no homology with other scorpion venom peptides, but shared a little similarity with some anticoagulant peptides and proteinase inhibitors isolated from hookworm, honeybee or European frog, respectively. RT-PCR analysis showed that BmKAPi mRNA could be induced by venom extraction suggesting BmKAPi might be a component of scorpion venom. These results suggest that BmKAPi is a new type of scorpion venom peptide different from other described scorpion toxins in structural and functional aspects. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Methods-and-Techniques; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Arachnida-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Buthus-martensii (Arachnida-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: BmKAPi-: scorpion-venom-peptide, toxin-; scorpion-venom: toxin- MQ Methods and Equipment: complementary-DNA-library-screening: genetic-techniques, laboratory -techniques; reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction [RT-PCR]: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques AN Accession Number: 200300085582 UD Update Code: 20030213 Record 38 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Identification and characterization of Mlr1,2: Two mouse homologues of Mblk -1, a transcription factor from the honeybee brain. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kunieda-Takekazu; Park-Jung-Min; Takeuchi-Hideaki; Kubo-Takeo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; E-Mail: stkubo@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: FEBS-Letters. [print] 30 January 2003 2003; 535 (1-3): 61-65. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0014-5793 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We previously identified the Mblk-1 gene in the honeybee brain, which encodes a transcription factor containing two DNA binding motifs, termed RHF1 and 2 (Takeuchi et al. (2001) Insect Mol. Biol. 121, 134-140). Here, we identified two mouse Mblk1 homologues, Mlr1 and Mlr2. Both encode proteins containing a single DNA-binding motif highly conserved with RHF2 and activate transcription mediated by a DNA element recognized by honeybee Mblk-1. Mlr1 was expressed predominantly in the spermatocytes of the testis, while Mlr2 was expressed in various tissues other than testis. Mlr1 transcripts were lost in the testis of W/Wv mutant mice, suggesting a role in spermatogenesis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: mouse- (Muridae-): W/W-v-mutant TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Chordates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system; spermatocyte-: reproductive-system; testis-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: RHF1-: DNA-binding-motif; RHF2-: DNA-binding-motif AN Accession Number: 200300084522 UD Update Code: 20030213 Record 39 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Mating influence in the ovary differentiation in adult queens of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Patricio-K {a}; Cruz-Landim-C AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias de Rio Claro, UNESP, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil; E -Mail: karinap@rc.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Brazilian-Journal-of-Biology. [print] November 2002 2002; 62 (4A): 641-649. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1519-6984 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The present results show that in the ovarioles of a newly emerged (0 day) queen of A. mellifera only two regions may be distinguished: a proximal, short germarium and a very long distal, terminal filament. As the queen matures and gets ready for the nupcial flight, the germarium increases in lenght, advancing towered the distal end, as the terminal filament shortens. The ovarioles of queens ready to mate (6 to 8 days old) have, already one or two ovarian follicles, i.e. a very short proximal vitellarium, but a real vitellogenesis only starts after the fecundation. If the queen does not mate the ovarioles structure is disrupted (12-16 days old). In mated queen eggs the ovarioles present three differentiated regions, from the apice to the basis: a short terminal filament, a medium size germarium, and a very long basal vitellarium. As the eggs are laid, the emptied follicle collapses, degenerates and produces a corpus luteum. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): adult- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovariole-: reproductive-system; ovary-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mating-influence; ovary-differentiation; vitellarium- AN Accession Number: 200300084431 UD Update Code: 20030213 Record 40 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Mortality of Varroa destructor in broodless Africanized and Carnica honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Moretto-Geraldo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Centro de Ciencias Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, 89.010-971, Blumenau, SC, Brazil; E-Mail: gmoretto@furb.br, Brazil SO Source: Interciencia-. [print] December 2002 2002; 27 (12): 702-704. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-1844 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Varroa destructor infestation varies with climate conditions and race of Apis mellifera bees. Africanized bees show greater tolerance to varroa compared to bees of European races. Reproductive ability of female mites, hygienic behavior and grooming behavior are important factors in population dynamics of this parasite. The present study shows the mortality rate of the V. destructor mite in Africanized and Carnica bee colonies in Southern Brazil. The daily proportion of dead and live mite fallen on the bottom of the hive was determined when the total mite population was of adult bees. In Africanized bee colonies the daily proportion of dead mite was 6.30%, while in Carnica bee colonies was 2.11%. The daily proportion of live mite on the bottom of the hive was 2.45% and 0.82% in Africanized and Carnica bee colonies, respectively. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): Africanized-colony, Carnica -colony, host-; Varroa-destructor [mite-] (Acarina-): female-, pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Soutern-Brazil (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Varroa-destructor-mortality-rate; grooming-behavior; hive-; hygienic -behavior AN Accession Number: 200300081733 UD Update Code: 20030213 Record 41 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Differential expression of voltage-sensitive K+ and Ca2+ currents in neurons of the honeybee olfactory pathway. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gruenewald-Bernd {a} AD Author Address: {a} Neurobiologie, Institut fuer Biologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 28/30, D-14195, Berlin, Germany; E-Mail: gruenewa@neurobiologie.fu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] January 2003 2003; 206 (1): 117 -129. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In order to understand the neuronal processes underlying olfactory learning, biophysical properties such as ion channel activity need to be analysed within neurons of the olfactory pathway. This study analyses voltage-sensitive ionic currents of cultured antennal lobe projection neurons and mushroom body Kenyon cells in the brain of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Rhodamine-labelled neurons were identified in vitro prior to recording, and whole-cell K+ and Ca2+ currents were measured. All neurons expressed transient and sustained outward K+ currents, but Kenyon cells expressed higher relative amounts of transient A-type K+ (IK,A) currents than sustained delayed rectifier K+ current (IK,V). The current density of the IK,V was significantly higher in projection neurons than in Kenyon cells. The voltage-dependency of K+ currents at positive membrane potentials was linear in Kenyon cells, but N-shaped in projection neurons. Blocking of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ currents transformed the N-shaped voltage-dependency into a linear one, indicating activation of calcium -dependent K+ currents (IK,Ca). The densities of currents through voltage -sensitive Ca2+ channels did not differ between the two neuron classes and the voltage-dependency of current activation was similar. Projection neurons thus express higher calcium-dependent K+ currents. These analyses revealed that the various neurons of the honeybee olfactory pathway in vitro have different current phenotypes, which may reflect functional differences between the neuron types in vivo. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe-projection-neurons: nervous-system; brain-: nervous-system; mushroom-body-Kenyon-cells: nervous-system; neurons-: nervous-system; olfactory-pathway: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: calcium(II)-ion: current-; potassium-ion: current-; rhodamine- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 14127-61-8: CALCIUM(II) ION; 24203-36-9: POTASSIUM ION MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: membrane-potentials; sustained-delayed-rectifier-potassium-current; transient-A-type-potassium-ion-currents; voltage-sensitive-calcium(II)-ion -current: expression-; voltage-sensitive-potassium-ion-current: expression- AN Accession Number: 200300080767 UD Update Code: 20030213 Record 42 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Hymenoptera ultra-rush venom immunotherapy (210 min): A safety study and risk factors. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Birnbaum-J {a}; Ramadour-M; Magnan-A; Vervloet-D AD Author Address: {a} UPRES EA 3287, Service de Pneumoallergologie, Hopital Sainte Marguerite, 270 Bvd de Ste Marguerite, 13274, Marseille Cedex, 09, France, France SO Source: Clinical-and-Experimental-Allergy. [print] January 2003 2003; 33 (1): 58-64. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0954-7894 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Background In this study, which summarizes our last 5 years of experience, we evaluated the side-effects of ultra-rush venom immunotherapy and the possibility to define some risk factors for side-effects as age, Hymenoptera venom used for treatment, treatment phase, severity of prior insect sting reaction, concentration of skin test positivity, and level of specific IgE. Methods In our protocol on day 1, an initial venom dose of 0.1 mug was followed by 1, 10, 20 mug at 30-min intervals and then 30 and 40 mug at 60-min intervals. Patients who completed this protocol received two booster injections of 50 mug on day 15 and one of 100 mug on day 45. Subsequently, monthly 100 mug boosters were given. Results Fifty-one children (9.20 +- 3.41 years) and 207 adults (40.62 +- 14.00 years) underwent an ultra-rapid venom immunotherapy (ultra-RVIT). Single ultra -RVIT was administered to 195 patients: 69 with honeybee, 123 with yellow jacket and three with wasp venoms. Two venoms were injected into 59 patients: 42 with yellow jacket and wasp, 17 with yellow jacket and honeybee. Four patients received the three venoms. The frequency of immediate systemic reactions (SR) was not significantly different between adults and children: 11.2% vs. 10.8%. SR were experienced more frequently on day 1 (n = 33). They were uncommon on day 15 (n = 2) and on day 45 (n = 1). No late reactions have been observed. Honeybee venom induced significantly more SR (30%) vs. yellow jacket (3.2%) and wasp venom (6.1%). Among the 33 patients who experienced a SR on day 1, 24 had a reaction grade 1 or 2 and nine had a reaction grade 3 or 4. There is a significant risk for patients with a prior reaction grade 3 or 4 to experience a SR during venom immunotherapy (VIT). The strength of positive skin tests and the level of specific IgE were not related to an increased risk of SR (P = NS). Conclusion Treatment with honeybee extract induced more SR than the treatment with yellow jacket and wasp venom. Doses increase phase on day 1 is risk factors for SR of ultra-RVIT, as well as the severity of the prior reaction. Age, degree of positive skin tests, and specific IgE are not risk factors. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): allergen-; human- (Hominidae-): adult-, child-, patient-; wasp- (Hymenoptera-): allergen-; yellow-jacket (Hymenoptera-): allergen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: skin-: integumentary-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: IgE- [immunoglobulin-E]; honeybee-venom-extract: adverse-effects, immunologic-drug, immunostimulant-drug; wasp-venom-extract: adverse -effects, immunologic-drug, immunostimulant-drug; yellow-jacket-venom -extract: adverse-effects, immunologic-drug, immunostimulant-drug DS Diseases: systemic-reaction: immune-system-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: hymenoptera-ultra-rush-venom-immunotherapy: clinical-techniques, therapeutic-and-prophylactic-techniques; skin-test: clinical-techniques, diagnostic-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: reaction-severity; risk-factors AN Accession Number: 200300076045 UD Update Code: 20030213 Record 43 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Protein contents and physicochemical properties in honey samples of Apis mellifera of different floral origins. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Azeredo-L-da-C {a}; Azeredo-M-A-A; de-Souza-S-R; Dutra-V-M-L AD Author Address: {a} Depto de Quimica, UFRRJ-Instituto de Ciencias Exatas, BR-465, km 07, CEP: 23890-000, Seropedica, RJ, Brazil; E-Mail: azeredo@ufrrj.br, Brazil SO Source: Food-Chemistry. [print] February 2003 2003; 80 (2): 249-254. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0308-8146 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The protein contents in honey samples of different floral origins, commercialized in several states of Brazil, were determined using the method of Bradford. The spectra of pollen of the honeys collected in those areas were studied, in order to establish the correlation between the different botanical species and the protein contents. The physicochemical properties of the honeys (colour, moisture, pH and acidity, lund test, lugol test, diastase index, reducing and non-reducing sugars and hydroxymethylfurfural contents) were also determined. The colorimetric determination of the protein content of honey samples, using the method of Bradford, was shown to be efficient and it allowed the detection of elevated protein in honey samples of Borreria verticillata, known in Brazil as "vassourinha", from Piaui State. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Foods-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rubiaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Tracheophyta-: Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Borreria-verticillata (Rubiaceae -); higher-plant (Tracheophyta-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: proteins-: quantitative-analysis; sugars-: analysis- GE Geopolitical Location: Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUGARS MQ Methods and Equipment: Bradford-method: laboratory-techniques; colorimetry-: laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: food-chemistry; honeys-: chemical-analysis, color-, moisture-, origins-, pH -, physicochemical-properties, quality-; methodology- AN Accession Number: 200300073639 UD Update Code: 20030213 Record 44 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Octopamine modulates responsiveness to foraging-related stimuli in honey bees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Barron-A-B; Schulz-D-J; Robinson-G-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; E-Mail: generobi@life.uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] September 2002 2002; 188 (8): 603-610. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The biogenic amine neurochemical octopamine is involved in the onset of foraging behaviour in honey bees. We tested the hypothesis that octopamine influences honey bee behavioural development by modulating responsiveness to task-related stimuli. We examined the effect of octopamine treatment on responsiveness to brood pheromone (an activator of foraging) and to the presence of older bees in the colony (an inhibitor of foraging in young bees). Octopamine treatment increased responsiveness to brood pheromone and decreased responsiveness to social inhibition. These results identify octopamine both as an important source of variation in response thresholds and as a modulator of pheromonal communication in insect societies. We speculate that octopamine plays more than one role in the organisation of behavioural development indicating a very high level of integration between the neurochemical system and the generation of complex behaviour. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: octopamine- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 104-14-3: OCTOPAMINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-behavior AN Accession Number: 200300068182 UD Update Code: 20030213 Record 45 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Biogenic amines in the antennal lobes and the initiation and maintenance of foraging behavior in honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schulz-David-J; Elekonich-Michelle-M; Robinson-Gene-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; E-Mail: generobi@life.uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Neurobiology. [print] February 5 2003 2003; 54 (2): 406-416. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-3034 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Previous findings showed that high levels of octopamine and serotonin in the antennal lobes of adult worker honey bees are associated with foraging behavior, and octopamine treatment induces precocious foraging. To better characterize the relationship between amines and foraging behavior in honey bees, we performed a detailed correlative analysis of amine levels in the antennal lobes as a function of various aspects of foraging behavior. Flight activity was measured under controlled conditions in a large outdoor flight cage. Levels of octopamine in the antennal lobes were found to be elevated immediately subsequent to the onset of foraging, but they did not change as a consequence of preforaging orientation flight activity, diurnal pauses in foraging, or different amounts of foraging experience, suggesting that octopamine helps to trigger and maintain the foraging behavioral state. In contrast, levels of serotonin and dopamine did not show changes that would implicate them as either causal agents of foraging, or as neurochemical systems affected by the act of foraging. Serotonin treatment had no effect on the likelihood of foraging. These results provide further support for the hypothesis that an increase in octopamine levels in the antennal lobes plays a causal role in the initiation and maintenance of the behavioral state of foraging, and thus is involved in the regulation of division of labor in honey bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory -Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: octopamine-; serotonin- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 104-14-3: OCTOPAMINE; 50-67-9: SEROTONIN MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-behavior-regulation; preforaging-orientation-flight-activity AN Accession Number: 200300067944 UD Update Code: 20030213 Record 46 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kremen-Claire {a}; Williams-Neal-M; Thorp-Robbin-W AD Author Address: {a} Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA; E-Mail: ckremen@princeton.edu, USA SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-National-Academy-of-Sciences-of-the-United-States-of -America. [print] December 24 2002 2002; 99 (26): 16812-16816. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0027-8424 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Ecosystem services are critical to human survival; in selected cases, maintaining these services provides a powerful argument for conserving biodiversity. Yet, the ecological and economic underpinnings of most services are poorly understood, impeding their conservation and management. For centuries, farmers have imported colonies of European honey bees (Apis mellifera) to fields and orchards for pollination services. These colonies are becoming increasingly scarce, however, because of diseases, pesticides, and other impacts. Native bee communities also provide pollination services, but the amount they provide and how this varies with land management practices are unknown. Here, we document the individual species and aggregate community contributions of native bees to crop pollination, on farms that varied both in their proximity to natural habitat and management type (organic versus conventional). On organic farms near natural habitat, we found that native bee communities could provide full pollination services even for a crop with heavy pollination requirements (e.g., watermelon, Citrullus lanatus), without the intervention of managed honey bees. All other farms, however, experienced greatly reduced diversity and abundance of native bees, resulting in insufficient pollination services from native bees alone. We found that diversity was essential for sustaining the service, because of year-to-year variation in community composition. Continued degradation of the agro-natural landscape will destroy this "free" service, but conservation and restoration of bee habitat are potentially viable economic alternatives for reducing dependence on managed honey bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biodiversity-; Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Cucurbitaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Citrullus-lanatus [watermelon-] (Cucurbitaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: agricultural-intensification; crop-pollination; native-bee-communities; species-diversity AN Accession Number: 200300067406 UD Update Code: 20030213 Record 47 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Prevalence, severity, and natural history of jack jumper ant venom allergy in Tasmania. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Brown-Simon-G-A {a}; Franks-Rodney-W; Baldo-Brian-A; Heddle-Robert-J AD Author Address: {a} Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Hobart Hospital, GPO Box 106L, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia, Australia SO Source: Journal-of-Allergy-and-Clinical-Immunology. [print] January 2003 2003; 111 (1): 187-192. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0091-6749 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Background: The jack jumper ant (Myrmecia pilosula) is responsible for greater than 90% of Australian ant venom allergy. However, deaths have only been recorded in the island of Tasmania. Objectives: We sought to determine the prevalence, clinical features, natural history, and predictors of severity of M. pilosula sting allergy in Tasmania. Methods: We performed a random telephone survey supported by serum venom-specific IgE analysis, review of emergency department presentations, and follow-up of allergic volunteers. Results: M. pilosula, honeybee (Apis mellifera), and yellow jacket wasp (Vespula germanica) sting allergy prevalences were 2.7%, 1.4%, and 0.6% compared with annual sting exposure rates of 12%, 7%, and 2%, respectively. Similarly, emergency department presentations with anaphylaxis to M. pilosula were double those for honeybee. M. pilosula allergy prevalence increased with age of 35 years or greater (odds ratio (OR), 2.4) and bee sting allergy (OR, 16.9). Patients 35 years of age or older had a greater risk of hypotensive reactions (OR, 2.9). Mueller reaction grades correlated well with adrenaline use. During follow-up, 79 (70%) of 113 jack jumper stings caused anaphylaxis. Prior worst reaction severity predicted the likelihood and severity of follow-up reactions; only 3 subjects had more severe reactions. Venom-specific IgE levels and other clinical features, including comorbidities, were not predictive of severity. Conclusions: Sting allergy prevalence is determined by age and exposure rate. M. pilosula sting exposure in Tasmania is excessive compared with that found in mainland Australia, and there is a high systemic reaction risk in allergic people on re-sting. Prior worst reaction severity (Mueller grade) and age predict reaction severity and might be used to guide management. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Epidemiology- (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Myrmecia-pilosula [jack-jumper -ant] (Hymenoptera-); Vespula-germanica [yellow-jacket-wasp] (Hymenoptera -); human- (Hominidae-): patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: sting-; venom- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: venom-specific-IgE [venom-specific-immunoglobulin-E] GE Geopolitical Location: Tasmania- (Australia-, Australasian-region) DS Diseases: anaphylaxis-: immune-system-disease; bee-sting-allergy: epidemiology-, immune-system-disease; jack-jumper-ant-venom-allergy: epidemiology-, immune-system-disease; wasp-sting-allergy: epidemiology-, immune-system -disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-; allergy-severity; natural-history ALT Alternate Indexing: Anaphylaxis-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200300065733 UD Update Code: 20030210 Record 48 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Effects of apigenin and tt-farnesol on glucosyltransferase activity, biofilm viability and caries development in rats. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Koo-H {a}; Pearson-S-K; Scott-Anne-K; Abranches-J; Cury-J-A; Rosalen-P-L; Park-Y-K; Marquis-R-E; Bowen-W-H AD Author Address: {a} Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 611, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA, USA SO Source: Oral-Microbiology-and-Immunology. [print] December 2002 2002; 17 (6): 337 -343. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0902-0055 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Propolis, a resinous hive product secreted by Apis mellifera bees, has been shown to reduce the incidence of dental caries in rats. Several compounds, mainly polyphenolics, have been identified in propolis. Apigenin and tt -farnesol demonstrated biological activity against mutans streptococci. We determined here their effects, alone or in combination, on glucosyltransferase activity, biofilm viability, and development of caries in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 and treated topically twice daily as follows: (1) tt-farnesol, (2) apigenin, (3) vehicle control, (4) fluoride, (5) apigenin+tt-farnesol, and (6) chlorhexidine. Apigenin (1.33 mM) inhibited the activity of glucosyltransferases in solution (90-95%) and on the surface of saliva -coated hydroxyapatite beads (35-58%); it was devoid of antibacterial activity. tt-Farnesol (1.33 mM) showed modest antibacterial activity against biofilms and its effects on glucosyltransferases were minimal. The incidence of smooth-surface caries was significantly reduced by apigenin+tt-farnesol (60%), fluoride (70%), and chlorhexidine (72%) treatments compared to control (P<0.05). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Dental-and-Oral-System (Ingestion -and-Assimilation); Infection- ST Super Taxa: Gram-Positive-Cocci: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Sprague-Dawley-rat (Muridae-): animal-model, host-; Streptococcus-sobrinus (Gram-Positive-Cocci): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Bacteria-; Chordates-; Eubacteria-; Mammals-; Microorganisms-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: apigenin-; chlorhexidine-; fluoride-; glucosyltransferase-; propolis-; tt -farnesol DS Diseases: Streptococcus-sobrinus-infection: bacterial-disease; caries-: dental-and -oral-disease, etiology- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 520-36-5: APIGENIN; 55-56-1: CHLORHEXIDINE; 16984-48-8: FLUORIDE; 9031-48 -5: GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biofilm-viability ALT Alternate Indexing: Streptococcal-Infections-(MeSH); Dental-Caries-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200300062177 UD Update Code: 20030210 Record 49 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Method of application of tylosin, an antibiotic for American foulbrood control, with effects on small hive beetle (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) populations. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Elzen-P-J {a}; Westervelt-D; Causey-D; Ellis-J; Hepburn-H-R; Neumann-P AD Author Address: {a} ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtropical Agricultural Research Center, USDA, 2413 E. Highway 83, Weslaco, TX, 78596, USA; E-Mail: pelzen@weslaco.ars.usda.gov, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] December 2002 2002; 95 (6): 1119 -1122. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The method of application of the antibiotic tylosin (Tylan) for control of oxytetracycline-resistant American foulbrood (Paenibacillus larvae White) was tested in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. A powdered sugar mixture with tylosin, applied as a dust, was efficacious in eliminating American foulbrood symptoms at a rate of 200-mg Tylan per 20 g of powdered sugar, applied at weekly intervals for 3 weeks. A second method of treatment consisting of Tylan mixed with granulated sugar and vegetable shortening and applied once as a patty, at an equivalent total dose as the dust method, to diseased colonies also effectively eliminated symptoms of disease. In all colonies treated with patties, however, small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray) populations significantly increased, compared with the powder sugar method or untreated controls. Bee populations in patty -treated colonies also were significantly reduced, most likely the result of the invasion and proliferation of adult and larval small hive beetles. Such reduction in colony strength was not seen in dust-treated colonies. Because of the obvious damaging populations of small hive beetles, concerns about development of disease resistance, unknown risks of residues, and lack of support by regulatory agencies for the use of the patty method, the use of the dust method of tylosin is greatly favored over the patty method. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Endospore -forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Aethina-tumida (Coleoptera-); Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Paenibacillus-larvae [American-foulbrood] (Endospore-forming-Gram -Positives): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: tylosin-: antibacterial-drug, antiinfective-drug RN CAS Registry Number (R): 1401-69-0: TYLOSIN MQ Methods and Equipment: application-method: applied-and-field-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: disease-resistance AN Accession Number: 200300061120 UD Update Code: 20030210 Record 50 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: The complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the honeybee ectoparasite mite Varroa destructor (Acari: Mesostigmata). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Navajas-Maria {a}; Le-Conte-Y; Solignac-M; Cros-Arteil-S; Cornuet-J-M AD Author Address: {a} Centre de Biologie et Gestion de Populations, Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30 016, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France; E-Mail: navajas@ensam.inra.fr, France SO Source: Molecular-Biology-and-Evolution. [print] December 2002 2002; 19 (12): 2313 -2317. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0737-4038 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: genes-; mitochondrial-genome; protein-subunits; transfer-RNA AN Accession Number: 200300059814 UD Update Code: 20030210 Record 51 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Analysis of antennal proteins of the red imported fire ant. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Renthal-Robert {a}; Velasquez-Daniel {a}; Hoog-Stephen {a}; Carroll -Christopher; Weintraub-Susan-T AD Author Address: {a} Division of Life Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA, USA SO Source: Southwestern-Entomologist. [print] September 2002 2002; 25 (Supplement): 97 -104. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0147-1724 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We have found protein composition differences between male, queen and worker antennae, as analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Female antennal clubs contain three low molecular weight proteins, Siap1 (18 kDa), Siap2 (16 kDa) and Siap3 (14 kDa) with acidic isoelectric points. Tryptic peptide maps obtained by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry show that Siap1 in worker segment 9 is essentially the same protein as Siap1 in segment 10, and Siap2 from worker segments 9 and 10 are nearly identical. A mass fragment of m/z 477.1 (the 2+ ion for a 952.2-Da peptide) from Siap2 in worker segment A9 was analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and found to have the sequence (K/R)-I/L-I/L-I/L-P-V-S-I/L-A -K. This appears similar to the sequence of residues 97-107 of a putative odorant-binding protein from A. mellifera. The male antenna has one major acidic low molecular weight protein, Sim1. It is likely that Siap1-3 and Sim1 are odorant- and pheromone-binding proteins. The segments containing antennal glands in workers and queens show a prominent protein band near 23 kDa, Siap0, which is not seen in any other segment and may be a gland -related protein. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Solenopsis-invicta [red-imported-fire-ant] (Hymenoptera-): female-, male-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennae-: sensory-system; antennal-gland: sensory-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: antennal-proteins: isoelectric-point, molecular-weight; odorant-binding -proteins; pheromone-binding-proteins MQ Methods and Equipment: MALDI-TOF-mass-spectrometry: laboratory-techniques, spectrum-analysis -techniques; electrospray-ionization-mass-spectrometry: laboratory -techniques, spectrum-analysis-techniques; polyacrylamide-gel -electrophoresis: electrophoretic-techniques, laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: tryptic-peptide-maps AN Accession Number: 200300059048 UD Update Code: 20030210 Record 52 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: (Z)-8-heptadecene from infested cells reduces the reproduction of Varroa destructor under laboratory conditions. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nazzi-Francesco {a}; Milani-Norberto; Della-Vedova-Giorgio AD Author Address: {a} Dipartimento di Biologia Applicata alla Difesa delle Piante, Universita di Udine, Udine, Italy; E-Mail: francesco.nazzi@pldef.uniud.it, Italy SO Source: Journal-of-Chemical-Ecology. [print] November 2002 2002; 28 (11): 2181-2190. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0098-0331 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The parasitic mite Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman, the most serious threat to apiculture in many countries of the world, reproduces inside honeybee brood cells. Previous research, using artificial cells for rearing the mite on an Apis mellifera larva, indicated that semiochemicals affecting the reproduction of Varroa destructor are released into such cells. In order to isolate these semiochemicals, infested artificial cells were extracted with hexane and the extract fractionated twice. Several unsaturated hydrocarbons were identified in the active fraction; some of them were released in higher amounts in case of infestation and were, therefore, bioassayed for their effect on the mite's reproduction. Of five alkenes tested under laboratory conditions, (Z)-8-heptadecene, caused a 30% reduction in the mean number of offspring of mites reared in cells treated with this compound. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Varroa-destructor (Acarina-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: (Z)-8-heptadecene AN Accession Number: 200300058651 UD Update Code: 20030210 Record 53 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Occurrence of GalNAcbeta1-4GlcNAc unit in N-glycan of royal jelly glycoprotein. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kimura-Mariko; Hama-Yoichiro; Tsumura-Kazunori; Okihara-Kiyoshi; Sugimoto -Hiroyuki; Yamada-Hideo; Kimura-Yoshinobu {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Bioresources Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 1-1-1, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan; E-Mail: yosh8mar@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Bioscience-Biotechnology-and-Biochemistry. [print] September 2002 2002; 66 (9): 1985-1989. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0916-8451 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Elsewhere, we characterized the structure of twelve N-glycans purified from royal jelly glycoproteins (Kimura, Y. et al., Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 64, 2109-2120 (2000)). Structural analysis showed that the typical high-mannose type structure (Man9-4GlcNAc2) accounts for about 72% of total N-glycans, a biantennary-type structure (GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2) about 8%, and a hybrid-type structure (GlcNAc1Man4GlcNAc2) about 3%. During structural analysis of minor N-glycans of royal jelly glycoproteins, we found that one had an N-acetyl-galactosaminyl residue at the non reducing end; most of such residues have been found in N-glycans of mammalian glycoproteins. By exoglycosidase digestion, methylation analysis, ion-spray (IS)-MS analysis, and 1H NMR spectroscopy, we identified the structure of the N-glycan containing GalNAc as; GlcNAcbeta1 -2Manalpha1-6(GalNAcbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-2Manalpha1-3)Manbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1 -4GlcNAc. This result suggested that a beta1-4 GalNAc transferase is present in hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of honeybees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Mammalia-: Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-melifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); mammal- (Mammalia-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: hypopharyngeal-gland: dental-and-oral-system; mandibular-gland: dental-and -oral-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: N-glycans: N-acetyl-galactosaminyl-residue, biantennary-type-structure, high-mannose-type-structure, hybrid-type-structure, non-reducing-end; beta -1-4-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-transferase [beta-1-4-GalNAc-transferase]; royal-jelly-glycoproteins MQ Methods and Equipment: exoglycosidase-digestion: laboratory-techniques; ion-spray-mass -spectrometry [IS-MS]: laboratory-techniques, spectrum-analysis -techniques; methylation-analysis: genetic-techniques, laboratory -techniques; proton-NMR-spectroscopy: laboratory-techniques, spectrum -analysis-techniques; structural-analysis: laboratory-techniques AN Accession Number: 200300058526 UD Update Code: 20030210 Record 54 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Phylogenetic analysis of acute bee paralysis virus strains. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bakonyi-Tamas; Grabensteiner-Elvira; Kolodziejek-Jolanta; Rusvai-Miklos; Topolska-Grazyna; Ritter-Wolfgang; Nowotny-Norbert {a} AD Author Address: {a} Clinical Virology Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria; E -Mail: Norbert.Nowotny@vu-wien.ac.at, Austria SO Source: Applied-and-Environmental-Microbiology. [print] December 2002 2002; 68 (12): 6446-6450. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0099-2240 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Reverse transcription-PCR assays have been established for a quick, sensitive, and specific diagnosis of acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), a common virus of the honeybee (Apis mellifera), directly from clinical samples. A 3,071-nucleotide fragment of the ABPV genome, which includes the entire capsid polyprotein gene, was amplified from Austrian, German, Polish, and Hungarian ABPV samples and sequenced, and the sequences were compared. The alignment of a smaller fragment with ABPV sequences from the United States and the United Kingdom revealed nucleotide identity rates between 89 and 96%, respectively. Phylogenetic trees which display the molecular relationship between the viruses of different geographic origin were constructed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Evolution-and-Adaptation; Infection-; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and -Molecular-Biophysics); Systematics-and-Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Dicistroviridae-: Positive-Sense-ssRNA-Viruses, Viruses-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acute-bee-paralysis-virus (Dicistroviridae-): bee-pathogen, pathogen-; Apis -mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- SD Sequence Data: AY053366-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide -sequence; AY053367-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053368-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid -sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053369-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino -acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053370-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053371-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank -, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053372-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053373-: DDBJ-, EMBL -, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053374-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053375-: DDBJ -, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053376-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053377 -: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053378-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide -sequence; AY053379-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053380-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid -sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053381-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino -acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053382-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053383-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank -, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053384-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053385-: DDBJ-, EMBL -, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence GE Geopolitical Location: Europe- (Palearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-pathology; diagnostics-; geography-; open-reading-frames; phylogenetic -trees: construction-; viral-genomes: analysis-, sequencing-; viral -relatedness-studies; viral-taxonomy; virus-molecular-relationships AN Accession Number: 200300056477 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 55 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Drifting of workers in nest aggregations of the giant honeybee Apis dorsata. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Paar-Jurgen {a}; Oldroyd-Benjamin-P; Huettinger-Ernst; Kastberger-Gerald AD Author Address: {a} Institute of Zoology, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Universitatsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria; E-Mail: paarj@kfunigraz.ac.at, Austria SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December 2002 2002; 33 (6): 553-561. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The extent of worker drifting between nests in aggregations of colonies of the giant Asian honeybee Apis dorsata was studied using DNA microsatellites. Four aggregations with three, six, seven and eight colonies were sampled. 1537 workers were genotyped using four loci. Maternity testing was used to separate drifted and natal workers, and to assign drifted individuals to their actual maternal colony. The proportion of drifted workers ranged from 0 to 6.25% with an average of 1.27% (sd = 0.245). No significant differences in rates of drifting were found between the four aggregations. There was also no correlation between the direction of the drift and the position of the nests relative to each other. These results show that in A. dorsata, a bee species that frequently nests in dense aggregations, the extent of forager drifting between colonies can be very low. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-dorsata (Hymenoptera-): working- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA-microsatellites MQ Methods and Equipment: genotyping-: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-dynamics; drifting-behavior; nest-aggregations AN Accession Number: 200300055142 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 56 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Genetic correlations among honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) behavioral characteristics and wing length. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Guzman-Novoa-Ernesto {a}; Hunt-Greg-J; Page-Robert-E-Jr; Fondrk-M-Kim AD Author Address: {a} CENIFMA-INIFAP, Santa Cruz 29-B, Las Haciendas, 52140, Metepec, MEX, Mexico; E-Mail: guzmane@inifap2.inifap.conacyt.mx, Mexico SO Source: Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America. [print] May 2002 2002; 95 (3): 402-406. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8746 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Genetic correlations for behavioral characteristics and forewing length of worker honey bees, Apis mellifera L., were estimated. All characteristics associated with defensive behavior were correlated with each other. The tendency of bees to fly off the combs was correlated with their tendency to run on the combs, and with stinging behavior. Tendency to run was positively correlated with tendency to hang from combs, and with hygienic behavior, but was negatively correlated with forewing length. Forewing length was negatively correlated with hygienic behavior, but it was not significantly correlated with stinging behavior. The correlations obtained suggest that smaller bees have higher activity levels than larger bees. The implications of these results on the adaptive success of Africanized honey bee populations to tropical environments and on selective breeding are discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: combs-; forewing-; wing-: length- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: defensive-behavior; genetic-correlations; hygienic-behavior; stinging -behavior AN Accession Number: 200300055047 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 57 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: A scientific note on the distribution of Africanized honey bees and Varroa destructor in feral honey bee populations in California. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Walter-Boyce-M {a}; Rubin-Esther-S; O'-Brien-Chantal-S AD Author Address: {a} Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December 2002 2002; 33 (6): 581-582. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Biogeography- (Population-Studies); Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Bovidae-: Artiodactyla-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): Africanized-, host-; Ovis-canadensis (Bovidae-); Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Artiodactyls-; Chelicerates-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: California- (USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: artificial-water-sources; feral-populations; foraging-ecology; genetic -diversity; geographic-distribution; range-extensions; species -introduction; Note- AN Accession Number: 200300054831 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 58 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Antioxidant activity of propolis: Role of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and galangin. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Russo-A {a}; Longo-R; Vanella-A AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biochemistry, Medical Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy; E-Mail: alrusso@mbox.unict.it, Italy SO Source: Fitoterapia-. [print] November 2002 2002; 73 (Supplement 1): S21-S29. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0367-326X LA Language: English AB Abstract: Propolis, a natural product produced by the honeybee, has been used for thousands of years in folk medicine for several purposes. The extract contains amino acids, phenolic acids, phenolic acid esters, flavonoids, cinnamic acid, terpenes and caffeic acid. It possesses several biological activities such as antiinflammatory, immunostimulatory, antiviral and antibacterial. The exact mode of physiological or biochemical mechanisms responsible for the medical effects, however, is yet to be determined. In this work, we have investigated the antioxidant activity of a propolis extract deprived of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). In addition, the activity of CAPE and galangin was also examined. Propolis extract (with and without CAPE) and its active components showed a dose-dependent free radical scavenging effect, a significant inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity, and an antilipoperoxidative capacity. Propolis extract with CAPE was more active than propolis extract without CAPE. CAPE, used alone, exhibited a strong antioxidant activity, higher than galangin. The experimental evidence, therefore, suggests that CAPE plays an important role in the antioxidant activity of propolis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: caffeic-acid-phenethyl-ester; galangin-; propolis-: antioxidant- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 104594-70-9: CAFFEIC ACID PHENETHYL ESTER; 548-83-4: GALANGIN AN Accession Number: 200300053881 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 59 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Neonicotinoids: Insecticides acting on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Matsuda-Kazuhiko {a}; Buckingham-Steven-D; Kleier-Daniel; Rauh-James-J; Grauso-Marta; Sattelle-David-B AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Pesticide Chemistry, Dept of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631 -8505, Japan; E-Mail: david.sattelle@anat.ox.ac.uk, Japan SO Source: Trends-in-Pharmacological-Sciences. [print] November 2001 2001; 22 (11): 573-580. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article-; Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0165-6147 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Imidacloprid is increasingly used worldwide as an insecticide. It is an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and shows selective toxicity for insects over vertebrates. Recent studies using binding assays, molecular biology and electrophysiology suggest that both alpha- and non-alpha-subunits of nAChRs contribute to interactions of these receptors with imidacloprid. Electrostatic interactions of the nitroimine group and bridgehead nitrogen in imidacloprid with particular nAChR amino acid residues are likely to have key roles in determining the selective toxicity of imidacloprid. Chemical calculation of atomic charges of the insecticide molecule and a site-directed mutagenesis study support this hypothesis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides-; Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Orthoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Drosophila- (Diptera-); Musca-domestica (Diptera-); cockroach- (Orthoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: epibatidine-: analgesic-drug; imidacloprid-: insecticide-; neonicotinoids-: insecticide-; nicotine-: autonomic-drug, cholinergic-drug; nicotinic -acetylcholine-receptor: alpha-subunit, non-alpha-subunit RN CAS Registry Number (R): 140111-52-0: EPIBATIDINE; 138261-41-3: IMIDACLOPRID; 54-11-5: NICOTINE MQ Methods and Equipment: site-directed-mutagenesis: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: electrostatic-interactions; structure-activity-relationship AN Accession Number: 200300052096 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 60 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Effects of acute sublethal exposure to coumaphos or diazinon on acquisition and discrimination of odor stimuli in the honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Weick-Jason {a}; Thorn-Robert-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology, Denison University, Granville, OH, 43203, USA; E -Mail: thorn@denison.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] April 2002 2002; 95 (2): 227-236. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Two organophosphate compounds, coumaphos and diazinon, were examined for effects of sublethal exposure on odor learning and generalization in honey bees, Apis mellifera L. Using proboscis extension response training as a measure of odor learning and discrimination, a series of two experiments tested whether these compounds would inhibit bees from learning a new odor or discriminating between different odors. Bees were exposed to coumaphos or diazinon in acetone applied to the thorax, or to coumaphos or diazinon in hexane injected intracranially. At no dose tested or exposure method used was coumaphos shown to inhibit acquisition of a novel odor stimulus, although it was shown to slightly reduce discriminatory ability when given by intracranial injection. Diazinon had effects on odor learning at several small doses, and a small injected dose was shown to significantly inhibit learning of an odor stimulus paired with a sucrose reward. When bee head acetylcholineasterase activity was measured after dermal applications of both pesticides, only the higher doses of diazinon showed reduced activity, indicating that externally-applied coumaphos shows no significant effect on bee brain acetylcholinesterase activity. These data suggest that acute application of coumaphos has only slight nonlethal effects upon the behavior of honey bees and should have little effect upon bee tasks that involve odor learning. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): nontarget-organism TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: head-; thorax- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: acetylcholinesterase-; coumaphos-: acute-sublethal-exposure, dermal -application, insecticide-, intracranial-injection, organophosphate -compound, toxin-; diazinon-: acute-sublethal-exposure, dermal -application, insecticide-, intracranial-injection, organophosphate -compound, toxin- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9000-81-1: ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; 56-72-4: COUMAPHOS; 333-41-5: DIAZINON MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: learning-ability; odor-stimuli: acquisition-, discrimination-; proboscis -extension-response-training AN Accession Number: 200300052048 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 61 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Can the frequency of reduced Varroa destructor fecundity in honey bee (Apis mellifera) pupae be increased by selection? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Degrandi-Hoffman-Gloria {a}; Page-Robert-E-Jr; Martin-Joseph; Fondrk-M-Kim AD Author Address: {a} Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, ARS, USDA, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA; E-Mail: gdhoff@aol.com, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December 2002 2002; 33 (6): 563-570. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Crosses were made between queens and drones from 16 different commercial sources of European honeybees to determine if reproductive rates for Varroa destructor differed. Worker brood from four different crosses averaged 4.2 mites per cell and were chosen as the high mite reproduction group. Four others averaged 2.4 mites per cell and were chosen for the low mite reproduction group. A second set of crosses within the high and low mite reproduction groups were made and the worker offspring tested for differences in mite fecundity. Worker brood of the high and low mite reproduction lines did not differ significantly in the average number of mites per cell. The proportion of infested cells with non-reproductive mites also was not affected by selection. These results suggest that the frequency of larval or pupal characteristics that we measured in worker honeybees that might influence mite reproductive rates cannot be increased by selection based on average mite fecundity. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Evolution-and-Adaptation; Parasitology-; Pest -Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): European-, commercial-species, host-, pupa-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite-, pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: fecundity-; genetic-crosses; parasite-prevalence; parasitism-; reproductive -rates; selection-pressures AN Accession Number: 200300052038 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 62 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Brain tyramine and reproductive states of workers in honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sasaki-K {a}; Nagao-T AD Author Address: {a} Department of Physiology and Genetic Regulation, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan; E-Mail: sasakik@affrc.go.jp, Japan SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] December 2002 2002; 48 (12): 1075 -1085. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English AB Abstract: To explore the role of tyramine in the transformation of reproductive states of honeybee workers, brain levels of tyramine and N-acetyltyramine were measured in both normal and queenless workers. Queenless workers had higher tyramine levels and lower N-acetyltyramine levels than normal workers did. Intermediate reproductive workers that were transferred into a normal colony from a queenless colony had intermediate levels of tyramine and N-acetyltyramine. Elevation of tyramine in the queenless workers occurred at an earlier adult stage than elevation of dopamine. Tyramine levels in intermediate reproductive workers returned to the levels seen in normal workers, but dopamine levels in intermediate reproductive workers remained elevated at the same level as in queenless workers. Thus, brain tyramine may be regulated by the colony condition with or without a queen. Injection of an amine uptake inhibitor, reserpine, depleted tyramine and elevated N-acetyltyramine. Distributions of tyramine and dopamine within the brain were distinctively different, whereas distributions of N-acetyltyramine and N-acetyldopamine were similar, suggesting that each functional amine is stored in specific neurosecretory cells and released to the relevant receptor sites but that metabolism into each N-acetylmetabolite is determined by diffusion. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: N-acetyltyramine; dopamine-; reserpine-: amine-uptake-inhibitor; tyramine- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 1202-66-0: N-ACETYLTYRAMINE; 51-61-6: DOPAMINE; 50-55-5: RESERPINE; 51-67 -2: TYRAMINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: reproductive-state AN Accession Number: 200300050456 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 63 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Simple method for the determination of trace levels of pesticides in honeybees using matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Morzycka-Bozena {a} AD Author Address: {a} Experimental Field Station in Bialystok, Plant Protection Institute in Poznan, ul. Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland; E-Mail: b.morzycka@ior.poznan.pl, Poland SO Source: Journal-of-Chromatography-A. [print] 27 December 2002 2002; 982 (2): 267 -273. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-9673 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A simple multiresidue method for the determination of insecticides in honeybees is described. The developed method is based on the matrix solid -phase dispersion technique. A total number of 12 insecticides (azinfos -methyl, buprofezin, chlorpyriphos, chlorpyriphos-methyl, diazinon, ethion, fenitrothion, fipronil, methidathion, phosalone, pirimicarb, propoxur) used on flowering fields are determined by this method. The method uses Florisil and silica as dispersing agents, alumina and silica as cleanup adsorbents and a low polarity solvent system to elute pesticide residues from the honeybee samples. The insecticides were quantified using capillary gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The method has shown good recovery (70-110%) for various levels of spiked samples (0.01-1.0 mg/kg). The relative standard deviations were in the range of 2-8% for all pesticides studied. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.005-0.05 mg/kg. The procedure can be applied for the determination of residues of low-polarity and medium polarity pesticides in honeybee samples. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Methods-and-Techniques; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Florisil-: dispersing-agent; azinfos-methyl: determination-, insecticide-; buprofezin-: determination-, insecticide-; chlorpyriphos-: determination-, insecticide-; chlorpyriphos-methyl: determination-, insecticide-; diazinon -: determination-, insecticide-; ethion-: determination-, insecticide-; fenitrothion-: determination-, insecticide-; fipronil-: determination-, insecticide-; methidathion-: determination-, insecticide-; phosalone-: determination-, insecticide-; pirimicarb-: determination-, insecticide-; propoxur-: determination-, insecticide-; silica-: dispersing-agent RN CAS Registry Number (R): 1343-88-0: FLORISIL; 69327-76-0: BUPROFEZIN; 2921-88-2: CHLORPYRIPHOS; 333 -41-5: DIAZINON; 563-12-2: ETHION; 122-14-5: FENITROTHION; 120068-37-3: FIPRONIL; 950-37-8: METHIDATHION; 2310-17-0: PHOSALONE; 23103-98-2: PIRIMICARB; 114-26-1: PROPOXUR; 7631-86-9: SILICA MQ Methods and Equipment: capillary-gas-chromatography: analytical-method; matrix-solid-phase -dispersion-method: determination-method AN Accession Number: 200300049644 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 64 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Comparative pollination effectiveness among bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) on lowbush blueberry (Ericaceae: Vaccinium angustifolium). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Javorek-S-K {a}; Mackenzie-K-E {a}; Vander-Kloet-S-P AD Author Address: {a} Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Station, Agriculture and Agri -Food Canada, 32 Main Street, Kentville, NS, B4N 1J5, Canada; E-Mail: javoreks@em.agr.ca, Canada SO Source: Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America. [print] May 2002 2002; 95 (3): 345-351. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8746 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The pollination effectiveness (floral visitation rate, percentage of flowers pollinated, and pollen deposition) of indigenous and introduced bees visiting lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) was studied in Nova Scotia from 1992 to 1994. Floral visitation rate alone was not a good indicator of pollination effectiveness, as not all floral visits resulted in successful pollination events. As a group, pollen -harvesting taxa pollinated >85% of flowers visited as compared with under 25% for nectar foragers. Equivalencies derived from floral visitation rates and pollination percentages show that the most effective pollen -harvesters, Bombus spp. queens and Andrena spp., would pollinate 6.5 and 3.6 flowers, respectively, in the time it would take a nectar-foraging honey bee, Apis mellifera L., to pollinate a single flower. Average pollen deposition for nectar-foragers (A. mellifera and Megachile rotundata F.) did not exceed 13 tetrads per visit, which was significantly less than all pollen-harvesters. Among pollen-harvesters, Bombus spp. workers, M. rotundata and Halictus spp. deposited moderate stigmatic loads (34, 28, and 26 tetrads, respectively), whereas Bombus spp. queens and Andrena spp. deposited >45 tetrads per single visit. Pollination equivalencies show A. mellifera would have to visit a flower four times to deposit the same amount of pollen as single visits by Bombus spp. queens or Andrena spp. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Ericaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Andrena-spp. (Hymenoptera-); Megachile-rotundata (Hymenoptera-); Vaccinium -angustifolium [lowbush-blueberry] (Ericaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Nova-Scotia (Canada-, North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: floral-visitation-rate; flower-pollinated-percentage; pollen-deposition; pollination-; pollination-effectiveness AN Accession Number: 200300042082 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 65 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Mineral content of honeybee-collected pollen from southern New South Wales. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Somerville-D-C {a}; Nicol-H-I AD Author Address: {a} NSW Agriculture, PO Box 389, Goulburn, NSW, 2580, Australia; E-Mail: doug.somerville@agric.nsw.gov.au, helen.nicol@agric.nsw.gov.au, Australia SO Source: Australian-Journal-of-Experimental-Agriculture. [print] 2002; 42 (8): 1131 -1136. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0816-1089 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The mineral content of honeybee-collected pollen from 34 floral species was analysed for 10 elements. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of major and minor elements were the following: potassium (K) 5530, phosphorus (P) 4600, sulfur (S) 2378, calcium (Ca) 1146, magnesium (Mg) 716, sodium (Na) 82, iron (Fe) 67, zinc (Zn) 58, manganese (Mn) 33 and copper (Cu) 12. Close correlations existed between Mn and Cu, P and S, K and S and K and Zn. Single species demonstrated similar element profiles. Echium plantagineum pollen had a high mean concentration of P (7411 mg/kg) and S (3133 mg/kg) when compared with the mean of the total; Brassica napus pollen had high concentration of Mg (1400 mg/kg) and Ca (1750 mg/kg) and low concentration of Fe (27 mg/kg); Hypochoeris radicata had low concentrations of 6 elements - Fe (4.5 mg/kg), Zn (20 mg/kg), Mg (240 mg/kg), S (1400 mg/kg), P (2066 mg/kg) and K (2433 mg/kg). Asphodelus fistulosus had the highest concentration of K at 38000 mg/kg, the next highest value of 8200 mg/kg being for Prunus dulcis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Economic-Entomology; Nutrition- ST Super Taxa: Boraginaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Cruciferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Liliaceae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Myrtaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Asphodelus-fistulosus (Liliaceae-); Brassica-napus (Cruciferae-); Corymbia -maculata (Myrtaceae-); Echium-plantagineum (Boraginaceae-); Eucalyptus -bridgesiana (Myrtaceae-); Hypochoeris-radicata (Compositae-); Prunus -dulcis (Rosaceae-); bee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Monocots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: honeybee-collected, mineral-content, reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: calcium-: nutrient-; copper-: nutrient-; iron-: nutrient-; magnesium-; manganese-: nutrient-; phosphorus-: nutrient-; potassium-: nutrient-; sodium-: nutrient-; sulfur-: nutrient-; zinc-: nutrient- GE Geopolitical Location: New-South-Wales (Australia-, Australasian-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 7440-70-2: CALCIUM; 7440-50-8: COPPER; 7439-89-6: IRON; 7439-95-4: MAGNESIUM; 7439-96-5: MANGANESE; 7723-14-0: PHOSPHORUS; 7440-09-7: POTASSIUM; 7440-23-5: SODIUM; 7704-34-9: SULFUR; 7440-66-6: ZINC AN Accession Number: 200300041565 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 66 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: A scientific note on the determination of oxytetracycline residues in honey by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pagliuca-Giampiero {a}; Gazzotti-Teresa; Serra-Giorgia; Sabatini-Anna-Gloria AD Author Address: {a} Dipartimento di Sanita Pubblica veterinaria e Patologia animale, Universita degli studi di Bologna, via Tolara di sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Italy; E-Mail: pagliuca@vet.unibo.it, Italy SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December 2002 2002; 33 (6): 583-584. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Paenibacillus-larvae-larvae (Endospore -forming-Gram-Positives): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxytetracycline-: antibiotic-, residues- GE Geopolitical Location: Europe- (Palearctic-region) DS Diseases: American-foulbrood-disease: bacterial-disease, prevention-and-control RN CAS Registry Number (R): 79-57-2: OXYTETRACYCLINE MQ Methods and Equipment: HPLC-: chromatographic-techniques, laboratory-techniques; ultraviolet -visible-spectrophotometry: laboratory-techniques, spectrum-analysis -techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: allergic-reactions; apiculture-; human-health-risk; toxicity-; Note- AN Accession Number: 200300041560 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 67 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Effects of fluvalinate and coumaphos on queen honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in two commercial queen rearing operations. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Haarmann-Timothy {a}; Spivak-Marla; Weaver-Daniel; Weaver-Binford; Glenn-Tom AD Author Address: {a} Los Alamos National Laboratory (University of California), P.O. Box 1663, MS M887, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA; E-Mail: haarmannt@lanl.gov, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] February 2002 2002; 95 (1): 28-35. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We conducted research on the potential impacts of fluvalinate and coumaphos on honey bee, Apis mellifera L., queen viability and health. Queens were reared in colonies that had been treated with differing amounts of both fluvalinate and coumaphos. Pre- and posttreatment samples of both wax and bees were collected from all of the colonies and analyzed for total concentrations of fluvalinate and coumaphos. All queens were measured for queen weight, ovarial weight, and number of sperm in the spermathecae. The queens treated with high doses of fluvalinate weighed significantly less than low-dose or control queens, but otherwise appeared to develop normally. The highest fluvalinate concentrations were observed in the wax and queen cells of the high-dose group. The developing queens in colonies treated with as little as one coumaphos-impregnated strip for more than 24 h suffered a high mortality rate. Several of the queens showed sublethal effects from the coumaphos, including physical abnormalities and atypical behavior. The queens exposed to coumaphos weighed significantly less and had lower ovary weights than the control group queens. The highest coumaphos concentrations were observed in the queen cells and wax of the high-dose groups. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: sperm-: reproductive-system; spermathecae-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: coumaphos-: acaricide-; fluvalinate-: acaricide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 56-72-4: COUMAPHOS; 69409-94-5: FLUVALINATE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: atypical-behavior; mortality-rate; ovarial-weight; physical-abnormalities; queen-cells; queen-viability; queen-weight AN Accession Number: 200300041524 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 68 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Pollinating bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) of U.S. alfalfa compared for rates of pod and seed set. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Cane-James-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5310, USA, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] February 2002 2002; 95 (1): 22-27. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Alfalfa (=lucerne) flowers require visiting bees to trip the sexual column, thereby providing pollination and subsequent pod and seed set. Previous studies have compared the pollination values of different bee species solely by the speed with which they handle flowers and the proportion of visited flowers tripped. In this greenhouse study, five species of bees, including the three commercially managed U.S alfalfa pollinators, are likewise compared for their floral tripping frequencies. These bee species are also compared for the pod set and mature seed that results from their single visits to virgin flowers. Regardless of the identity of the pollinating bee, tripped flowers had the same probabilities of pod set and seed set. Thus, differences in the single-visit pollination efficiencies of the various bee species are entirely attributable to the proportion of visited flowers that they trip. Females of the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi Cockerell, and the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata F, tripped 81 and 78% of visited flowers, respectively. Males of these species are significantly less effective (61 and 51%, respectively), but still significantly superior to the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (22% of visited flowers tripped). These relationships are supported by field data for tripping frequencies. One candidate pollinator, Osmia sanrafaelae Parker, shows promise (44% tripped), but not the congeneric O. aglaia Sandhouse (13% tripped). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Megachile-rotundata [alfalfa -leafcutting-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Nomia-melanderi [alkali-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Osmia-algaia (Hymenoptera-); Osmia-sanrafaelae (Hymenoptera-); alfalfa- (Leguminosae-): forage-crop; bee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: floral-tripping-frequencies; pod-set; pollination-; seed-set AN Accession Number: 200300041523 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 69 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: 49th Seminar of the Association of Institutes for Bee Research, Celle, Germany, March 25-27, 2002. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Anonymous SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] September-October 2002 2002; 33 (5): 463-519. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Meeting- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 MT Meeting Information: 49th Seminar of the Association of Institutes for Bee Research, Celle, Germany, March 25-27, 2002 SP Meeting Sponsor: Association of Institutes for Bee Research LA Language: English; French; German AB Abstract: This meeting on bee research consists of abstracts for 52 presentations. Each abstract is written in English, French, and German. Session themes cover bee forage and pollination, plant protection, bee pathology, behavioral physiology, breeding, management, phylogeny of Apis, and other hymenoptera. Selected topics include genetic structure of sweat bee Lasioglossum malachurum, biodiversity of euglossine bees of southern Brazil, paternity distribution, thorax temperatures of honeybees inside combs, flight duration of workers infested with Varroa destructor, and pharmaceutical perspectives of tetracyclines in honey. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Animal-Husbandry (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis- (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Lasioglossum-malachurum [sweat -bee] (Hymenoptera-); Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite-; bee- (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species, host-, pollinator-; euglossine-bee (Hymenoptera-); honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: thorax-: temperature- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: tetracyclines-: pharmaceutical- GE Geopolitical Location: Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 60-54-8: TETRACYCLINES MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-forage; behavioral-physiology; biodiversity-; breeding-; genetic -structure; honey-: sugar-product; management-; paternity-distribution; pathology-; phylogeny-; plant-protection; pollination-; worker-flight -duration; Meeting-Summary AN Accession Number: 200300041511 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 70 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Effective size of populations with unequal sex ratio and variation in mating success. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nomura-T {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan; E-Mail: nomurat@cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Journal-of-Animal-Breeding-and-Genetics. [print] October 2002 2002; 119 (5): 297-310. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0931-2668 LA Language: English AB Abstract: To estimate the effective size (Ne) of populations with unequal sex ratio, a well-known formula, Ne=4NmNf/(Nm+Nf), has been frequently used, where Nm and Nf are the numbers of male and female parents, respectively. In this paper, the formula was examined under typical mating systems in animals. It was shown that the formula holds only when there are no variations in the numbers of mates (mating success) of parents of each sex. More appropriate equations were developed by accounting for the variation in mating success. It was found that for animal populations with harem mating system, an equation Ne=4NmNf/(2Nm+Nf) gives a more accurate estimate than the well-known formula. The effective population sizes of several wild, experimental and domestic animals are estimated by applying the derived equations to the published demographic and ecological data. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Genetics-; Mathematical-Biology (Computational-Biology) ST Super Taxa: Bovidae-: Artiodactyla-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Cercopithecidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Cervidae-: Artiodactyla-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Equidae-: Perissodactyla-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Phocidae-: Pinnipedia -, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Cervus-elaphus [elk-] (Cervidae -); Drosophila-melanogaster (Diptera-); Equus-caballus [horse-] (Equidae -): wild-; Macaca-fuscata [Japanese-monkey] (Cercopithecidae-); Mirounga -angustorosris [Northern-elephant-seal] (Phocidae-); cattle- (Bovidae-): breed-Japanese-Black TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Artiodactyls-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Primates; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Perissodactyls-; Pinnipeds-; Primates-; Vertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: effective-population-size: estimation-; mating-success: genetic-variation; unequal-sex-ratio AN Accession Number: 200300040914 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 71 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Honeybees Dufour's gland: Idiosyncrasy of a new queen signal. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Katzav-Gozansky-Tamar {a}; Soroker-Victoria; Hefetz-Abraham AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel; E-Mail: katzavt@post.tau.ac.il, Israel SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December 2002 2002; 33 (6): 525-537. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Dufour's gland (DG) secretion of queens in Apis mellifera is normally caste specific. In queenright (QR) workers it is composed of odd n alkanes, while in queens it also possesses long chain esters. However, glandular expression is plastic since queenless (QL) workers produce a queen-like secretion. Moreover, QR gland incubated in vitro produced these esters, indicating that glandular activity is regulated. We tested the hypothesis that the secretion is an egg marking pheromone. Chemical analysis of the egg coating revealed minute amounts of the queen esters, but neither queen secretion nor the synthetic esters were able to protect worker-laid eggs from policing, refuting the hypothesis. Analysis of abdominal tips further revealed that Dufour's egg secretion is also smeared on the abdominal cuticle, suggesting that its presence on egg surface may be due to passive contamination. Next, we tested the hypothesis that the secretion serves as a queen signal. Indeed queens, but not worker glandular secretion were attractive to workers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Communication-; Endocrine-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): egg-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: abdominal-cuticle: integumentary-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: egg-marking-pheromones; glandular-secretions; long-chain-esters; odd-n -alkanes MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: caste-specificity; chemical-communication; glandular-activity; queen -signals; retinue-behavior; worker-policing AN Accession Number: 200300040808 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 72 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Reassessing the role of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) Dufour's gland in egg marking. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Martin-Stephen-J {a}; Jones-Graeme-R; Chaline-Nicolas; Middleton-Helen; Ratnieks-Francis-L-W AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK; E-Mail: S.J.Martin@sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Naturwissenschaften-. [print] November 2002 2002; 89 (11): 528-532. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-1042 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Communication-; Development-; Endocrine-System (Chemical-Coordination-and -Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): egg-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: Dufour's-gland: endocrine-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: ester-; hydrocarbon- MQ Methods and Equipment: egg-removal-bioassay: bioassay-techniques, laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: chemical-communication; egg-marking AN Accession Number: 200300040024 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 73 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Flow cytometric analysis of lectin-stained haemocytes of the honeybee (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-Graaf-Dirk-C {a}; Dauwe-Rebecca; Walravens-Karl; Jacobs-Frans-J AD Author Address: {a} Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Brussels, Belgium; E-Mail: dideg@var.fgov.be, Belgium SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December 2002 2002; 33 (6): 571-579. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The study evaluated the technical feasibility of distinguishing the different honeybee blood cells by flow cytometric analysis with and without staining by 3 lectins: soybean agglutinin (SBA), concanavalin A (ConA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Flow cytometric analysis of unstained cells provided a forward scatter-side scatter dotplot with no distinct haemocyte population. Examination of blood samples stained with FITC-labelled ConA or WGA revealed a notable population of fluorescently marked cells on FL1-histograms. Microscopic analysis, run parallel, demonstrated low fluorescence of the granular cells, strong fluorescence of the plasmatocytes, with P1's stained all over their surfaces and P2's with a rather dotted appearance. Prohaemocytes were not stained at all. SBA-FITC did not stain honeybee haemocytes as demonstrated by both the flow cytometric and the microscopic examinations. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: hemocyte-: blood-and-lymphatics, immune-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: concanavalin-A; fluorescein-isothiocyanate; lectin-; soybean-agglutinin; wheat-germ-agglutinin RN CAS Registry Number (R): 11028-71-0: CONCANAVALIN A; 27072-45-3: FLUORESCEIN ISOTHIOCYANATE MQ Methods and Equipment: flow-cytometry: histology-and-cytology-techniques, laboratory-techniques; lectin-staining: histology-and-cytology-techniques, laboratory-techniques; microscopy-: imaging-and-microscopy-techniques, laboratory-techniques AN Accession Number: 200300039626 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 74 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Juvenile hormone and circadian locomotor activity in the honey bee Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bloch-G {a}; Sullivan-J-P; Robinson-G-E AD Author Address: {a} Department of Evolution, Systematics, and Ecology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel; E-Mail: bloch@vms.huji.ac.il, Israel SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] December 2002 2002; 48 (12): 1123 -1131. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Age-related division of labor in honeybees is associated with plasticity in circadian rhythms. Young nest bees care for brood around the clock with no circadian rhythms while older foragers have strong circadian rhythms that are used for sun compass navigation and for timing visits to flowers. Since juvenile hormone (JH) is involved in the coordination of physiological and behavioral processes underlying age-related division of labor in honey bees, we tested the hypothesis that JH influences the ontogeny of circadian rhythms and other clock parameters in young worker bees. Treatments with the JH analog methoprene or allatectomy did not influence the onset of rhythmicity, overall locomotor activity, or the free-running period of rhythmic locomotor behavior. There were, however, significant differences in the onset of rhythmicity, overall locomotor activity, and longevity between bees from different source colonies, suggesting that there is significant genetic variation for these traits. Our results suggest that JH does not coordinate all aspects of division of labor in bees and that coordination of task performance with circadian rhythms is probably mediated by other regulatory systems. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Biosynchronization-; Development-; Endocrine-System (Chemical -Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): immature-, mature- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: juvenile-hormone; methoprene-: hormone-drug, juvenile-hormone-analog RN CAS Registry Number (R): 40596-69-8: METHOPRENE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-differences; brood-care; circadian-rhythm; division-of-labor; genetic -variation; locomotion-; longevity-; ontogeny-; sun-compass-navigation AN Accession Number: 200300039385 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 75 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Biochemical and haematological studies of some solitary and social bee venoms. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Zalat-Samy {a}; Nabil-Zohour; Hussein-Aida; Rakha-Miran AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt, Egypt SO Source: Egyptian-Journal-of-Biology. [print] December 1999 1999; 1: 57-71. PY Publication Year: 1999 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1110-6859 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The protein pattern of the venoms of both Apis mellifera and Anthophora pauperata has been analysed using SDS-PAGE to clarify the structure and the degree of similarity of solitary bee venom to the most known social bee venom (Apis mellifera). The data showed that Apis mellifera venom contains eleven bands with molecular weights ranging from 108,000 to 2,000D while Anthophora pauperata venom contains eighteen bands with molecular weights ranging from 108,000 to 6,000D. Venoms of both species showed strong similarities sharing bands with molecular weights 108,000, 93,000, 49,000, 45,000, 8,000 and 6,000D. Anthophora pauperata venom is characterized by a number of bands with molecular weights 37,000, 32,000, 28,000, 25,000, 20,000, 17,000, 13,000 and 10,000D. While venom of Apis mellifera showed two unique bands with molecular weights 3,000 and 2,000D. The effect of the venom of these two species in addition to Bombus morrisoni venom on the blood indices (red blood cells count (RBCs), haemoglobin content (Hb), haematocrit value (HCT), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)) and erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) showed that there is no significant difference in the blood parameters measured. Whereas, a highly significant decrease in the plasma albumin level was determined in all bee venoms studied. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Blood-and-Lymphatics (Transport-and -Circulation); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Anthophora-pauperata (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Bombus -morrisoni (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: erythrocyte-: blood-and-lymphatics, osmotic-fragility; plasma-: blood-and -lymphatics; red-blood-cells: blood-and-lymphatics CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: albumin-; hemoglobin-; venom-: toxin- MQ Methods and Equipment: SDS-PAGE [SDS-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis]: electrophoretic -techniques, laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: blood-indices; venom-protein-pattern AN Accession Number: 200300035120 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 76 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Genomics and integrative analyses of division of labor in honeybee colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Robinson-Gene-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; E-Mail: generobi@life.uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: American-Naturalist. [print] December 2002 2002; 160 (6 Supplement): S160 -S172. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article-; Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-0147 LA Language: English AB Abstract: One approach to understanding proximate and evolutionary mechanisms of social behavior is to analyze mechanisms of neural and behavioral plasticity and their underlying genes. This article deals with such analyses in the honeybee Apis mellifera. The first part reviews the control of age-related division of labor in honeybee colonies with special attention to social, endocrine, and neurochemical factors. The second part reviews progress in studying changes in gene expression that are associated with division of labor, including a brief description of a genomics project that involves a set of 20,000 expressed sequence tags from the honeybee brain and cDNA microarrays for large-scale gene expression analysis. The article concludes by considering some of the general issues associated with studies of genes and social behavior in honeybees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cDNA- [complementary-DNA]; expressed-sequence-tags MQ Methods and Equipment: cDNA-microarray: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques; gene-expression -analysis: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques; integrative -analysis: mathematical-and-computer-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-plasticity; genomics-; honeybee-colony-division-of-labor: endocrine-factors, neurochemical-factors, social-factors; neural -plasticity; social-behavior: evolutionary-mechanisms, proximate-mechanisms AN Accession Number: 200300034949 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 77 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Information flow, opinion polling and collective intelligence in house -hunting social insects. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Franks-Nigel-R {a}; Pratt-Stephen-C; Mallon-Eamonn-B; Britton-Nicholas-F; Sumpter-David-J-T AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UK; E-Mail: nigel.franks@bristol.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Philosophical-Transactions-of-the-Royal-Society-of-London-B-Biological -Sciences. [print] 29 November 2002 2002; 357 (1427): 1567-1583. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-8436 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The sharing and collective processing of information by certain insect societies is one of the reasons that they warrant the superlative epithet 'super-organisms' (Franks 1989, Am. Sci. 77, 138-145). We describe a detailed experimental and mathematical analysis of information exchange and decision-making in, arguably, the most difficult collective choices that social insects face: namely, house hunting by complete societies. The key issue is how can a complete colony select the single best nest-site among several alternatives? Individual scouts respond to the diverse information they have personally obtained about the quality of a potential nest-site by producing a recruitment signal. The colony then deliberates over (i.e. integrates) different incoming recruitment signals associated with different potential nest-sites to achieve a well-informed collective decision. We compare this process in honeybees and in the ant Leptothorax albipennis. Notwithstanding many differences-for example, honeybee colonies have 100 times more individuals than L. albipennis colonies-there are certain similarities in the fundamental algorithms these societies appear to employ when they are house hunting. Scout honeybees use the full power of the waggle dance to inform their nest-mates about the distance and direction of a potential nest-site (and they indicate the quality of a nest-site indirectly through the vigour of their dance), and yet individual bees perhaps only rarely make direct comparisons of such sites. By contrast, scouts from L. albipennis colonies often compare nest-sites, but they cannot directly inform one another of their estimation of the quality of a potential site. Instead, they discriminate between sites by initiating recruitment sooner to better ones. Nevertheless, both species do make use of forms of opinion polling. For example, scout bees that have formerly danced for a certain site cease such advertising and monitor the dances of others at random. That is, they act without prejudice. They neither favour nor disdain dancers that advocate the site they had formerly advertised or the alternatives. Thus, in general the bees are less well informed than they would be if they systematically monitored dances for alternative sites rather than spending their time reprocessing information they already have. However, as a result of their lack of prejudice, less time overall will be wasted in endless debate among stubborn and potentially biased bees. Among the ants, the opinions of nest -mates are also pooled effectively when scouts use a threshold population of their nest-mates present in a new nest-site as a cue to switch to more rapid recruitment. Furthermore, the ants' reluctance to begin recruiting to poor nest-sites means that more time is available for the discovery and direct comparison of alternatives. Likewise, the retirement of honeybee scouts from dancing for a given site allows more time for other scouts to find potentially better sites. Thus, both the ants and the bees have time -lags built into their decision-making systems that should facilitate a compromise between thorough surveys for good nest-sites and relatively rapid decisions. We have also been able to show that classical mathematical models can illuminate the processes by which colonies are able to achieve decisions that are relatively swift and very well informed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Models-and-Simulations (Computational-Biology) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Leptothorax-albipennis [ant-] (Hymenoptera-): colony-, house-hunting-social -insect, individual-scouts; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): colony-, house -hunting-social-insect, individual-scouts TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: classical-mathematical-models: mathematical-and-computer-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: collective-intelligence; decision-making; information-flow; nest-site -choice; opinion-polling; recruitment-signal; resource-quality; waggle -dance AN Accession Number: 200300034916 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 78 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Deciding to learn: Modulation of learning flights in honeybees, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wei-C-A {a}; Rafalko-S-L; Dyer-F-C AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; E-Mail: weicynth@msu.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] October 2002 2002; 188 (9): 725-737. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Upon discovering new sources of food, honeybees and other insects perform learning flights to memorize visual landmarks that can guide their return. Learning flights are longest following initial visits to the food and subsequently decline in duration, which suggests that the investment in learning results from an active decision modulated by a bee's accumulating experience. We document various factors that influence this decision: (1) learning flights reappear when experienced bees encounter a delay in finding food at a familiar place and the durations of such "reorientation flights" increase with the length of the delay; (2) the decay in learning flight duration over visits following such reorientation flights is more rapid than following initial discovery of the food; (3) learning flight duration increases with the visual complexity of the scene surrounding the food, and when spatial relationships among landmarks are unstable; and (4) durations of learning flights at a new feeding place are influenced by the sucrose concentration in the food. Taken together, these experiments suggest that bees can adjust their learning efforts in response to changing needs for visual information and that both sources of spatial uncertainty and the quality of the food influence the value of such information. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: learning-flight; navigation-; visual-landmark-memorization AN Accession Number: 200300034755 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 79 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Worker piping triggers hissing for coordinated colony defence in the dwarf honeybee Apis florea. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sarma-Moushumi-Sen; Fuchs-Stefan {a}; Werber-Christian; Tautz-Juergen AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Bienenkunde, J. W. Goethe-Universitaet, Frankfurt am Main, Karl-von-Frisch-Weg 2, 61440, Oberursel, Germany; E-Mail: s.fuchs@em.uni-frankfurt.de, Germany SO Source: Zoology-Jena. [print] 2002; 105 (3): 215-223. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0944-2006 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Defending a large social insect colony containing several thousands of workers requires the simultaneous action of many individuals. Ideally this action involves communication between the workers, enabling coordinated action and a fast response. The Asian dwarf honeybee, Apis florea, is a small honeybee with an open nesting habit and a comparatively small colony size, features that leave them particularly exposed to predators. We describe here a novel defence response of these bees in which the emission of an initial warning signal from one individual ("piping") is followed 0.3 to 0.7 seconds later by a general response from a large number of bees ("hissing"). Piping is audible to the human ear, with a fundamental frequency of 384+-31Hz and lasting for 0.82+-0.35 seconds. Hissing is a broad band, noisy signal, clearly audible to the human observer and produced by slight but visible movements of the bees' wings. Hissing begins in individuals close to the piping bee, spreads rapidly to neighbours and results in an impressive coordinated crescendo occasionally involving the entire colony. Piping and hissing are accompanied by a marked decrease, or even cessation, of worker activities such as forager dancing and departures from the colony. We show that whereas hissing of the colony can be elicited without piping, the sequential and correlated piping and hissing response is specific to the presence of potential predators close to the colony. We suggest that the combined audio-visual effect of the hissing might deter small predators, while the cessation of flight activity could decrease the risk of predation by birds and insects which prey selectively on flying bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-florea [Asian-dwarf-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-defense; colony-size; flight-activity; predation- AN Accession Number: 200300034697 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 80 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Significance of honeybee recruitment strategies depending on foraging distance (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Dornhaus-Anna {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Zoologie II, Universitaet Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Wuerzburg, Germany; E-Mail: dornhaus@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Entomologia-Generalis. [print] 2002; 26 (2): 93-100. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0171-8177 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The importance of the spatial information which is communicated in the Carnolian Race of the Western Honeybee, Apis mellifera carnica (Pollmann 1879) waggle dance relative to other cues used by bees in finding food sources was investigated. The efficiency of recruitment with and without transmission of direction information in the waggle dance was quantified using artificial, plentiful unscented food sources and hives which were turned to a horizontal position to disrupt orientation of dancing bees and thereby eliminate the spatial information from dances. Transmission of location information seems to improve recruitment effect particularly at large distances. Recruitment declines more rapidly with distance if dances are disoriented, and for large distances it takes a few hours before a foraging group is established. However, this shows that even without dance information, foragers manage to recruit some bees to their food source. This process, however, is so slow that by the time a group of recruits has reached the food source, it may not be worth exploiting any more. Transmission of spatial information thus is especially important if distant food sources which often change in nectar availability are exploited. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica [western-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: communication-; food-source; foraging-distance; recruitment-effort; recruitment-strategies; waggle-dance AN Accession Number: 200300034603 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 81 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: African bees to control African elephants. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Vollrath-Fritz {a}; Douglas-Hamilton-Iain AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK; E-Mail: fritz.vollrath@zoo.ox.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Naturwissenschaften-. [print] November 2002 2002; 89 (11): 508-511. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-1042 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Human-Ecology (Anthropology-); Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences); Wildlife -Management (Conservation-) ST Super Taxa: Elephantidae-: Proboscidea-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Spermatophyta-: Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-africana [African-bee] (Hymenoptera-): biological-control -agent; Loxodonta-africana [African-elephant] (Elephantidae-): protected -species; human- (Hominidae-); tree- (Spermatophyta-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Elephants-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Plants-; Primates-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants; Vertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: hive-; population-decline; survival-; vegetation-damage AN Accession Number: 200300034520 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 82 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: An insect's view of a flower. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Eisner-Thomas {a} AD Author Address: {a} Cornell Institute for Research in Chemical Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA, USA SO Source: American-Entomologist. [print] Fall 2002 2002; 48 (3): 142-143. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1046-2821 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Insecta-: Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-); insect- (Insecta-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: color-, reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: color-vision; ultraviolet-light AN Accession Number: 200300031871 UD Update Code: 20021230 Record 83 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Reproductive ecology of the Australian herb Trachymene incisa subsp. incisa (Apiaceae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Davila-Yvonne-C {a}; Wardle-Glenda-M AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Wildlife Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; E-Mail: ydavila@bio.usyd.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Australian-Journal-of-Botany. [print] 2002; 50 (5): 619-626. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0067-1924 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Within the Apiaceae, subtle variation in reproductive characters such as dichogamy, pollinator specificity and umbel density may cause cryptic specialisation and be responsible for the diversity of life histories and gender expression in the family. To address the paucity of information for Australian species we investigated the reproductive ecology of the native perennial herb, Trachymene incisa Rudge subsp. incisa. T. incisa exhibits protandry within flowers and umbels; however, an overlap of 3 days in male and female phases among umbels of consecutive orders permits geitonogamous pollination. There are 72+-2.0 (n=74) white flowers per umbel and nectar is presented during the male and female phases. Apis mellifera appears to be the main diurnal pollinator. The pollen: ovule ratio is 1902: 1, indicating that T. incisa is a facultatively xenogamous species. The long phase of pollen presentation and the low natural seed set of about 45% implies that many flowers are functioning as pollen donors only. Controlled pollination experiments showed that self-pollen led to lower seed set than cross, open and supplemental applications. Early and late -produced cohorts differed in days to emergence but not in seed mass or final percentage emergence. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Umbelliferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Trachymene-incisa-ssp.-incisa (Umbelliferae-): herb- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Dicots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Australia- (Australasian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: reproductive-ecology AN Accession Number: 200300031447 UD Update Code: 20021230 Record 84 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Rush Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy: A safe and practical protocol for high-risk patients. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sturm-Gunter; Kraenke-Birger; Rudolph-Christina; Aberer-Werner {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental Dermatology and Allergy, University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, A-8036, Graz, Austria, Austria SO Source: Journal-of-Allergy-and-Clinical-Immunology. [print] December 2002 2002; 110 (6): 928-933. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0091-6749 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Background: Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy in allergic patients is a well -established treatment modality for the prevention of systemic anaphylactic reactions caused by insect stings. A variety of therapy regimens exists, from conventional to rush and ultrarush modalities that operate on continuous or intermittent schedules. Objective: The aim of this study was to report the 8-year experience with our rush venom immunotherapy regimen in predominantly high-risk patients and to compare data on safety and convenience with the results of 26 studies published from 1978 to 2001. Methods: One hundred one patients allergic to bee, yellow jacket, or hornet venom were treated with rush Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy. Diagnosis and selection of patients for venom immunotherapy were carried out according to the recommendations of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. We used a 4-day regimen, and the incidence and nature of systemic reactions (SRs) were documented. Fifty -two patients were treated with honeybee venom, and 49 were treated with yellow jacket venom. Results: One hundred (99%) patients reached the maintenance dose. We observed 8 injection-related SRs (0.47% of all injections given) in 7 (6.9%) patients. The number of SRs was higher in patients treated with bee venom extract (12%) compared with in patients receiving yellow jacket venom extract (2%). There was no significant difference in the risk of SRs between female and male patients. The incidence of SRs was considerably lower than the average of 17.8% reported in the literature. Conclusion: With a rush immunotherapy regimen over a time period of 8 years in predominantly high-risk patients, the incidence of SRs was low, despite the high number of patients with bee venom allergy, who are more likely to have side effects. Epinephrine as rescue medication was never necessary, and the regimen proved to be safe and convenient for both the patients and the medical staff. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Clinical-Immunology (Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: bee- (Hymenoptera-); hornet- (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-): female-, male-, patient-; yellow-jacket (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: venom- DS Diseases: allergy-: immune-system-disease; anaphylaxis-: immune-system-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: venom-immunotherapy: clinical-techniques, immunologic-techniques, laboratory-techniques, therapeutic-and-prophylactic-techniques ALT Alternate Indexing: Hypersensitivity-(MeSH); Anaphylaxis-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200300023790 UD Update Code: 20021230 Record 85 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Detection of Paenibacillus larvae subspecies larvae spores in naturally infected bee larvae and artificially contaminated honey by PCR. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Piccini-Claudia {a}; D'-Alessandro-Bruno; Antunez-Karina; Zunino-Pablo AD Author Address: {a} Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas Clemente Estable, Avendia Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay; E -Mail: piccini@iibce.edu.uy, Uruguay SO Source: World-Journal-of-Microbiology-and-Biotechnology. [print] November 2002 2002; 18 (8): 761-765. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0959-3993 LA Language: English AB Abstract: American foulbrood (AFB), a severe bacterial disease of honeybee brood, has recently been found in Uruguayan apiaries. Detection of the causative agent, Paenibacillus larvae subspecies larvae, is a very important concern in order to prevent disease dissemination and decrease of honey production. Since spores are the infective forms of this pathogen, in the present work we report the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect P. l. subsp. larvae spores from in vitro cultures, larvae with clinical symptoms and experimentally contaminated honey. The set of primers was designed based on the published P. l. subsp. larvae 16S rRNA gene. Using this approach we could amplify the pathogen DNA and obtain a great sensitivity and a notable specificity. Detection limit for spore suspension was a 10-2 dilution of template DNA obtained from 32 spores, as determined by plate count. For artificially contaminated honey, we could detect the PCR product at a 10-3 dilution of template DNA obtained from 170 spores. In addition, when PCR conditions were set to improve specificity, we were able to amplify P. l. subsp. larvae DNA selectively and no cross-reactions were observed with a variety of related bacterial species, including P. l. subsp. pulvifaciens. Since spore detection is very important to confirm the presence of the disease, this method provides a reliable diagnosis of AFB from infected larvae and contaminated honey in a few hours. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Foods-; Infection-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Paenibacillus-larvae-ssp. -larvae (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): bee-pathogen, pathogen-, spore- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA-; rRNA- GE Geopolitical Location: Uruguay- (South-America, Neotropical-region) DS Diseases: American-foulbrood: bacterial-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: PCR- [polymerase-chain-reaction]: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiaries-; apiculture-; biotechnology-; disease-dissemination: prevention -methods; honey-: analysis-, artificially-contaminated, sugar-product; honey-production; methodology-; spore-detection: methodologies- AN Accession Number: 200300022191 UD Update Code: 20021230 Record 86 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Presence of chitinase in adult Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic mite of Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Colin-Marc {a}; Tchamitchian-Marc; Bonmatin-Jean-Marc; Di-Pasquale-Sylvie AD Author Address: {a} UMR INRA-UAPV "Ecologie des Invertebres", Site Agroparc, Domaine Saint -Paul, Avignon Cedex 9, 84914, France; E-Mail: colin@avignon.inra.fr, France SO Source: Experimental-and-Applied-Acarology. [print] 2001; 25 (12): 947-955. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0168-8162 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The enzyme spectrum of an ectoparasitic mite of the honeybee, Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman) was studied using a semi-quantitative method, especially designed for complex samples which have not been purified. Exopeptidases and phosphatases are shown present. A chitinase and enzymes able to transform beta carbohydrates are also present with a large range in the intensity of the reaction. The role of the chitinase can be related to the supply of nutritional needs or/and the piercing and sucking behaviour of the adult parasite. Chitinase activity could be one factor influencing the balance between the parasite and its host. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): adult-, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: chitinase- [EC-3.2.1.14]; exopeptidase-; phosphatase- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-06-3: CHITINASE; 9001-06-3: EC 3.2.1.14; 9031-96-3: EXOPEPTIDASE; 9013 -05-2: PHOSPHATASE AN Accession Number: 200300017558 UD Update Code: 20021230 Record 87 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: The elusive honey bee dance "language" hypothesis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wenner-Adrian-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; E-Mail: wenner@lifesci.ucsb.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Behavior. [print] November 2002 2002; 15 (6): 859-878. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0892-7553 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In the mid-1930s, Karl von Frisch proposed the equivalent of an odor-search hypothesis for honey bee recruitment to food sources. A decade later he switched to the equivalent of a "dance language" hypothesis (though he apparently did not consider his conclusions as hypotheses in either case). The later and more exotic hypothesis rapidly gained acceptance, but it failed its first experimental tests in the mid-1960s; searching recruits did not behave as von Frisch indicated they should under the language hypothesis. His earlier and more conservative odor-search hypothesis meshed better with results obtained in those test experiments. Language advocates then ignored basic precepts of scientific process, rejected and/or ignored results not in accord with their favored hypothesis, and instead repeatedly sought additional supportive evidence. While so doing, they inadvertently accumulated yet more evidence counter to von Frisch's original intent. By invoking ad hoc modifications and qualifications, advocates weakened, rather than strengthened, the hypothesis they continued to embrace. That strict adherence to the language hypothesis has had an unfortunate result; the exclusive investment in that line of research by various governmental agencies has failed to provide practical help to beekeepers or growers in the past half-century. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: dance-language-hypothesis; food-source-recruitment; odor-search-hypothesis AN Accession Number: 200300015755 UD Update Code: 20021230 Record 88 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: A non-policing honey bee colony (Apis mellifera capensis). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Beekman-Madeleine {a}; Good-Gregory; Allsopp-Mike-H; Radloff-Sarah; Pirk -Chris-W-W; Ratnieks-Francis-L-W AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield University, Sheffield, UK; E-Mail: mbeekman@bio.usyd.edu.au, UK SO Source: Naturwissenschaften-. [print] October 2002 2002; 89 (10): 479-482. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-1042 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In the Cape honey bee Apis mellifera capensis, workers lay female eggs without mating by thelytokous parthenogenesis. As a result, workers are as related to worker-laid eggs as they are to queen-laid eggs and therefore worker policing is expected to be lower, or even absent. This was tested by transferring worker-and queen-laid eggs into three queenright A. m. capensis discriminator colonies and monitoring their removal. Our results show that worker policing is variable in A. m. capensis and that in one colony worker-laid eggs were not removed. This is the first report of a non-policing queenright honey bee colony. DNA microsatellite and morphometric analysis suggests that the racial composition of the three discriminator colonies was different. The variation in policing rates could be explained by differences in degrees of hybridisation between A. m. capensis and A. m. scutellata, although a larger survey is needed to confirm this. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis (Hymenoptera-): egg-, female-, queen-, worker-; Apis-mellifera-scutellata (Hymenoptera-): egg-, female-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA-microsatellites MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-composition; hybridization-; mating-behavior; morphometry-; racial -composition; worker-policing AN Accession Number: 200300015611 UD Update Code: 20021230 Record 89 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Sperm competition and last-male precedence in the honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Franck-Pierre {a}; Solignac-Michel; Vautrin-Dominique; Cornuet-Jean-Marie; Koeniger-Gudrun; Koeniger-Nikolaus AD Author Address: {a} Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34988, CS30016, Saint-Gely-du-Fesc, France; E-Mail: franck@ensam.inra.fr, France SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] September 2002 2002; 64 (3): 503-509. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Five microsatellite loci were used to determine paternities in six Apis mellifera colonies headed by naturally mated queens. The last inseminating males were identified by collecting and genotyping the mating sign left in the genital tract of each queen. Significant differences in paternity frequencies were observed between males, but the proportion of worker and queen offspring sired by the last inseminating drone did not differ significantly from those of other drones. Each male kept his rank of precedence for the different cohorts, although the variance in subfamily proportions decreased over time, most notably in the colony displaying the lowest level of polyandry. These results suggest that, if sperm competition exists in the honeybee, it does not significantly increase the fitness of the last inseminating drone. The spermatozoa of the different inseminating drones are not totally mixed before they reach the spermatheca, in particular when only few males mate with the queen. The weak difference in the subfamily proportions observed between queen and worker samples confirms that nepotistic interactions are rare. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): drone-, female-, male-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: genital-tract: reproductive-system; sperm-: reproductive-system; spermatheca-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: microsatellite-loci MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: caste-differentiation; insemination-; last-male-precedence; mating -behavior; nepotistic-interactions; paternity-; polyandry-; sperm -competition AN Accession Number: 200300015541 UD Update Code: 20021230 Record 90 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Hydroxyurea-induced partial mushroom body ablation does not affect acquisition and retention of olfactory differential conditioning in honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Malun-Dagmar {a}; Giurfa-Martin; Galizia-C-Giovanni; Plath-Niels; Brandt -Robert; Gerber-Bertram; Eisermann-Beate AD Author Address: {a} Neurobiologie, Institute fuer Biologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 28-30, 14195, Berlin, Germany; E-Mail: malun@zedat.fu -berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Neurobiology. [print] November 15 2002 2002; 53 (3): 343-360. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-3034 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The mushroom bodies (MBs), a paired structure in the insect brain, play a major role in storing and retrieving olfactory memories. We tested whether olfactory learning and odor processing is impaired in honeybees in which MB subunits were partially ablated. Using hydroxyurea (HU) to selectively kill proliferating cells, we created honeybees with varying degrees of MB lesions. Three-dimensional reconstructions of brains were generated to analyze the drug-induced morphological changes. These reconstructions show that, with few exceptions, only the MBs were affected by the drug, while other brain areas remained morphometrically intact. Typically, lesions affected only the MB in one hemisphere of the brain. To preclude HU -induced physiologic deficits in the antennal lobe (AL) affecting olfactory learning, we measured the responses to odors in the AL using an in vivo calcium imaging approach. The response patterns did not differ between the AL of intact versus ablated brain sides within respective specimens. We, therefore, carried out side-specific classical discriminative olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex (PER) with control bees and with HU-treated bees with or without MB ablations. All experimental groups learned equally to discriminate and respond to a rewarded (CS+) but not to an unrewarded (CS-) conditioned stimulus during acquisition and retention tests. Thus, our results indicate that partial MB lesions do not affect this form of elemental olfactory learning. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe: sensory-system; brain-: nervous-system; mushroom-body CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: hydroxyurea- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 127-07-1: HYDROXYUREA MQ Methods and Equipment: olfactory-differential-conditioning: conditioning-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: odor-processing; olfactory-learning; proboscis-extension-reflex AN Accession Number: 200300013635 UD Update Code: 20021211 Record 91 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: The inhibitory effect of propolis and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on cyclooxygenase activity in J774 macrophages. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Rossi-A; Ligresti-A; Longo-R; Russo-A; Borrelli-F; Sautebin-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy; E-Mail: sautebin@unina.it, Italy SO Source: Phytomedicine-Jena. [print] September 2002 2002; 9 (6): 530-535. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0944-7113 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The effect of an ethanolic extract of propolis, with and without CAPE, and some of its components on cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) activity in J774 macrophages has been investigated. COX-1 and COX-2 activity, measaured as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, were concentration -dependently inhibited by propolis (3X10-3-3X102 mugml-1) with an IC50 of 2.7 mugml-1 and 4.8X10-2 mugml-1, respectively. Among the compounds tested pinocembrin and caffeic, ferulic, cinnamic and chlorogenic acids did not affect the activity of COX isoforms. Conversely, CAPE (2.8X10-4-28 mugml -1; 10-9-10-4 M) and galangin (2.7X10-4-27 mugml-1; 10-9-10-4 M) were effective, the last being about ten-twenty times less potent. In fact the IC50 of CAPE for COX-1 and COX-2 were 4.4X10-1 mugml-1 (1.5X10-6 M) and 2X10-3 mugml-1 (6.3X10-9 M), respectively. The IC50 of galangin were 3.7 mugml-1 (15X10-6 M) and 3X10-2 mugml-1 (120X10-9 M), for COX-1 and COX-2 respectively. To better investigate the role of CAPE, we tested the action of the ethanolic extract of propolis deprived of CAPE, which resulted about ten times less potent than the extract with CAPE in the inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2, with an IC50 of 30 mugml-1 and 5.3X10-1 mugml-1, respectively. Moreover the comparison of the inhibition curves showed a significant difference (p<0.001). These results suggest that both CAPE and galangin contribute to the overall activity of propolis, CAPE being more effective. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Clinical-Immunology (Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); J774-cell-line (Muridae-): macrophage- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: macrophage-: blood-and-lymphatics, immune-system; propolis- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: caffeic-acid: enzyme-inhibitor-drug, immunologic-drug, pharmacodynamics-; caffeic-acid-phenethyl-ester: enzyme-inhibitor-drug, immunologic-drug, pharmacodynamics-; chlorogenic-acid: enzyme-inhibitor-drug, immunologic -drug, pharmacodynamics-; cinnamic-acid: enzyme-inhibitor-drug, immunologic-drug, pharmacodynamics-; cyclooxygenase-1; cyclooxygenase-2; ferulic-acid: enzyme-inhibitor-drug, immunologic-drug, pharmacodynamics-; galangin-: enzyme-inhibitor-drug, immunologic-drug, pharmacodynamics-; pinocembrin-: enzyme-inhibitor-drug, immunologic-drug, pharmacodynamics-; propolis-ethanolic-extract: antiinflammatory-drug, enzyme-inhibitor-drug, immunologic-drug, pharmacodynamics- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 331-39-5: CAFFEIC ACID; 104594-70-9: CAFFEIC ACID PHENETHYL ESTER; 327-97 -9: CHLOROGENIC ACID; 621-82-9: CINNAMIC ACID; 329967-85-3: CYCLOOXYGENASE -1; 329900-75-6: CYCLOOXYGENASE-2; 1135-24-6: FERULIC ACID; 548-83-4: GALANGIN; 480-39-7: PINOCEMBRIN AN Accession Number: 200300012657 UD Update Code: 20021211 Record 92 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Does invasion of exotic plants promote invasion of exotic flower visitors? A case study from the temperate forests of the southern Andes. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Morales-Carolina-L {a}; Aizen-Marcelo-A AD Author Address: {a} Laboratorio Ecotono, Universidad Nacional del Comahue and CONICET, Quintral 1250, 8400, Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina; E-Mail: cmorales@crub.uncoma.edu.ar, Argentina SO Source: Biological-Invasions. [print] 2002; 4 (1-2): 87-100. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1387-3547 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Habitat disturbance, particularly of human origin, promotes the invasion of exotic plants, which in turn might foster the invasion of alien -interacting animals. Here we assess whether the invasion of exotic plants - mostly mediated by habitat disturbance - facilitates the invasion of exotic flower visitors in temperate forests of the southern Andes, Argentina. We recorded visit frequencies and the identity of visitors to the flowers of 15 native and 15 exotic plant species occurring in different highly disturbed and less disturbed habitats. We identified three alien flower visitors, the hymenopterans Apis mellifera, Bombus ruderatus, and Vespula germanica. We found significantly more visitation by exotic insects in disturbed habitats. This pattern was explained, at least in part, by the association between alien flower visitors and flowers of exotic plants, which occurred more frequently in disturbed habitats. However, this general pattern masked different responses between the two main alien flower visitors. Apis mellifera exploited almost exclusively the flowers of a subset of herbaceous exotic plants that thrive under disturbance, whereas B. ruderatus visited equally flowers of both exotic and native plants in both disturbed and undisturbed habitats. We did not find any strong evidence that flowers of exotic plants were more generalist than those of native plants, or that exotic flower visitors were more generalist than their native counterparts. Our results suggest that alien plant species could facilitate the invasion of at least some exotic flower visitors to disturbed habitats. Because flowering plants as well as flower visitors benefit from this mutualism, this association may enhance, through a positive feedback, successful establishment of both exotic partners. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Angiospermae-: Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): alien-species, exotic-species, pollinator-; Bombus-ruderatus (Hymenoptera-): alien-species, exotic-species, pollinator -; Vespula-germanica (Hymenoptera-): alien-species, exotic-species, pollinator-; flowering-plant (Angiospermae-): alien-species, exotic -species; herbaceous-plant (Angiospermae-): alien-species, exotic-species TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Andes- (South-America, Neotropical-region); Argentina- (South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biological-invasions; ecological-generalization; facilitation-; flower -visitation; habitat-disturbance; mutualism-; plant-pollinator -interactions; temperate-forests AN Accession Number: 200300005082 UD Update Code: 20021211 Record 93 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Nonelemental visual learning in honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schubert-Marco; Lachnit-Harald; Francucci-Silvia; Giurfa-Martin {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Cognition Animale, Universite Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France; E-Mail: giurfa@cict.fr, France SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] August 2002 2002; 64 (2): 175-184. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Free-flying honeybees, Apis mellifera, learn visual stimuli in the appetitive context of food search. Visual compound stimuli are relevant in nautre as bees learn flower images that consist of many visual elements. We studied whether elemental associations between each visual element and the reinforcement (elemental approach) are enough to explain the solving of visual discrimination problems that raise ambiguity at the elemental level. We asked whether bees could solve three different visual discriminations: (1) positive patterning (A-, B-, AB+); (2) negative patterning (A+, B+, AB-); and (3) biconditional discrimination (AB+, CD+, AC-, BD-). In experiments 1 and 2 bees had to discriminate a yellow-violet chequerboard from the yellow or the violet squares alone. In experiment 3, four different gratings combining one colour (yellow or violet) with one orientation (vertical or horizontal) had to be discriminated. In all three problems binary compounds were trained in such a way that each element appeared equally often as rewarded and nonrewarded. Bees could solve the three discrimination problems. They always chose the reinforced stimulus despite ambiguity at the level of the elements. For solving positive patterning, elemental processing could be used. For negative patterning and biconditional discrimination, nonelemental processing strategies (unique-cue or configural approach) are necessary to account for these results. Although we cannot decide between a configural and a unique-cue interpretation, we can clearly reject purely elemental processing in these cases. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biconditional-discrimination; food-search; negative-patterning; nonelemental-visual-learning; positive-patterning; reinforcement-; visual -discrimination AN Accession Number: 200300000983 UD Update Code: 20021211 Record 94 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Genotype and rearing environment affect honeybee perception and foraging behaviour. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pankiw-Tanya {a}; Tarpy-David-R; Page-Robert-E AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA; E-Mail: t-pankiw@tamu.edu, USA SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] October 2002 2002; 64 (4): 663-672. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We tested the effects of larval and preforaging rearing environment on the foraging behaviour and sucrose response thresholds of honeybees, Apis mellifera L., derived from high and low pollen-hoarding strains. Bees were reared as larvae and as preforaging adults in colonies containing high and low pollen-hoarding strains, then cofostered in unrelated common wild-type colonies from which to forage. Genotype, but not rearing environment, had strong effects on the likelihood to forage for pollen or nectar, the size of pollen or nectar load, and the concentration of sugar in the nectar they collected. Genotype and rearing environment affected adult wet weights and sucrose concentration response threshold, as measured with the proboscis extension response assay. Bees from the high pollen-hoarding strain were more sensitive to conditions of the rearing environment than were bees of the low strain. High- and low-strain bees produced different colony environments that affected developmental, behavioural and physical traits of the individuals they reared. This demonstrates how genotype and colony environment correlate and affect phenotype. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Genetics- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sucrose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUCROSE MQ Methods and Equipment: proboscis-extension-response-assay: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-behavior; genotype-; nectar-; phenotype-; pollen-; rearing -environment; sucrose-response-threshold; wet-weight AN Accession Number: 200300000980 UD Update Code: 20021211 Record 95 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Coffee (Coffea arabica) pollination with Africanized honeybees in Venezuela. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Manrique-Antonio-Jose {a}; Thimann-Rafael-Ernesto AD Author Address: {a} INIA, Parque Central, Torre Este, Piso 11, Caracas, Venezuela; E-Mail: tonyman77@terra.com, rafael_ernesto_t@hotmail.com, Venezuela SO Source: Interciencia-. [print] August 2002 2002; 27 (8): 414-415. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-1844 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In order to evaluate the pollination potential of Africanized honeybees, 10 hives were placed between rows of a coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plantation at "El Laurel" Experimental Station, of the Central University of Venezuela, Miranda State, Venezuela. Secondary branches were selected randomly from 60 adult plants. Yields from uncovered (T1) and mesh covered (T2) branches, as well as from uncovered branches located 1 km away from the hives (T3) were compared. Number of flowers blooming per branch, mature grains per branch and weight of the wet/dry grains harvested were recorded. The numbers of mature grains relative to flowers showed differences (p<0.05) with percentages of 91.6 (T1), 82.6 (T2) and 86.9 (T3). Differences (p<0.05) were found in wet weight (g/grain) with values of 2.05 (T1), 1.71 (T2) and 1.83 (T3). Highly significant differences (p<0.01) were found for dry weight (g/grain) with values of 0.45 (T1), 0.37 (T2) and 0.41 (T3). The results suggest that the use of honeybees as coffee plant pollinators increases the percentage of mature grains/branches; thus increasing yields. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rubiaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Africanized-honeybee (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Coffea-arabica [coffee-] (Rubiaceae-): adult-, plantation-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system; grain-: dry-weight, number-, reproductive -system, wet-weight; secondary-branch: mesh-covered, uncovered- GE Geopolitical Location: El-Laurel-Experimental-Station, Miranda-State (Venezuela-, South-America, Neotropical-region) NC Institutions and Organizations: Central-University-of-Venezuela MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: pollination-; yield-improvement AN Accession Number: 200300000353 UD Update Code: 20021211 Record 96 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Group effect on longevity of Africanized honeybee workers (Apis mellifera L.) maintained without queen in laboratory conditions. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Betioli-Julio-V {a}; Chaud-Netto-Jose AD Author Address: {a} Centro Universitario Herminio Ometto, 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil, Brazil SO Source: Naturalia-Rio-Claro. [print] 2001; 26: 265-275. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0101-1944 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The longevity of Africanized honeybee workers (Apis mellifera L.) in laboratory conditions was evaluated. Bees from 12 colonies were placed into wooden boxes by groups of 10 to 50 individuals, and maintained in a room under controlled environmental conditions. The workers received candy and water which was renovated daily. A significant interaction between group size and workers source was detected. The mean longevity values recorded for numerically distinct groups from the same colony origin varied from colony to colony (genetic effect). No significant difference of longevity among groups of 20, 30, 40 and 50 individuals was detected. The worst group for experiments on honeybee longevity in laboratory, according to the method used in this research and considering the time wasted to mark the worker bees and to prepare the groups, was that formed by 10 bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Aging-; Evolution-and-Adaptation ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): Africanized-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: confinement-; genetic-effects; group-effects; group-size; laboratory -conditions; longevity- AN Accession Number: 200300000001 UD Update Code: 20021211 Record 97 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Microsatellite analysis of non-migratory colonies of Apis mellifera iberica from south-eastern Spain. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-la-Rua-P {a}; Galian-J; Serrano-J; Moritz-R-F-A AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidad de Murcia, 30071, Apdo. 4021, Murcia; E-Mail: pdelarua@um.es, Spain SO Source: Journal-of-Zoological-Systematics-and-Evolutionary-Research. [print] September, 2002; 40 (3): 164-168. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell.de/jzs.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0947-5745 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Forty-five unmanaged honeybee colonies from the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula (Apis mellifera iberica) were selected for analysing their genetic structure using eight microsatellite loci. These colonies were not subjected to management for queen replacement, rearing or migratory movements and previous studies showed that they had mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of African origin. Six of the microsatellite loci show intermediate levels of polymorphism with a total number of alleles detected per locus ranging from 4 to 10. Microsatellite data relate these Iberian populations to the African A. m. intermissa, although the presence of some alleles and the observed heterozygosity are characteristic of the European A. m. mellifera, thus corroborating the postulated hybrid origin of A. m. iberica. The results suggest that no recent introgression from Africa has happened and that the populations of A. m. iberica are differentiated in many demes. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-intermissa (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Apis-millifera-iberica (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: microsatellite-loci; mitochondrial-DNA GE Geopolitical Location: Spain- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: microsatellite-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: heterozygosity-; migratory-movements; queen-replacement AN Accession Number: 200200360375 UD Update Code: 20021127 Record 98 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Behavioural methods to assess the effects of pesticides on honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pham-Delegue-Minh-Ha {a}; Decourtye-Axel; Kaiser-Laure; Devillers-James AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, INRA, 91440, BP 23, Bures-sur-Yvette; E-Mail: pham@jouy.inra.fr, France SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] September-October, 2002; 33 (5): 425-432. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.edpsciences.org/docinfos/INRA-APIDO PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We reported on the use of experimental procedures dealing with these behavioural skills in the assessment of pesticide effects. The relevance of the following methods are discussed: (1) use of automatic activity counters set at the hive entrance to establish the balance between outgoing and incoming worker bees; (2) observation of the homing flights of bees; (3) the analysis of the information encoded in the dances of returning foragers; and (4) recording of the conditioned proboscis extension response on restrained bees to evaluate individual learning performances involved in foraging behaviour. These behavioural assays could be developed for sublethal toxicity assessment. However, careful validation of the tests is needed before being used in a routine evaluation procedure. At a minimum, they are valuable tools to understand the mechanisms underlying insecticide toxicity. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Methods-and-Techniques; Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): nontarget-organism, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: proboscis-: dental-and-oral-system, extension- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: pesticides- MQ Methods and Equipment: automatic-activity-counter: field-equipment MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-assays; behavioral-skills; conditioned-responses; ecotoxicology -; foraging-behavior; homing-flight; individual-learning-performance; proboscis-extension; risk-assessment; sublethal-toxicity AN Accession Number: 200200359452 UD Update Code: 20021127 Record 99 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: 53rd Annual Meeting of the Eastern Region of the Japan Society of Medical Entomology and Zoology, Ueda, Japan, October, 13, 2001. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Eastern-Region-of-the-Japan-Society-of-Medical-Entomology-and-Zoology SO Source: Medical-Entomology-and-Zoology. [print] June, 2002; 53 (2): 111-116. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Meeting- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0424-7086 MT Meeting Information: 53rd Annual Meeting of the Eastern Region of the Japan Society of Medical Entomology and Zoology, Ueda, Japan, October 13, 2001 SP Meeting Sponsor: Japan Society of Medical Entomology and Zoology LA Language: Japanese; Non-English AB Abstract: This meeting contains 21 abstracts written in Japanese. The topics covered include chironomids, Tsutsugamushi disease, Lyme disease, benthic macroinvertebrates, Chagas' disease, blackflies, and human louse. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Heteroptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Insecta-: Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Invertebrata-: Animalia- OR Organisms: Ablabesmyia- (Diptera-); Aldrichina-grahami (Diptera-); Ixodes-persulcatus [tick-] (Acarina-): larva-, parasite-; Lucilia-sericata (Diptera-): parasite-; Triatoma-nitida (Heteroptera-): disease-vector; blackfly- (Diptera-): parasite-; blow-fly (Diptera-): parasite-; chironomid- [midge -] (Diptera-): larva-, parasite-; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-): host-; louse- (Insecta-): parasite-; macroinvertebrate- (Invertebrata-): benthic-species; mite- (Acarina-): parasite-; mosquito- (Diptera-): parasite-, pest-; tick- (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: mitochondrial-DNA [mtDNA-]: polymorphisms- GE Geopolitical Location: Guatemala- (Central-America, Neotropical-region); Kagawa-Prefecture (Japan -, Asia-, Palearctic-region); Lake-Suwa (Japan-, Asia-, Palearctic -region); Nagano-Prefecture (Japan-, Asia-, Palearctic-region); Pakistan- (Asia-, Oriental-region); Sado- (Japan-, Asia-, Palearctic-region); Yokohama- (Japan-, Asia-, Palearctic-region) NC Institutions and Organizations: Japan-Society-of-Medical-Entomology-and-Zoology DS Diseases: Chagas'-disease: parasitic-disease; Lyme-disease: bacterial-disease; Tsutsugamushi-disease: bacterial-disease; cutaneous-myiasis: parasitic -disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: medical-zoology; Meeting-Summary ALT Alternate Indexing: Chagas-Disease-(MeSH); Lyme-Disease-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200200359385 UD Update Code: 20021127 Record 100 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Parasitism in the social bee Apis mellifera: Quantifying costs and benefits of behavioral resistance to Varroa destructor mites. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Vandame-Remy {a}; Morand-Serge; Colin-Marc-E; Belzunces-Luc-P AD Author Address: {a} Proyecto 'Abejas de Chiapas', ECOSUR (El Colegio de la Frontera Sur), 30700, Apdo. postal 36, Tapachula, Chiapas; E-Mail: rvandame@tap -ecosur.edu.mx, Mexico SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] September-October, 2002; 33 (5): 433-445. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.edpsciences.org/docinfos/INRA-APIDO PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The case of a host-parasite relationship may provide a good model to evaluate the costs and benefits of some behaviors, an area in which field data a currently lacking. European (EHB) and Africanized (AHB) honey bees are two Apis mellifera subspecies that coexist in Mexico, the former highly compatible with Varroa destructor, the latter less compatible. Here we examine two mechanisms that could explain the low compatibility between AHB and V. destructor in Mexico: (1) grooming behavior appeared significantly more intensive in AHB colonies, but was nevertheless ineffective; (2) EHB removed 8.03% of the infested brood, while AHB removed 32.46%, especially between 5 and 7 days post-capping. Though the cost of removing infested brood was not different between subspecies, the result, in terms of the amount of removed infested brood, was significantly higher for AHB. For both bees, there is thus a real cost, since removing a pupa results in a lower number of adult bees. We discuss the possibility that the removal of infested brood corresponds with a threshold above which the cost of removal becomes greater than the benefit. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): Africanized-, European-, adult-, host-, pupa -; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Mexico- (North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-resistance: benefits-, costs-; grooming-behavior; host-parasite -relationships; parasitism-; subspecific-differences AN Accession Number: 200200359371 UD Update Code: 20021127 Record 101 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Effects of ingestion of a biotin-binding protein on adult and larval honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Malone-Louise-A {a}; Tregidga-Emma-L; Todd-Jacqui-H; Burgess-Elisabeth-P-J; Philip-Bruce-A; Markwick-Ngaire-P; Poulton-Joanne; Christeller-John-T; Lester-Melissa-T; Gatehouse-Heather-S AD Author Address: {a} Mt Albert Research Centre, Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland; E-Mail: LMalone@hortresearch.co.nz, New Zealand SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] September-October, 2002; 33 (5): 447-458. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.edpsciences.org/docinfos/INRA-APIDO PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The insecticidal properties of biotin-binding proteins (BBPs) have recently been exploited in transgenic plants. As BBPs have a broad spectrum of insect toxicity, their potential impacts on non-target insects such as honey bees need to be assessed. In this study, the effects of feeding a purified BBP, avidin, to honey bee larvae and adults were determined. A realistic larval dosing regime was developed by estimating the pollen content of brood food in the field and adding avidin to artificial diet at rates that simulated the presence of avidin-expressing transgenic pollen in brood food. Larval survival and development were unaffected by avidin in assays which simulated larvae receiving pollen expressing 0, 4 or 40 muM avidin at concentrations of 164 mug pollen per mg food for the first 2 days and 880 mug pollen per mg food thereafter. Food consumption and survival of adult bees were also unaffected by avidin added to pollen -candy at levels corresponding to pollen expression of 0, 6.7 or 20 muM avidin. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): adult-, larva-, nontarget-organism; plant- (Plantae-): transgenic- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: avidin-: insecticide-; biotin-binding-protein: ingestion- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-food; food-consumption; larval-Development; survival-; toxicity- AN Accession Number: 200200355347 UD Update Code: 20021127 Record 102 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Honeybee colonies achieve fitness through dancing. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sherman-Gavin; Visscher-P-Kirk {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521; E-Mail: visscher@mail.ucr.edu, USA SO Source: Nature-London. [print] 31 October, 2002; 419 (6910): 920-922. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.nature.com/nature/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Letter- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-0836 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The honeybee dance language, in which foragers perform dances containing information about the distance and direction to food sources, is the quintessential example of symbolic communication in non-primates. The dance language has been the subject of controversy, and of extensive research into the mechanisms of acquiring, decoding and evaluating the information in the dance. The dance language has been hypothesized, but not shown, to increase colony food collection. Here we show that colonies with disoriented dances (lacking direction information) recruit less effectively to syrup feeders than do colonies with oriented dances. For colonies foraging at natural sources, the direction information sometimes increases food collected, but at other times it makes no difference. The food-location information in the dance is presumably important when food sources are hard to find, variable in richness and ephemeral. Recruitment based simply on arousal of foragers and communication of floral odour, as occurs in honeybees, bumble bees and some stingless bees, can be equally effective under other circumstances. Clarifying the condition-dependent payoffs of the dance language provides new insight into its function in honeybee ecology. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Sensory-Reception; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology -, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-florea (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: dance-language; floral-odor; food-source-location; symbolic-communication AN Accession Number: 200200355174 UD Update Code: 20021127 Record 103 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Side-specificity of olfactory learning in the honeybee: US input side. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sandoz-Jean-Christophe {a}; Hammer-Martin; Menzel-Randolf AD Author Address: {a} Ethologie et Cognition Animale, Universite Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 04; E-Mail: sandoz@cict.fr, France SO Source: Learning-and-Memory-Cold-Spring-Harbor. [print] September-October, 2002; 9 (5): 337-348. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.learnmem.org PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1072-0502 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In honeybees, Apis mellifera L., the proboscis extension reflex (PER) can be conditioned by associating an odor stimulus (CS) with a sucrose reward (US). As the neural structures involved in the detection and integration of CS and US are bilaterally symmetrical in the bee brain, we ask what respective role each brain side plays in the conditioning process. More specifically, the US normally used in conditioning experiments is the compound stimulation of the antennae (which triggers the PER) and of the proboscis (where bees lick the sucrose solution). Anatomically, the brain receives unilateral US input through each antenna, but bilateral input from the proboscis. By controlling each US component, we show that an antenna-US produces unilateral sensitization, whereas a proboscis-US or a compound-US induces bilateral sensitization. Bees can learn a unilateral odor CS with all three USs, but when a proboscis-US is used, new learning is inhibited on the contralateral side, owing to a possible US-preexposure effect. Furthermore, we show that the antenna-US induces both unilateral and bilateral reinforcement processes, whereas the proboscis-US produces only bilateral effects. Based on these data, we propose a functional model of the role of each brain side in processing lateralized CSs and USs in olfactory learning in honeybees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: proboscis-: extension-reflex MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: associative-memory; odor-stimulus; olfactory-learning: side-specificity; sucrose-reward AN Accession Number: 200200353357 UD Update Code: 20021127 Record 104 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Respiration rates in eggs of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mackasmiel-Lucas-A-M {a}; Fell-Richard-D {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 125-135. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Respiration rates in queen-laid and worker-laid eggs of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, were determined for the 3 days of embryonic development. Respiration was quantified by measuring the amount of CO2 produced during 13 h of artificial incubation at four temperature treatments: 28degreeC, 31degreeC, 34degreeC, 36degreeC (+- 0.5degreeC). The mean respiration rates for fertilized and unfertilized eggs from queens were 140.3 +- 4.0 and 141.2 +- 12.2 nl CO2/h/egg, respectively. The mean respiration rate for unfertilized eggs from laying workers was 125.1 +- 6.3 nl CO2/h/egg. Mortality results, as indicated by pre-emergence embryos, showed that 75% developed at 34degreeC compared to 37.5% at 36degreeC. Low temperatures of 28degreeC and 31degreeC had 12.5% and 50% embryos developing to pre -emergence stage, respectively. Respiration results showed significant differences (P = 0.05) between the different days of incubation and temperature treatments, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the fertilized eggs and unfertilized eggs from queens at the same temperature treatment. The comparison of unfertilized eggs from queens and those from laying workers also showed no significant difference. When CO2 output on all the days and temperature treatments were compared, a significant regression (R2 = 0.645) was obtained (P = 0.05). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproductive-System (Reproduction-); Respiration- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: carbon-dioxide RN CAS Registry Number (R): 124-38-9: CARBON DIOXIDE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: fertilization-; incubation-; mortality-; respiration-rates; temperature- AN Accession Number: 200200351179 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 105 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Egg activation and timing of sperm acceptance by an egg in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sasaki-K {a}; Obara-Y {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Ethology, Department of Veterinary and Medical Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509; E -Mail: sasaki@cc.tuat.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2002; 49 (3): 234-240. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.birkhauser.ch/journals/4000/4000_tit.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Mechanical stresses by a narrow glass capillary were applied to unfertilized eggs of honeybees to determine whether the removal of meiotic blocks of the eggs could be caused by simple mechanical stimuli. The treated eggs developed into the anaphase of the first meiotic division at 15 min after treatment, whereas the untreated eggs remained arrested at the metaphase of the first meiotic division. The results of histological examination of the common oviduct showed that its inner widths were sufficiently narrow to cause the distortion of eggs passing through it. The distorted eggs could be fertilized and develop into diploid embryos if they were exposed to the semen immediately (within 30 sec) after egg distortion. However, this would not happen if the distorted eggs were exposed to semen later (30 min). The eggs exposed to the semen but not given mechanical stimuli could initiate the embryonic development with diploid chromosomes. The interval between mechanical distortion and sperm acceptance by eggs in vitro is compatible with that of natural oviposition of fertilized eggs by honeybee queens. These results suggest that egg activation by mechanical stresses in the common oviduct is valid for the natural oviposition in honeybees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): egg- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: semen-: reproductive-system; sperm-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: egg-activation; mechanical-stresses; oviposition-; timing- AN Accession Number: 200200351037 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 106 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Genetic differentiation among geographic groups of three honeybee species, Apis cerana, A. koschevnikovi and A. dorsata, in Borneo. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Tanaka-Hiroyuki {a}; Suka-Takeshi; Roubik-David-W; Mohamed-Maryati AD Author Address: {a} Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan SO Source: Nature-and-Human-Activities. [print] October 31, 2001; (6): 5-12. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1342-0054 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) gene of three honeybee species of Borneo, Apis cerana, A. koschevnikovi and A. dorsata, and carried out phylogenetic analyses considering geographic genetic variation. We also compared the sequence divergence-geographic distance relationships among the three species. Estimated genetic differentiation was an order of magnitude larger in A. koschevnikovi than in A. cerana and A. dorsata. Migratory nesting behavior and cold tolerance of each honeybee, and the paleoclimate of the Southeast Asian tropics, are discussed as factors that produced these characteristics for mitochondrial genetic markers, and conservation priorities are recommended. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana (Hymenoptera-); Apis-dorsata (Hymenoptera-); Apis-koschevnikovi (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Borneo- (Malaysia-, Asia-, Oriental-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cold-tolerance; genetic-differentiation; migratory-nesting-behavior; mitochondrial-genetic-markers; paleoclimate- AN Accession Number: 200200350879 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 107 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Sub-lethal injection of honeybee venom decreased the levels of endogenously present substances in organs of mice. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lipps-B-V {a} AD Author Address: {a} Ophidia Products Inc., 11320 South Post Oak, Suite 203, Houston, TX, 77035; E-Mail: bvl@ophidia.com, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Venomous-Animals-and-Toxins. [online] 2002; 8 (2 Cited September 23, 2002): No Pagination URLJ Journal URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0104 -7930&lng=en&nrm=iso PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0104-7930 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Pharmacological substances such as adenosine deaminase (ADA), collagen, histamine, IgE, myoglobin, and nerve growth factor (NGF) are endogenously present in animals. Research from this laboratory reported decreased levels of ADA, histamine, IgE, and NGF in organs of mice injected with sub -lethal doses of cobra venom. The goal of this research is to observe the levels of ADA, collagen, histamine, IgE, myoglobin, and NGF in certain organs of mice injected with venom from the bee Apis mellifera. Adult Balb/c female mice IM injected with half lethal dose of bee venom were sacrificed after 2 and 8 hours for removal of organs. The homogenates of the organs were assayed by ELISA for ADA, collagen, histamine, IgE, myoglobin, and NGF using respective antisera. Organs from mice injected with PBS were used as controls. It was observed that there were decreased levels of ADA, collagen, histamine, IgE, myoglobin, and NGF in certain organs after 2 h and tremendous decrease after 8 h. This is the first report showing the pharmacokinetics of ADA, collagen, histamine, IgE, myoglobin, and NGF as consequence of honeybee envenomation. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); mouse- (Muridae-): adult-, female-, strain -Balb/c TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Apis-mellifera-venom; adenosine-deaminase: endogenous-substance; collagen-: endogenous-substance; histamine-: endogenous-substance; honeybee-venom: antidote-drug, pharmacodynamics-, sub-lethal-injection; immunoglobulin-E: endogenous-substance; myoglobin-: endogenous-substance; nerve-growth -factor: endogenous-substance; organ-based-endogenously-present-substances RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9026-93-1Q: ADENOSINE DEAMINASE; 152166-55-7Q: ADENOSINE DEAMINASE; 214692 -96-3Q: ADENOSINE DEAMINASE; 51-45-6: HISTAMINE; 9061-61-4: NERVE GROWTH FACTOR AN Accession Number: 200200350000 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 108 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Anti-inflammatory activity of propolis extracts: A review. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-Almeida-E-C {a}; Menezes-H AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Ciencias Medicas e da Saude, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, Campus de Dourados, 79804-970, Caixa Postal 533, Dourados, MS; E-Mail: soddio@zipmail.com.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Venomous-Animals-and-Toxins. [online] 2002; 8 (2 Cited September 23, 2002): No Pagination URLJ Journal URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0104 -7930&lng=en&nrm=iso PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0104-7930 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Since primeval times, the inflammatory process has been described in many different ways. Several anti-inflammatory therapies have been used in different biological models. However, in a recent "back to nature move", modern man is searching for natural products with medicinal properties, particularly those obtained from plants and bees. Propolis has been used in folk medicine for a very long time. The many compounds present in propolis require investigation. Physical-chemical analysis studies have not sufficiently established quality standards of propolis containing products. These standards should depend especially on their different pharmacological activities. There are few studies reporting on the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of propolis containing products. It is necessary to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of commercial products containing propolis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Nervous-System (Neural -Coordination); Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Animalia-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [bee-] (Hymenoptera-); animal- (Animalia-): experimental -models; human- (Hominidae-): patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: natural-products; neuropeptides-; propolis-extract: anti-inflammatory -activity, folk-medicine, physical-chemical-analysis; propolis-commercial -products; propolis-containing-products GE Geopolitical Location: Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: inflammation- AN Accession Number: 200200349998 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 109 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Parasitic Cape honey bee workers (Apis mellifera capensis) are not given differential treatment by African guards (A. m. scutellata). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Beekman-M {a}; Wossler-T-C; Martin-S-J {a}; Ratnieks-F-L-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield University, Sheffield; E-Mail: mbeekman@bio.usyd.edu.au, UK SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2002; 49 (3): 216-220. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.birkhauser.ch/journals/4000/4000_tit.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Workers of the Cape honey bee Apis mellifera capensis started to parasitize the African honey bee A. m. scutellata after being introduced into Gauteng (former Northern Transvaal Province) from its native territory, the Cape Province. The A. m. capensis strain that is parasitic has at least two traits that make it a serious pest of the native African bee colonies: workers rapidly develop their ovaries when in a non-capensis colony even when a queen is present, and worker-laid eggs are not killed by worker policing. Here we investigate whether A. m. capensis workers also have special mechanisms to circumvent the guard bees of A. m. scutellata thereby aiding their horizontal transmission between infected and non -infected colonies. We studied the acceptance of non-nestmate A. m. capensis and A. m. scutellata bees by guards of African bee colonies by introducing them to the hive entrance of A. m. scutellata colonies. We used 2 A. m. scutellata discriminator colonies that were both split into a queenright and a queenless portion. Our results suggest that invading workers of A. m. capensis have no special mechanisms to circumvent the African guards. Neither race of the introduced bee nor presence or absence of the queen in the guarding colony affected the proportion of introduced workers accepted. When pooled, 15% of introduced A. m. capensis and 18% of A. m. scutellata non-nestmate workers were accepted by African guards. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Parasitology-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [Cape-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-; Apis -mellifera-scutellata [African-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: mandibular-gland-pheromones GE Geopolitical Location: Gauteng- (South-Africa, Africa-, Ethiopian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: guard-bees AN Accession Number: 200200348753 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 110 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Genome-wide analysis of the odorant-binding protein gene family in Drosophila melanogaster. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hekmat-Scafe-Daria-S {a}; Scafe-Charles-R; McKinney-Aimee-J; Tanouye-Mark-A AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, Division of Insect Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720; E-Mail: daria@nature.berkeley.edu, USA SO Source: Genome-Research. [print] September, 2002; 12 (9): 1357-1369. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.genome.org/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1088-9051 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Olfaction is of considerable importance to many insects in behaviors critical for survival and reproduction, including location of food sources, selection of mates, recognition of colony con-specifics, and determination of oviposition sites. An ubiquitous, but poorly understood, component of the insect's olfactory system is a group of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) that are present at high concentrations in the aqueous lymph surrounding the dendrites of olfactory receptor neurons. OBPs are believed to shuttle odorants from the environment to the underlying odorant receptors, for which they could potentially serve as odorant presenters. Here we show that the Drosophila genome carries 51 potential OBP genes, a number comparable to that of its odorant-receptor genes. We find that the majority (73%) of these OBP-like genes occur in clusters of as many as nine genes, in contrast to what has been observed for the Drosophila odorant-receptor genes. Two of the presumptive OBP gene clusters each carries an odorant-receptor gene. We also report an intriguing subfamily of 12 putative OBPs that share a unique C-terminal structure with three conserved cysteines and a conserved proline. Members of this subfamily have not previously been described for any insect. We have performed phylogenetic analyses of the OBP-related proteins in Drosophila as well as other insects, and we discuss the duplication and divergence of the genes for this large family. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Genetics-; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Heteroptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Ceratitis-capitata [Mediterranean-fruit-fly] (Diptera-); Lygus-lineolaris (Heteroptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: dendrite-: nervous-system; olfactory-receptor-neuron: nervous-system, sensory-system; olfactory-system: sensory-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cysteines-: conserved-; odorant-receptors; odorant-binding-proteins [OBPs -]; proline-: conserved- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 52-90-4Q: CYSTEINES; 3374-22-9Q: CYSTEINES; 147-85-3Q: PROLINE; 609-36-9Q: PROLINE MQ Methods and Equipment: genome-wide-analysis: analytical-method, genetic-method; phylogenetic -analyses: analytical-method, genetic-method; polymerase-chain-reaction [PCR-]: DNA-amplification, DNA-amplification-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: reproduction-; survival- AN Accession Number: 200200342627 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 111 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Determining the time delay of honey bee (Apis mellifera) foraging response to hourly pollen release in a typical pollen flower (Cistus salvifolius). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nansen-Christian {a}; Korie-Samuel {a} AD Author Address: {a} International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), BP 08-0932, Cotonou, Benin SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 93-101. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We estimated pollen release from hourly stamen samples of a typical pollen flower, Cistus salvifolius, and determined the daily pollen presentation schedule. Half-hourly honey bee (Apis mellifera) pollen foraging on C. salvifolius varied significantly within and between days even though data were only collected on clear sunny days. We found that flower observations varied between flower patches of a very restricted area. We fitted a simple linear model to half-hourly pollen foraging and used the model to predict observed pollen release. For each day, we calculated the optimal time delay between pollen foraging and pollen release. For 9 out of 10 days the time delay was between 28 min and 60 min. The average pollen foraging was about 44 min time delayed compared to average hourly pollen release. Incorporating the time delay in the pollen foraging model to predict pollen release for each of the 10 days, we found a non-significant difference between observed and predicted hourly pollen release for all days. We therefore suggest that pollen foraging of honey bees is determined by the pollen availability and that monitoring of hourly pollen release in entomophilous flowers may be done through simple observations of pollinator foraging. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Cistaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Cistus-salvifolius (Cistaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-response; linear-model; optimal-time-delay; pollen-availability; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200200341940 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 112 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Honeybee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae), leaf damage on Alnus species in Uganda: A blessing or curse in agroforestry? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nyeko-P {a}; Edwards-Jones-G; Day-R-K AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala; E-Mail: nyeko@forest.mak.ac.ug, Uganda SO Source: Bulletin-of-Entomological-Research. [print] October, 2002; 92 (5): 405-412. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.cabi-publishing.org/JOURNALS/BER/index.asp PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0007-4853 LA Language: English AB Abstract: It is a dictum that Apis mellifera Linnaeus is innocuous in agricultural ecosystems. This study provides the first record of A. mellifera as a significant defoliator of Alnus species. Careful field observations coupled with microscopic examination provided convincing evidence implicating A. mellifera as the cause of leaf perforation on Alnus species in Uganda. Apis mellifera was observed foraging selectively on young Alnus leaves and buds in search of a sticky substance, apparently propolis. In so doing, the bee created wounds that enlarged and caused tattering of Alnus leaves as they matured. Biological surveys indicated that the damage was prevalent and occurred widely, particularly on Alnus acuminata Kunth in Uganda. Incidence of the Apis mellifera damage on Alnus acuminata peaked in the dry season, with up to 90% of leaves emerging per shoot per month damaged, and was lowest in the wet months during peak leaf emergence. Apis mellifera leaf damage was consistently higher on Alnus acuminata than A. nepalensis D. Don., on saplings than mature trees, and on sun exposed than shaded leaves. The activity of honeybees may be detrimental to the productivity of Alnus, yet the substance for which the insect forages on Alnus is a resource with potential economic importance. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Forestry-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Betulaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Alnus-acuminata (Betulaceae-): plantation-crop; Alnus-nepalensis (Betulaceae-): plantation-crop; Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: leaf- GE Geopolitical Location: Uganda- (Africa-, Ethiopian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: agricultural-ecosystems; agroforestry-; defoliation-; economic -implications; leaf-damage; leaf-emergence AN Accession Number: 200200341450 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 113 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Heating adult honey bees to remove Varroa jacobsoni. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Harbo-John-R {a} AD Author Address: {a} ARS, Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, USDA, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70820, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 181-182. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, commercial-species; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- AN Accession Number: 200200341442 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 114 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Effectiveness of formic acid on varroa mortality in capped brood cells of Africanized honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Calderon-R-A {a}; Ortiz-R-A {a}; Arce-H-G {a}; van-Veen-J-W; Quan-J AD Author Address: {a} Centro de Investigaciones Apicolas Tropicales, Universidad Nacional, Apdo. 475-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 177-179. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Varroa -jacobsoni (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Apistan-: acaricide-; formic-acid: acaricide- GE Geopolitical Location: Costa-Rica (Central-America, Neotropical-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 69409-94-5: APISTAN; 64-18-6: FORMIC ACID AN Accession Number: 200200341440 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 115 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The effects of azadirachtin on the parasitic mite, Varroa jacobsoni and its host honey bee (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Peng-Christine-Y-S {a}; Trinh-Son; Lopez-Julio-E; Mussen-Eric-C; Hung-A; Chuang-Ronald AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616; E -Mail: cyspeng@ucdavis.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 159-168. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We conducted a series of experiments under laboratory conditions to evaluate the feasibility of using a neem-based (Azadirachta indica) insecticide to control varroa (Varroa jacobsoni). The experiments included studies of anti-feeding effects of azadirachtin, the active ingredient of neem-based insecticides, on adult worker honey bees (Apis mellifera); toxicity of azadirachtin to adult workers, worker larvae and associated mites; and the effects of azadirachtin on female V. jacobsoni reproduction. Both commercially formulated and purified azadirachtin were used in the experiments. The results of adult feeding experiments showed that azadirachtin significantly reduced syrup consumption by worker bees (P < 0.05) and exhibited a dose response in mortality: with an oral LC50 of 10.87 mug/ml in mite-free bees, 13.69 mug/ml in mite-infested bees, and 41.87 mug/ml for associated mites. The topical LC50 of azadirachtin was 12.53 mug/ml in mite-free bees, 12.31 mug/ml in mite-infested bees, and 35.43 mug/ml in the associated mites. The results of larval feeding experiments showed that worker larvae were more sensitive to azadirachtin than adult worker bees: exhibiting an LC50 of 180.92 ng/ml to purified azadirachtin and 100.13 ng/ml to formulated azadirachtin. More than 90% of treated, normal-appearing, white prepupae and pupae showed precocious and abnormal pigmentation on their mouthparts and other appendages. LC50's of topical applications of formulated azadirachtin were 104.91, 99.12 and 171.37 ng/ml for mite-free worker larvae, miteinoculated larvae and associated mites, respectively. In addition, feeding host larvae with azadirachtin significantly reduced the fecundity of mother mites (P < 0.001) as well as egg hatching rate (P < 0.001). However, more research is needed to evaluate the reproductive effects of azadirachtin on drones, queens, and varroa under hive conditions. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Meliaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Azadirachta -indica (Meliaceae-): biological-control-agent; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina -): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: azadirachtin-: pesticide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 11141-17-6: AZADIRACHTIN MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mortality- AN Accession Number: 200200341438 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 116 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Suitability of culture media for the production of ascospores and maintenance of Ascosphaera apis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ruffinengo-S {a}; Pena-N-I; Clemente-G {a}; Palacio-M-A {a}; Escande-A {a} AD Author Address: {a} Unidad Integrada, INTA-UNMP, 7620, CC276, Balcarce, Argentina SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 143-148. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Various preparations of culture media were used to study their suitability for the production of ascospores and the maintenance of two sexually compatible local isolates of putative Ascosphaera apis (causative agent of chalkbrood) obtained from white honey bee mummies. Morphometric analysis and characterization of the isolates showed that the local isolates were A. apis. Malt yeast with 20% dextrose agar (MY20) was the most suitable medium for ascospore production. Based on mycelium aging, integral rice kernel (IRK) medium was the best for the maintenance of A. apis isolates. Spore-cyst size was the main morphometric feature affected by culture medium. IRK medium induced the development of larger spore cysts. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Ascosphaera -apis (Ascomycetes-): ascospores-, pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- MQ Methods and Equipment: morphometric-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: integral-rice-kernel-medium; spore-cyst-size AN Accession Number: 200200341436 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 117 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: PCR detection of Kashmir bee virus in honey bee excreta. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hung-A-C-F {a} AD Author Address: {a} Bee Research Laboratory, USDA, Bldg 476, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 103-106. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Using direct RT-PCR, Kashmir bee virus (KBV) was detected in the faecal material of worker and queen honey bees (Apis mellifera). This occurrence implies that KBV could be transmitted horizontally in bee colonies without involving the suspected mite vector, Varroa jacobsoni. The molecular techniques described in this study can be used to certify KBV-free queens sold to beekeepers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Nodaviridae-: Animal -Viruses, Viruses-, Microorganisms- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-, queen-, worker-; Kashmir -bee-virus (Nodaviridae-): pathogen-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): disease -vector TN Taxa Notes: Animal-Viruses; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Viruses- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: feces-: digestive-system MQ Methods and Equipment: polymerase-chain-reaction: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: excretion- AN Accession Number: 200200341434 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 118 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Intra-colonial variability in the dance communication in honeybees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Arnold-Gerard {a}; Quenet-Brigitte; Papin-Christian; Masson-Claudine; Kirchner-Wolfgang-H AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire Populations, Genetique et Evolution, CNRS UPR 9034, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette; E-Mail: arnold@pge.cnrs-gif.fr, France SO Source: Ethology-. [print] September, 2002; 108 (9): 751-761. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell.de/eth.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0179-1613 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honeybees have evolved numerous mechanisms for increasing colony-level foraging efficiency, mainly the combined system of scout-recruit division of labour and recruitment communication. A successful forager performs waggle dances on the surface of the comb where it interacts with nectar receivers and dance followers. A forager uses tremble dance when it experiences difficulty finding a receiver bee to unload food upon return to the hive. A bee colony containing numerous subfamilies may increase its efficiency in dance communication if dances are realized by particular groups of specialized individuals or subfamilies rather than by undifferentiated workers. In this study, we determined the subfamily frequencies of waggle and tremble dancers in a colony headed by a naturally mated queen, where the 17 subfamilies can be identified by microsatellite genetic markers. Our results demonstrate that a genetic component is associated with the dance communication in honeybees. More than half of the waggle dances and the tremble dances were performed by workers from only four subfamilies in each case. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Communication- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: microsatellite-genetic-markers MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: dance-communication; intra-colonial-variability; recruitment-communication; scout-recruit-division-of-labor; waggle-dances AN Accession Number: 200200340939 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 119 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Research progress in malate dehydrogenase(MDH) of honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Liu-Yan-He {a}; Zhang-Chuan-xi {a}; Xu-Bao-hua; Chen-Sheng-Lu {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institute of Applied Entomology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029; E-Mail: yanheliu@yahoo.com.cn, China SO Source: Yichuan-. [print] Sep., 2002; 24 (5): 586-590. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.ycjournal.com PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0253-9772 LA Language: Chinese; Non-English AB Abstract: Malate dehydrogenase(MDH) is an important enzyme in glycometabolism. MDH of Apis mellifera showed three enzyme active zones, MDH I, MDH II and MDH III. MDH I and MDH III maintained relative stability in different castes and developmental phases, but MDH II was polymorphic, and controlled by three alleles, a, b and c. MDH of Apis cerana was coded by S and F alleles, but some authors reported it is monomorphic. MDH was applied to the studies of A. mellifera, which included several aspects as follows: the number of queen matings, labor division in honeybee societies, the analysis of genetic constitution in honeybee populations and so on. The combination of both MDH and molecular biology will certainly promote honeybee studies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Population-Genetics (Population -Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: malate-dehydrogenase [MDH-]: alleles-, enzyme-active-zone-I, enzyme-active -zone-II, enzyme-active-zone-III, polymorphism- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-64-3: MALATE DEHYDROGENASE MQ Methods and Equipment: genetic-constitution-analysis: molecular-genetic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: queen-mating-number; society-labor-divisions AN Accession Number: 200200338251 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 120 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Ecdysteroid titers in pupae of highly social bees relate to distinct modes of caste development. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pinto-L-Z; Hartfelder-K {a}; Bitondi-M-M-Gentile; Simoes-Z-L-P AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto, SP; E-Mail: khartfel@rgm.fmrp.usp.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] August, 2002; 48 (8): 783-790. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jinsphys PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Modifications in endocrine programs are common mechanisms that generate alternative phenotypes. In order to understand how such changes may have evolved, we analyzed the pupal ecdysteroid titers in two closely related, highly social bees: the honey bee, Apis mellifera, and a stingless bee, Melipona quadrifasciata. In both species, the ecdysteroid titers in queens reached their peak levels earlier than in workers. Titer levels at peak maxima did not differ for the honey bee castes, but in Melipona they were twofold higher in queens than in workers. During the second half of pupal development, when the ecdysteroid titers decrease and the cuticle progressively melanizes, the titer in honey bee queens remained higher than in workers, while the reverse situation was observed in Melipona. Application of the juvenile hormone analog Pyriproxyfen(R) to spinning -stage larvae of Melipona induced queen development. Endocrinologically this was manifest in a queen-like profile of the pupal ecdysteroid titer. Comparing these data with previous results on preimaginal hormone titers in another stingless bee, we conclude that the timing and height of the pupal ecdysteroid peak may depend on the nature of the specific stimuli that initially trigger diverging queen/worker development. In contrast, the interspecific differences in the late pupal ecdysteroid titer profiles mainly seem to be related to caste-specific programs in tissue differentiation, including cuticle pigmentation. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Development- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Melipona-quadrifasciata [stingless-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Pyriproxyfen- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 95737-68-1: PYRIPROXYFEN MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: caste-development; cuticle-pigmentation; interspecific-differences; tissue -differentiation AN Accession Number: 200200337042 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 121 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Policing of adult honey bees with activated ovaries is error prone. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Dampney-J-R; Barron-A-B; Oldroyd-B-P {a} AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, A12, Sydney, NSW, 2006; E-Mail: abarron@life.uiuc.edu, boldroyd@bio.usyd.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2002; 49 (3): 270-274. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.birkhauser.ch/journals/4000/4000_tit.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Individually-marked day-old anarchistic (from a line where workers lay eggs at high frequency) and wild-type worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) were introduced to queenless sections of anarchistic or wildtype host colonies housed in observation hives. After 14 days, some introduced workers had activated ovaries, and we then removed the screens separating the queenless from the queenright sections of the observation hives. We then observed all instances of aggression against marked workers for 3 hours. The colonies were then killed and all marked bees retrieved and scored for ovary activation. About 10-40% of workers had activated ovaries. In 3 of 6 colonies, wild-type workers were attacked more often if they had activated ovaries than workers without activated ovaries. Anarchistic workers were more likely to be attacked if they had activated ovaries in one anarchistic host colony only, but in one wild-type host they were more likely to be attacked if they had inactive ovaries. In all colonies there was no significant difference in attack rates between anarchistic and wild -type workers with activated ovaries. This indicates that, like wild-type workers, anarchistic workers are unable to mask their ovary activation from other workers. This study supports the hypothesis some policing occurs via attacks on individuals with activated ovaries, but that this system is much less accurate and acute than the policing system based on egg eating. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovary-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: anarchy-; attack-rates; policing- AN Accession Number: 200200336456 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 122 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Behavioural response of drone honey bees, Apis mellifera carnica and Apis mellifera scutellata, to worker-produced pheromone components. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Becker-Mechthild-M {a}; Brueckner-Dorothea {a}; Crewe-Robin AD Author Address: {a} Forschungsstelle fuer Bienenkunde, Universitaet Bremen, 28334, PF 330440, Bremen, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 149-152. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: To investigate the behavioural response of drone honey bees, Apis mellifera carnica and Apis mellifera scutellata, to the pheromone components isopentyl acetate (IPA) and geraniol, and the non-pheromone octanal, we conducted three different types of experiment: (1), in a glass arena; (2), in a Y-shaped maze; and (3), in a classical conditioning test. IPA caused arousal (more walking and wing beating) and avoidance, and geraniol caused arousal and attraction for drones of both subspecies. In the conditioning experiment the learning success of the drones was high for geraniol, medium for octanal and low for IPA. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-scutellata (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: geraniol-; isopentyl-acetate; octanal- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 106-24-1: GERANIOL; 123-92-2: ISOPENTYL ACETATE; 124-13-0: OCTANAL MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-response AN Accession Number: 200200336289 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 123 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles reveal age-related changes in honey bee drones (Apis mellifera carnica). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wakonigg-G {a}; Eveleigh-L; Arnold-G; Crailsheim-K {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institut fur Zoologie, Karl-Franzens-Universitat, Graz, Austria SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 137-141. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of drone honey bees (Apis mellifera carnica) of different ages were compared by gas chromatography. Chromatograms of drones from three different colonies were similar and, despite some variations, showed the same patterns as a function of age. We suggest that in addition to behavioural changes, the surface hydrocarbon profiles of the drones might be used as a cue for the worker bees to discriminate between young and old individuals. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cuticular-hydrocarbon MQ Methods and Equipment: gas-chromatography: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-differences; age-discrimination AN Accession Number: 200200336288 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 124 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Pollen dispensers (inserts) increase fruit set and yield in almonds under some commercial conditions. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Dag-A {a}; Weinbaum-S-A; Thorp-R-W; Eisikowitch-D {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Plant Science, The George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 117-123. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Most commercial almond cultivars are self-incompatible and flowering occurs in early spring when weather conditions are often unfavourable for pollinator flight. Thus, inadequate cross-pollination frequently limits almond yield. We evaluated the effect of pollen dispensers (inserts), fixed onto honey bee hives, on almond fruit set and yield in orchards differing in planting design, i.e. varying in the arrangement and proximity of the main cultivar and pollinizers. Pollen dispensers did not increase fruit-set percentage and yield in the 1:1:1 planting design in which (a), pollinizer rows were planted on either side of the main cultivar rows; and (b), bloom overlap was good between the pollinizers (cv. Carmel and Monterey) and the main cultivar Nonpareil. In contrast, pollen dispensers increased fruit-set percentage and yield in the 1:2:1 (one pollinizer row:two Nonpareil rows:one pollinizer row) planting design in which the branches of the two Nonpareil rows facing each other were more distant from effective pollinizers, and bloom overlap between Nonpareil and one of its pollinizers (Mission) was suboptimal. The increase in fruit set and yield, attributable to the use of pollen dispensers occurred primarily on Nonpareil branches facing the adjacent Nonpareil row. The impact of pollen dispensers was significant at 50 m but not at 150 m from the hive. Although pollen dispensers have been used for more than 60 years, this is the first large-scale study with replication, conducted under commercial conditions that demonstrates their benefit when cross-pollination is limited. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); almond- (Rosaceae-): cultivar-Carmel, cultivar-Monterey, cultivar-Nonpareil, nut-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bloom-overlaps; cross-pollination; fruit-set; fruit-yield; fruit-set -percentage; pollen-dispensers; pollinator-flight AN Accession Number: 200200335693 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 125 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Estudo sobre a polinizacao do quiabeiro, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. [Pollination of okra flowers, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Malerbo-Souza-Darclet-Teresinha; Arnaut-de-Toledo-Vagner-de-Alencar {a}; Stuchi-Andreza-Cristiane; Arnaut-de-Toledo-Jussara-de-Oliveira AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringa, Parana; E-Mail: vaatoledo@uem.br, Brazil SO Source: Acta-Scientiarum-Universidade-Estadual-de-Maringa. [print] October, 2001; 23 (5): 1281-1285. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.ppg.uem.br/ctf/CTF_Index.html PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1415-6814 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English AB Abstract: This research was carried out in Ituverava SP Brazil, to evaluate frequency, nectar or pollen hoarding by insects, opening and closing time of flowers in okra crop, Abelmoschus esculentus (Malvaceae) var. Chifre-de -veado, and the effect of their visits in fruit production. Flowers were visited by insects between 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. The flowers were marked and fruit set was evaluated: 10 flowers were protected with a bag and compared to same quantity of unprotected flowers. Okra flowers began opening by 9:40 a.m. to 10 a.m. and closing by 2:45 p.m. and 3:20 p.m. of the same day, when they started to shrivel. The insects observed in nectar hoarding were Hymenoptera (Melipona sp.) and Lepidoptera. In pollen hoarding, insects most frequently were Thysanoptera, Formicidae, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera (Melipona sp. and Apis mellifera). The crop showed 100% auto fertilization and did not require pollinators to produce fruits. However, in flowers visited by insects fruits were heavier, longer and wider. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Reproductive-System (Reproduction-); Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Malvaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Thysanoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Abelmoschus-esculentus [okra-] (Malvaceae-): cultivar-Chifre-de-veado, vegetable-crop; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Coleoptera- (Coleoptera-); Drosophila-spp. (Diptera-): pollinator-; Formicidae- (Hymenoptera-); Lepidoptera- (Lepidoptera-); Melipona-sp. (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Thysanoptera- (Thysanoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flowers-: closing-time, opening-time, reproductive-system; fruit-: production-, reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Ituverava-SP (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: auto-fertilization; nectar-hoarding; pollen-hoarding; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200200335692 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 126 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The Cape honeybee phenomenon: The sympatric evolution of a social parasite in real time? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Neumann-P {a}; Moritz-R-F-A AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Zoologie, Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg, Kroellwitzerstrasse 44, 06099, Halle/Saale; E-Mail: p.neumann@zoologie.uni -halle.de, Germany SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] September, 2002; 52 (4): 271 -281. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honeybee workers, Apis mellifera, usually do not reproduce but can activate their ovaries under queenless conditions to produce male offspring. As an exception to this rule, laying workers of the Cape honeybee, A. m. capensis, parthenogenetically produce diploid female offspring, usually developing into workers and occasionally into queens. Some of such workers can develop into pseudoqueens, which show high ovarial development and a queenlike pheromonal bouquet. Because there is high genetic variance for these characters, this results in an extreme intracolonial selection. This process is governed by a competition for reproductive dominance among workers, leading into a facultative social parasitic reproductive pathway as part of the life history of the Cape honeybee. A. m. capensis workers show an increased potential for invading foreign colonies. Inside of the host colony, parasitic A. m. capensis workers produce queenlike pheromones and swiftly activate the ovaries, despite the presence of a queen. Eventually they establish themselves as pseudoqueens and replace the host queen. The parasitic worker offspring is preferentially fed by the host workers, leading to highly virulent intercastes and thereby completing the social parasitic life cycle of laying A. m. capensis workers. Recently, a particularly virulent parasitic strain of A. m. capensis workers has invaded the neighboring subspecies A. m. scutellata ("capensis calamity"). Because male sexuals are completely lacking in this invasive strain and female reproductives are never reared in infested A. m. scutellata host colonies, this results in reproductive isolation of the parasitic clones from the host gene pool and sets the stage for the evolution of a queenless social parasitic honeybee. The Cape honeybee may therefore constitute a unique subject for studying sympatric speciation of a social parasite. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Evolution-and-Adaptation; Parasitology-; Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): worker-; Apis-mellifera-capensis [Cape-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): female-, male-, parasite-, queen-, worker -; Apis-mellifera-scutellata (Hymenoptera-): female-, host-, male- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovary-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: pheromones- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: extreme-intraclonal-selection; queenless-conditions; reproductive -dominance; social-parasitism; sympatric-evolution AN Accession Number: 200200327974 UD Update Code: 20021104 Record 127 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Sequence requirements for the activity of membrane-active peptides. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Werkmeister-J-A; Hewish-D-R {a}; Kirkpatrick-A; Rivett-D-E AD Author Address: {a} CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052; E-Mail: dean.hewish@csiro.au, Australia SO Source: Journal-of-Peptide-Research. [print] October, 2002; 60 (4): 232-238. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwellmunksgaard.com/peptideresearch PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1397-002X LA Language: English AB Abstract: Synthetic peptides were constructed with the sequence of the first 20 residues of melittin and terminating with a range of different amino acid amides. These were found to have haemolytic and cytolytic activity similar to that of melittin, provided that certain charge constraints were observed. The nature of the 21st residue was not critical except when the residue introduced a negative charge. The presence of at least two positive charges in the molecule was found to be essential for activity. One of these charges could be the amino-terminal amine. Peptides could be inactivated by the addition of a non-acidic presequence which was acetylated at the N-terminus. Introducing a protease cleavable sequence into an N-terminal extension of the peptides produced analogues with low haemolytic activity that could be activated by proteolytic action. A peptide with extra positive charges introduced on the hydrophilic face of the helix possessed a haemolytic activity that was greater than that of melittin. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); CEM-cell-line (Hominidae-): human-lymphoma-cells TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: cell-membrane CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DMSO-; amino-terminal-amine; melittin-; membrane-active-peptides: activity -, sequence-requirements; phosphate-buffered-saline RN CAS Registry Number (R): 67-68-5: DMSO; 20449-79-0Q: MELITTIN; 37231-28-0Q: MELITTIN MQ Methods and Equipment: high-performance-liquid-chromatography: analytical-method, liquid -chromatography AN Accession Number: 200200325150 UD Update Code: 20021104 Record 128 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Evidence for genetic variation in worker task performance by African and European honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Fewell-Jennifer-H {a}; Bertram-Susan-M AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1501; E-Mail: j.fewell@asu.edu, USA SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] September, 2002; 52 (4): 318 -325. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The dramatic competitive advantage of the African honey bee over European bees in the neotropics comes in large part from their faster rates of colony growth and reproduction. In honey bees, brood production, and thus colony growth, are controlled by the workers. Thus, we tested for genetic differences between African and European workers in their preference for tasks associated with brood production by monitoring individual African and European workers cross-fostered in common colony environments. We additionally examined differences in the age of transition between tasks (age polyethism). Our data provide strong evidence for genetically based differences in a subset of tasks. African workers were more likely to collect and process pollen, the nutrient source for brood. They initiated pollen foraging at a younger age, but this result was not significant after Bonferroni adjustment. African and European workers showed no difference in brood-care task performance, and did not vary in the age at which they performed brood-care tasks. These data suggest that a significant part of the competitive advantage of this major invasive pest can be traced to a small subset of worker behaviors, those involving resource intake. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-lingustica [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis -mellifera-mellifera [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera -scutellata [African-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: nutrient-source, reproductive-system MQ Methods and Equipment: Bonferroni-adjustment: mathematical-method; brood-care-task: assessment -method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-polyethism; brood-production; colony-growth; common-colony-environment; competitive-advantage; genetic-variation; resource-intake; worker-task -performance AN Accession Number: 200200324464 UD Update Code: 20021104 Record 129 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Potential mechanism for detection by Apis mellifera of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor inside sealed brood cells. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Martin-Caroline {a}; Provost-Eric; Bagneres-Anne-Genevieve; Roux-Maurice; Clement-Jean-Luc; Le-Conte-Yves AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Biologie, UMR 406 Universite d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, UFR Sciences, 33 Rue Louis Pasteur, 84000, Avignon; E-Mail: caroline.martin@univ-avignon.fr, France SO Source: Physiological-Entomology. [print] September, 2002; 27 (3): 175-188. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell-science.com/~cgilib/jnlpage.asp?Journal=pent&File=pent PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0307-6962 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The parasitic mite Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman is a major pest of the honeybee Apis mellifera L. throughout the world. Chemical agents currently used for mite control leave contaminating residues and promote pesticide resistance. As an alternative means of control, it would be useful to identify natural substances enabling bees to detect Varroa inside brood cells. These substances could then be used to trigger mite hygienic behaviour by bees. In this study several techniques were used to screen substances that might allow detection of infested brood cells by bees. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was performed on substances extracted in dichloromethane from the contents of brood cells. Solid phase microextraction and solid injection were performed on substances obtained from living and dead Varroa, respectively. Electroantennography was performed to assess the sensitivity of olfactory receptors in bee antennae to some of these substances. Principal component analysis based on proportions of cuticular substances allowed discrimination between bees and other cell contents. Foundress Varroa exhibited the greatest dissimilarity to healthy pupae that were used as controls. Immature Varroa and faecal material were intermediate. High molecular weight compounds, mainly dimethylalkanes, were proportionally the most characteristic components of foundress Varroa. This finding suggests that these compounds would be the most apt to induce uncapping of cells infested by Varroa. Solid-phase microextraction and solid injection demonstrated the presence of aliphatic acids, esters, and one alcohol, eicosenol, in Varroa. Electroantennographic recordings showed that mite -resistant bees were more responsive to some acids and one ester. We speculate that these compounds may be involved in recognition of living Varroa by honeybees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Sense-Organs (Sensory -Reception) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite-, pest-, pupa- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennae-: sensory-system; olfactory-receptor: sensory-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: aliphatic-acids; cuticular-substances; dimethylalkanes-; eicosenol-; esters- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 28061-39-4Q: EICOSENOL; 115218-60-5Q: EICOSENOL MQ Methods and Equipment: electroantennography-: recording-method; gas-chromatography-mass -spectrometry: analytical-method; principal-component-analysis: statistical-method; solid-injection-method: extraction-method; solid-phase -microextraction: extraction-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-cells; chemical-communication; hygienic-behavior; parasite-detection AN Accession Number: 200200324445 UD Update Code: 20021104 Record 130 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: L'activite de butinage des Apoides sauvages (Hymenoptera Apoidea) sur les fleurs de mais a Yaounde (Cameroun) et reflexions sur la pollinisation des graminees tropicales. [The gathering activity of wild bees on flowers of maize at Yaounde (Cameroon) and further considerations on pollination of the tropical Gramineae.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Fohouo-Fernand-Nestor-Tchuenguem {a}; Messi-Jean; Pauly-Alain AD Author Address: {a} Faculte des Sciences, Universite de Ngaoundere, B.P. 454, Ngaoundere; E -Mail: sbre@sciencesnaturelles.be, Cameroon SO Source: Biotechnologie-Agronomie-Societe-et-Environnement. [print] 2002; 6 (2): 87 -98. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.bib.fsagx.ac.be/base/eng/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1370-6233 LA Language: French; Non-English AB Abstract: At Nkolbisson (Yaounde, Cameroon), in May 1991, flowers of maize (Zea mays L; Poaceae) were observed for the study of pollen gathering by five different species of wild bees: one Apidae Meliponinae (Dactylurina staudingeri) and four Halictidae Nomiinae (Lipotriches andrei, L. langi, L. notabilis and Leuconomia granulata). Each of these Apoidea is well attracted by pollen of maize. The larger number of bees foraging at the same time on a panicle varies from one with D. staudingeri to four with L. andrei and L. notabilis. Generally, bees forage maize during the whole day and during the full flowering period but visits are more numerous in the morning and during the period of intense flowering. Median duration of a visit on a male spikelet varies from 1 sec with D. staudingeri to 7 sec with L. andrei. These Apoidea have an elaborated behaviour when gathering pollen of maize. D. staudingeri however seems less adapted to the floral morphology of Poaceae comparing with Lipotriches. When foraging maize, all these bees are regular visitors to flowers of this plant, even in the presence of other flower species in the vicinity of the crop. Bees studied have a positive impact on the yield of grains due to a complementary action with the well known one of the wind. The influence is indirect as the bees are seldom visiting the stigmates. The explanation is that when the bees are very common on the panicles they shake the anthers, inducing the release of pollen grains in the atmosphere even in the days without wind. The part of wild bees in the increase of yields is estimated to 3% while the one of the domestic bees (Apis mellifera) is estimated to 21% in that locality. The authors are reviewing existing literature on grass crop pollination and on Poaceae in general by various species of bees. For a better integrated crop management of maize in Cameroon, it is suggested to conserve the nesting sites of Lipotriches in surrounding areas of crops and to avoid unjustified use of pesticides during the flowering period. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Behavior-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Gramineae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Dactylurina-staudingeri (Hymenoptera-): wild-bee-species; Halictidae- (Hymenoptera-); Leuconomia-granulata (Hymenoptera-): wild-bee-species; Lipotriches-andrei (Hymenoptera-): wild-bee-species; Lipotriches-langi (Hymenoptera-): wild-bee-species; Lipotriches-notabilis (Hymenoptera-): wild-bee-species; Meliponae- (Hymenoptera-); Poaceae- (Gramineae-); Zea -mays [maize-] (Gramineae-): grain-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Monocots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system; pollen-: gathering-, reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Yaounde- (Cameroon-, Africa-, Ethiopian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: anemogamy-; biodiversity-; biotechnology-; crop-yield; entomophily-; foraging-; gathering-activity; insect-pollination; wind-pollination AN Accession Number: 200200324398 UD Update Code: 20021104 Record 131 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Safety of azadirachtin to honeybee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Foragers. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mann-G-S {a}; Dhaliwal-G-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141 004, India SO Source: Pesticide-Research-Journal. [print] June, 2001; 13 (1): 118-121. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0970-6763 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Safety of NeemAzal (azadirachtin 10,000 ppm) was evaluated at different dosages against Apis mellifera Linneaus Foragers. NeemAzal at the highest dosage (800 ppm) was found to be safe to honeybees with 7.58% mortality in direct toxicity test and 0.74% mortality when bees were caged in cotton field after spray. However, in foliage bioassay, it caused 17.19% mortality of foragers. Triazophos at the recommended dosage (2000 ppm) was highly toxic with mortality varying from 71.41 to 100% in different tests. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): forager- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: NeemAzal- [azadirachtin-]: pesticide-, safety-, toxicity- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 189284-01-3: NEEMAZAL; 11141-17-6: AZADIRACHTIN MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mortality-; nontarget-safety AN Accession Number: 200200322640 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 132 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Genetic variability of MDH II gene in six subspecies of Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Liu-Yan-He; Chen-Sheng-Lu {a}; Tong-Fu-Dan; Zhang-Chuan-Xi AD Author Address: {a} Institute of Applied Entomology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China SO Source: Acta-Entomologica-Sinica. [print] April, 2002; 45 (2): 188-192. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0454-6296 LA Language: Chinese; Non-English AB Abstract: The malate dehydrogenase (MDH) isozyme in six subspecies of Apis mellifera, i.e., "Zhejiang Agricultural University No.1 A. m. ligustica (Ea), A. m. ssp. (Db), A. m. carnica (Cn), A. m. carpatica (Cp), A. m. caucasica (Cc), and A. m. acervorum (Ac), was studied with isoelectrofocusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF-PAGE), and their genotype frequency, allele frequency, homozygous and heterozygous degree were analyzed. Ea, Cp and Cc showed high homozygous degree, but the allele with the highest frequency was c in Ea; b in Cp; and a in Cc. Db, Cn and Ac are highly heterozygous subspecies, but the frequency differences of the allele a, b and c in Db were less than the others; and the frequencies of the allele a, c were higher, while the allele b was rare in Cn and Ac. There were highly significant differences in the genotype frequency, the allele frequency and the heterozygous and homozygous degree among six subspecies. These differences provided some genetic clues for the discrimination of six subspecies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Systematics-and -Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-acervorum (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-carnica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-carpatica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera -caucasica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-ligustica (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: isoelectrofocusing-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis [IEF-PAGE]: genetic -method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: allele-frequency; genetic-variability; genotype-frequency; heterozygosity-; homozygosity- AN Accession Number: 200200322256 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 133 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The honey bees of India, Hymenoptera: Apidae. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Engel-Michael-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, 1460 Jayhawk Boulevard, Snow Hall, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7523, USA SO Source: Journal-of-the-Bombay-Natural-History-Society. [print] April, 2002; 99 (1): 3-7. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-6982 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A summary is given for the honey bee species (Apis Linnaeus) indigenous to India. Four indigenous species are recognized from the region; Apis cerana, A. dorsata, A. florea and A. andreniformis. All are commonly found in India except for A. andreniformis, which is only known from a few specimens collected in the northeastern boundaries of the country. A dichotomous key is presented to aid the identification of these species and notes given on how to separate them from the introduced western honey bee, A. mellifera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Systematics-and-Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-andreniformis (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-, description-; Apis-cerana (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-, description-; Apis-dorsata (Hymenoptera-): Apidae -, description-; Apis-florea (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-, description-; Apis -mellifera [western-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-, introduced -species; honey-bee (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: India- (Asia-, Oriental-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: geographic-distribution; morphology-; Taxonomic-Key; Taxonomic-Review AN Accession Number: 200200322232 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 134 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Characterization of a chemosensory protein (ASP3c) from honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) as a brood pheromone carrier. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Briand-Loic; Swasdipan-Nicharat; Nespoulous-Claude; Bezirard-Valerie; Blon -Florence; Huet-Jean-Claude; Ebert-Paul; Pernollet-Jean-Claude {a} AD Author Address: {a} Biochimie et Structure des Proteines, Unite de Recherches, INRA 477, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78352, Jouy-en-Josas Cedex; E-Mail: pernolle@jouy.inra.fr, France SO Source: European-Journal-of-Biochemistry. [print] September, 2002; 269 (18): 4586 -4596. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell -science.com/~cgilib/jnlpage.asp?journal=ejb&file=ejb&page=aims PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0014-2956 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are ubiquitous soluble small proteins isolated from sensory organs of a wide range of insect species, which are believed to be involved in chemical communication. We report the cloning of a honeybee CSP gene called ASP3c, as well as the structural and functional characterization of the encoded protein. The protein was heterologously secreted by the yeast Pichia pastoris using the native signal peptide. ASP3c disulfide bonds were assigned after trypsinolysis followed by chromatography and mass spectrometry combined with microsequencing. The pairing (Cys(I)-Cys(II), Cys(III)-Cys(IV)) was found to be identical to that of Schistocerca gregaria CSPs, suggesting that this pattern occurs commonly throughout the insect CSPs. CD measurements revealed that ASP3c mainly consists of alpha-helices, like other insect CSPs. Gel filtration analysis showed that ASP3c is monomeric at neutral pH. Using ASA, a fluorescent fatty acid anthroyloxy analogue as a probe, ASP3c was shown to bind specifically to large fatty acids and ester derivatives, which are brood pheromone components, in the micromolar range. It was unable to bind tested general odorants and other tested pheromones (sexual and nonsexual). This is the first report on a natural pheromonal ligand bound by a recombinant CSP with a measured affinity constant. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Reproduction-; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Pichia-pastoris (Ascomycetes-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: ASP3c-: brood-pheromone-carrier, characterization-, chemosensory-protein, disulfide-bonds, recombinant-; ester-derivatives; fatty-acid; odorant-; pheromone-: non-sexual, sexual- MQ Methods and Equipment: gel-filtration-analysis: analytical-method; mass-spectrometry: Spectrum -Analysis-Techniques, analytical-method; microsequencing-: characterization-method, sequencing-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-response; olfaction- AN Accession Number: 200200322016 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 135 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: How do ants stick out their tongues? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Paul-Juergen {a}; Roces-Flavio; Hoelldobler-Bert AD Author Address: {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Theodor Boveri Institut der Universitaet, Am Hubland, D-97074, Wuerzburg; E-Mail: jpaul@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Morphology. [print] October, 2002; 254 (1): 39-52. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0362-2525 PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0362-2525 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The mouthparts are very important tools for almost any task performed by ants. In particular, the labiomaxillary complex is essential for food intake. In the present study we investigated the anatomical design of the labiomaxillary complex in various ant species, focusing on movement mechanisms. Six labial and six maxillary muscles with different functions control the several joints and ensure the proper performance of the labiomaxillary complex. According to our measurements of sarcomere lengths, muscle fiber lengths and diameters, and the relative muscle volumes, the labial and maxillary muscles feature rather slow than fast muscle characteristics and do not seem to be specialized for specific tasks. Since glossa protractor muscles are absent, the protraction of the glossa, the distal end of the labium, is a nonmuscular movement. By histological measurements of hemolymph volumes we could exclude a pressure -driven mechanism. Additional experiments showed that, upon relaxation of the glossa retractor muscles, the glossa protracts elastically. This elastic mechanism possibly sets an upper limit to licking frequency, thus influencing food intake rates and ultimately foraging behavior. In contrast to many other elastic mechanisms among arthropods, glossa protraction in ants is based on a mechanism where elasticity works as an actual antagonist to muscles. We compared the design of the labiomaxillary complex of ants with that of the honeybee and suggest an elastic mechanism for glossa protraction in honeybees as well. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Atta-sexdens [ant-] (Hymenoptera-); Camponotus-rufipes [ant-] (Hymenoptera -); Diacamma-sp. [ant-] (Hymenoptera-); Ectatomma-ruidum [ant-] (Hymenoptera-); Harpegnathos-saltator [ant-] (Hymenoptera-); Leptothorax -sordidolus [ant-] (Hymenoptera-); Myrmecia-sp. [ant-] (Hymenoptera-); Pachycondyla-villosa [ant-] (Hymenoptera-); Rhytidoponera-impressa [ant-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: glossa-retractor-muscle: muscular-system; hemolymph-: blood-and-lymphatics; labial-muscle: dental-and-oral-system, muscular-system; labiomaxillary -complex: dental-and-oral-system; labiomaxillary-muscle: dental-and-oral -system, muscular-system; sarcomere-: muscular-system; tongue-: dental-and -oral-system MQ Methods and Equipment: histological-measurement: measurement-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: food-intake; foraging-behavior; licking-frequency AN Accession Number: 200200321994 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 136 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Anarchy in the UK: Detailed genetic analysis of worker reproduction in a naturally occurring British anarchistic honeybee, Apis mellifera, colony using DNA microsatellites. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Chaline-N {a}; Ratnieks-F-L-W; Burke-T AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN; E-Mail: n.g.chaline@sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Molecular-Ecology. [print] September, 2002; 11 (9): 1795-1803. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell -science.com/~cgilib/jnlpage.asp?Journal=mecol&File=mecol PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-1083 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Anarchistic behaviour is a very rare phenotype of honeybee colonies. In an anarchistic colony, many workers' sons are reared in the presence of the queen. Anarchy has previously been described in only two Australian colonies. Here we report on a first detailed genetic analysis of a British anarchistic colony. Male pupae were present in great abundance above the queen excluder, which was clearly indicative of extensive worker reproduction and is the hallmark of anarchy. Seventeen microsatellite loci were used to analyse these male pupae, allowing us to address whether all the males were indeed workers' sons, and how many worker patrilines and individual workers produced them. In the sample, 95 of 96 of the males were definitely workers' sons. Given that apprxeq 1% of workers' sons were genetically indistinguishable from queen's sons, this suggests that workers do not move any queen-laid eggs between the part of the colony where the queen is present to the area above the queen excluder which the queen cannot enter. The colony had 16 patrilines, with an effective number of patrilines of 9.85. The 75 males that could be assigned with certainty to a patriline came from 7 patrilines, with an effective number of 4.21. They were the offspring of at least 19 workers. This is in contrast to the two previously studied Australian naturally occurring anarchist colonies, in which most of the workers' sons were offspring of one patriline. The high number of patrilines producing males leads to a low mean relatedness between laying workers and males of the colony. We discuss the importance of studying such colonies in the understanding of worker policing and its evolution. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Population-Genetics (Population-Studies); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA-microsatellites GE Geopolitical Location: UK- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: anarchistic-colony; relatedness- AN Accession Number: 200200321348 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 137 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Barrier treatments for red imported fire ants Solenopsis invicta in commercial honey bee operations. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Weeks-Ronald-D-Jr {a}; Drees-Bastiaan-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Texas Cooperative Extension, Department of Entomology, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA SO Source: Southwestern-Entomologist. [print] June, 2002; 27 (2): 185-189. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0147-1724 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The efficacy of using a support pallet, either with or without an insecticide treatment, and a soil area application of insecticide was evaluated for preventing red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, foraging on apiary equipment. Four replicated treatments were evaluated: 1) a single control pallet and two beehives (hive bodies), 2) support pallet treated with Lorsban-4E(R) (active ingredient chlorpyrifos) under a single pallet with beehives, 3) untreated support pallet with no insecticide application under a single pallet with beehives, and 4) soil area treatment consisted of a Lorsban-4E(R) sprayed 3m2 area with bee hives on a single pallet. Ant activity was determined by placing several olive oil-soaked index cards (2.54cm2) on or next to bee equipment for 45 min once each week for six weeks. Control and untreated support pallets all tested positive for ant activity on the equipment. Lorsban 4E(R) treated support pallets and soil treatments eliminated ant activity on all apiary equipment for up to six weeks after insecticide application. Results showed that some vegetation could grow into natural "bridges" over treated pallets providing ants access to apiary equipment. These results have implications for a variety of quarantined commodities that can be stored on support pallets in S. invicta-infested areas, for example nursery stock, hay bales, and sod. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Solenopsis -invicta [red-imported-fire-ant] (Hymenoptera-): pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Lorsban-4E [chlorpyrifos-]: insecticide-, soil-application RN CAS Registry Number (R): 2921-88-2: CHLORPYRIFOS MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiaries-; barrier-treatments; beehives-; foraging-activity; vegetation- AN Accession Number: 200200318431 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 138 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Nitric oxide/cGMP-mediated protein kinase A activation in the antennal lobes plays an important role in appetitive reflex habituation in the honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mueller-Uli {a}; Hildebrandt-Herbert AD Author Address: {a} Neurobiologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institut fuer Biologie, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 28/30, 14195, Berlin; E-Mail: muelleru@zedat.fu -berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Neuroscience. [print] October 1, 2002; 22 (19): 8739-8747. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.jneurosci.org/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0270-6474 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Habituation, a form of non-associative learning, is observed throughout the animal kingdom. However, in contrast to associative learning, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. Using the appetitive proboscis extension reflex in honeybees, we show that the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) in the antennal lobe (AL) is implicated in the graded decline of behavioral response during habituation. Repeated stimulation leads to a slow and gradual increase in PKA activity superimposed on a fast transient PKA activation induced by each stimulus. These temporally distinct components of PKA activation are pharmacologically dissectible and are restricted to the AL on the stimulated side. Whereas the transient PKA activation induced by each stimulus requires monoaminergic transmission, the slow component of PKA activation is mediated by the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP system. Local manipulation of the slow component of PKA activation in single ALs specifically interferes with the dynamic of habituation on the corresponding side. Our results provide strong evidence that NO/ cGMP -mediated PKA activation in each AL contributes to temporal signal integration during habituation. Dishabituation by a sensory stimulus or spontaneous recovery from habituation does not require the PKA cascade. This provides evidence that the mechanisms underlying dishabituation and spontaneous recovery differ from those underlying temporal signal integration during habituation of the proboscis extension response. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Nervous -System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cGMP- [cyclic-GMP]; nitric-oxide; protein-kinase-A: activation- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 7665-99-8: CYCLIC GMP; 10102-43-9: NITRIC OXIDE; 142008-29-5: PROTEIN KINASE A MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: appetitive-reflex-habituation; non-associative-learning; temporal-signal -integration AN Accession Number: 200200317550 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 139 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Stereological analysis reveals striking differences in the structural plasticity of two readily identifiable glomeruli in the antennal lobes of the adult worker honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Brown-Sheena-M; Napper-Ruth-M; Thompson-Caryn-M; Mercer-Alison-R {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9001; E-Mail: alison.mercer@stonebow.otago.ac.nz, New Zealand SO Source: Journal-of-Neuroscience. [print] October 1, 2002; 22 (19): 8514-8522. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.jneurosci.org/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0270-6474 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The primary antennal sensory centers (antennal lobes) in the brain of the honeybee are highly compartmentalized into discrete spheres of synaptic neuropil called glomeruli, many of which can be identified according to their predictable size and location. Glomeruli undergo significant changes in volume during the lifetime of the adult worker bee, at least some of which are activity dependent. This study tests the commonly expressed assumption that increases in neuropil volume are accompanied by an underlying increase in the number of synapses present in the tissue. A combination of light and electron microscopy was used to determine total synapse number within two glomeruli, T1-44 and T4-2(1). The Cavalieri direct estimator of volume was applied to 1.5 mum sections of resin -embedded brains. Selected sections were then re-embedded and prepared for transmission electron microscopy. Synapse densities were determined using the physical disector method on electron micrographs. Synapse density and glomerulus volume were combined to give an unbiased estimate of the total number of synapses. In glomerulus T1-44, a significant increase in volume was accompanied by a significant increase in the total number of synapses. In contrast, synapse counts in T4-2(1) remained unchanged, despite a significant increase in the volume of this glomerulus. These results demonstrate that synapse proliferation in antennal lobes of the adult worker bee is highly site specific. Although volumetric changes and changes in synapse number both contribute to the structural plasticity of the antennal lobes, these two components of plasticity appear to be independent processes. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): adult-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe-glomeruli: nervous-system, structural-plasticity; brain-: nervous-system; neuropil-: nervous-system; synapse-: nervous-system MQ Methods and Equipment: electron-microscopy: microscopy-, microscopy-method; light-microscopy: microscopy-, microscopy-method; resin-embedding: sample-preparation -method; stereological-analysis: analytical-method; transmission-electron -microscopy [TEM-]: electron-microscopy, microscopy-method AN Accession Number: 200200317533 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 140 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Forewing angles of honey bee (Apis mellifera) samples from different regions of Turkey. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Guler-Ahmet {a}; Bek-Yuksel AD Author Address: {a} Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun; E-Mail: aguler@omu.edu.tr, Turkey SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2002; 41 (1-2): 43-49. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A stepwise-selection multivariate discriminate analysis was performed using forewing angles to discriminate the honey bee (Apis mellifera) samples that were collected from six different regions in Turkey. Eleven angles of forewing venation, A4, B4, D7, E9, G18, J10, J16, K19, L13, N23 and O26 were measured biometrically. Discriminant analysis showed that A4, O26, B4, D7, L13, N23 and E9 angles sufficiently discriminated the samples from different subspecies of Turkish honey bees. The first three-subset out of five canonical discriminant functions explained 96.1% of total variations. All samples collected from central and north-east Anatolia regions were 100% correctly classified into their original regions. The samples of other regions were overlapped with each other. The overall percentage of cases classified correctly was 88.9% (32 out of 36 cases). In conclusion, there are high biometrical variations between different regions of Turkey in terms of forewing angles of honey bees and forewing angles can be used for discrimination of Turkish honey bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Morphology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Beypazari-, Anatolia- (Turkey-, Asia-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); Erdemli - (Turkey-, Asia-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); Fethiye-, Anatolia- (Turkey-, Asia-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); Gokceada-Island, Anatolia- (Turkey-, Asia-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); Posef-, Anatolia- (Turkey-, Asia-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); Saray-, Thrace-region (Turkey-, Asia-, Europe-, Palearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: step-wise-selection-multivariate-discriminate-analysis: mathematical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biometric-measurement; forewing-angles; forewing-venation-angles AN Accession Number: 200200316562 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 141 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Nuclear DNA PCR-RFLPs that distinguish African and European honey bee groups of subspecies. II: Conversion of long PCR markers to standard PCR. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Suazo-Alonso; Hall-H-Glenn {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL, 32611; E-Mail: hgh@ifas.ufl.edu, USA SO Source: Biochemical-Genetics. [print] August, 2002; 40 (7-8): 241-261. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0006-2928 PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-2928 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Nuclear DNA PCR-RFLPs previously found in amplifications of three long (>5 kbp) anonymous regions of DNA were made analyzable using standard PCR procedures. RFLP analyses were simplified by restricting the amplifications to sections, within each locus, that contained most of the informative polymorphic sites. AluI digests of locus L-1 section 2 (L-1S2) revealed three suballeles of which one was African-specific (Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier) and one was east European-predominant (A. m. ligustica Spinola, A. m. carnica Pollman, and A. m. caucasica Gorbachev). Alleles found originally at locus L-2 with AvaI were determined in RFLP analysis of two sections, L-2S1int and L-2S2, resulting in two African-specific and two east European-predominant suballeles. Suballele identity was determined by the combination of banding patterns from both fragments. Polymorphisms revealed by HaeIII in locus L-2 were analyzed in amplifications and digests of L-2S1int, an 830 bp fragment within L-2S1. Seven suballeles were found of which two were African -specific and three were east European-specific or predominant, including one suballele specific to the east European subspecies A. m. caucasica. In locus L-5, RFLPs were detected with HaeIII, DdeI, and SpeI. HaeIII polymorphisms were analyzed by amplification and digestion of fragments L -5S1xt and L-5S1ter. Five suballeles were found of which three were African-specific and one east European-predominant. For DdeI, all five alleles originally found with long PCR could be identified in RFLP analyses of three sections. Two African-specific, one east European -specific, and one west European-predominant (A. m. mellifera L. and A. m. iberica Goetze) suballeles were found. A west European-predominant suballele was also found in RFLP analysis of L-5S3 with SpeI. Allele frequency data from Old World and U.S. populations are presented. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Methods-and-Techniques; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and -Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-ligustica [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis -mellifera-mellifera [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera -scutellata [African-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA-; genetic-markers; polymerase-chain-reaction-markers MQ Methods and Equipment: long-polymerase-chain-reaction: analytical-method, comparison-; nuclear-DNA -polymerase-chain-reaction-restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism: analytical-method; standard-polymerase-chain-reaction: analytical-method, comparison- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: polymorphisms- AN Accession Number: 200200316478 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 142 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Nuclear DNA PCR-RFLPs that distinguish African and European honey bee groups of subspecies. I: Comparison of long PCR and standard PCR to screen for polymorphisms. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Suazo-Alonso; Hall-H-Glenn {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL, 32611; E-Mail: hgh@ifas.ufl.edu, USA SO Source: Biochemical-Genetics. [print] August, 2002; 40 (7-8): 225-239. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0006-2928 PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-2928 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Nuclear DNA RFLPs between African and European honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) were sought by amplifying short (1-2 kbp) and long (>5 kbp) anonymous regions of DNA and digesting the respective PCR products with a collection of restriction enzymes. Three short and three long regions were each screened with 26-31 enzymes. From a total of 163 locus enzyme combinations (LECs), seven revealed informative polymorphisms. One of these LECs came from one of the three short regions (S-3 with AluI), producing a total of seven alleles, five of which were African-specific. The search for useful RFLPs was far more effective within the long regions. The other six informative LECs came from the three long regions (L-1 with AluI, L-2 with AvaI and HaeIII, and L-5 with HaeIII, DdeI, and SpeI), producing a total of 43 alleles, of which 18 were African-specific, 13 were European -specific, and two were predominantly found in the European samples. Among the European alleles, two were predominantly found in west European honey bee subspecies. Strong associations between alleles generated by pairs of enzymes at a locus were found. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Methods-and-Techniques; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and -Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-ligustica [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis -mellifera-mellifera [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera -scutellata [African-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA- MQ Methods and Equipment: long-polymerase-chain-reaction: analytical-method, comparison-; nuclear-DNA -polymerase-chain-reaction-restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism: analytical-method; standard-polymerase-chain-reaction: analytical-method, comparison- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: polymorphisms- AN Accession Number: 200200316477 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 143 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Environmental and genetic influences on flight metabolic rate in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Harrison-Jon-F {a}; Fewell-Jennifer-H AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1501; E-Mail: j.harrison@asu.edu, USA SO Source: Comparative-Biochemistry-and-Physiology-Part-A-Molecular-and-Integrative -Physiology. [print] October, 2002; 133A (2): 323-333. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/cbpa PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1095-6433 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Flying honey bees demonstrate highly variable metabolic rates. The lowest reported values (approximately 0.3 W g-1) occur in tethered bees generating the minimum lift to support their body weight, free-flying 2 -day old bees, winter bees, or bees flying at high air temperatures (45degreeC). The highest values (approximately 0.8 W g-1) occur in foragers that are heavily loaded or flying in low-density air. In different studies, flight metabolic rate has increased, decreased, or remained constant with air temperature. Current research collectively suggests that this variation occurs because flight metabolic rates decrease at thorax temperatures above or below 38degreeC. At 30degreeC, approximately 30% of colonial energy is spent during typical foraging, so variation in flight metabolic rate can strongly affect colony-level energy balance. Higher air temperatures tend to increase colonial net gain rates, efficiencies and honey storage rates due to lower metabolic rates during flight and in the hive. Variation in flight metabolism has a clear genetic basis. Different genetic strains of honey bees often differ in flight metabolic rate, and these differences in flight physiology can be correlated with foraging effort, suggesting a possible pathway for selection effects on flight metabolism. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Metabolism-; Movement-and-Support ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Africanized-honey-bee (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: air-temperature; development-; flight-metabolic-rate: environmental -influences, genetic-influences; foraging-; season-; thermoregulation- AN Accession Number: 200200315811 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 144 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The future of pollinators for Australian agriculture. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Cunningham-Saul-A {a}; FitzGibbon-Frances {a}; Heard-Tim-A AD Author Address: {a} CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia SO Source: Australian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Research. [print] 2002; 53 (8): 893-900. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.publish.csiro.au/journals/ajar PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0004-9409 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Agriculture in Australia is highly dependent on insect pollination, in particular from the introduced western honeybee, Apis mellifera. Most agricultural pollination is provided as an unpaid service by feral A. mellifera and native insects. A smaller proportion of agricultural pollination is provided as a paid service by beekeepers. Insect pollination is threatened by misuse of insecticides and the loss of remnant vegetation, but most potently by the likelihood that the honeybee mite, Varroa destructor, will enter the country. Now is the time to prepare for the effect of these changes, and international experience with pollinator decline should serve as a guide. We need to protect and manage our remnant vegetation to protect wild pollinators. Insurance against declining A. mellifera will come through the development of management practices for alternative pollinator species. By developing native insects as pollinators we can avoid the risks associated with the importation of additional introduced species. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agriculture-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Insecta-: Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [western-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): feral-, introduced -species, pollinator-; Varroa-destructor [honeybee-mite] (Acarina-): pest -; insects- (Insecta-): native-, pollinators- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: insecticides-: misuse- GE Geopolitical Location: Australia- (Australasian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Australian-agriculture; alternative-pollinator-species-development; beekeepers-; pollinator-decline: international-experience; remnant -vegetation-loss AN Accession Number: 200200308679 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 145 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Resistance to Acarapis woodi by honey bees from far-eastern Russia. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-Guzman-Lilia-I {a}; Rinderer-Thomas-E; Delatte-Gary-T; Stelzer-J -Anthony; Beaman-Lorraine; Kuznetsov-Victor AD Author Address: {a} Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, USDA, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70820; E-Mail: ldeguzman@ars.usda.gov, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] July-August, 2002; 33 (4): 411-415. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.edpsciences.org/docinfos/INRA-APIDO PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honey bees from the Primorsky region of far-eastern Russia were evaluated for their resistance to Acarapis woodi. Results from a field test in Louisiana showed that Primorsky honey bees showed strong resistance to tracheal mites. The Primorsky honey bees maintained nearly mite-free colonies throughout the experiment while the domestic stocks were ultimately parasitized by high levels of tracheal mites. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acarapis-woodi (Acarina-): parasite-, tracheal-mite; Apis-mellifera [honey -bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-, parasite-resistance TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: far-eastern-Russia (Russia-, Asia-, Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture- AN Accession Number: 200200308671 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 146 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Differential infestation of honey bee, Apis mellifera, worker and queen brood by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Calderone-Nicholas-W {a}; Lin-Sisi; Kuenen-Lodewyk-P-S AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853; E -Mail: nwc4@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] July-August, 2002; 33 (4): 389-398. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.edpsciences.org/docinfos/INRA-APIDO PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We examined the distribution of Varroa destructor on worker and queen brood in colonies of A. mellifera. With both worker and queen hosts present, the mite prevalence value for worker hosts was 75.0+-4.0% (lsmean+-SE), compared to 5.1+-4.0% for queen hosts (P<0.0001). We also examined the response of mites to cuticular extracts of 5th instar worker and queen larvae using arrestment bioassays. In binary-choice tests at 0.5 larval equivalents (Leq), worker extract arrested 84.79+-4.98% of the mites, while queen extract arrested 15.21+-4.98% (P<0.0001). At 0.8 Leq, worker extract arrested 89.75+-4.98%, while queen extract arrested 10.25+-4.98% (P<0.0001). We also measured the repellent activity of royal jelly extract in a repellent bioassay. Royal jelly extract repelled 78.5+-2.6% of mites at 5 mg royal jelly equivalents (Rjeq); 85.6+-3.7% at 10 mg Rjeq; and 89.2+-3.8% at 20 mg Rjeq. The response at each dose was greater than the 10.5+-2.9% mites repelled by solvent controls (P<0.0001). Our findings suggest that the low incidence of mites in queen brood is due, in part, to the repellent activity of royal jelly, and possibly to intrinsic differences between larval chemistries. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): queen-brood, worker-; Varroa -destructor (Acarina-): differential-infestation, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: arrestment-bioassay: bioassay-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture- AN Accession Number: 200200308670 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 147 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: How a honey bee colony mustered additional labor for the task of pollen foraging. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Rotjan-Randi-D; Calderone-Nicholas-W; Seeley-Thomas-D {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853; E-Mail: tds5@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] July-August, 2002; 33 (4): 367-373. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.edpsciences.org/docinfos/INRA-APIDO PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: This study examined how a honey bee colony supplied additional labor for a foraging task, pollen collection, when the demand for this task was increased. When we experimentally raised a colony's pollen need from one day to the next, we found that the colony boosted the labor devoted to pollen collecting (measured in terms of the number of pollen collection trips per day, P) by a factor of 24.8. The number of pollen foragers (N) was increased (by recruiting and task switching) by a factor of 12.4, while the number of collecting trips per pollen forager per day (T) was increased by a factor of 2.0 (note that P=NXT). The increase in number of pollen foragers was produced mostly (73%) by the recruiting of non -foragers to the task and to a smaller extent (27%) by the switching of non-pollen foragers to the task. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; bee-colony-labor-division: recruiting-, task-switching; pollen -foraging AN Accession Number: 200200308668 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 148 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: First report of Varroa destructor resistance to pyrethroids in the UK. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Thompson-Helen-M {a}; Brown-Michael-A; Ball-Richard-F; Bew-Medwin-H AD Author Address: {a} National Bee Unit, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ; E-Mail: H.Thompson@csl.gov.uk, UK SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] July-August, 2002; 33 (4): 357-366. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.edpsciences.org/docinfos/INRA-APIDO PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Varroa destructor resistance to pyrethroids has been reported in mainland Europe since the early 1990's. V. destructor was first detected in the UK in 1992 and since then there has been widespread use of the only two authorised pyrethroid treatments. A routine national screening programme for resistance to pyrethroids was established in 2000 and in August 2001 resistance was detected in southwest England. The resistance outbreak was limited to 25 apiaries, was associated with product misuse, and the resistance factors to fluvalinate and flumethrin were approximately 10 fold when compared to susceptible mites. There was no cross-resistance with amitraz, coumaphos or cymiazole. This level of resistance is far lower than that detected following widespread colony collapse in Italy and highlights the importance of the correct use of varroacides and of early detection of resistance to enable its control. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [European-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite-, pesticide-resistance TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: pyrethroids-: miticide- GE Geopolitical Location: UK- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture- AN Accession Number: 200200308667 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 149 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: (Correction of Previews 200000130300. Increased food supply to all larvae after dequeening honey bee colonies. Correction of abstract.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Woyke-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Bee Division, Agricultural University - SGGW, 166 Nowoursynowska, 02 -787, Warsaw, Poland SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (1-2): 90. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article-; Article-Erratum IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Please note that on page 117 (Journal of Apicultural Research 38(3-4): 117 -123), Summary, should read: "In queenless (not queenright as printed) colonies, larvae of all ages received 124% of the nourishment received in queenright (not queenless as printed) colonies." And: "In queenless (not queenright as printed) colonies, larvae of all ages received 175% of the nourishment in queenright (not queenless as printed) colonies." AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: dequeening-; food-ration; food-supply; queenless-colonies; Corrected-Article AN Accession Number: 200200308657 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 150 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Swarming and migration in the honey bees (Apis mellifera) of Ethiopia. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nuru-A; Amssalu-B; Hepburn-H-R {a}; Radloff-S-E AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140; E-Mail: R.Hepburn@ru.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2002; 41 (1-2): 35-41. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: To determine the tendency and phenology of reproductive swarming and migration of the honey bee populations of Ethiopia, 240 beekeepers from 57 localities representing different ecological areas of the country were interviewed based on a pre-structured questionnaire. Extent of reproductive swarming and migration, number of swarms per colony, occupation rate of bait hives and periods of swarming and migration were assessed for about 3000 honey bee colonies. Significantly high reproductive swarming proportions were noted for Apis mellifera jemenitica and A. m. scutellata, and low proportions for A. m. bandasii, A. m. woyi -gambella and A. m. monticola. Temporal distribution of swarming varies both within and between subspecies and is related to physiographic and climatic factors of the areas. The proportions of migrated colonies differed significantly among the five subspecies and resource depletion was the most persistent factor associated with migration. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Population-Studies; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Apis -mellifera-bandasii (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Apis-mellifera -jemenitica (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Apis-mellifera-monticola (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Apis-mellifera-scutellata (Hymenoptera -): commercial-species; Apis-mellifera-woyi-gambella (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Ethiopia- (Africa-, Ethiopian-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: bee-keeper-pre-structured-questionnaire MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bait-hive-occupation-rate; climatic-factors; migration-period; physiographic-factors; reproductive-migration; reproductive-swarming; resource-depletion; swarming-period; swarming-temporal-distribution; swarms-per-colony AN Accession Number: 200200308655 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 151 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Diurnal activity, floral visitation and pollen deposition by honey bees and bumble bees on field-grown cucumber and watermelon. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stanghellini-Michael-S {a}; Ambrose-John-T; Schultheis-Jonathan-R AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695; E-Mail: mike_stanghellini@ncsu.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2002; 41 (1-2): 27-34. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honey bees (Apis mellifera) and bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) were compared for three aspects of pollinating behaviour on field-grown cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). We measured: (1), diurnal for-aging activity periods (as related to anthesis); (2), floral visitation rates (number of flowers visited per min by individual foragers); and (3), stigmatic pollen deposition (number of pollen grains deposited on stigmas after single bee visits to female flowers). B. impatiens was more effective than A. mellifera for all three parameters on both crops. B. impatiens initiated foraging activity 15-40 min before A. mellifera; both species continued foraging until flowers closed in early afternoon. B. impatiens consistently visited more flowers per min (P<0.001) and deposited equal or greater amounts of pollen (P<0.001) than A. mellifera, particularly during the initial hours of floral anthesis which is when these crops are most receptive to pollination. The data additionally suggest that researchers evaluating different pollinator candidates should consider time-of-day effects when comparing pollen deposition rates between pollinators, as time-of-day had a marked influence on pollen deposition in these studies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Terrestrial -Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Cucurbitaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Bombus-impatiens [bumble-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Citrullus-lanatus [watermelon-] (Cucurbitaceae-): commercial-species, vegetable-crop; Cucumis-sativus [cucumber-] (Cucurbitaceae-): commercial-species, vegetable-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system; pollen-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: diurnal-activity; diurnal-foraging-activity-periods; floral-anthesis; floral-visitation; floral-visitation-rates; pollination-; pollinator -evaluation; stigmatic-pollen-deposition; time-of-day-effects AN Accession Number: 200200308654 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 152 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Usage of green coconut water and different tissue culture media for in vitro honey bee semen storage (Apis mellifera; Hymenoptera: Apoidea). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Almeida-Rosana {a}; Soares-Ademilson-Espencer-Egea AD Author Address: {a} Depto. de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogenicos, FMRP -USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900; E-Mail: rosanal@rge.fmrp.usp.br, Brazil SO Source: Interciencia-. [print] June, 2002; 27 (6): 317-321. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-1844 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honey bee semen was stored in green coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water plus dihydrostreptomycin and in commercial tissue culture media at different temperatures. Glass capillary microtubes of 0.1cm diameter and centrifuge microtubes 0.2ml capacity were used for semen storage. Sperm motility was assessed after 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 50, 80 and 120 days. Queens were instrumentally inseminated with diluted semen and their laying behavior evaluated. Storage in coconut water shows living sperm until 80 days. However, the queen's laying was normal and resulted in viable worker brood only when semen stored up to 15 days in coconut water medium was used for insemination. Coconut water seems to be an ideal natural diluent for short periods in vitro storage of honey bee semen and can be an appropriate method for genetic improvement programmes for honey bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Equipment-, Apparatus-, Devices-and-Instrumentation; Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Palmae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species, female-, male-, queen-, worker-; Cocos-nucifera [green-coconut] (Palmae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Monocots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: semen-: in-vitro-storage, reproductive-system; sperm-: motility-, reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: dihydrostreptomycin- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 128-46-1: DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN MQ Methods and Equipment: centrifuge-microtubes: laboratory-equipment; commercial-tissue-culture -media: laboratory-equipment; glass-capillary-microtubes: laboratory -equipment; green-coconut-water-medium: laboratory-equipment MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: genetic-improvement-programs; queen-laying-behavior; temperature- AN Accession Number: 200200308652 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 153 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Inicio de um programa de selecao de abelhas Africanizadas para a melhoria na producao de propolis e seu efeito na producao de mel. [Start of Africanized honey bee selection program for increased propolis production and its effect on honeybee production.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Manrique-Antonio-Jose {a}; Soares-Ademilson-Espencer-Ege AD Author Address: {a} INIA-Presidencia, Parque Central, Torre Este, piso 11, Caracas, 1010; E -Mail: tonyman77@terra.com.ve, aesoares@fmrp.usp.br, Venezuela SO Source: Interciencia-. [print] June, 2002; 27 (6): 312-316. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-1844 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English AB Abstract: Some colonies of Apis mellifera bees produce much more propolis than others, a trait that could be under genetic control. This possibility was investigated in an experiment carried out from April to July 1999, in the "cerrado" forest reserve Pe de Gigante, Santa Rita de Passa Quatro, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The objective was to begin a genetic breeding program of bees to improve propolis production and verify the correlation between propolis and honey production. In seven apiaries, 100 colonies of Africanized honeybees originating in swarms and captured in forest reserve "Pe de Gigante" were used. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used. The propolis was collected in an Apis Flora collector. Only 25 colonies produced propolis, 87.45g on average, while the other 75 colonies did not produce propolis. The colonies, producers of propolis were better (P<0.001) in honey production, with an average of 26.98 kg/colony vs 13.93 kg/colony for non-propolised colonies. A positive correlation between propolis and honey production with r=0.422 and P=0.00001256 was found, showing that the bees that produced more propolis also produced more honey. The results show that it is possible to select bees for an increase of propolis production and improve the honey productivity. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Genetics- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Africanized-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: propolis-: increased-production GE Geopolitical Location: Pe-de-Gigante, Santa-Rita-de-Passa-Quatro, Sao-Paulo-State (Brazil-, South -America, Neotropical-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: Apis-Flora-collector: field-equipment MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-selection-program; cerrado-forest-reserve; genetic-breeding-program; honey-: production-, sugar-product AN Accession Number: 200200308651 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 154 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Conservation of native pollinators via honeybee conservation. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Keasar-Tamar {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, POB 653, Beer Sheva, 84105; E-Mail: tkeasar@bgumail.bgu.ac.il, Israel SO Source: Conservation-Ecology. [online] January, 2002; 5 (2 Cited June 18, 2002): No Pagination URLJ Journal URL: http://www.consecol.org/Journal/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1195-5449 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Population-Studies; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences); Wildlife-Management (Conservation-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Plantae- OR Organisms: bee- (Hymenoptera-): native-pollinator; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species, domesticated-pollinator; nectariferous-plant (Plantae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants- GE Geopolitical Location: Israel- (Asia-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: conservation-programs; food-supplements; foraging-preserves; population -declines AN Accession Number: 200200308385 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 155 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Lupeol alkanoates in Brazilian propolis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pereira-Alberto-S {a}; Nascimento-Evandro-A; de-Aquino-Neto-Francisco-R AD Author Address: {a} LADETEC, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundao, CT, Bloco A, Sala 607, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-900; E -Mail: ladetec@iq.ufrj.br, Brazil SO Source: Zeitschrift-fuer-Naturforschung-Section-C-Journal-of-Biosciences. [print] July-August, 2002; 57 (7-8): 721-726. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.znaturforsch.com/c.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0939-5075 LA Language: English AB Abstract: High temperature high resolution gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HT-HRGC-MS) is a powerful analytical tool. In this work we applied this technique to the study of crude extracts of propolis collected near the city of Uberlandia - Minas Gerais State. Eucalyptus trees and native plants from "cerrado" (savannah) were the material sources disposable for the Apis mellifera bees. A lot of known propolis constituents were identified, however, several high molecular weight compounds including lupeol alkanoates were identified for first time in propolis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Myrtaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [bee-] (Hymenoptera-); eucalyptus- (Myrtaceae-); plant- (Plantae-): native-cerrado-species TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: lupeol-alkanoates: high-molecular-weight-compounds; propolis-crude-extracts GE Geopolitical Location: Uberlandia-, Minas-Gerais-State (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: high-temperature-high-resolution-gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry [HT -HRGC-MS]: characterization-method, identification-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: savannah- AN Accession Number: 200200304868 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 156 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Apisimin, a new serine-valine-rich peptide from honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) royal jelly: Purification and molecular characterization. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bilikova-K; Hanes-J; Nordhoff-E; Saenger-W; Klaudiny-J; Simuth-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, SK-84238, Bratislava; E-Mail: chemsim@savba.sk, Slovakia SO Source: FEBS-Letters. [print] 25 September, 2002; 528 (1-3): 125-129. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/febs PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0014-5793 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A peptide named apisimin was found in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) royal jelly (RJ). N-terminal sequencing showed that this peptide corresponded to the sequence of a cDNA clone isolated from an expression cDNA library prepared from heads of nurse honeybees. No homology was found between the protein sequence of apisimin with a molecular mass of 5540.4 Da and sequences deposited in the Swiss-Prot database. The 54 amino acids of apisimin do not include Cys, Met, Pro, Arg, His, Tyr, and Trp residues. The peptide shows a well-defined secondary structure as observed by CD spectroscopy, and has the tendency to form oligomers. Isoelectrofocusing showed apisimin to be an acidic peptide. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: acidic-peptide: assessment-method; apisimin-: molecular-characterization, purification-; royal-jelly; serine-valine-rich-peptide MQ Methods and Equipment: CD-spectroscopy: assessment-method; Swis-Prot-database: laboratory -equipment; amine-terminal-sequencing: sequencing-method AN Accession Number: 200200304706 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 157 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Discrimination of coloured patterns by honeybees through chromatic and achromatic cues. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-Ibarra-N-Hempel {a}; Giurfa-M; Vorobyev-M AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Biologie-Neurobiologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 28/30, 14195, Berlin; E-Mail: nhempel@neurobiologie.fu -berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] August, 2002; 188 (7): 503-512. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We investigated pattern discrimination by worker honeybees, Apis mellifera, focusing on the roles of spectral cues and the angular size of patterns, Free-flying bees were trained to discriminate concentric patterns in a Y -maze. The rewarded pattern could be composed of either a cyan and a yellow colour, which presented both different chromatic and achromatic L -receptor contrast, or an orange and a blue colour, which presented different chromatic cues, but the same L-receptor contrast. The non -rewarded alternative was either a single-coloured disc with the colour of the central disc or the surrounding ring of the pattern, a checkerboard pattern with non-resolvable squares, the reversed pattern, or the elements of the training pattern (disc or ring alone). Bees resolved and learned both colour elements in the rewarded patterns and their spatial properties. When the patterns subtended large visual angles, this discrimination used chromatic cues only. Patterns with yellow or orange central discs were generalised toward the yellow and orange colours, respectively. When the patterns subtended a visual angle close to the detection limit and L-receptor contrast was mediating discrimination, pattern perception was reduced: bees perceived only the pattern element with higher contrast. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: L-receptor; compound-eye: sensory-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: achromatic-cues; chromatic-cues; color-vision; colored-pattern -discrimination; pattern-vision AN Accession Number: 200200303189 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 158 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Honeybee nestmate recognition: The thermal behaviour of guards and their examinees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stabentheiner-Anton {a}; Kovac-Helmut {a}; Schmaranzer-Sigurd {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institut fur Zoologie, Universitat Graz, Universitatsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz; E-Mail: anton.stabentheiner@uni-graz.at, Austria SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] September, 2002; 205 (17): 2637 -2642. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In honeybee colonies, guards protect their nest from various robbers including bees from other colonies. Infrared thermography showed that the guards and the bees examined by them (examinees) differ considerably in their thermal behaviour according to their particular role in the nestmate recognition process. The thorax surface temperature was on average higher and more variable in the examinees (36.1 degreeC, S.D.=4.14, N=1545, 303 bees) than in the guards (34.0 degreeC, S.D.=2.00, N=1681, 772 bees). During thorough examinations lasting longer than 30 s, more than 60% of the examinees showed phases of intense thoracic heating of more than 2 degreeC (maximum temperature 48.5 degreeC), whereas most guards cooled down. Our data suggest that these examinees heat up their surface to enhance chemical signalling during examinations. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Metabolism- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): guard-bee TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: nestmate-recognition; thermal-behavior; thermography-; thermoregulation- AN Accession Number: 200200302886 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 159 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Factors affecting size and shape of cells of the honeybee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Eskov-E-K SO Source: Entomologicheskoe-Obozrenie. [print] 2002; 81 (2): 292-297. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0367-1445 LA Language: Russian; Non-English AB Abstract: Variability of the cell size and symmetry in the honeycombs has been studied. The distance between opposite corners of cells varies from 4.1 to 7.7 mm (mostly 5.0-5.5 and 6.1-7.0 mm). The asymmetry of cells grows in parallel to increase of their size. The size and asymmetry of cells depend on the space of the nest, thus manifesting the ability of honey bees to control the size of their nest. The mechanism of control of both the nest size and empty space inside it is associated with physiological evaluation of the energy expenditure by leg muscles. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cell-shape; cell-size; energy-expenditure; honeycombs-: symmetry-; nest -morphology; physiology- AN Accession Number: 200200302738 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 160 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Bees floral visitors in a mixed orchard in central Mexico. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Vergara-Carlos-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Quimica y Biologia, Universidad de las Americas-Puebla, Santa Catarina Martir, Puebla, PUE, 72820; E-Mail: cvergara@mail.udlap.mx, Mexico SO Source: Crop-Research-Hisar. [print] July, 2002; 24 (1): 113-116. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0970-4884 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A relatively low diversity of bee pollinators was sampled from a fruit orchard in the Central Plateau of Mexico. The effect of agricultural practices that have occurred in the region for the last 2,000 years was discussed and recommendations for future research were given. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Cucurbitaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Onagraceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Bidens-odorata (Compositae-): native-weed; Cucurbita-pepo (Cucurbitaceae-): vegetable-crop; Dalea -leporina (Leguminosae-): native-weed; Lopezia-racemosa (Onagraceae-): native-weed; Phaseolus-coccineus (Leguminosae-): vegetable-crop; Phaseolus -vulgaris (Leguminosae-): vegetable-crop; Prunus-domestica [plum-] (Rosaceae-): temperate-fruit-crop; Prunus-persica [peach-] (Rosaceae-): temperate-fruit-crop; Pyrus-communis [pear-] (Rosaceae-): temperate-fruit -crop; Pyrus-malus [apple-] (Rosaceae-): temperate-fruit-crop; Pyrus -serotina [capulin-] (Rosaceae-): temperate-fruit-crop; Sicyos-deppei (Cucurbitaceae-): native-weed; Simsia-amplexicaulis (Compositae-): native -weed; Viguiera-sp. (Compositae-): native-weed; bees- (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-, wild-species TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Mexico- (North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mixed-orchard AN Accession Number: 200200302232 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 161 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Search for alternative flora competing with sunflower for foraging of honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kumar-Manoj {a}; Singh-Ramashrit {a}; Chand-H {a}; Ali-M-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} University Apiary, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, 848 125, Samastipur, BR, India SO Source: Journal-of-Entomological-Research-New-Delhi. [print] June, 2002; 26 (2): 145-146. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.humlog.com/websites/mph; http://www.humlog.com/websites/mph/misc/per.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-9519 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Search for alternative flora competing with sunflower for foraging of honeybees indicated that the mustard was most competitive flora with sunflower, on an average 6.21 bee visited/minute/m2 area while the least prefered flora was maize where 0.66 bee visited/minute/m2 area. The maximum number of bee visits were 5.87/minute/m2 area at 12.00 noon while the least number of bee visits were 3.44/minute/m2 area at 4.00 P.M. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Cruciferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-); mustard- (Cruciferae-); sunflower- (Compositae-): oil-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging- AN Accession Number: 200200302182 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 162 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Pollen mobilization in selected Cucurbitaceae and the putative effects of pollinator abundance on pollen depletion rates. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stanghellini-M-S {a}; Schultheis-J-R; Ambrose-J-T AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Box 7626, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7626, USA SO Source: Journal-of-the-American-Society-for-Horticultural-Science. [print] September, 2002; 127 (5): 729-736. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-1062 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Very little is known about the rate at which pollen grains are mobilized within insect-pollinated crop systems, and this is especially true the for commercial production of field-grown cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), monoecious muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.), and triploid watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai). The rates of pollen depletion for these crops were therefore investigated on plots simulating commercial crop production using a mixed honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) and bumble bee (Bombus impatiens Cresson) pollinator complex. At anthesis, staminate cucumber, muskmelon, and watermelon flowers contained on average 10539, 11176, and 30739 pollen grains/flower, respectively. At the time flowers closed in the early afternoon (1300 to 1400 HR), only 61% of the total pollen produced had been removed from staminate cucumber flowers, 44% to 62% from muskmelon, and 81% from watermelon flowers. The results suggest that total pollen production in these crops may not necessarily reflect total pollen availability to floral visitors (bees). However, of the total amount of pollen actually removed per flower, >57% occurred during the 2 h following flower anthesis of cucumber and muskmelon, and >77% occurred during the 2 h following flower anthesis of watermelon. Thus, most of the accessible pollen was removed shortly after anthesis, which is when these crops are most receptive to pollination. Nonviable triploid and viable diploid watermelon pollen were removed at similar rates (P=0.4604). While correlation analyses were not possible for the influence of variable bee abundance on pollen depletion rates, higher bee populations in one year appeared to increase the rate at which pollen grains were removed from staminate flowers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Reproductive -System (Reproduction-); Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental -Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Cucurbitaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Bombus-impatiens [bumblebee-] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Cucumis-melo [muskmelon-] (Cucurbitaceae-): vegetable-crop; Cucumis-sativus [cucumber-] (Cucurbitaceae-): vegetable-crop; Cucurbitaceae- (Cucurbitaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mixed-pollinator-complex; pollen-depletion-rates; pollen-mobilization; pollinator-abundance AN Accession Number: 200200302069 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 163 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Pollination of Cytisus scoparius (Fabaceae) and Genista monspessulana (Fabaceae), two invasive shrubs in California. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Parker-Ingrid-M {a}; Engel-Alexandra; Haubensak-Karen-A; Goodell-Karen AD Author Address: {a} Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064; E-Mail: parker@biology.ucsc.edu, USA SO Source: Madrono-. [print] January-March, 2002; 49 (1): 25-32. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0024-9637 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Mutualistic interactions between natives and non-natives, and between different introduced species, can play an important role in the invasion process. The facilitation of a new introduced species by a previous invader could either accelerate an invasion or exacerbate its impact, providing a positive feedback loop in heavily invaded ecosystems. Open grasslands in Marin County, CA, are being invaded by two closely related, introduced legumes, Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) and Genista monspessulana (French broom). These non-clonal shrubs have been shown to be non-autogamous and pollen limited, underscoring the potential importance of pollinators to their fecundity and spread. The flowers of both are fused shut and require forced "tripping" by a pollinator. We measured floral characters and pollen production to make predictions about which species would be most attractive, and most accessible, to bee visitors. Cytisus flowers were an order of magnitude larger and produced four times as many pollen grains, suggesting that they should be more attractive and rewarding than Genista flowers. However, Cytisus flowers also required significantly more force to open, suggesting that less powerful pollinator species might be excluded from visiting. We tested these predictions by quantifying visitation rates and directly observing pollinators at two sites where the invaders co-occur. Consistent with the mechanical assay, pollinators were more successful at accessing flowers of the small-flowered Genista than the large-flowered Cytisus; however, Cytisus was more frequently visited than Genista, suggesting that pollinators preferred the larger and more rewarding species. We did not find evidence to support the prediction that the small-flowered Genista was accessible to a greater diversity of pollinator species. Although introduced from the same native range as the two plant invaders, honey bees (Apis mellifera) were not "better" pollinators than native bumble bees (Bombus vosnesenskii) in terms of effectiveness at tripping flowers or the number of flowers visited per plant. However, Apis was the numerically dominant pollinator at both sites, underscoring the potential conservation implications of local Apis introduction for the spread of noxious weeds in natural ecosystems. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproduction-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Leguminosae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Cytisus-scoparius [Scotch-broom] (Leguminosae-): invasive-shrub; Genista -monspessulana [French-broom] (Leguminosae-): invasive-shrub TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Dicots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: California- (USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region); Marin-County (California-, USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: invasion-process; mutualistic-interaction; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200200300043 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 164 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Effect of honey bee venom on proliferation of K1735M2 mouse melanoma cells in-vitro and growth of murine B16 melanomas in-vivo. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Liu-Xing; Chen-Dawei; Xie-Liping; Zhang-Rongqing {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084; E-Mail: rqzhang@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn, China SO Source: Journal-of-Pharmacy-and-Pharmacology. [print] August, 2002; 54 (8): 1083 -1089. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.pharmpress.com/jpp PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-3573 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Bee venom has been reported to exhibit antitumour activity in-vitro and in -vivo. Apoptosis, necrosis and lysis of tumour cells were suggested as possible mechanisms by which bee venom inhibited tumour growth. The aim of this study was to investigate potential mechanisms by which bee venom inhibits K1735M2 mouse melanoma cells in-vitro and B16 melanoma, a transplantable solid melanoma in C57BL/6 mice, in-vivo. The proliferation of K1735M2 cells in-vitro was inhibited by bee venom in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The inhibition was indicated by the arrest of the cell cycle at the G1 stage, as detected by flow cytometric measurements. The bee venom induced apoptosis-like cell death as identified by histological observations and by DNA fragmentation. In the in-vivo experiments, the bee venom (1.0, 3.0, 9.0 mg kg-1 of body weight, on days 1-12) was injected intraperitoneally into mice 24 h after the mice were inoculated with B16 cells. Inhibition of the solid tumour was observed. Apoptosis of the K1735M2 cells was suggested as the possible mechanism by which bee venom inhibited cell proliferation and induced K1735M2 cell differentiation in-vitro. The in-vivo experiment indicated that bee venom could be used as a chemotherapeutic agent against malignant tumours. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-); Tumor-Biology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); B16-cell-line (Muridae-); K1735M2-cell-line (Muridae-); mouse- (Muridae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: cell- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: honey-bee-venom: antineoplastic-drug DS Diseases: melanoma-: neoplastic-disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apoptosis-; cell-proliferation ALT Alternate Indexing: Melanoma-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200200299337 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 165 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Development of a bioassay to test the orientation behaviour of the honey bee ectoparasite, Varroa jacobsoni. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: LeDoux-Monique-N {a}; Pernal-Stephen-F {a}; Higo-Heather-A {a}; Winston -Mark-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (1-2): 47-54. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A bioassay was developed to test various aspects of the orientation behaviour of the honey bee ectoparasite, Varroa jacobsoni. The bioassay arena consisted of a petri dish, 60 mm in diameter, in which live honey bee larvae and previously frozen adults were used as hosts. Bioassays were conducted in a dark incubator at 32degreeC for 60 min. Greater numbers of mites parasitized worker larvae than drone larvae, but this trend was not significant. Mites of various ages given a choice between nurse bees and fifth instar worker larvae preferred nurse bees at all ages of mites tested, excluding newly emerged mites. When given a choice between a nurse bee and a pollen forager, V. jacobsoni did not show a preference, and similarly when given a choice between a nurse bee and an adult drone no preference was observed. Finally, when given a choice between a nurse bee extracted with hexane and a non-extracted nurse bee, V. jacobsoni preferred the non-extracted host. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Infection-; Parasitology-; Terrestrial -Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, drone-, host-, larva-, nurse-, pollen-forager, worker-; Varroa-jacobsoni [mite-] (Acarina-): ectoparasite-, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: hexane- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 110-54-3: HEXANE MQ Methods and Equipment: bioassay-: bioassay-method; dark-incubator: laboratory-equipment MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: orientation-behavior AN Accession Number: 200200298245 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 166 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Segregation of visual input to the mushroom bodies in the honeybee (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ehmer-Birgit {a}; Gronenberg-Wulfila AD Author Address: {a} ARLDN, University of Arizona, 611 Gould-Simpson Science Building, Tucson, AZ, 85721; E-Mail: birgit@neurobio.arizona.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Neurology. [print] September 30, 2002; 451 (4): 362 -373. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-9967 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Insect mushroom bodies are brain regions that receive multisensory input and are thought to play an important role in learning and memory. In most neopteran insects, the mushroom bodies receive direct olfactory input. In addition, the calyces of Hymenoptera receive substantial direct input from the optic lobes. We describe visual inputs to the calyces of the mushroom bodies of the honeybee Apis mellifera, the neurons' dendritic fields in the optic lobes, the medulla and lobula, and the organization of their terminals in the calyces. Medulla neurons terminate in the collar region of the calyx, where they segregate into five layers that receive alternating input from the dorsal or ventral medulla, respectively. A sixth, innermost layer of the collar receives input from lobula neurons. In the basal ring region of the calyx, medulla neuron terminals are restricted to a small, distal part. Lobula neurons are more prominent in the basal ring, where they terminate in its outer half. Although the collar and basal ring layers generally receive segregated input from both optic neuropils, some overlap occurs at the borders of the layers. At least three different types of mushroom body input neurons originate from the medulla: (a) neurons with narrow dendritic fields mainly restricted to the vicinity of the medulla's serpentine layer and found throughout the medulla; (b) neurons restricted to the ventral half of the medulla and featuring long columnar dendritic branches in the outer medulla; and (c) a group of neurons whose dendrites are restricted to the most ventral part of the medulla and whose axons form the anterior inferior optic tract. Most medulla neurons (groups a and b) send their axons via the anterior superior optic tract to the mushroom bodies. Neurons connecting the lobula with the mushroom bodies have their dendrites in a defined dorsal part of the lobula. Their axons form a third tract to the mushroom bodies, here referred to as the lobula tract. Our findings match the anatomy of intrinsic mushroom body neurons (Strausfeld, 2002) and together indicate that the mushroom bodies may be composed of many more functional subsystems than previously suggested. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system; mushroom-bodies: nervous-system; optic-lobe: nervous-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: visual-input: segregation- AN Accession Number: 200200297772 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 167 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Evaluation of the defensive behavior of two honeybee ecotypes using a laboratory test. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Andere-Cecilia {a}; Palacio-M-A; Rodriguez-E-M; Figini-E; Dominguez-M-T; Bedascarrasbure-E AD Author Address: {a} Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil; E -Mail: candere@vet.unicen.edu.ar, Argentina SO Source: Genetics-and-Molecular-Biology. [print] March, 2002; 25 (1): 57-60. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.sbg.org.br/revista_menu.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1415-4757 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honeybee defensive behavior is a useful selection criterion, especially in areas with Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera L). In all genetic improvement programs the selected characters must be measured with precision, and because of this we evaluated a metabolic method for testing honeybee defensive behavior in the laboratory for its usefulness in distinguishing between honeybee ecotypes and selecting honeybees based on their level of defensive responses. Ten honeybee colonies were used, five having been produced by feral queens from a subtropical region supposedly colonized by Africanized honeybees and five by queens from a temperate region apparently colonized by European honeybees. We evaluate honeybee defensive behavior using a metabolic test based on oxygen consumption after stimulation with an alarm pheromone, measuring the time to the first response, time to maximum oxygen consumption, duration of activity, oxygen consumption at first response, maximum oxygen consumption and total oxygen consumption, colonies being ranked according to the values obtained for each variable. Significant (p<0.05) differences were detected between ecotypes for each variable but for all variables the highest rankings were obtained for colonies of subtropical origin, which had faster and more intense responses. All variables were highly associated (p<0.05). Total oxygen consumption was the best indicator of metabolic activity for defensive behavior because it combined oxygen consumption and the length of the response. This laboratory method may be useful for evaluating the defensive behavior of honey bees in genetic programs designed to select less defensive bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): ecotype- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: alarm-pheromone MQ Methods and Equipment: metabolic-test: assessment-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: defensive-behavior; genetic-breeding-program; oxygen-consumption AN Accession Number: 200200297437 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 168 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The control of the proventriculus in the honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica L.) II. Feedback mechanisms. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Blatt-Jasmina {a}; Roces-Flavio AD Author Address: {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Zoologie II, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Theodor-Boveri -Institut der Universitaet Wuerzburg, D-97074, Wuerzburg; E-Mail: fam.blatt@gmx.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] July, 2002; 48 (7): 683-691. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jinsphys PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The mechanisms underlying the control of solution transport rates through the proventriculus in foraging honeybees were investigated in individuals trained to collect defined amounts of sugar solutions. Following feeding, bees were injected either with metabolisable (glucose, fructose, trehalose), or non-metabolisable (sorbose) sugars, in order to distinguish between haemolymph osmolarity and haemolymph sugar levels as factors controlling the solution transport rates through the proventriculus. After a fixed period, workers were dissected in order to measure crop content and haemolymph sugar titers. Between feeding and dissection, the metabolic rate of every investigated forager was measured using open-flow respirometry. Bees injected with metabolisable sugars 15 min after feeding were observed to reduce their solution transport rates through the proventriculus, but injection of non-metabolisable sugars had no influence on them. This suggests that the solution transport rate through the proventriculus is controlled by the concentration of metabolisable compounds in the haemolymph, and not by the haemolymph osmolarity. A period of 10 min after injection of metabolisable sugars was enough to observe reduced solution transport rates. However, if bees were injected only 5 min after feeding, no reduced solution transport rates were observed 10 min after injection. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: crop-: digestive-system; hemolymph-: blood-and-lymphatics, osmolarity-; proventriculus-: control-, digestive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: fructose-; glucose-; sorbose-; sugars-: metabolizable-, non-metabolizable; trehalose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-48-7Q: FRUCTOSE; 30237-26-4Q: FRUCTOSE; 50-99-7Q: GLUCOSE; 58367-01-4Q: GLUCOSE; 87-79-6Q: SORBOSE; 3615-39-2Q: SORBOSE; 57-50-1: SUGARS; 99-20-7: TREHALOSE MQ Methods and Equipment: dissection-: examination-method; open-flow-respirometry: measurement-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: crop-emptying; feedback-mechanisms; feeding-physiology; foraging-biology; solution-transport-rates AN Accession Number: 200200294305 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 169 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The control of the proventriculus in the honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica L.) I. A dynamic process influenced by food quality and quantity? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Blatt-Jasmina {a}; Roces-Flavio AD Author Address: {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Zoologie II, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Theodor-Boveri -Institut der Universitaet Wuerzburg, D-97074, Wuerzburg; E-Mail: fam.blatt@gmx.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] June, 2002; 48 (6): 643-654. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jinsphys PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The control of crop emptying in foraging honeybees was investigated in individuals trained to collect defined amounts of sugar solutions. Following feeding, they were dissected after fixed periods of time in order to measure crop content and haemolymph sugar titers. Between feeding and dissection, the metabolic rate of every investigated forager was measured using open-flow respirometry, so as to assess the effects of both food quality (concentration, molarity and viscosity of the fed sugar solution) and food quantity on the transport rate through the proventriculus. The sugar transport rate through the proventriculus was observed to be mainly dependent on the metabolic expenditure of the individual. Bee foragers were able to precisely adjust the sugar transport rate of their metabolic rates, but under certain conditions, an excess of sugars was transported through the proventriculus, more than needed to cover the bee's energetic demands. This excess depended on the nutritive value and quantity of the fed sugar solution, and on the time after feeding. It did not depend on the metabolic rate of the bee, the molarity, or the viscosity of the fed sugar solution. As long as the bees did not exhaust their crop contents, the haemolymph sugar titers were unaffected by this excess amount transported, by the time after feeding, the concentration and the viscosity of the fed sugar solution. For all feeding conditions assayed, the haemolymph trehalose titer remained constant, while the titers of other haemolymph sugars varied. It is suggested that the trehalose concentration in the haemolymph is regulated in honeybees, and that it represents the controlled variable in the feedback loop responsible for the transport rate through the proventriculus. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: crop-: digestive-system; hemolymph-: blood-and-lymphatics; proventriculus-: control-, digestive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sugar-solutions: concentration-, molality-, viscosity-; trehalose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 99-20-7: TREHALOSE MQ Methods and Equipment: dissection-: examination-method; open-flow-respirometry: measurement-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: crop-content; crop-emptying; dynamic-processes; energetic-demands; feeding -conditions; food-quality; food-quantity; metabolic-rates; sugar-transport AN Accession Number: 200200294304 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 170 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Progress of Paenibacillus larvae larvae infection in individually inoculated honey bee larvae reared singly in vitro, in micro colonies, or in full-size colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Brodsgaard-Camilla-J {a}; Hansen-Henrik {a}; Ritter-Wolfgang AD Author Address: {a} Department of Crop Protection, Research Centre, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Flakkebjerg, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (1-2): 19-27. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The progress of infection of American foulbrood (AFB), Paenibacillus larvae larvae, in honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae, prepupae, and pupae were studied in in vitro rearings, micro colonies and full-size colonies. P. I. larvae spores in various known numbers (3-1384 spores per larva) were inoculated at a larval age of 24-28 h. The in vitro study suggested that survival time decreased with increasing spore inoculation dose. No larvae inoculated with three spores died before day 6, but 30% of the larvae inoculated with 1384 spores had died at day 4, 36 h before the time of capping (in a bee colony). On day 4, approximately 480 000 bacterial colonies were cultured per larvae inoculated with 1384 spores at a larval age of 24 h. Viable counts of P. I. larvae per larvae from inoculation and four weeks onwards fitted (R2 = 0.917) a standard model for bacterial growth: Iny = b ln (1 + exp (a = rt)), where y is predicted viable count, r is growth rate, t is larval age in hours, and b and a are constants. Bacterial growth rate in the four weeks infection period was estimated to be r = 0.179+-0.030 h-1. In the queenless micro colonies and full-size colonies the first signs of AFB were not visible to human eyes until day 4. By day 3 nurse bees removed 40% and 50% of the inoculated larvae, respectively, indicating that they are able to detect infected larvae before disease symptoms are visible. An early removal behaviour probably is a very important trait to focus on when breeding for resistance against AFB. The removal behaviour of nurse bees in micro colonies was well correlated with removal in full-size colonies. We conclude that, the micro colonies may serve as a labour and time saving model for full-size colonies when testing the removal behaviour of selected bee lines. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Development-; Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Bacteria-: Microorganisms-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-, larva-, nurse-, prepupa-, pupa-; Paenibacillus-larvae-larvae (Bacteria-): pathogen-, spore-; human- (Hominidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Chordates-; Eubacteria-; Humans-; Insects -; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Microorganisms-; Primates-; Vertebrates- DS Diseases: American-foulbrood: bacterial-disease, infectious-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: single-in-vitro-rearing: experimental-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bacterial-colonies; bacterial-growth; full-size-colonies; queen-less-micro -colonies; removal-behavior AN Accession Number: 200200293901 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 171 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Pollination ecology of Geoffroea decorticans (Fabaceae) in central Argentine dry forest. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Eynard-C {a}; Galetto-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), 5000, Casilla de Correo 495, Cordoba; E-Mail: ceynard@imbiv.unc.edu.ar, leo@imbiv.unc.edu.ar, Argentina SO Source: Journal-of-Arid-Environments. [print] May, 2002; 51 (1): 79-88. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.academicpress.com/jae PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0140-1963 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We examined whether fruit production in the South American endemic tree Geoffroea decorticans depends on pollinators. Although diverse native pollinators were recorded, Apis mellifera reached >60% of the visits. Honey bees can pollinate efficiently but promote mainly geitonogamous pollination. Geoffroea decorticans is facultatively xenogamous and can produce few fruits from selfing. The best fruit set was produced by hand -xenogamous pollination. Fruit set by hand self- and natural-pollination were similarly less. Although floral display was relatively constant throughout the reproductive season, a decrease was observed in both pollinator activity and fruit production. We conclude that successful fruit production in G. decorticans depends on pollinator activity, but is actually limited by the quality of the pollen transferred by A. mellifera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Geoffroea-decorticans (Leguminosae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Argentina- (South-America, Neotropical-region); South-America (Neotropical -region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Argentine-dry-forest; fruit-production; fruit-set; geitonogamous -pollination; hand-xenogamous-pollination; natural-pollination; pollination-ecology; reproductive-season; self-pollination AN Accession Number: 200200293293 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 172 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The foraging activity of honey bees Apis mellifera and non-Apis bees on hybrid sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) and its influence on cross -pollination and seed set. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Degrandi-Hoffman-Gloria {a}; Watkins-Joseph-C AD Author Address: {a} Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, ARS, USDA, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (1-2): 37-45. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The repercussions of concurrent foraging by honey bee (Apis mellifera) and non-Apis bee populations on cross-pollination and seed set in hybrid sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) was investigated. The amount of sunflower pollen on the bodies of honey bees foraging in rows of male-sterile (MS) sunflowers was positively correlated with the size of the non-Apis bee population. The combined population of non-Apis bees and honey bees foraging on male-fertile (MF) and MS sunflowers also was positively correlated to seed set in MS rows. There were more honey bees than non -Apis bees foraging in MF and MS rows, but there was no evidence of competition for resources between the two populations. The size of the honey bee population was positively correlated to the area of open flowers on sunflower capitula, while the non-Apis population remained relatively constant throughout bloom. Results from this study indicate that a combined honey bee and non-Apis bee population might result in better pollination of hybrid sunflowers than either population alone. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Population-Studies; Reproductive-System (Reproduction-); Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Helianthus-annuus [sunflower-] (Compositae-): fertile-, hybrid-, male-, sterile-; non-Apis-bee (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: capitula-: reproductive-system; pollen-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cross-pollination; foraging-activity; population-size; seed-set AN Accession Number: 200200293241 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 173 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The effect of carbon dioxide enrichment on nectar production in melons under greenhouse conditions. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Dag-A {a}; Eisikowitch-D {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Plant Sciences, The George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (1-2): 88-89. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Cucurbitaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Cucumis-melo [melon-] (Cucurbitaceae-): commercial-species, seedling-, vegetable-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system; fruit-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sugar- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUGAR MQ Methods and Equipment: carbon-dioxide-enrichment: cultivation-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-activity; greenhouse-; nectar-production; photosynthesis- AN Accession Number: 200200292934 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 174 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Comb and propolis waxes from Brazil: Triterpenoids in propolis waxes. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Negri-Giuseppina {a}; Marcucci-Maria-Cristina {a}; Salatino-Antonio; Salatino-Maria-Luiza-Faria AD Author Address: {a} UNIBAN, Bandeirante University of Sao Paulo, Rua Maria Candida 1813, CEP: 02071-013, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (1-2): 86-88. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [bee-] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: alpha-amyrin: antiinflammatory-drug, immunologic-drug; beta-amyrin; fatty -acids; hydrocarbons-; lupeol-: antiinflammatory-drug, immunologic-drug; monoesters-; pentacyclic-triterpenoids: pharmaceutical- GE Geopolitical Location: Ribeirao-Preto, Sao-Paulo (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 638-95-9: ALPHA-AMYRIN; 559-70-6: BETA-AMYRIN; 545-47-1: LUPEOL MQ Methods and Equipment: TLC- [thin-layer-chromatography]: analytical-method, liquid-chromatography; gas-chromatography/electronic-impact-mass-spectrometry [GC/EIMS-]: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: beeswax-; comb-waxes; propolis-waxes AN Accession Number: 200200292933 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 175 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Genetic control of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) dance language: Segregating dance forms in a backcrossed colony. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Johnson-R-N; Oldroyd-B-P; Barron-A-B; Crozier-R-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811; E-Mail: ross.crozier@jcu.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Journal-of-Heredity. [print] May-June, 2002; 93 (3): 170-173. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1503 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We studied the genetic control of the dance dialects that exist in the different subspecies of honey bees (Apis mellifera) by observing the variation in dance form observed in a backcross between two lines that showed widely different dance dialects. To do this we generated the reciprocal of the cross performed by Rinderer and Beaman (1995), thus producing phenotypic segregation of dance forms within a single colony rather than between colonies. Our results are consistent with Rinderer and Beaman (1995) in that inheritance of the transition point from round dancing fwdarw waggle dancing is consistent with control by a single locus with more than one allele. That is, we found one dance type to be dominant in the F1, and observed a 1:1 segregation of dance in a backcross involving the F1 and the recessive parent. However, we found some minor differences in dance dialect inheritance, with the most significant being an apparent reversal of dominance between our cross (for us "black" is the dominant dialect) and that of Rinderer and Beaman (1995) (they report "yellow" to be the dominant dialect). We also found that our black bees do not perform a distinct sickle dance, whereas the black bees used by Rinderer and Beaman (1995) did perform such a dance. However, our difference in dominance need not contradict the results of Rinderer and Beaman (1995), as there is no evidence that body color and dominance for dance dialect are linked. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular -Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): backcrossed-colony TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: body-color; dance-form-segregation: phenotypic-; dance-language: genetic -control; dominance-for-dance-dialect AN Accession Number: 200200291192 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 176 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Exploitation of pollen resources by Xylocopa splendidula in the Argentine pampas. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Telleria-Maria-C {a} AD Author Address: {a} CONICET, Catedra de Palinologia, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900, La Plata, Argentina SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (1-2): 55-60. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The pollen choice by native carpenter bees (Xylocopa splendidula) in the Argentine pampas was surveyed by means of the pollen harvest in nests. Samples were taken in January 1996, 1997 and December 1998. The data obtained were compared with data from introduced honey bees, Apis mellifera, in the same region (Telleria, 1993). 16 species belonging to 11 families of Angiosperms are present in the foraging spectrum of X. splendidula. The carpenter bees principally collected pollen from the plants which are isolated or in small populations. In contrast forage plants for honey bees are in dense populations. Such differences may be attributed to different skills needed to exploit the resources, and to displacement of native carpenter bees towards less productive environments, by introduced honey bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Amaryllidaceae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Euphorbiaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Lythraceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Myrtaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Oleaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Rutaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Solanaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Umbelliferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Verbenaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Amaryllis-spp. (Amaryllidaceae-); Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera -); Carduus-spp. (Compositae-); Citrus-spp. (Rutaceae-); Eryngium-spp. (Umbelliferae-); Eucalyptus-spp. (Myrtaceae-); Helianthus-annuus (Compositae-); Lagerstroemia-indica (Lythraceae-); Ligustrum-spp. (Oleaceae-); Medicago-sativa (Leguminosae-); Sesbania-punicea (Leguminosae -); Solanum-spp. (Solanaceae-); Styphnolobium-japonicum (Euphorbiaceae-); Trifolium-pratense (Leguminosae-); Trifolium-repens (Leguminosae-); Verbena-spp. (Verbenaceae-); Xylocopa-splendidula [carpenter-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Monocots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: harvest-, reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Argentine-pampas (Argentina-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-behavior; nests-; plant-populations AN Accession Number: 200200289396 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 177 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Ecobiology of Pseudacarapis indoapis Lindquist (Acari: Tarsonemidae) 2: Ontogeny and breeding behaviour. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sumangala-K {a}; Haq-M-A AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College Calicut, Calicut, KER, 673 014, India SO Source: Journal-of-Entomological-Research-New-Delhi. [print] March, 2002; 26 (1): 83-88. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.humlog.com/websites/mph; http://www.humlog.com/websites/mph/misc/per.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-9519 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Duration of ontogenic development of Pseudacarapis indoapis Lindquist, a tarsonemid mite associated with the Indian honeybee Apis cerana Fabr. ranged from 154 to 187 hours for males and 206 to 218 hours for females. Development involved a single larval period in between egg and adult stages. Marked sexual dimorphism has been recorded among the larvae during late larval period. Breeding activities involved guarding of female by male followed by retroconjugation. Sex ratio among the progeny of fertilised females varied between 1.41:1 and 2.75:1. Unfertilised females produced only male progeny. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana [Indian-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-); Pseudacarapis-indoapis (Acarina-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: breeding-activities; breeding-behavior; larval-period; ontogeny-; sex-ratio AN Accession Number: 200200286903 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 178 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Population dynamics of honeybees foraging on litchi flowers. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Chaudhary-D-K; Singh-B {a}; Singh-P-P {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology and Agril. Zoology, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, BR, 848 125, India SO Source: Journal-of-Entomological-Research-New-Delhi. [print] March, 2002; 26 (1): 71-75. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.humlog.com/websites/mph; http://www.humlog.com/websites/mph/misc/per.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-9519 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Three honeybee species viz., Apis florea, A. dorsata and A. cerana indica are important foragers on litchi flowers. A. dorsata was most dominant (44.48%) followed by A. cerana indica (41.86%) and A. florea (4.59%) amongst honeybee species. Honeybee species alone constituted 90.93 per cent share over total visitors. The population of foragers was found floral density dependent rather environmental parameters. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Population-Studies ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Sapindaceae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana-indica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-dorsata (Hymenoptera-); Apis-florea (Hymenoptera-); litchi- (Sapindaceae-): host- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: floral-density-dependence; population-dynamics AN Accession Number: 200200286427 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 179 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Potential of predatory natural enemies for biological control of sap -sucking insect pests in Paraguay. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Noda-Takashi {a}; Kimura-Yutaka; de-Lopez-Maria-B-R; de-Evert-Mirian-T; Palacio-Carlos AD Author Address: {a} Department of Insect Genetics and Evolution, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634; E-Mail: nodat@affrc.go.jp, Japan SO Source: JARQ-. [print] January, 2002; 36 (1): 31-35. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-3551 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Bionomics of some predators attacking aphids and spider mites of vegetables was investigated in Paraguay. Ladybirds, Eriopis connexa, Coleomegilla maculata, C. quadrifasciata, and Olla v-nigrum, were successfully reared on a drone honeybee powder diet. Total development time was 18.9 days in E. connexa, 21.2 days in C. maculata, 20.0 days in C. quadrifasciata, and 18.9 days in O. v-nigrum at 25degreeC when they fed on the drone powder diet. Mean adult body weight of each species was 11.7 mg in E. connexa, 18.9 mg in C. maculata, 24.4 mg in C. quadrifasciata, and 16.2 mg in O. v -nigrum. Adult of E. connexa consumed 31.0 Aphis gossypii individuals or 22.1 Lipaphis erysimi individuals per day at 25degreeC, while C. maculata consumed 34.5 A. gossypii individuals or 6.6 L. erysimi individuals per day. Predatory mites, Phytoseiulus macropilis, P. fragariae, and Amblyseius idaeus were collected in strawberry fields in Caacupe and Ita. The development time was 5.0 days in P. macropilis and 7.0 days in A. idaeus at 25degreeC. Female of P. macropilis consumed 27.0 eggs of Tetranychus urticae per day and deposited 3.1 eggs, while A. idaeus consumed 18.0 eggs of T. urticae per day and deposited 3.2 eggs at 25degreeC. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Methods-and-Techniques; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Angiospermae -: Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Homoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata -, Animalia-; Insecta-: Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Amblyseius-idaeus (Acarina-): biological-control-agent, predatory-mite; Aphis-gossypii (Homoptera-): pest-; Coleomegilla-maculata (Coleoptera-): biological-control-agent, ladybird-beetles, predator-; Coleomegilla -quadrifasciata (Coleoptera-): biological-control-agent, ladybird-beetles, predator-; Eriopis-connexa (Coleoptera-): biological-control-agent, ladybird-beetles, predator-; Lipaphis-erysimi (Homoptera-): pest-; Olla-v -nigrum (Coleoptera-): biological-control-agent, ladybird-beetles, predator-; Phytoseiulus-fragariae (Acarina-): biological-control-agent, predatory-mite; Phytoseiulus-macropilus (Acarina-): biological-control -agent, predatory-mite; aphid- (Homoptera-): pest-; insect- (Insecta-): pest-, sap-sucking-species; spider-mite (Acarina-): pest-; vegetable- (Angiospermae-): host- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates -; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Paraguay- (South-America, Neotropical-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: biological-control: pest-control-method; rearing-methods AN Accession Number: 200200284957 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 180 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Acute renal failure following massive attack by Africanized bee stings. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bresolin-Nilzete-L {a}; Carvalho-Francisca-Ligia-C; Goes-Jose-Eduardo-C; Fernandes-Vera-Regina; Barotto-Adriana-M AD Author Address: {a} Joana de Gusmao Children's Hospital, Rui Barbosa, 154 Agronomica, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, 88025-301; E-Mail: nilzete@central148.com.br, Brazil SO Source: Pediatric-Nephrology. [print] August, 2002; 17 (8): 625-627. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0931-041X LA Language: English AB Abstract: Bee venom is a complex substance, which acts in several tissues. Although severe allergic reactions have occurred after one or more stings, several deaths have been reported without allergic manifestations, emphasizing the toxic effects of massive poisoning. A number of about 500 stings have been considered necessary to cause death by direct toxicity, but as few as 30 -50 stings have proved fatal in children. Among the major toxic effects are hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure (ARF), and shock. ARF may be due to a common toxic-ischemic mechanism with hypovolemic or anaphylactic shock, pigment tubulopathy (myoglobinuria and hemoglobinuria), or acute tubular necrosis (ATN) from a direct kidney toxicity of the venom. We present a case of rhabdomyolysis and hemolysis with consequent ARF which developed after about 800 bee stings. The patient recovered completely after peritoneal dialysis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Hematology- (Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Nephrology- (Human -Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Pediatrics- (Human-Medicine, Medical -Sciences); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Africanized-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pest-; human- (Hominidae -): child-, female-, human-, patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: bee-venom; kidney-: excretory-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: antihistamines-: antihistamine-drug, immunologic-drug; hydrocortisone-: hormone-drug DS Diseases: acute-renal-failure: diagnosis-, etiology-, pathology-, therapy-, urologic -disease; bee-sting: complications-, injury-, pathology-, toxicity-; hemolysis-: blood-and-lymphatic-disease, etiology-, pathology-; rhabdomyolysis-: etiology-, muscle-disease, pathology- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 50-23-7: HYDROCORTISONE MQ Methods and Equipment: peritoneal-dialysis: therapeutic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: massive-attack; multiple-stings; Case-Study ALT Alternate Indexing: Kidney-Failure,-Acute-(MeSH); Rhabdomyolysis-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200200281221 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 181 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Trees, birds and bees in Mauritius: Exploitative competition between introduced honey bees and endemic nectarivorous birds? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hansen-Dennis-M {a}; Olesen-Jens-M; Jones-Carl-G AD Author Address: {a} Department of Ecology and Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Aarhus, Building 540, 8000, Aarhus C; E-Mail: marinus_hansen@hotmail.com, Denmark SO Source: Journal-of-Biogeography. [print] May-June, 2002; 29 (5-6): 721-734. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell -science.com/~cgilib/jnlpage.asp?Journal=jbiog&File=jbiog PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0305-0270 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Aims: To investigate effects of introduced honey bees, Apis mellifera L., on the nectar-feeding activity of two species of endemic nectarivorous birds, the Grey White-eye, Zosterops borbonicus mauritianus Gmelin, and the Olive White-eye, Z. chloronothos Viellot, on two endemic flowering trees, Sideroxylon cinereum Lam. and S. puberulum DC. (Sapotaceae), and to examine pollination efficiency of birds and honey bees. Location: An upland heath area on the island of Mauritius, Indian Ocean. Methods: We quantified visitation rates of endemic birds and introduced honey bees at two endemic species of flowering trees. Diurnal variation in nectar standing crop and nectar production was measured. Pollination efficiency of flower visitors was examined using bagging and caging experiments. Results: White-eyes were only nectar-feeding at the two Sideroxylon species early in the morning, stopping when honey bee foraging activity rapidly lowered nectar standing crops. White-eyes continued nectar-feeding at other flowering plant species, exploited less by honey bees, throughout the day. Honey bees were less efficient pollinators of the two Sideroxylon species than white-eyes. Main conclusions: Our results indicate that introduced honey bees could be interfering with endemic interactions between the two Sideroxylon species and the two white-eye species. However, because of lack of a neutral control site without honey bees, we cannot exclude other explanations. We do recommend, although, that honey bees need to be taken into consideration in the future conservation management of Mauritian ecosystems. We suggest that island ecosystems are especially vulnerable to introduced honey bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Conservation-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Aves-: Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Passeriformes-: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Sapotaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Spermatophyta-: Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): introduced-, pollination -efficiency; Sideroxylon-cinereum (Sapotaceae-): endemic-flowering-tree; Sideroxylon-puberulum (Sapotaceae-): endemic-flowering-tree; Zosterops -borbonicus-mauritianus [gray-white-eye] (Passeriformes-): endemic-, nectar-feeding-activity, nectarivorous-, pollination-efficiency; Zosterops -chloronothos [olive-white-eye] (Passeriformes-): endemic-, nectar-feeding -activity, nectarivorous-, pollination-efficiency; birds- (Aves-): nectarivorous-; honey-bee (Hymenoptera-); trees- (Spermatophyta-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Birds-; Chordates-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular -Plants; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: nectar-: production-, standing-crop GE Geopolitical Location: Mauritius- (Indian-Ocean) MQ Methods and Equipment: bagging-experiment: experimental-method; caging-experiment: experimental -method; conservation-management: management-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: exploitative-competition; nectar-production: diurnal-variation; nectar -standing-crop: diurnal-variation; upland-heath-area; visitation-rates AN Accession Number: 200200278790 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 182 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Control effects of oxytetracycline on American foulbrood, Paeniacillus larvae larvae, of honey bee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Yue-Wen-Chen; Jui-Shen-Liu; Kai-Kuang-Ho; Chung-Hsiung-Wang; An-James {a} AD Author Address: {a} National Taiwan Museum, Taipei, 100; E-Mail: kan@eden.tpm.gov.tw, Taiwan SO Source: Formosan-Entomologist. [print] September, 2001; 21 (3): 209-220. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.entsoc.org.tw/english.htm PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1680-7650 LA Language: Chinese; Non-English AB Abstract: In vitro tests, oxytetracycline (OTC) showed a highly inhibitory effect on spores of Paeniacillus larvae larvae isolated from colonies of honey bee (Apis mellifera) in Taiwan (MIC = 0.125 mug/ml), but showed no sporicidal effect. In field tests, honey bee colonies were medicated with OTC syrup to determine its effectiveness in prevention of American foulbrood (AFB) in young larvae. Results showed that two doses of OTC syrup, 125 mg/colony and 50 mg/colony, prevented AFB signs for a period of, at least, 9 days and 3 days, respectively. Colonies with a mild AFB infection treated with hive replacement recovered from the disease, and no AFB recurrence was seen in an investigation period of 15 weeks. In addition to hive replacement, colonies with a heavy infection should also be medicated with 125 mg of OTC on the 5th day post-replacement. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Paenibacillus-larvae-larvae (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxytetracycline-: antibacterial-drug, antiinfective-drug GE Geopolitical Location: Taiwan- (Asia-, Palearctic-region) DS Diseases: American-foulbrood: bacterial-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 79-57-2: OXYTETRACYCLINE AN Accession Number: 200200278427 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 183 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Pollination ecology of Apis cerana Fab. and Apis mellifera L. on plum. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Shu-Young-Chang; Feng-Kuo-Hsieh; Chi-Tung-Chen {a}; Kai-Kwang-Ho AD Author Address: {a} Miaoli District Agricultural Improvement Station, 261 Kuannan Village, Kungkuan, 363, Miaoli; E-Mail: mite01@mdais.gov.tw, Taiwan SO Source: Formosan-Entomologist. [print] September, 2001; 21 (3): 197-208. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.entsoc.org.tw/english.htm PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1680-7650 LA Language: Chinese; Non-English AB Abstract: This experiment was conducted in a plum orchard in which half-and-half peach root-stocked plums and California plums are cultivated. Two colonies of Apis cerana and five colonies of Apis mellifera were moved in before flowering to investigate the pollinating ecology of the two pollinator species. The plum blooming period was 21 d, and there were more than six flowers per twig from the 7th to 12nd days after blooming. The pollination activity of A. cerana on plums peaked between 0900 and 1100 h, while that of A. mellifera peaked between 1100 and 1300 h, coinciding with the time period of daytime gathering of maximal amount of plum pollen for both species. The number of foraging bees on blooming plums decreased with increasing distance from plums to the beehive. However, the high-stem planting surrounding the orchard created a wall effect that resulted in similar number of foragers on plums 50 and 150 m from the beehive. During the plum blooming period, the total number of non-plum pollen pellets gathered by A. cerana has a 13.5-fold increase compared with that of plum pollen pellets. But the number of plum pollen pellets gathered by A. mellifera was 2.6 fold higher than the number of non-plum pollen pellets. The final fruit sets were 8% and 13% of the initial number of flowers for bagged and non-bagged twigs, respectively, for peach root-stocked plums, and were 0% and 5%, respectively, for California plums. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); plum- (Rosaceae -): temperate-fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: blooming-period; flowering-; fruit-set; pollination-; pollination-ecology AN Accession Number: 200200278426 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 184 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Effects of oxytetracycline of larval honey bee, Apis mellifera, reared in vitro. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Yue-Wen-Chen; Chung-Hsiung-Wang; Kai-Kuang-Ho {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106; E -Mail: kkho@ccms.ntu.edu.tw, Taiwan SO Source: Formosan-Entomologist. [print] March, 2002; 22 (1): 53-64. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.entsoc.org.tw/english.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1680-7650 LA Language: Chinese; Non-English AB Abstract: An artificial method was developed for rearing 1-day-old worker honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae to the adult stage in the laboratory. The proportion of adult emergence was 57.1%. This method subsequently was used to study the effects of oxytetracycline (OTC) on larval growth and development. With a concentration of 25 ppm OTC in the diet, larval and postdefecation mortalities, and larval growth rates were similar to those of the controls, while doses higher than this retarded larval growth and caused higher mortality. Feeding with 0.2 ppm OTC effectively reduced larval and postdefecation mortalities of larvae inoculated with 4.5 X 105 spores/ml of Paenibacillus larvae larvae. But it appeared in 1% of American foulbrood (AFB) individuals. When fed 1.0 ppm OTC and spores, no additional mortalities or AFB-infected individuals were found. This reveals that a low concentration of OTC can effectively protect young larvae from P. l. larvae infection. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species, larva-; Paenibacillus-larvae-larvae [American-foulbrood] (Endospore-forming-Gram -Positives): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxytetracycline- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 79-57-2: OXYTETRACYCLINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: adult-emergence; artificial-rearing; diet-; larval-growth; larval -mortality; postdefecation-mortalities AN Accession Number: 200200278425 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 185 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Interrelations of gas exchange cycles, body movements and heartbeats in the foragers of bumblebee Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) at low temperatures. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kuusik-Aare {a}; Martin-Ants-Johannes; Mand-Marika; Hiiesaar-Kulli; Metspalu-Luule; Tartes-Urmas AD Author Address: {a} Institute of Plant Protection, Estonian Agricultural University, Kreutzwaldi 64, 51014, Tartu; E-Mail: kuusiaar@eau.ee, Estonia SO Source: European-Journal-of-Entomology. [print] June 30, 2002; 99 (2): 209-214. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1210-5759 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Rhythmic body movements, cyclic gas exchange and heart activity were studied at low temperature (mostly at 5degreeC) in bumblebee Bombus terrestris foragers. Simultaneous measurements by means of an electrolytic respirometer combined with an optical system by infrared radiation, revealed a co-ordination between discontinuous gas exchange cycles and body rhythmic movements. No distinct correlation was found between intermittent heart activity and body movements. The carbon dioxide bursts were actively ventilated by abdominal vigorous pumping movements. These bursts followed each other with intervals of 25-30 minutes. The periods of heart activity regularly alternated with heart pauses. The frequency of the heartbeat was similar to that of the weak abdominal pulsations (0.2 -0.25 Hz) which were imperceptible with the naked eye. All bumblebees displayed abdominal pulsations which were independent of vigorous pumping movements. In bumblebee B. terrestris foragers haemolymph oscillation was assumed at 5degreeC, as is known in the honeybee and some other Bombus species. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cardiovascular-System (Transport-and-Circulation); Chemical-Coordination -and-Homeostasis ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Bombus-terrestris [bumblebee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: body-movements; gas-exchange-cycles; heartbeats-; rhythmic-body-movements AN Accession Number: 200200277257 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 186 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Small hive beetles survive in honeybee prisons by behavioural mimicry. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ellis-J-D; Pirk-C-W-W; Hepburn-H-R {a}; Kastberger-G; Elzen-P-J AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140; E-Mail: r.hepburn@ru.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: Naturwissenschaften-. [print] July, 2002; 89 (7): 326-328. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de/journals/nawi PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-1042 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We report the results of a simple experiment to determine whether honeybees feed their small hive beetle nest parasites. Honeybees incarcerate the beetles in cells constructed of plant resins and continually guard them. The longevity of incarcerated beetles greatly exceeds their metabolic reserves. We show that survival of small hive beetles derives from behavioural mimicry by which the beetles induce the bees to feed them trophallactically. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Aethina-tumida [small-hive-bee] (Coleoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-mimicry; feeding-behavior; honeybee-prisons; metabolic-reserves; nest-parasitism; trophallaxis- AN Accession Number: 200200274340 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 187 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Foraging reactivation in the honeybee Apis mellifera L.: Factors affecting the return to known nectar sources. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gil-Mariana; Farina-Walter-Marcelo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Grupo de Estudios de Insectos Sociales, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellon II, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires; E -Mail: walter@bg.fcen.uba.ar, Argentina SO Source: Naturwissenschaften-. [print] July, 2002; 89 (7): 322-325. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de/journals/nawi PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-1042 LA Language: English AB Abstract: This paper addresses, what determines that experienced forager honeybees return to places where they have previously exploited nectar. Although there was already some evidence that dance and trophallaxis can cause bees to return to feed, the fraction of unemployed foragers that follow dance or receive food from employed foragers before revisiting the feeder was unknown. We found that 27% of the experienced foragers had no contact with the returning foragers inside the hive. The most common interactions were dance following (64%) and trophallaxis (21%). The great variability found in the amount of interactions suggests that individual bees require different stimulation before changing to the foraging mode. This broad disparity negatively correlated with the number of days after marking at the feeder, a variable that is closely related to the foraging experience, suggesting that a temporal variable might affect the decision-making in reactivated foragers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental -Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: decision-making; experience-; feeding-behavior; foraging-reactivation; honeybee-dances; intraspecific-interactions; nectar-sources; resource -exploitation; temporal-variables; trophollaxis- AN Accession Number: 200200274339 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 188 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Hot spots in the bee hive. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bujok-Brigitte {a}; Kleinhenz-Marco; Fuchs-Stefan; Tautz-Juergen AD Author Address: {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Biozentrum, Universitaet Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg; E-Mail: thermo@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Naturwissenschaften-. [print] July, 2002; 89 (7): 299-301. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de/journals/nawi PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-1042 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera) maintain temperatures of 35-36degreeC in their brood nest because the brood needs high and constant temperature conditions for optimal development. We show that incubation of the brood at the level of individual honeybees is done by worker bees performing a particular and not yet specified behaviour: such bees raise the brood temperature by pressing their warm thoraces firmly onto caps under which the pupae develop. The bees stay motionless in a characteristic posture and have significantly higher thoracic temperatures than bees not assuming this posture in the brood area. The surface of the brood caps against which warm bees had pressed their thorax were up to 3.2degreeC warmer than the surrounding area, confirming that effective thermal transfer had taken place. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: thorax- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-hives; brood-development; postural-behavior; temperature-; thermal -transfer AN Accession Number: 200200274337 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 189 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Floral biology, pollination ecology and seed production of the ornamental plant Salvia splendens sello. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sanchez-L-A {a}; Picado-A; Sommeijer-M-J; Slaa-E-J AD Author Address: {a} Centro de Investigaciones Apicolas Tropicales (CINAT), Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, Apartado Postal 475-3000, Heredia; E-Mail: lsanchez@una.ac.cr, Costa Rica SO Source: Journal-of-Horticultural-Science-and-Biotechnology. [print] July, 2002; 77 (4): 498-501. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1462-0316 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In this paper, the floral biology and pollination ecology of Salvia splendens are described. All flower characteristics (red corolla, large tubular flowers with abundant but dilute nectar) indicate that S. splendens is adapted to hummingbird pollination. Honeybees, however, were also found to be good pollinators of this plant. Apis mellifera was equally effective in pollinating S. splendens as hand pollination and open pollination, resulting in a 300% increase in seed set compared with bagged control plants. The much smaller stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula was not an effective pollinator of these flowers since during visitation its body failed to touch the stigma. Although pollination seemed not to be the only limiting factor in seed production, external pollinators enhance seed production in S. splendens, and Apis mellifera is an effective, commercially available pollination agent of this economically important ornamental plant. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Reproduction-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Apodiformes-: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Labiatae-: Dicotyledones -, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Salvia-splendens (Labiatae-): commercial-seed-production, cultivar-Vista-Red, ornamental-crop; Tetragonisca-angustulata (Hymenoptera-): ineffective-pollinator; hummingbird- (Apodiformes-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Birds-; Chordates-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular -Plants; Vertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Costa-Rica (Central-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: floral-biology; pollination-ecology AN Accession Number: 200200273746 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 190 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Venom production by Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera) and Africanized -European hybrids. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Funari-S-R-C {a}; Zeidler-P-R; Rocha-H-C; Sforcin-J-M AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Producao e Exploracao Animal - Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia, UNESP, CEP 18.618-000, Botucatu, SP; E-Mail: srcfunari@fca.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Venomous-Animals-and-Toxins. [online] Dec., 2001; 7 (2 Cited June 10, 2002): No Pagination URLJ Journal URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0104 -7930&lng=en&nrm=iso PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0104-7930 LA Language: English AB Abstract: This study used 15 beehives: five with Africanized queens sisters (Apis mellifera), five with Italian queens sisters (Apis mellifera ligustica), and five with Carniolan queens sisters (Apis mellifera carnica). The queens were fertilized naturally. This experiment was performed in the apiary of the Botucatu School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, UNESP, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The following data were obtained from the foraging bees: venom quantity in reservoir, 0.117+-0.015, 0.139+ -0.020, and 0.147+-0.024 (mg); venom quantity liberated in extraction apparatus, 0.073+-0.012, 0.057+-0.011 and 0.059+-0.013 (mg); and sting electro stimulus threshold (volts), 10.75+-1.37, 15.11+-2.00, and 15.01+ -1.63 for Africanized, Italian X Africanized and Carniolan X Africanized, respectively. The Africanized honeybees possess less venom in reservoir than the European hybrids (Carniolan and Italian). However, they liberated a larger quantity of venom in the extraction apparatus and required lower electro stimulus threshold to promote stinging. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-carnica (Hymenoptera-): African-European-hybrid, Carniolan-queens-sisters; Apis-mellifera -lingustica (Hymenoptera-): Africanized-European-hybrid, Italian-queens -sisters TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: venom- MQ Methods and Equipment: venom-extraction-apparatus: extraction-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: defensive-behavior; venom-production; venom-reservoir AN Accession Number: 200200272483 UD Update Code: 20020909 Record 191 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The Africanization of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) of the Yucatan: A study of a massive hybridization event across time. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Clarke-Kylea-E {a}; Rinderer-Thomas-E; Franck-Pierre {a}; Quezada-Euan -Javier-G; Oldroyd-Benjamin-P {a} AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, A12, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006; E-Mail: kclarke@bio.usyd.edu.au, trinderer@ars.usda.gov, franck@ensam.inra.fr, qeuan@tunku.uady.mx, boldroyd@bio.usyd.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Evolution-. [print] July, 2002; 56 (7): 1462-1474. URLJ Journal URL: http://evol.allenpress.com/evolonline/?request=get-current-issue PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0014-3820 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Until recently, African and European subspecies of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) had been geographically separated for around 10,000 years. However, human-assisted introductions have caused the mixing of large populations of African and European subspecies in South and Central America, permitting an unprecedented opportunity to study a large-scale hybridization event using molecular analyses. We obtained reference populations from Europe, Africa, and South America and used these to provide baseline information for a microsatellite and mitochondrial analysis of the process of Africanization of the bees of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. The genetic structure of the Yucatecan population has changed dramatically over time. The pre-Africanized Yucatecan population (1985) comprised bees that were most similar to samples from southeastern Europe and northern and western Europe. Three years after the arrival of Africanized bees (1989), substantial paternal gene flow had occurred from feral Africanized drones into the resident European population, but maternal gene flow from the invading Africanized population into the local population was negligible. However by 1998, there was a radical shift with both African nuclear alleles (65%) and African-derived mitochondria (61%) dominating the genomes of domestic colonies. We suggest that although European mitochondria may eventually be driven to extinction in the feral population, stable introgression of European nuclear alleles has occurred. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biogeography- (Population-Studies); Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and -Molecular-Biophysics); Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): feral-population, invading -population, resident-population TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: mitochondria- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nuclear-alleles GE Geopolitical Location: Africa- (Ethiopian-region, Palearctic-region); Europe- (Palearctic-region); South-America (Neotropical-region); Yucatan-Peninsula (Mexico-, North -America, Nearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: microsatellite-molecular-analysis: molecular-genetic-method; mitochondrial -molecular-analysis: molecular-genetic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Africanization-; introgression-; massive-hybridization-event; maternal-gene -flow; paternal-gene-flow; population-genetic-structure AN Accession Number: 200200271448 UD Update Code: 20020909 Record 192 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Insectos asociados con flores de malezas del Jardin Botanico de Santiago de Cuba, con enfasis en Hymenoptera. [Insects associated with flowers of weeds of the Botanical Garden of Santiago de Cuba, with enfasis on Hymenoptera.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Fernandez-Jose-L {a}; Garces-G-G; Portuondo-F-E; Valdes-T-P {a}; Exposito-E -I {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratorio de Control Biologico, Facultad de Ciencias Agricolas, Universidad de Granma, Apartado Postal No. 21, Bayamo, CP 85100; E-Mail: jlft@udg.granma.inf.cu, eduardo@bioeco.ciges.inf.cu, Cuba SO Source: Revista-de-Biologia-Tropical. [print] September-December, 2001; 49 (3-4): 1013-1026. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0034-7744 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English AB Abstract: The insect visitors of flowers in nine weeds species were studied in the Botanical Garden of Santiago de Cuba, Eastern Cuba, during 1993 (March - June, spring season) and 1994 (January - March, end of winter and beginning of spring season). About 50 hours of collecting efforts were made at three times (0900-0930 hr in 1993; 0900-0930 hr, 1200-1230 hr and 1500-1530 hr in 1994). More than 140 species of at least 37 families were found; Hymenoptera dominated (with more than a half of specimens), followed by Diptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Among Hymenoptera, bees (Apoidea) were the largest group, especially Apis mellifera L; followed by wasps (Vespidae, Pompilidae, Sphecidae) and ichneumon flies (Ichneumonidae); Microhymenopterans were not sampled. Hymenopterans of each weed were compared for diversity, similarity, dominant and subdominant species, visitation time, sampling efficiency, etc. Each plant species had a particular Hymenoptera complex, almost one third of which were natural enemies of agricultural pests, and most are believed to be potential pollinators. Closely related species showed similar patterns of daily activity, with a peak at 0900-0930 hr for all plant species. Second grade polynomial equations were the best fitted models to describe the relationships between number of species and number of specimens, and between total number of species and number of samples (R2 = 0.9734 and R2 = 0.9573, p < 0.01). The role of weeds in the biodiversity of the agroecosystems is analyzed; as well as the effectiveness of this collection method to study Hymenoptera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biogeography- (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Coleoptera- (Coleoptera-); Diptera- (Diptera -); Hymenoptera- (Hymenoptera-); Lepidoptera- (Lepidoptera-); plant- (Plantae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Botanical-Garden, Santiago-de-Cuba (Cuba-, West-Indies, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: similarity-; species-diversity AN Accession Number: 200200271163 UD Update Code: 20020909 Record 193 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Absence of seasonal effect on the immunomodulatory action of Brazilian propolis on natural killer activity. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sforcin-J-M {a}; Kaneno-R; Funari-S-R-C AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociencias, UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, 18618-000, Botucatu, SP; E-Mail: sforcin@ibb.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Venomous-Animals-and-Toxins. [online] 2002; 8 (1 Cited June 10, 2002): No Pagination URLJ Journal URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0104 -7930&lng=en&nrm=iso PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0104-7930 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Propolis, a beehive product widely used in folk medicine as an antiinflammatory agent, has been attracting researchers' attention to scientifically elucidate its biological properties and therapeutic activities. The aim of this paper was to study the possible effect of propolis on natural killer activity, since propolis immunomodulatory action has been suggested, especially on non-specific immunity. Propolis was produced by africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera L.), collected throughout a whole year, and pooled by season. Hydroalcoholic solutions of propolis were prepared with each pool and administered to rats by gavage over three days. Natural killer activity of non-adherent spleen cells was evaluated by the 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assay against Yac-1 target cells. Our results indicated that the natural killer activity was increased in spleen cells from propolis-treated animals. There were no significant differences related to the seasonal effect on the immunomodulatory action of propolis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis); Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); rat- (Muridae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: natural-killer-cell: blood-and-lymphatics, immune-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: propolis-: immunologic-drug, immunomodulatory-action MQ Methods and Equipment: cytotoxic-assay: drug-evaluation-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: immunomodulation-; season- AN Accession Number: 200200270667 UD Update Code: 20020909 Record 194 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The antibacterial activity of propolis produced by Apis mellifera L. and Brazilian stingless bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Fernandes-A-Jr {a}; Leomil-L; Fernandes-A-A-H; Sforcin-J-M AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociencias de Botucatu, UNESP, Distrito de Rubiao Junior s/n, CEP 18618-000, Botucatu, Sao Paulo; E-Mail: ary@ibb.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Venomous-Animals-and-Toxins. [online] Dec., 2001; 7 (2 Cited June 10, 2002): No Pagination URLJ Journal URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0104 -7930&lng=en&nrm=iso PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0104-7930 LA Language: English AB Abstract: This study investigated the antibacterial activity of propolis produced by A. mellifera and Brazilian stingless bees, called "meliponineos". Susceptibility tests to ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) were performed using bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus sp, and Escherichia coli) isolated from human infections. Dilution of EEP in agar (%v/v) was used for determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The stingless bee species (and common names) were: Nannotrigona testaceicornis ("Irai"), Tetragonisca angustula ("Jatai"), Trigona spinipes ("Arapua"), Scaptotrigona sp ("Tiuba"), Partamona sp ("Cupira"), Melipona scutellaris ("Urucu"), Melipona sp ("Manduri"), and Melipona mandacaia ("Mandacaia"). EEP inhibitory efficiencies according to bacterial strains were: S. aureus - "Cupira" > "Manduri" = A. mellifera > "Urucu" > "Mandacaia" > "Irai" > "Tiuba" > "Jatai" > "Arapua" = Ethanol; Enterococcus sp - "Cupira" > "Manduri" > A. mellifera > "Mandacaia" > "Urucu" > "Tiuba" > "Jatai" > "Arapua" = Ethanol; E. coli - "Manduri" > "Jatai" > Ethanol > A. mellifera > "Urucu" > "Cupira" > "Irai". Propolis produced by "Cupira" and "Manduri" bees showed higher antibacterial activity than A. mellifera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Infection-; Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Enterobacteriaceae-: Facultatively-Anaerobic-Gram-Negative-Rods, Eubacteria -, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Gram-Positive-Cocci: Eubacteria-, Bacteria -, Microorganisms-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Micrococcaceae-: Gram-Positive-Cocci, Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Enterococcus-sp. (Gram-Positive-Cocci); Escherichia-coli (Enterobacteriaceae-); Melipona-mandacaia (Hymenoptera-); Melipona-scutellaris (Hymenoptera-); Melipona-sp. (Hymenoptera-); Nannotrigona-testaceicornis (Hymenoptera-); Partamona-sp. (Hymenoptera-); Scaptotrigona-sp. (Hymenoptera-); Staphylococcus-aureus (Micrococcaceae-); Tetragonisca-angustula (Hymenoptera-); Trigona-spinipes (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-): patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Chordates-; Eubacteria-; Humans-; Insects -; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Microorganisms-; Primates-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Brazilian-stingless-bee-derived-propolis: antibacterial-activity, antibacterial-drug, antiinfective-drug, efficacy-, minimum-inhibitory -concentration, pharmacodynamics- AN Accession Number: 200200270666 UD Update Code: 20020909 Record 195 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Different functions of two alarm substances in the honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Balderrama-N; Nunez-J; Guerrieri-F; Giurfa-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Cognition Animale, Universite Paul-Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 4; E-Mail: giurfa@cict.fr, France SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] July, 2002; 188 (6): 485-491. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In the honeybee, isopentyl acetate and 2-heptanone are described as alarm substances. We asked whether both substances have a similar role by testing the effect of their exposure on the appetitive proboscis extension reflex and on the aversive stinging reflex. In the appetitive context of sucrose stimulation no differences were found between isopentyl acetate and 2-heptanone. Small amounts of isopentyl acetate or 2-heptanone (3 mul of 1:9 dilution) yielded a response similar to that of a non-exposed control. Larger amounts of both substances (125 mul of 1:9 dilutions) as well as mixtures led to a decrease of responsiveness to sucrose. In the aversive context of electrical stimulation, significant differences between isopentyl acetate and 2-heptanone were found. Exposure to a small amount of isopentyl acetate (3 mul of 1:9 dilution) or to a large amount of 2-heptanone (125 mul of 1:9 dilution) led to an increase of responsiveness to the electric shock. Larger quantities of isopentyl acetate (125 mul of 1:9 dilution) decreased the responsiveness to the shock. 2-Heptanone never decreased the responsiveness to the shock. Our results indicate that isopentyl acetate and 2-heptanone have different functions even if both are capable of evoking deterrent responses in a defensive context. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Physiology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 2-heptanone: alarm-substance; isopentyl-acetate: alarm-substance; sucrose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 110-43-0: 2-HEPTANONE; 123-92-2: ISOPENTYL ACETATE; 57-50-1: SUCROSE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: defensive-context; deterrent-responses; electrical-stimulation; proboscis -extension-reflex; stinging-reflex AN Accession Number: 200200258995 UD Update Code: 20020909 Record 196 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Demand for task performance and workforce replacement: Undertakers in honeybee, Apis mellifera, colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Breed-Michael-D {a}; Williams-Dionne-B; Queral-Alejandro AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Campus Box 334, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334; E-Mail: michael.breed@colorado.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Behavior. [print] May, 2002; 15 (3): 319-329. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0892-7553 PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0892-7553 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Undertakers are a specialized task group of honey bees that remove dead bees from the colony. The mean adult age of undertakers is 12.5 days; this is similar to that of other specialized task groups, such as guards. The mean number of undertakers in colonies was 544. However, because the number of bees expressing this behavior is dependent on the demand for task performance, undertaker estimates vary depending on the experimental technique. Increasing the demand for undertaking resulted in more bees engaging in the task. Depleting the number of undertakers by removal of bees carrying corpses resulted in new bees assuming undertaking duties. These results support a response-threshold model for engagement of worker bees in task performance. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): corpse-, undertaker-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: division-of-labor; mortality-; task-performance; undertaking-; workforce -replacement AN Accession Number: 200200258985 UD Update Code: 20020909 Record 197 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Sex determination and the evolution of polyandry in honey bees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Tarpy-David-R {a}; Page-Robert-E-Jr AD Author Address: {a} Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Seeley G. Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853; E-Mail: dt66@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] July, 2002; 52 (2): 143-150. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Many hypotheses attempt to explain why queens of social insects mate multiply. We tested the sex locus hypothesis for the evolution of polyandry in honey bees (Apis mellifera). A queen may produce infertile, diploid males that reduce the viability of worker brood and, presumably, adversely affect colony fitness. Polyandry reduces the variance in diploid male production within a colony and may increase queen fitness if there are non-linear costs associated with brood viability, specifically if the relationship between brood viability and colony fitness is concave. We instrumentally inseminated queens with three of their own brothers to vary brood viability from 50% to 100% among colonies. We measured the colonies during three stages of their development: (1) colony initiation and growth, (2) winter survival, and (3) spring reproduction. We found significant relationships between brood viability and most colony measures during the growth phase of colonies, but the data were too variable to distinguish significant non-linear effects. However, there was a significant step function of brood viability on winter survival, such that all colonies above 72% brood viability survived the winter but only 37.5% of the colonies below 72% viability survived. We discuss the significance of this and other "genetic diversity" hypotheses for the evolution of polyandry. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Development-; Evolution-and-Adaptation; Genetics-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): female-, male-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-viability; evolution-; fitness-; genetic-diversity; kin-selection; polyandry-; reproduction-; sex-determination; survival- AN Accession Number: 200200258861 UD Update Code: 20020909 Record 198 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Deciding on a new home: How do honeybees agree? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Britton-N-F {a}; Franks-N-R; Pratt-S-C; Seeley-T-D AD Author Address: {a} Centre for Mathematical Biology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY; E -Mail: n.f.britton@bath.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-Royal-Society-Biological-Sciences-Series-B. [print] 7 July, 2002; 269 (1498): 1383-1388. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-8452 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A swarm of honeybees (Apis mellifera) is capable of selecting one nest-site when faced with a choice of several. We adapt classical mathematical models of disease, information and competing beliefs to such decision -making processes. We show that the collective decision may be arrived at without the necessity for any bee to make any comparison between sites. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: collective-decision-making; mathematical-models AN Accession Number: 200200258805 UD Update Code: 20020909 Record 199 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: A locus with restriction fragment-length polymorphisms characteristic of African and European honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) groups of subspecies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Suazo-Alonso {a}; Lee-Myeong-Lyeol; Hall-H-Glenn {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL, 32611; E-Mail: hgh@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu, USA SO Source: Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America. [print] January, 2002; 95 (1): 115-124. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8746 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Within an anonymous region of honey bee DNA (locus 227) digested with AluI, informative restriction fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLP) were found in Southern blots with a cloned honey bee DNA probe. The probe was subcloned, so that smaller sections of the locus could be analyzed with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Further screening of these amplified sections revealed additional useful RFLPs with HinfI. The informative AluI and HinfI polymorphic sites were mapped to a narrow section of the original probe. A total of 14 sub-alleles was found in this region of which five were found only or predominantly in our African samples (Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier), three were found only or predominantly in our east European samples (A. m. ligustica Spinola' A. m. carnica Pollman, and A. m. caucasica Gorbachev), one was found predominantly in our west European samples (A. m. mellifera L. and A. m. iberica Goetze). Significant associations were found between the AluI and HinfI sub -alleles, reinforcing their subspecies group specificity. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Systematics-and -Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-; Apis-mellifera-caucasica (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-; Apis-mellifera-iberica (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-; Apis-mellifera-ligustica (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-; Apis-mellifera-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-; Apis-mellifera-scutellata (Hymenoptera-): Apidae- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA-; genetic-loci; restriction-fragment-length-polymorphisms [RFLPs] GE Geopolitical Location: Africa- (Ethiopian-region, Palearctic-region); Europe- (Palearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: PCR- [polymerase-chain-reaction]: DNA-amplification-method; Southern-blot: genetic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: allele-frequencies AN Accession Number: 200200256381 UD Update Code: 20020820 Record 200 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The control of Varroa destructor using oxalic acid. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gregorc-A {a}; Planinc-I AD Author Address: {a} Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbiceva 60, 100, Ljubljana; E-Mail: ales.gregorc@vf.uni-lj.si, Slovenia SO Source: Veterinary-Journal. [print] May, 2002; 163 (3): 306-310. URLJ Journal URL: http://intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/tvjl/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1090-0233 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Twenty-four honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies were used to monitor the efficacy of a solution of 2.9% oxalic acid (OA) and 31.9% sugar against the mite Varroa destructor. Mite mortality was established prior to and after OA treatments, which were conducted in August and September. The treatments resulted in 37% mite mortality as opposed to 1.11% in the controls. OA treatment conducted in September on previously untreated colonies resulted in 25% mite mortality. OA treatments in October and November resulted in approximately 97% mite mortality. These results suggest that OA is effective during the broodless period and less effective when applied to colonies with capped broods. The possible use of OA against the Varroa mite in honeybee colonies as an alternative to routine chemical treatments is discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-destructor [mite-] (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxalic-acid: acaricide-; sugar- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 144-62-7: OXALIC ACID; 57-50-1: SUGAR MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mite-mortality AN Accession Number: 200200253869 UD Update Code: 20020820 Record 201 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Differential parallel processing of olfactory information in the honeybee, Apis mellifera L. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mueller-D {a}; Abel-R; Brandt-R; Zoeckler-M; Menzel-R AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Biologie-Neurobiologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 28-30, 14195, Berlin; E-Mail: mmdmueller@gmx.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] June, 2002; 188 (5): 359-370. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Two distinct neuronal pathways connect the first olfactory neuropil, the antennal lobe, with higher integration areas, such as the mushroom bodies, via antennal lobe projection neurons. Intracellular recordings were used to address the question whether neuroanatomical features affect odor -coding properties. We found that neurons in the median antennocerebral tract code odors by latency differences or specific inhibitory phases in combination with excitatory phases, have a more specific activity profile for different odors and convey the information with a delay. The neurons of the lateral antennocerebral tract code odors by spike rate differences, have a broader activity profile for different odors, and convey the information quickly. Thus, rather preliminary information about the olfactory stimulus first reaches the mushroom bodies and the lateral horn via neurons of the lateral antennocerebral tract and subsequently odor information becomes more specified by activities of neurons of the median antennocerebral tract. We conclude that this neuroanatomical feature is not related to the distinction between different odors, but rather reflects a dual coding of the same odor stimuli by two different neuronal strategies focusing different properties of the same stimulus. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe: nervous-system; antennal-lobe-projection-neurons: nervous -system; median-antennocerebral-tract: nervous-system; mushroom-bodies: nervous-system; olfactory-neuropil: nervous-system, sensory-system MQ Methods and Equipment: intracellular-recording: analytical-method, cytological-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: differential-parallel-processing; electrophysiology-; odor-coding; odor -coding-properties; olfaction-; olfactory-information; spatial-temporal -coding AN Accession Number: 200200253161 UD Update Code: 20020820 Record 202 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The role of colony organization on pathogen transmission in social insects. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Naug-Dhruba {a}; Camazine-Scott AD Author Address: {a} Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210; E-Mail: naug.1@osu.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Theoretical-Biology. [print] 21 April, 2002; 215 (4): 427-439. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.academicpress.com/jtb PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-5193 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Social organisms are especially vulnerable to pathogens due to the homogeneity of the colony, and the close proximity and extensive interactions among its members. However, the social organization of these groups also offers the potential to provide an effective barrier against the transmission of pathogens within the colony. Social insects with their elaborate colony organizations provide an ideal model system to develop and test this hypothesis. While the different elements of colony organization are generally assumed to be products of ergonomic selection, in this paper we address how the same elements could influence the transmission of pathogens. By developing a simple model, we explore how three parameters of colony organization, division of labor, interaction network and colony demography could influence the transmission of pathogens. We find that heterogeneity among individuals in terms of division of labor alone has little effect on the spread of an infection in the colony and the scenario is indistinguishable from one in which all the individuals are homogeneous. However, division of labor, combined with heterogeneity in the interaction network and demographic schedules reduce the spread of an infection. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Infection-; Models-and-Simulations (Computational-Biology) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Insecta-: Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): social-organism; insect- (Insecta-): social -organism TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- DS Diseases: infection-: infectious-disease, transmission- MQ Methods and Equipment: colony-organization-model: mathematical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colon-demography; colony-organization; division-of-labor; interaction -network; pathogen-transmission; social-organization ALT Alternate Indexing: Infection-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200200247884 UD Update Code: 20020820 Record 203 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Laboratory bioassays to assess the pathogenicity of mitosporic fungi to Varroa destructor (Acari: Mesostigmata), an ectoparasitic mite of the honeybee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Shaw-Katie-E; Davidson-Gillian; Clark-Suzanne-J; Ball-Brenda-V {a}; Pell -Judith-K; Chandler-David; Sunderland-Keith-D AD Author Address: {a} Plant and Invertebrate Ecology Division, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ; E-Mail: brenda.ball@bbsrc.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Biological-Control. [print] July, 2002; 24 (3): 266-276. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.academicpress.com/biocon PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1049-9644 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A laboratory bioassay was developed to measure the pathogenicities of isolates of mitosporic fungi to Varroa destructor, an ectoparasite of the European honeybee, Apis mellifera. Forty isolates of entomopathogenic fungi were assessed against V. destructor in a single-dose experiment (conidial concentration 1X108 ml-1) at 25degreeC and 100% RH. The fungal species were Verticillium lecanii (nine isolates), Hirsutella spp. (16 isolates), Paecilomyces spp. (three isolates), Beauveria bassiana (four isolates), Metarhizium spp. (six isolates), and Tolypocladium spp. (two isolates). All isolates could infect and kill V. destructor and 26 caused mean times to death of less than 100 h. Control (Tween-treated) mortality was 5% at 7 days post-treatment. Nineteen isolates were also examined for side effects against bees. Caged bees sprayed with conidial suspensions (1X108 ml-1) of seven of these isolates died within 14 days. However, not all mortality could be attributed to fungal infection as confirmed by sporulation; the mortality of control bees was 27%. Nine isolates were selected for further examination against V. destructor at 30degreeC and 40% RH to simulate the conditions in bee colonies. Of these, three isolates of M. anisopliae, one of V. lecanii, and one of B. bassiana killed 100% of V. destructor within 7 days at a conidial concentration of 1X108 ml-1. One isolate of M. anisopliae also killed 97% of V. destructor within 7 days at a conidial concentration of 1X106 ml-1. These results indicate that entomopathogenic fungi have potential as microbial control agents of V. destructor in honeybee colonies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Fungi -Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Beauveria -bassiana (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): biological-control-agent; Hirsutella-spp. (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): biological-control -agent; Metarhizium-spp. (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): biological -control-agent; Paecilomyces-spp. (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): biological-control-agent; Tolypocladium-spp. (Fungi-Imperfecti-or -Deuteromycetes): biological-control-agent; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite-, pest-; Verticillium-lecanii (Fungi-Imperfecti-or -Deuteromycetes): biological-control-agent TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: microbial-control; pathogenicity-; sporulation- AN Accession Number: 200200246522 UD Update Code: 20020820 Record 204 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Sociogenomics takes flight. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Robinson-Gene-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801; E-Mail: generobi@uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Science-Washington-D-C. [print] 12 July, 2002; 297 (5579): 204-205. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/current/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0036-8075 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: genome- NC Institutions and Organizations: NIH's-National-Human-Genome-Research-Institute MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: caste-determination; gene-expression AN Accession Number: 200200244470 UD Update Code: 20020820 Record 205 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Cloning of a novel phospholipase A2 from the cnidarian Adamsia carciniopados. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Talvinen-Kati-A; Nevalainen-Timo-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN -20520, Turku; E-Mail: timo.nevalainen@utu.fi, Finland SO Source: Comparative-Biochemistry-and-Physiology-Part-B-Biochemistry-and-Molecular -Biology. [print] July, 2002; 132B (3): 571-578. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/cbpb PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1096-4959 LA Language: English AB Abstract: PLA2 catalytic activity was detected in homogenised tissues, including tentacles and acontia (structures for preying and defence, respectively), of the sea anemone Adamsia carciniopados. Nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) with degenerate primers and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) were used to clone a novel phospholipase A2 from Adamsia carciniopados (AcPLA2). AcPLA2 contains a putative prepropeptide of 37 residues, ending with a basic doublet followed by a mature protein of 119 amino acids, including 12 cysteines. AcPLA2 displays only 30-42% similarity with other known secretory PLA2s (sPLA2). C -terminal extension, typical of groups II and X PLA2s, is absent. Predicted molecular weight and pI of the mature protein are 13.5 kDa and 9.1, respectively. Structural features and phylogenetic analysis set AcPLA2 apart from the known sPLA2s and define this molecule in the ancient metazoan phylum Cnidaria as a member of a new class of sPLA2s. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Methods-and -Techniques; Systematics-and-Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Asteroidea-: Echinodermata-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Cnidaria-: Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Gastropoda-: Mollusca-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Gramineae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Osteichthyes-: Pisces-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Serpentes-: Reptilia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Adamsia-carciniopados [sea-anemone] (Cnidaria-); Apis-melifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Asterina-pectinifera [starfish-] (Asteroidea-); Bitis -gabonica [gaboon-viper] (Serpentes-); Conus-magus [marine-snail] (Gastropoda-); Drosophila-melanogaster [fruit-fly] (Diptera-); Homo -sapiens [human-] (Hominidae-); Mus-musculus [mouse-] (Muridae-); Naja -naja-naja [cobra-] (Serpentes-); Oryza-sativa [rice-] (Gramineae-); Pagrus-major [bream-] (Osteichthyes-); Rattus-norvegicus [rat-] (Muridae -); Tuber-borchii [mycorrhizal-fungus] (Ascomycetes-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Echinoderms-; Fish-; Fungi -; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Microorganisms-; Mollusks -; Monocots-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants-; Primates-; Reptiles-; Rodents-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: acontia-; tentacle- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: phospholipase-A-2: catalytic-activity, cloned-, comparison-, novel-, prepropeptide-containing, secretory- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-84-7: PHOSPHOLIPASE A-2 MQ Methods and Equipment: 5'-rapid-amplification-of-cDNA-ends [RACE-]: cloning-method; nested-reverse -transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction: cloning-method, polymerase-chain -reaction; phylogenetic-tree: classification-method, taxonomic-method AN Accession Number: 200200244026 UD Update Code: 20020820 Record 206 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Self-control in honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Cheng-Ken {a}; Pena-Jennifer; Porter-Melanie-A; Irwin-Julia-D AD Author Address: {a} Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109; E -Mail: kcheng@axon.bhs.mq.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Psychonomic-Bulletin-and-Review. [print] June, 2002; 9 (2): 259-263. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1069-9384 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Self-control means choosing a large delayed reward over a small immediate reward; impulsiveness is its opposite. The metabolic hypothesis states that the amount of self-control across species correlates negatively with metabolic rate (Tobin & Logue, 1994). Foraging honeybees have high metabolic rates; the metabolic hypothesis would predict little self -control in bees. But foraging bees work for the long-term good of their hive, conditions that seem to require self-control. In three experiments, we gave bees the choice between (1) a sweeter delayed reward and a less sweet immediate reward and (2) a large delayed reward and a small immediate reward. Bees showed much self-control, inconsistent with the metabolic hypothesis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: delayed-reward; immediate-reward; metabolic-rate; self-control; solution -sweetness AN Accession Number: 200200242261 UD Update Code: 20020820 Record 207 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Importancia de Apis mellifera L. en la producccion de Cucurbita maxima Duch. (Zapallito de tronco). [Implication of Apis mellifera L. in the production of Cucurbita maxima Duch.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Passarelli-L-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Catedra de Palinologia. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900, La Plata; E-Mail: lilipa@mailcity.com, Argentina SO Source: Investigacion-Agraria-Produccion-y-Proteccion-Vegetales. [print] Abril, 2002; 17 (1): 5-13. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0213-5000 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English AB Abstract: The implication of Apis mellifera in the production of Cucurbita maxima in both cropping systems, plants under cover, excluding any insect visit, and plants with free pollination allowed, were studied. Differences between treatments were observed. Plants which received Apis mellifera visits produced more fruits, of higher weight and with a higher number of seeds. The influence of floral attractiveness and the number of flowers per plant were taken into account in visits frequency. Pollen/ovule ratios defines C. maxima as facultatively xenogamous. Results indicate that a controlled pollination has a high production and a better fruit quality. Considering that the natural pollinators of Cucurbita, Xenoglossa and Peponapis are distributed in a reduced area of America, the honey bee seems to be the best option in places where these pollinators are not present. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Cucurbitaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Cucurbita-maxima (Cucurbitaceae-): vegetable-crop; Peponapis- (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Xenoglossa- (Hymenoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: crop-production AN Accession Number: 200200241371 UD Update Code: 20020820 Record 208 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The regulatory anatomy of honeybee lifespan. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Amdam-Gro-Vang; Omholt-Stig-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, 1432, P.O. Box 5025, Aas; E-Mail: stig.omholt@ihf.nlh.no, Norway SO Source: Journal-of-Theoretical-Biology. [print] 21 May, 2002; 216 (2): 209-228. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.academicpress.com/jtb PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-5193 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honeybee workers (Apis mellifera) may be classified as either short-lived summer bees or long-lived winter bees in temperate zones. The protein status appears to be a major determinant of honeybee lifespan, and the lipoprotein vitellogenin seems to play a crucial role. Here, we give a review of the vitellogenin in honeybee workers, and present a data-driven mathematical model describing the dynamics of this representative protein in the individual bee as a function of its task profile under various regimes. The results support the hypothesis that vitellogenin is a true storage protein that is utilized for various metabolic purposes including the synthesis of brood food. Except for workers having been foragers for many days, they also suggest that the previous life histories of workers do not constrain them from becoming winter bees as long as they get ample food and time to build up their protein reserves before wintering. The results also indicate that it may not be necessary to introduce the ovary as a storage organ for vitellogenin in order to generate normal winter bees. The insights gained from these results are then discussed in a broader gerontological and life history context. Remarkably similar features concerning regulation of ageing in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and honeybees are pointed out and discussed. Furthermore, we show that in contrast to the "mutation accumulation" and the "antagonistic pleiotropy" evolutionary theories of ageing, the "disposable soma" theory is capable of explaining the bimodal longevity distribution of honeybees when interpreted in a group selection context. Finally, by showing that depletion of nutrient stores can be actively controlled by pathways connected to regulation of ageing, we strengthen the claim that age-based division of labour, with performance of risky tasks delayed until late in life by workers with depleted nutrient stores, may have evolved as an energy-saving mechanism in insect colonies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Aging-; Behavior-; Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Evolution-and -Adaptation; Models-and-Simulations (Computational-Biology) ST Super Taxa: Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Nematoda-: Aschelminthes -, Helminthes-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): worker-; Caenorhabditis-elegans (Nematoda-); Drosophila-melanogaster (Diptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Aschelminths-; Helminths-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovary-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: brood-food: accumulation-, nutrient-; nutrient-: stores-; protein-; vitellogenin-: storage-protein MQ Methods and Equipment: data-driven-mathematical-model: characterization-method, mathematical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-based-division-of-labor: evolution-; antagonistic-pleiotropy-aging -theory; disposable-soma-theory; lifespan-regulatory-anatomy; mutation -accumulation-aging-theory; risky-task-performance AN Accession Number: 200200240994 UD Update Code: 20020820 Record 209 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Enhanced pepsin digestion: A novel process for purifying antibody F(ab')2 fragments in high yield from serum. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Jones-R-G-A {a}; Landon-J AD Author Address: {a} Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 48-53 Bartholomew Close, London, EC1A 7BE; E-Mail: r.g.jones@qmul.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Journal-of-Immunological-Methods. [print] 1 May, 2002; 263 (1-2): 57-74. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jim PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1759 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Enzyme-cleaved antibodies are used widely for the treatment of envenoming. Such products should comprise only 'highly pure' immunoglobulin fragments since Fc or other contaminating protein fragments or their aggregates may lead to side effects. The digestion of ovine antiserum and its purified IgG were investigated using pepsin and trypsin. Trypsin was effective at digesting purified IgG but unsuitable for the direct digestion of serum. In contrast, pepsin was highly effective at digesting all unwanted serum components to low molecular weight (ltoreq 13 kDa) fragments while leaving the apprx 100-kDa F(ab')2 intact. The optimum pH for pepsin digestion was between 3.25 and 3.50. The effects of salt concentration and pH on the digestion products were investigated by size exclusion chromatography under various conditions, which revealed a pH-dependent aggregation of some of the low molecular weight Fc and non-IgG fragments. These high molecular weight aggregates were not shown by SDS-PAGE. Unwanted low molecular weight fragments could be removed simply by diafiltration with a 30-kDa nominal molecular weight cutoff membrane and piperazine buffer (containing 150 mM NaCl, pH 6), leaving an F(ab')2 solution contaminated only with some pepsin and a small amount of the aggregated low molecular weight fragments. These highly acidic contaminants were then removed easily using an anion exchanged column and the F(ab')2 produced following a subsequent concentration step was essentially free from pepsin and aggregates with a purity of over 96% and a yield of 19.3 g F(ab')2/l serum. This novel, high yield method for processing serum to highly pure F(ab')2 avoids salt precipitation and centrifugation and should be suitable for large-scale production. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis); Methods-and-Techniques; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Bovidae-: Artiodactyla-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pest-; sheep- (Bovidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Artiodactyls-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: serum-: blood-and-lymphatics CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: IgG- [immunoglobulin-G]; antibody-fragment; antiserum-; pepsin-; sodium -chloride; trypsin-; venom-: toxin- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-75-6: PEPSIN; 7647-14-5: SODIUM CHLORIDE; 9002-07-7: TRYPSIN MQ Methods and Equipment: BioRad-Mini-Protean-II-system: Bio-Rad, laboratory-equipment; FPLC-system: laboratory-equipment; Mono-Q-HR-anion-exchange-column: laboratory -equipment; SDS-PAGE [SDS-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis]: Electrophoretic-Techniques, detection-method; Superose-12-HR-column: laboratory-equipment; Superose-6-HR-column: laboratory-equipment; XK26 -column: Pharmacia-, laboratory-equipment; antibody-fragment-purification: Extraction-, Isolation-, Purification-and-Separation-Techniques, purification-method; enhanced-pepsin-digestion: Molecular-Biology -Techniques-and-Chemical-Characterization, biochemical-method; size -exclusion-chromatography: Chromatographic-Techniques, detection-method, liquid-chromatography; trypsin-digestion: Molecular-Biology-Techniques-and -Chemical-Characterization, biochemical-method AN Accession Number: 200200235157 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 210 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Recombinant Hymenoptera venom allergens. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Muller-U-R {a} AD Author Address: {a} Medical Division, Spital Bern Ziegler, Morillonstrasse 75-91, CH-3007, Bern, Switzerland SO Source: Allergy-Copenhagen. [print] July, 2002; 57 (7): 570-576. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwellmunksgaard.com/allergy PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0105-4538 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Pharmacology- ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Dolichovespula-maculata (Hymenoptera-); Polistes-annularis (Hymenoptera-); Solenopsis-invicta [fire-ant] (Hymenoptera-); Vespula-vulgaris (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-): patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: recombinant-Hymenoptera-venom-allergens DS Diseases: Hymenoptera-venom-allergy: diagnosis-, immune-system-disease, therapy-; bee -venom-allergy: diagnosis-, immune-system-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: immunotherapy-: therapeutic-method AN Accession Number: 200200232771 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 211 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Expression of recombinant proteinase 3, the autoantigen in Wegener's granulomatosis, in insect cells. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: van-der-Geld-Y-M; Smook-M-L-F; Huitema-M-G; Harmsen-M-C; Limburg-P-C; Kallenberg-C-G-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen; E-Mail: Y.van.der.geld@path.azg.nl, Netherlands SO Source: Journal-of-Immunological-Methods. [print] 1 June, 2002; 264 (1-2): 195-205. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jim PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1759 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Proteinase 3 (PR3) is the major autoantigen for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Little is known about the major antigenic sites on PR3. To facilitate epitope mapping, PR3 was cloned in insect cells using a baculovirus expression system. Four different sequences of the PR3 cDNA were amplified by PCR: two clones containing the pro-peptide of PR3 with or without a His-tag (rproPR3-his and rproPR3, respectively) and two clones without the pro -peptide and with or without a His-tag (rPR3-his and rPR3, respectively). The PR3 sequences were cloned behind the polyhedrin promoter and the honeybee melittin signal peptide enabling secretion of rPR3. Plasmids were transposed into the genome of baculovirus, and wild types as well as PR3 -containing virus genomes were transfected into Sf21 insect cells. All four rPR3 variants were secreted into the medium and were recognized by anti-neutrophil PR3 rabbit serum and by at least two anti-PR3 monoclonal antibodies. Mature forms of PR3 were recognized by almost all patient sera, whereas the pro-forms of PR3 were recognized by 14 of 18 PR3-ANCA sera tested. On SDS-PAGE, the four rPR3 forms migrated at approximately 32 kDa. RPR3-his and rproPR3-his could be purified by means of this His-tag. In conclusion, especially the mature rPR3s are well recognized by PR3-ANCA sera. The presence of a C-terminal His-tag facilitated purification of His -tagged rPR3. Thus, rPR3 expressed in insect cells can be used as a tool for diagnostic tests as well as for epitope mapping studies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Clinical-Immunology (Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: human- (Hominidae-): patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Chordates-; Humans-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: antineutrophil-cytoplasmic-antibodies [ANCA-]; recombinant-proteinase-3: Wegener's-granulomatosis-autoantigen, insect-cell-expression DS Diseases: Wegener's-granulomatosis: connective-tissue-disease, respiratory-system -disease, urologic-disease, vascular-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: ELISA-: labeling-; baculovirus-expression-system: expression-method, protein-expression-method; immobilized-metal-chelate-chromatography: Chromatographic-Techniques, purification-method ALT Alternate Indexing: Wegener's-Granulomatosis-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200200232704 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 212 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Differentiation of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the cause of American foulbrood of honeybees, by using PCR and restriction fragment analysis of genes encoding 16S rRNA. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Alippi-Adriana-M {a}; Lopez-Ana-Claudia; Aguilar-O-Mario AD Author Address: {a} Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatologia, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 60 y 118, 1900, c.c. 31, La Plata; E-Mail: alippi@biol.unlp.edu.ar, Argentina SO Source: Applied-and-Environmental-Microbiology. [print] July, 2002; 68 (7): 3655 -3660. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.journals.asm.org PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0099-2240 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A rapid procedure for the identification of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the causal agent of American foulbrood (AFB) disease of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.), based on PCR and restriction fragment analysis of the 16S rRNA genes (rDNA) is described. Eighty-six bacterial strains belonging to 39 species of the genera Paenibacillus, Bacillus, Brevibacillus, and Virgibacillus were characterized. Amplified rDNA was digested with seven restriction endonucleases. The combined data from restriction analysis enabled us to distinguish 35 profiles. Cluster analysis revealed that P. larvae subsp. larvae and Paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens formed a group with about 90% similarity; however, the P. larvae subsp. larvae restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern produced by endonuclease HaeIII was found to be unique and distinguishable among other closely related bacteria. This pattern was associated with DNA extracted directly from honeybee brood samples showing positive AFB clinical signs that yielded the restriction profile characteristic of P. larvae subsp. larvae, while no amplification product was obtained from healthy larvae. The method described here is particularly useful because of the short time required to carry it out and because it allows the differentiation of P. larvae subsp. larvae-infected larvae from all other species found in apiarian sources. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection-; Methods-and-Techniques; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Bacteria-: Microorganisms-; Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-, larva-; Paenibacillus -larvae-spp.-larvae (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): bee-pathogen, differentiation/identification-methods, pathogen-; bacteria- (Bacteria-): 39-species, 86-strains; bee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: rRNA- [ribosomal-RNA]: analysis-, gene-sequencing; restriction -endonucleases: uses- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9075-08-5: RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES MQ Methods and Equipment: polymerase-chain-reaction-techniques: analytical-method, applications-, molecular-method; restriction-fragment-analysis-technique: analytical -method, applications-, molecular-method AN Accession Number: 200200231684 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 213 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Pollination of the invasive exotic shrub Lupinus arboreus (Fabaceae) by introduced bees in Tasmania. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stout-Jane-C {a}; Kells-Andrea-R; Goulson-Dave AD Author Address: {a} Botany Department, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, 2; E -Mail: stoutj@tcd.ie, Ireland SO Source: Biological-Conservation. [print] August, 2002; 106 (3): 425-434. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-3207 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Exotic plant invasions threaten ecological communities world-wide. Some species are limited by a lack of suitable pollinators, but the introduction of exotic pollinators can facilitate rapid spread. In Tasmania, where many non-native plants are naturalised, exotic honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) have become established. We determined how these species affect the pollination of Lupinus arboreus, an invasive, nitrogen-fixing shrub, which is rarely visited by native pollinators. The proportion of flowers setting seed and the number of ovules fertilised per flower were positively related to the visitation rates of both exotic bee species. There was no effect of bee visitation rates on the proportion of seeds aborted prior to maturity, possibly due to post-fertilisation fertilisation environmental constraints. We conclude that the spread of B. terrestris may not alter the fecundity of L. arboreus because of the pollination service provided by A. mellifera, and discuss potential interactions between these two bee species. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Bombus-terrestris [bumblebee-] (Hymenoptera-); Lupinus-arboreus (Leguminosae-): exotic- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Tasmania- (Australia-, Australasian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: fecundity-; pollination-; visitation-rates AN Accession Number: 200200230521 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 214 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Cuticular volatiles, attractivity of worker larvae and invasion of brood cells by Varroa mites. A comparison of Africanized and European honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Aumeier-Pia {a}; Rosenkranz-Peter; Francke-Wittko AD Author Address: {a} Department of Developmental Biology, Zoological Institute University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076, Tuebingen; E-Mail: bieneau@uni-hohenheim.de, Germany SO Source: Chemoecology-. [print] 2002; 12 (2): 65-75. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.birkhauser.ch/journals/4900/4900_tit.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0937-7409 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Africanized honey bees (AHBs) of Brazil and Mexico have proven to be tolerant to Varroa destructor mites. In contrast, European honey bees (EHBs: Apis mellifera carnica) at the same tropical study site are highly intolerant to these ectoparasites. A lower attractiveness of Varroa -tolerant AHB larvae has been hypothesised to be an important trait in reducing the susceptibitlity of AHBs to these mites. Thus, selection for EHB brood that is less attractive to mites is thought to be one possibility for limiting mite population growth and thus increase the tolerance of EHBs to the mite. In Ribeirao Preto, Brazil, European A. m. carnica bees and AHBs were tested with respect to their rate of brood infestation and brood attractiveness to Varroa mites. For the comparison of brood infestation rates, we introduced combs with pieces of EHB and AHB brood into honey bee colonies (18 repetitions). The relative infestation rate of EHB brood was significantly higher compared to AHB brood. The preference behaviour of single Varroa mites was tested in a laboratory bioassay where either living host stages were offered or host extracts were presented on dummies. By these tests we could confirm the preference of Varroa females for certain developmental host stages and for their corresponding extracts. In contrast to the within-colony results, Varroa mites in the laboratory bioassay showed a slight preference for AHB compared to EHB larvae. The gas chromatographic analysis revealed differences in the chemical spectrum of extracts obtained from different larvae. In accord with the results of the bioassays, we could detect stage -specific odour differences in larval cuticular compounds, including methyl esters and hydrocarbons that have been described as kairomones. None of these substances, however, revealed significant race-specific differences. Therefore, the quantity and composition of certain cuticular compounds seem to be responsible only for the recognition of a suitable host stage by Varroa females. The different infestation rates in the colonies, however, seem to be caused neither by race-specific differences in attractiveness of bee larvae nor by an extended attractive period of EHB larvae: both AHB and EHB larvae become attractive approximately 21 h before capping of the brood cell, and thus have the same window of time when they can be parasitised. Therefore differential Varroa-infestation rates are not related to larval attraction but probably are determined by other race-specific and colony-related factors. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Methods-and-Techniques; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Africanized-honey-bee [AHB-] (Hymenoptera-): host-, larva-, worker-; Apis -mellifera-carnica [EHB-, European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-, larva -, worker-; Varroa-destructor [mite-] (Acarina-): ectoparasite-, female- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brood-cell: invasion-; cuticle-: integumentary-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: host-larval-cuticular-extracts: analysis-, chemical-spectrum, cuticular -volatiles; hydrocarbons-: kairomone-; methyl-esters: kairomone- GE Geopolitical Location: Ribeirao-Preto (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: Hewlett-Packard-3365-Series-II-Chemstation [HP-3365-Series-II-Chemstation]: Hewlett-Packard, laboratory-equipment; Hewlett-Packard-5890-II-gas -chromatograph [HP-5890-II-gas-chromatograph]: Hewlett-Packard, laboratory -equipment; gas-chromatography: Chromatographic-Techniques, identification -method; laboratory-bioassay: Bioassays/Physiological-Analysis, assessment -method; mass-selective-detector-MSD-5972: laboratory-equipment; nonpolar -fused-silica-DB-5-column: laboratory-equipment; plexiglass-arena: laboratory-equipment MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-attractivity; brood-infestation-rate; developmental-stage-specific -odors; preference-behavior AN Accession Number: 200200226578 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 215 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Behavioral studies of learning in the Africanized honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Abramson-Charles-I {a}; Aquino-Italo-S AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Comparative Psychology, and Behavioral Biology, Departments of Psychology and Zoology, Oklahoma State University, 215 North Murray, Stillwater, OK, 74078; E-Mail: Charles@okstate.edu, USA SO Source: Brain-Behavior-and-Evolution. [print] 2002; 59 (1-2): 68-86. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.karger.com/journals/bbe/bbe_jh.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-8977 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Experiments on basic classical conditioning phenomena in adult and young Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are described. Phenomena include conditioning to various stimuli, extinction (both unpaired and CS only), conditioned inhibition, color and odor discrimination. In addition to work on basic phenomena, experiments on practical applications of conditioning methodology are illustrated with studies demonstrating the effects of insecticides on learning and the reaction of bees to consumer products. Electron microscope photos are presented of Africanized workers, drones, and queen bees. Possible sub-species differences between Africanized and European bees are discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Africanized-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): drone-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: classical-conditioning: analytical-method; electron-microscopy: imaging -method, microscopy- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: color-discrimination; learning-; odor-discrimination AN Accession Number: 200200225808 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 216 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Preface. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bailey-Scott-A {a}; Lewis-Lawrence-B; Dicke-Bohmann-Amy-K AD Author Address: {a} Department of Psychology, Texas Lutheran University, Seguin, TX, 78155; E-Mail: sbailey@tlu.edu, USA SO Source: Brain-Behavior-and-Evolution. [print] 2002; 59 (1-2): 5-9. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.karger.com/journals/bbe/bbe_jh.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-8977 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Evolution-and-Adaptation; Nervous-System (Neural -Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Cetacea-: Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Pongidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Psittaciformes-: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: African-gray-parrot (Psittaciformes-); cetacean- (Cetacea-); chimpanzee- (Pongidae-); honeybee- (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Birds-; Cetaceans-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Primates; Nonhuman -Vertebrates; Primates-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system GE Geopolitical Location: Texas- (USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region) NC Institutions and Organizations: Texas-Lutheran-University NP Persons: Charles-Abramson: researcher-; Daniel-Povinelli: researcher-; George-Luger: researcher-; H-Lyn-Miles: researcher-; Irene-Pepperberg: researcher-; Kathleen-Gibson: researcher-; Lori-Marino: researcher- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Krost-Symposium; behavioral-research; cognitive-skill; communication-; culture-; evolution-; intelligence- AN Accession Number: 200200225803 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 217 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Successive olfactory reversal learning in honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Komischke-Bernhard; Giurfa-Martin {a}; Lachnit-Harald; Malun-Dagmar AD Author Address: {a} Ethologie et Cognition Animale, Universite Paul-Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 04; E-Mail: giurfa@cict.fr, France SO Source: Learning-and-Memory-Cold-Spring-Harbor. [print] May-June, 2002; 9 (3): 122 -129. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.learnmem.org PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1072-0502 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honeybees Apis mellifera can associate an originally neutral odor with a reinforcement of sucrose solution. Forward pairings of odor and reinforcement enable the odor to release the proboscis extension reflex in consecutive tests. Bees can also be conditioned differentially: They learn to respond to a reinforced odor and not to a nonreinforced one. They can also learn to reverse their choice. Here we ask whether honeybees can learn successive olfactory differential conditioning tasks involving different overlapping pairs of odors. The conditioning schedules were established in order to train the animals with 3, 2, 1, or 0 reversals previous to a last differential conditioning phase in which two additional reversals were present. We studied whether or not successive reversal learning is possible and whether or not learning olfactory discrimination reversals affects the solving of subsequent discrimination reversals. Therefore we compared the responses of bees that had experienced reversals with those of bees that had not experienced such reversals when both are confronted with a new reversal situation. In experiment 1 we showed that bees that had experienced three previous reversals were better in solving the final reversal task than bees with no previous reversal experience. In experiment 2, we showed that one reversal learning is enough for bees to perform better in the final reversal task. The successive different reversals trained in our experiments resemble the natural foraging situation in which a honeybee forager has to switch successively from an initial floral species to different ones. The fact that experiencing such changes seems to improve a bee's performance in dealing with further new exploited food sources has therefore an adaptive impact for the individual and for the colony as a whole. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: proboscis-: dental-and-oral-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sucrose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUCROSE MQ Methods and Equipment: differential-conditioning: psychiatric-method; reinforcement-: psychiatric -method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: food-sources; odor-; olfactory-discrimination-reversals; proboscis -extension-reflex; reversal-learning; successive-olfactory-reversal -learning; successive-reversal-learning AN Accession Number: 200200225616 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 218 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The effect of similarity between elemental stimuli and compounds in olfactory patterning discriminations. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Deisig-Nina; Lachnit-Harald {a}; Giurfa-Martin AD Author Address: {a} Department of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, D-35032, Marburg; E-Mail: Lachnit@mailer.uni-marburg.de, Germany SO Source: Learning-and-Memory-Cold-Spring-Harbor. [print] May-June, 2002; 9 (3): 112 -121. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.learnmem.org PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1072-0502 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We studied the ability of honeybees to discriminate between single odorants and binary olfactory mixtures. We analyzed the effect of the number of common elements between these two stimulus classes on olfactory discrimination. We used olfactory conditioning of the honeybees' proboscis extension reflex (PER), a paradigm in which odors can be associated with a reinforcement of sucrose solution. Bees were asked to discriminate reinforced from nonreinforced olfactory stimuli. They were trained with two elemental odors (A and B) versus a binary olfactory mixture. The mixture was either AB (group 2CE, two common elements), AC (group 1CE, one common element A), or CD (group 0CE, no common element). Three groups followed a positive patterning schedule (mixture reinforced and elements nonreinforced: groups 2CE+, 1CE+, and 0CE+) and three other groups a negative patterning schedule (mixture nonreinforced and elements reinforced: groups 2CE-, 1CE-, and 0CE-). We showed that a reduction of similarity (number of common elements) between elemental odors and compounds enhanced the ability to discriminate elements from compounds and that the kind of compound processing used by the bees supports theories that assume nonelemental compound processing (i.e., that exclude the mere summation of the elemental associative strengths upon compound presentation). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: compounds-; sucrose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 152-58-9: COMPOUNDS; 57-50-1: SUCROSE MQ Methods and Equipment: olfactory-conditioning: psychiatric-method; reinforcement-: psychiatric -method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: binary-olfactory-mixtures; compound-processing; elemental-stimuli; negative -patterning-schedule; olfactory-patterning-discriminations; olfactory -stimuli; positive-patterning-schedule; proboscis-extension-reflex; single -odorants AN Accession Number: 200200225615 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 219 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Cotton pollination by honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Rhodes-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} NSW Agriculture, RMB 944, Tamworth, NSW, 2340; E-Mail: john.rhodes@agric.nsw.gov.au, Australia SO Source: Australian-Journal-of-Experimental-Agriculture. [print] 2002; 42 (4): 513 -518. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.publish.csiro.au/journals/ajea PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0816-1089 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In a field trial, significant increases for the total number of bolls harvested (11.1%), total mass of bolls (16.5%), total lint mass (15.8%), total seed mass (19.7%) and total number of seeds per sample (16.5%) were obtained from plots receiving the highest number of bee visits compared with plots receiving the lowest number of bee visits. Lint-quality examinations resulted in a significant improvement for micronaire and fineness with increased bee visits. Non-significant increases were obtained for the mass of 100 seeds (3.8%), average single seed weight (3.9%), average number of seeds per boll (4.7%) and average weight of lint per boll (5.0%). Caged plots with honey bees had significantly greater total boll mass; total seed mass; and average single-seed weight than caged plots without honey bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Malvaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Gossypium-hirsutum [cotton-] (Malvaceae-): cultivar-Siokra-V-16, fiber-crop, oil-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: lint-quality: fineness-, micronaire-; seed-production AN Accession Number: 200200224828 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 220 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Molecular diagnosis of chronic bee paralysis virus infection. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ribiere-Magali {a}; Triboulot-Carole; Mathieu-Laetitia; Aurieres-Clement; Faucon-Jean-Paul; Pepin-Michel AD Author Address: {a} Unite Abeille, AFSSA Sophia Antipolis, 06902, BP 111, Sophia Antipolis; E-Mail: m.ribiere@sophia.afssa.fr, France SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2002; 33 (3): 339-351. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A new RT-PCR test was developed for the diagnosis of chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) infection. Used in parallel with an experimental infection test, the RT-PCR test was less fastidious and allowed the detection of latent CBPV infection in colonies. The new test is based on the fact that clinical CBPV infections (but not latent infections) yield a high viral antigen load that can be easily revealed using the agarose gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test. The combination of the AGID and the RT-PCR tests allowed us to characterise the CBPV status of hives from various apiaries in France as non infected, latently infected or clinically infected. The RT-PCR test proved highly sensitive for detecting inapparent infections. It may be a useful tool for studying the epidemiology of the disease. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Epidemiology- (Population-Studies); Infection- ST Super Taxa: Animal-Viruses: Viruses-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species, host-; chronic-bee-paralysis-virus (Animal-Viruses): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animal-Viruses; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Viruses- DS Diseases: chronic-bee-paralysis-virus-infection: viral-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: agarose-gel-immunodiffusion-test: analytical-method; reverse-transcriptase -polymerase-chain-reaction: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: viral-antigen-load AN Accession Number: 200200222724 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 221 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Records and notes on some aculeate Hymenoptera (Apoidea, Vespidae, Pompilidae) of Mali, West Africa. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Rathjen-Hilmar {a} AD Author Address: {a} Itzehoer Weg 4, D-20251, Hamburg, Germany SO Source: Bonner-Zoologische-Beitraege. [print] Dezember, 2001; 50 (1-2): 79-87. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-7172 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Investigations at different sites in the southern parts of Mali (West Africa) revealed the presence of 26 species of Apoidea, 3 of Pompilidae and 10 of Vespidae. Most of the specimens were collected near human settlements. Watering places and gardens showed a high attraction to bees and wasps during the dry season. Until now, only Apis mellifera ssp. adansonii and Anthidium (Icteranthidium) ferrugineum ssp. discoidale were recorded in Mali. Apis mellifera ssp. adansonii is threatened by human activities. But man-made environmental changes seem to produce effects on the composition of many other aculeate Hymenoptera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biogeography- (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Anthidium-ferrugineum-discoidale (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-adansonii (Hymenoptera-); Apoidea- (Hymenoptera-); Pompilidae- (Hymenoptera-); Vespidae- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Mali- (Africa-, Ethiopian-region) AN Accession Number: 200200222647 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 222 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The effect of whole bee venom on arthritis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kang-Seong-Soo; Pak-Sok-Cheon; Choi-Seok-Hwa {a} AD Author Address: {a} College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 48 Gaeshin-dong Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763; E-Mail: shchoi@cbucc.chungbuk.ac.kr, South Korea SO Source: American-Journal-of-Chinese-Medicine. [print] 2002; 30 (1): 73-80. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0192-415X LA Language: English AB Abstract: This study was performed to assess the clincotherapeutic effect of whole venom of honeybee (Apis mellifera) in adjuvant-induced arthritic rat. Ninety Sprague-Dawley male rats were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Adjuvant arthritis was produced by a single subcutaneous injection of 1 mg Mycobacterium butyricum suspended in 0.1 ml paraffin oil into the right hind paw. Righting reflex was uniformly lost and considered to be the point of arthritis development on day 14 after CFA injection. The experiments were divided into three groups. When arthritis was developed in the rat, tested groups were administered with prednisolone (10 mg/kg, p.o.) or honeybee venom (one bee, s.c.) every other day for another 14 days. Control group was injected with 0.1 ml of physiological saline solution subcutaneously. Clinical and hematological values with histopathological findings were observed during the drug administration. In treatment groups, the development of inflammatory edema and polyarthritis was suppressed. No significant differences of hind paw edema volume and lameness score between prednisolone and honeybee venom groups were observed during treatment. White blood cell counts of control group showed leucocytosis that was significantly different from the two treatment groups (p<0.01). Erosions of articular cartilage and inflammatory cell infiltrations into interphalangeal joint were effectively suppressed in treated groups. In conclusion, whole honeybee venom was found to suppress arthritic inflammation in the rat. This may be an alternative treatment of arthritic agony in humans. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Mycobacteriaceae -: Mycobacteria-, Actinomycetes-and-Related-Organisms, Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms- OR Organisms: Apis-melilfera [Honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Mycobacterium-butyricum (Mycobacteriaceae-); Sprague-Dawley-rat (Muridae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Chordates-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Microorganisms-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman -Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: white-blood-cell: blood-and-lymphatics, immune-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: complete-Freund's-adjuvant; prednisolone-; whole-bee-venom: antiarthritic -drug, immunologic-drug DS Diseases: arthritis-: joint-disease; inflammatory-edema: disease-miscellaneous; leukocytosis-: blood-and-lymphatic-disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: righting-reflex ALT Alternate Indexing: Arthritis-(MeSH); Leukocytosis-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200200222001 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 223 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Field testing of honeybee-dispersed Trichoderma spp. to manage sunflower head rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Escande-A-R {a}; Laich-F-S; Pedraza-M-V AD Author Address: {a} Department of Agronomy, Unidad Integrada INTA, University of Mar del Plata (UIB), CC 276, 7620, Balcarce; E-Mail: aescande@mdp.edu.ar, Argentina SO Source: Plant-Pathology-Oxford. [print] June, 2002; 51 (3): 346-351. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell -science.com/~cgilib/jnlpage.asp?Journal=ppath&File=ppath PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0032-0862 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Efficacy of Trichoderma spp. to reduce sunflower head rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was evaluated in the field. A mixture of six isolates, including Trichoderma koningii, T. aureoviride and T. longibrachiatum, was tested in five field trials at Balcarce, Argentina. Trichoderma formulation (TF) included Trichoderma conidia and viable hyphal fragments, industrial talc and milled corn kernels. Honeybees (Apis mellifera) were used to disperse TF for six weeks from the onset of flowering. Two days after the first TF delivery, sunflower heads were inoculated with S. sclerotiorum ascospores. When 100 g TF was taken by honeybees in a 10-h per day period, head rot incidence was significantly reduced. This approach was successful in reducing disease incidence until physiological maturity of the crop, in environments highly conducive to head-rot development. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology; Infection-; Pest-Assessment -Control-and-Management; Vector-Biology ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): biocontrol-vector; Sclerotinia -sclerotiorum (Ascomycetes-): phytopathogen-; Trichoderma-spp. (Fungi -Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): biocontrol-agent; sunflower- (Compositae -): host-, oilseed-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Balcarce- (Argentina-, South-America, Neotropical-region) DS Diseases: sunflower-head-rot: fungal-disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biological-control; disease-incidence; phytopathology-; spore-dissemination AN Accession Number: 200200220465 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 224 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Honeybee heads weigh less in winter than in summer: A possible explanation. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Meyer-Rochow-Victor-Benno {a}; Vakkuri-Olli AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Engineering and Science, International University Bremen (IUB), Campus-Ring 1, D-28759, Bremen, Germany SO Source: Ethology-Ecology-and-Evolution. [print] April, 2002; 14 (1): 69-71. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0394-9370 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Sciuridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Sciurus-carolinensis (Sciuridae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system; head- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: neurogenesis- AN Accession Number: 200200219651 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 225 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: An autopsy approach to bee sting-related deaths. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Riches-Karen-J {a}; Gillis-David; James-Ross-A AD Author Address: {a} Forensic Science Centre, 21 Divett Place, Adelaide, SA, 5000; E-Mail: karen.riches@imvs.sa.gov.au, Australia SO Source: Pathology-. [print] June, 2002; 34 (3): 257-262. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0031-3025 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Although severe reactions to the sting of the common honey bee (Apis mellifera) are a common problem in Australia, reported deaths are uncommon, with the estimated mortality varying from one to four persons each year. The following study presents the postmortem findings in three cases of bee sting fatality, including one in which no observable sting was found. An autopsy approach to such cases is detailed. Over-reporting of bee sting-related deaths may occur due to the inclusion of deaths unrelated to a reaction to bee venom, while under-reporting may be due to unexplained deaths where a history of a bee sting is not available or apparent at autopsy. A classification of bee sting-related deaths is proposed, which would allow more accurate reporting of bee sting-related fatalies. A serum tryptase and specific IgE to bee venom on serum obtained at autopsy can assist in confirming anaphylactic reaction to bee venom as the cause of death, particularly in the absence of observable stings. Although there are limitations to the usefulness of serum tryptase tests in the postmortem situation, it may still be useful to confirm suspected anaphylaxis in autopsy cases with an undetermined cause of death. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Forensics- ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: IgE- [immunoglobulin-E]; bee-venom: toxin-; tryptase- DS Diseases: bee-sting-anaphylaxis: immune-system-disease, mortality- MQ Methods and Equipment: autopsy-: diagnostic-method AN Accession Number: 200200214618 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 226 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Sexing of newly hatched live larvae of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, allows the recognition of diploid drones. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Santomauro-Giulia; Engels-Wolf {a} AD Author Address: {a} Zoologisches Institut, LS Entwicklungsphysiologie, Universitaet Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tuebingen; E-Mail: wolf.engels@uni-tuebingen.de, Germany SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2002; 33 (3): 283-288. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In the honey bee, it is difficult to recognise the sex in first instar larvae. As workers and haploid drones develop in differently sized brood cells, they can be discriminated without sex inspection. However, because diploid drone larvae originate from fertilised eggs like workers, they hatch in brood cells of the same type and cannot be sampled according to cell size. In search of a reliable method of sexing live first instar larvae, we found that the contour and size proportions of the epiproct can be used for discrimination. The sex diagnosis based on these characters is carried out rapidly under a stereo microscope and allows the collection of pure samples of newly hatched diploid drone larvae from brood combs of inbred colonies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): female-, larva-, male- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-cells; cell-size; diploid-drones; sex-diagnosis AN Accession Number: 200200213843 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 227 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Varroa destructor infestation impact on Apis mellifera carnica capped worker brood production, bee population and honey storage in a Mediterranean climate. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Murilhas-Antonio-Manuel {a} AD Author Address: {a} Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias Mediterranicas, Universidade de Evora, 7000, Evora; E-Mail: murilhas@uevora.pt, Portugal SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2002; 33 (3): 271-281. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: This study investigated the impact of Varroa destructor infestation on the amount of capped worker brood, the adult bee population and honey production of authenticated Apis mellifera carnica colonies kept in a Mediterranean climate. For this purpose, colonies were set-up and either maintained mite-free or artificially mite-infested and allowed to develop an infestation. Periodical evaluations of those colonies unravelled the pattern of the previously mentioned variables across the season, and allowed for comparative numerical analyses. Progressive reductions on the amount of capped worker brood, bee population and honey storage in mite -infested colonies only became increasingly evident during spring and summer, apparently associated with impressive mite population increases. By the end of the experiment, mite-infested colonies showed a unitary average reduction of 45% in the amount of capped honey they stored, meaning an average annual loss of apprxeq 24 kg of honey per colony. However, the amount of capped honey stored per bee and day was found to be independent from colony V. destructor status, indicating a lack of direct effect of mite infestation on honey hoarding behaviour. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Varroa -destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Mediterranean-climate; honey-hoarding-behavior; honey-storage; worker-brood -production AN Accession Number: 200200213842 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 228 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Critical temperatures for survival of brood and adult workers of the giant honeybee, Apis dorsata (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mardan-Makhdzir; Kevan-Peter-G {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1; E-Mail: pkevan@UOGUELPH.CA, Canada SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2002; 33 (3): 295-301. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Capped brood (capped within 36 h) and adult workers of Apis dorsata were removed from naturally occurring colonies and kept incubated in laboratory hoarding cages at constant temperatures ranging from 26 to 45 degreeC to study mortality, survivorship, and water and syrup consumption. Capped brood died at temperatures above 36 degreeC. Below 30 degreeC adults tended to emerge deformed. Low temperatures delayed development. The optimal temperature for complete emergence of healthy adult workers was 34 degreeC. Adult workers survived well from about 26 to 36 degreeC. At 38 degreeC they died within 5 days and at 45 degreeC they died within 48 hours. Although syrup (1 sugar: 1 water W/W) consumption did not change over the range of temperatures used, water consumption rose rapidly above 38 degreeC to over 3 ml/bee in 48 hours at 45 degreeC. Nest temperature control is critical for survival of brood of A. dorsata and adult worker bees have tight constraints on their abilities to endure high temperatures. Water availability is vital for cooling the colony under hot, tropical conditions, and rearing healthy brood. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-dorsata [giant-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: critical-temperature; mortality-; survival-; syrup-consumption; thermoregulation-; water-consumption AN Accession Number: 200200212703 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 229 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Identification of honeybee peptide active against Paenibacillus larvae larvae through bacterial growth-inhibition assay on polyacrylamide gel. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bachanova-Katarina; Klaudiny-Jaroslav {a}; Kopernicky-Jan; Simuth-Jozef AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84238, Bratislava; E-Mail: chemjakl@savba.sk, Slovakia SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2002; 33 (3): 259-269. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The inhibition bands showing activity against Gram-positive bacteria were detected by analyses of acidic extracts of honeybee heads, thoraxes, and royal jellies (RJs) using a bacterial growth-inhibition assay on polyacrylamide gel. The presence of antibacterial peptide royalism and another unknown peptide was found in two detected RJ inhibition bands by N -terminal sequencing. The data suggested that royalisin was the peptide responsible for the activity against Paenibacillus larvae larvae and other tested Gram-positive bacteria. The analyses of RJs collected from individual colonies at two apiaries, one of which showed incidence of American foulbrood, revealed differences in the content of the antibacterial peptide. The results suggest that the differences might be associated with genetic variability between colonies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms- OR Organisms: Paenibacillus-larvae-larvae (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Microorganisms- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: head-; thorax- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: acidic-extracts; royalisin- DS Diseases: American-foulbrood: bacterial-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: bacterial-growth-inhibition-assay: bioassay-method; polyacrylamide-gel: laboratory-equipment MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: royal-jellies AN Accession Number: 200200209943 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 230 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Purification and characterization of beta-glucosidase from honey bees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pontoh-J; Low-N-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Applied Microbiology and Food Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada SO Source: Insect-Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biology. [print] June, 2002; 32 (6): 679 -690. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ibmb PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0965-1748 LA Language: English AB Abstract: beta-glucosidase has been purified from the ventriculus and honey sac of Apis mellifera using a combination of anion- and cation-exchange, hydroxyapatite and gel-permeation chromatography. In addition, beta -glucosidase from the hypopharyngeal glands has been partially purified using anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. The purified beta -glucosidase gave a positive result by glycoprotein staining. This beta -glucosidase consists of only one subunit and has Mr of 72 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. IEF-PAGE showed several bands with pIs ranging from 4.5 to 4.8. These multiform proteins have been proposed as having different degrees of glycosylation. The pH optimum of the purified beta -glucosidase from the ventriculus and honey sac are 5.0. These enzymes were stable at temperatures up to 50 degreeC and have a relatively wide pH stability range of 4.0 to 9.0. MALDI-TOF-MS peptide mass maps of purified beta-glucosidase from the ventriculus, honey sac and hypopharyngeal glands showed six matching masses. These results indicate that the beta -glucosidase isolated from the hypopharyngeal glands, honey sac and ventriculus is the same. It is proposed that beta-glucosidase is produced in the hypopharyngeal glands, secreted into the mouth during feeding and then passes to the honey sac. From the honey sac, this enzyme is transferred into honeycomb cells and the ventriculus. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: honey-sac; hypopharyngeal-glands; ventriculus-: digestive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: beta-glucosidase RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-22-3: BETA-GLUCOSIDASE MQ Methods and Equipment: anion-exchange-chromatography: analytical-method; cation-exchange -chromatography: analytical-method; hydroxyapatite-chromatography MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: pH- AN Accession Number: 200200209891 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 231 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The influence of different bee traps on undertaking behaviour of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and development of a new trap. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Illies-Ingrid {a}; Muehlen-Werner; Duecker-Gerti; Sachser-Norbert AD Author Address: {a} Aufgabengebiet Bienenkunde (Department of Apiculture and Beekeeping), Landwirtschaftskammer Westfalen-Lippe, 48143, Postfach 5980, Muenster; E -Mail: illiesi@gmx.de, Germany SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2002; 33 (3): 315-326. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In this study the efficiency of bee traps used to evaluate mortality in a bee colony and their influence on undertaking behaviour was tested in twelve colonies of Apis mellifera L. Four types of bee traps (Original -Gary-Trap, a Modified-Gary-Trap, the IPSAB-Trap and the Muenster-Trap), commonly used in practical research, were compared to each other and to control colonies without a trap. The use of different bee traps led to incomparable results. In the Original-Gary-Trap, many stray bees were trapped and eventually died within the glass collecting jars, leading to artificially high estimates of mortality. Bees removed the dead bees from the Modified-Gary-Trap, especially during good flight conditions. Dead bees disappeared from the IPSAB-Trap because of predators and wind. Both Gary-Traps had a negative effect on undertaking behaviour; the number of behavioural components involved in removing a dead bee from the colony was large and thus, undertaking took a long time. In IPSAB-Trap, the undertaker bees showed the same number of behavioural components and took similar times to remove dead bees as the control colonies without traps. The newly developed Muenster-Trap, equipped with an easily accessible hive entrance, a collecting box for dead bees and an outlet for stray bees, gave a significantly improved performance. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Equipment-, Apparatus-, Devices-and-Instrumentation ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: IPSAB-Trap: equipment-; Modified-Gary-Trap: equipment-; Muenster-Trap: equipment-; Original-Gray-Trap: equipment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: undertaking-behavior AN Accession Number: 200200209366 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 232 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Defense posture in the dwarf honeybee, Apis florea. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pirk-Christian-W-W {a}; Hepburn-Randall; Radloff-Sarah-E; Erlandsson-Johan AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, 6140, Grahamstown; E-Mail: C.Pirk@ru.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2002; 33 (3): 289-294. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The defense postures of colonies of Apis florea were analysed sequentially before and after applications of smoke as an alarm stimulus. Significant changes in body posture and orientation occur following an alerting stimulus: the bees expose their abdomens and pack more closely together on the comb. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-florea [dwarf-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: abdomen- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: body-posture; defense-posture; orientation- AN Accession Number: 200200209365 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 233 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Antennal sensilla of the queen, half-queen and worker of the Egyptian honey bee, Apis mellifera lamarckii. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Zeid-A-S-Abou {a}; Schricker-B AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Science, Aln Shams University, Cairo; E-Mail: abouzeid13@hotmail.com, Egypt SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2001; 40 (2): 53-58. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The number and distribution of the various types of antennal sensilla of queens, half-queens and workers of Apis mellifera lamarckii were examined. Sensilla placodea (SP), sensilla ampullacea (SA), sensilla coeloconica (SC), sensilla campaniformia (SCF), sensilla basiconica (SB) and sensilla trichodea (ST) (types A, B1+B2 and C+D) were observed on flagella of the three female types of bee. Queens and half-queens had similar numbers of most types of sensilla; queens had fewer SC and more ST types C+D. The numbers of SCF and SC varied most among bee types. The total number of ST type B, ST type A and SB showed greatest weights in discrimination analysis of the three types of flagella. Three well-separated groups representing the three types of flagella were obtained by using discriminant analysis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-lamarckii [Egyptian-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial -species, half-queen, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-sensilla; sensilla-ampullacea: sensory-system; sensilla -basiconica: sensory-system; sensilla-campaniformia: sensory-system; sensilla-coeloconica: sensory-system; sensilla-placodea: sensory-system; sensilla-trichodea: sensory-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: caste-differentiation AN Accession Number: 200200207117 UD Update Code: 20020627 Record 234 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Polyisoprenylated benzophenones in Cuban propolis; biological activity of nemorosone. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Cuesta-Rubio-Osmany; Frontana-Uribe-Bernardo-A; Ramirez-Apan-Teresa; Cardenas-Jorge {a} AD Author Address: {a} Instituto de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, C. P. 04510, Mexico, DF; E-Mail: rjcp@servidor.unam.mx, Mexico SO Source: Zeitschrift-fuer-Naturforschung-Section-C-Journal-of-Biosciences. [print] March-April, 2002; 57 (3-4): 372-378. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0939-5075 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The Copey tree (Clusia rosea) has a large distribution in Cuba and its floral resin is a rich source of polyisoprenylated benzophenones. To determine the presence of these natural products, we carried out a study by HPLC of 21 propolis samples produced by honey bees (Apis mellifera) from different provinces of Cuba. Nemorosone resulted to be the most abundant polyisoprenylated benzophenone and the mixture of xanthochymol and guttiferone E was also observed, but in minor proportion. We studied the biological activity of the pure natural product nemorosone and its methyl derivatives. We found that nemorosone has cytotoxic activity against epitheloid carcinoma (HeLa), epidermoid carcinoma (Hep-2), prostate cancer (PC-3) and central nervous system cancer (U251). It also exhibited antioxidant capacity. Methylated nemorosone exhibited less biological activity than the natural product. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Guttiferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Clusia-rosea [Copey-tree] (Guttiferae-); HeLa-cell-line (Hominidae-): human-epithelioid-carcinoma -cells; Hep-2-cell-line (Hominidae-): human-epidermoid-carcinoma-cells; PC -3-cell-line (Hominidae-): human-prostate-cancer-cells; U251-cell-line (Hominidae-): human-central-nervous-system-cancer-cells TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Dicots-; Humans-; Insects -; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Plants-; Primates-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular -Plants; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: propolis- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: guttiferone-E; nemorosone-: antineoplastic-drug, antioxidant-, biological -activity, cytotoxin-; nemorosone-methyl-derivatives: biological-activity; polyisoprenylated-benzophenones; xanthochymol- GE Geopolitical Location: Cuba- (West-Indies, Neotropical-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 147782-04-5: GUTTIFERONE E; 182250-24-4: NEMOROSONE; 52617-32-0: XANTHOCHYMOL MQ Methods and Equipment: HPLC- [high-performance-liquid-chromatography]: identification-method, liquid-chromatography AN Accession Number: 200200205755 UD Update Code: 20020627 Record 235 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Whole-cell recording from honeybee olfactory receptor neurons: Ionic currents, membrane excitability and odourant response in developing workerbee and drone. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Laurent-Stephanie; Masson-Claudine; Jakob-Ingrid {a} AD Author Address: {a} CNRS, Centre Europeen des Sciences du Gout, 15, rue Hugues Picardet, F -21000, Dijon; E-Mail: jakob@cesg.cnrs.fr, France SO Source: European-Journal-of-Neuroscience. [print] April, 2002; 15 (7): 1139-1152. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell-science.com/~cgilib/jnlpage.asp?Journal=ejn&File=ejn PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0953-816X LA Language: English AB Abstract: Whole-cell recording techniques were used to characterize ionic membrane currents and odourant responses in honeybee olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in primary cell culture. ORNs of workerbee (female) and drone (male) were isolated at an early stage of development before sensory axons connect to their target in the antennal lobe. The results collectively indicate that honeybee ORNs have electrical properties similar, but not necessarily identical to, those currently envisaged for ORNs of other species. Under voltage clamp at least four ionic currents could be distinguished. Inward currents were made of a fast transient, tetrodotoxin -sensitive sodium current. In some ORNs a cadmium-sensitive calcium current was detected. ORNs showed heterogeneity in their outward currents: either outward currents were made of a delayed rectifier type potassium current, which was partially blocked by tetraethyl ammonium or quinidine, or were composed of a delayed rectifier type and a transient calcium -dependent potassium current, which was cadmium-sensitive and abolished by removal of external calcium. The proportion of each of the two outward currents, however, was different within the ORNs of the two sexes suggesting a gender-specific functional heterogeneity. ORNs showed heterogeneity in action potential firing properties: depolarizing current steps elicited either one action potential or, as in most of the cells, it led to repetitive spiking. Action potentials were tetrodotoxin-sensitive suggesting they are carried by sodium. Odourant stimulation with different mixtures and pure substances evoked depolarizing receptor potentials with superimposed action potentials when spike threshold was reached. In summary, honeybee ORNs are remarkably mature at early stages in their development. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Development-; Membranes- (Cell-Biology); Nervous-System (Neural -Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): drone-, worker-bee TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: olfactory-receptor-neuron: gender-specific-heterogeneity, nervous-system, sensory-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: calcium-; potassium-ion: currents-; sodium-ion: currents- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 7440-70-2: CALCIUM; 24203-36-9: POTASSIUM ION; 17341-25-2: SODIUM ION MQ Methods and Equipment: primary-cell-culture: cell-culture-method; whole-cell-recording: cytological-method, physiological-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: action-potential; development-; ionic-membrane-currents; membrane -excitability; odorant-response AN Accession Number: 200200203404 UD Update Code: 20020627 Record 236 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Investigations of hygienic behaviour and disease resistance in organic beekeeping of two honeybee ecogeographic varieties from Serbia. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stanimirovic-Z {a}; Pejovic-D; Stevanovic-Jevrosima; Vucinic-Marijana; Mirilovic-M AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bul. JNA 18, 11000, Belgrade, Yugoslavia SO Source: Acta-Veterinaria-Belgrade. [print] 2002; 52 (2-3): 169-180. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0567-8315 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Hygienic behaviour of the carniolan honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica Pollm.) was investigated in 20 localities in Serbia (10 localities from the Machva region and 10 localities from the Rudnik region). The results revealed that the grey bees from Rudnik have a more expressed form of hygienic behavior, compared to the yellow bees from Machva. The obtained data indicate that colonies of both investigated honeybee varieties, yellow bees from Machva and grey bees from Rudnik, belong to a category of the so called "hygienic colonies", as the efficiency of elimination of damaged pupae amounted to 91.45% in Machva honeybees and 93.60% in Rudnik honeybees. Our results point to an indisputable relationship between hygienic behaviour and the strength of honeybee colonies, i.e. the potent colonies have more expressed hygienic behaviour. Both investigated honeybee varieties can be used for improving breeds selection and for organic beekeeping in Serbia, owing to the manifested hygienic behaviour and thence, resistance to some diseases (Varroa, American foulbrood, and especially Chalkbrood). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Genetics-; Veterinary-Medicine (Medical -Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica (Hymenoptera-): honeybee- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Machva- (Europe-, Palearctic-region); Rudnik- (Europe-, Palearctic-region); Serbia- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: disease-resistance; hygienic-behavior; organic-beekeeping AN Accession Number: 200200202266 UD Update Code: 20020627 Record 237 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) infestation in queen, worker, and drone brood of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Santillan-Galicia-M-T {a}; Otero-Colina-G; Romero-Vera-C; Cibrian-Tovar-J AD Author Address: {a} Instituto de Fitosanidad. Programa de Entomologia y Acarologia, Colegio de Postgraduados, 56230, Montecillo; E-Mail: tgalicia@colpos.colpos.mx, Mexico SO Source: Canadian-Entomologist. [print] May-June, 2002; 134 (3): 381-390. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0008-347X LA Language: English AB Abstract: Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman females were placed in contact with queen; worker, and drone brood cells of Apis mellifera L. that were soon to be sealed. In a non-choice test, V. destructor adult females were introduced into a comb containing either queen or worker brood cells; 0.62 and 18.28% of the mites entered the queen and worker brood cells, respectively. Only 1 of the 11 mites that entered queen brood cells oviposited, laying a single egg. In another test, brood cells were combined in the same comb in a 1:25:3 queen:worker:drone ratio. The percentages of egg-laying mites in queen, worker, and drone brood cells were 16.66, 61.86, and 79.06%, respectively. When queen, worker, and drone brood cells were combined in equal proportions (33.3:33.3:33.3), percent infestation was significantly different among queen (3.25%), worker (49.12%), and drone (90.07%) brood. Multiple infestation was found in drone brood cells but not in others. Also, mites were inoculated into sealed queen cells. These cells contained either one or two mites (either at the egg or protonymph stage). Conversely, in a simultaneous test with worker brood cells, the offspring per foundress mite included a mean of three individuals (either at the egg, protonymph, or deutonymph stage). It is concluded that V. destructor can infest queen, worker, and drone brood cells, but drone brood cells are preferred; in addition, queen brood cells do not provide an optimal environment for reproduction because it causes a delay in mite oviposition and (or) progeny development. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Varroa -destructor (Acarina-): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: drone-brood-cells; pest-infestation; queen-brood-cells; worker-brood-cells AN Accession Number: 200200197273 UD Update Code: 20020627 Record 238 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Release of Osmia excavata and Osmia jacoti (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) for apple pollination. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wei-Shu-Ge; Wang-Ren; Smirle-Michael-J {a}; Xu-Huan-li AD Author Address: {a} Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, British Columbia, V0H 1Z0; E-Mail: smirlem@em.agr.ca, Canada SO Source: Canadian-Entomologist. [print] May-June, 2002; 134 (3): 369-380. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0008-347X LA Language: English AB Abstract: Two species of bees native to China, Osmia excavata Alfken and Osmia jacoti Cockerell, were released in 1991-1993 to observe life-history characteristics and assess pollination efficiency. Osmia excavata successfully established in both coastal (Shandong Province) and interior (Hebei Province) habitats, whereas O. jacoti was only able to establish in the coastal habitat. Sex ratios (female:male) ranged from 1:1.05 for O. jacoti to 1:2.46 for O. excavata. Apple, Malus domestica Borkh (Rosaceae), pollination was enhanced following the release of either species in orchards in Shandong. Fruit diameter increased following the release of either Osmia species in 'Red Delicious' blocks compared with control blocks where no pollination treatment was applied. The number of seeds per fruit was also increased relative to controls, and the percentage of asymmetrical fruit decreased. Release of O. excavata produced the best results for this cultivar. For 'Ralls Janet', the number of seeds per fruit increased following the release of either species and the percentage of asymmetrical apples decreased. Effects on fruit diameter were confounded by poor cultural practices (i. e., lack of adequate fruit thinning) in these 'Ralls Janet' blocks. Fruit set increased relative to controls following release of either Osmia species for both apple cultivars. Release of O. excavata also produced higher fruit set relative to blocks that received hand pollination treatment; release of O. jacoti was better than hand pollination only for 'Red Delicious'. Observations on the behaviour of individuals showed that O. excavata averaged 49.6 foraging trips per day and set an estimated 3108 fruit on 'Ralls Janet'; O. jacoti made fewer foraging trips (average of 31.2) per day and set 1831 fruit. Both species were more efficient pollinators than Apis mellifera. Osmia excavata would appear to be a better candidate for commercial apple pollination than O. jacoti under conditions similar to those in this study. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Osmia-excavata (Hymenoptera-); Osmia-jacoti (Hymenoptera-); apple- (Rosaceae-): cultivar-Red-Delicious, temperate-fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Hebei-Province (China-, Asia-, Palearctic-region); Shandong-Province (China -, Asia-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: coastal-habitat; pollination-; pollination-efficiency; sex-ratio AN Accession Number: 200200197272 UD Update Code: 20020627 Record 239 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Effect of shaking honey bee colonies affected by American foulbrood on Paenibacillus larvae larvae spore loads. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Del-Hoyo-M-L {a}; Basualdo-M; Lorenzo-A; Palacio-M-A; Rodriguez-E-M; Bedascarrasbure-E AD Author Address: {a} Area de Produccion Apicola, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, PROAPI, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pinto 399, 7000, Tandil; E-Mail: mdelhoyo@vet.unicen.edu.ar, Argentina SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2001; 40 (2): 65-69. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies exhibiting clinical symptoms of American foulbrood (AFB, causative agent Paenibacillus larvae larvae) were divided into 2 groups that received different shaking treatments: (1), shaking adult bees into a new hive; and (2), shaking adult bees in front of the entrance to a new hive. Honey bee and honey samples were taken before shaking and 1, 22, 44 and 66 days after shaking. Microbiological cultures were made from honey and honey bee samples to determine P. I. larvae development. The average number of P. I. larvae cfu/g honey before shaking was 89.86 +- 17.93 (x +- s.e.) and more than 500 cfu/bee for honey bee samples. Honey bee samples had more colony-forming units before shaking but differences were not statistically significant after shaking. An important reduction in the number of colony-forming units in honey bee and honey samples was detected after shaking by both methods and no significant difference was detected between them. Honey and honey bee samples were positive for the presence of P. I. larvae in every sampling but no AFB clinical symptoms were detected in the honey bee colonies after 5 months. These results allow us to conclude that both shaking methods reduce spore loads in new colonies without using chemicals and, using them with other management procedures would allow development of an integrated AFB control method. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Paenibacillus-larvae-ssp.-larvae (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): pathogen-, spore- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- DS Diseases: American-foulbrood: bacterial-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: shaking-treatments: pest-control-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-forming-units AN Accession Number: 200200197248 UD Update Code: 20020627 Record 240 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Seasonal cycles of Apis mellifera syriaca under Jordanian desert conditions. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Al-Ghzawi-Abdul-Majeed-Ahmed {a}; Zaitoun-Shahera-Talat; Shannag-Hail-Kamel AD Author Address: {a} Department of Plant Production, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid; E-Mail: ghzawi@just.edu.jo, Jordan SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2001; 40 (2): 45-51. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: This experiment was conducted in northern Badia, Jordan, during 1997 and 1998, to investigate the feasibility of beekeeping in this arid region. 12 colonies of Apis mellifera syriaca were used. Half of the colonies remained in Badia during the experimental period (stationary hives), the rest were transported between the study area and the Jordan Valley (migratory hives). Results showed that colonies began their brood rearing activity in Badia during the early stages of the nectar flow and pollen yield in January, but it dropped almost to zero at the end of August. The peaks of brood rearing occurred during March and June. Maximum adult populations for the entire season were found during April and July, dropping to a minimum for the year in December. Behaviour of migratory colonies was very similar to that of the stationary colonies. Seasonal brood rearing activity and population of adult bees in both treatment groups showed the same general trend in the second year. Annual average honey production was estimated to be 10 kg per colony for stationary hives and 6 kg per colony for migratory hives. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-syriaca (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Jordan- (Asia-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-rearing; colony-behavior; desert-conditions; migratory-hives; nectar -flow; pollen-yield; seasonal-cycles; stationary-hives AN Accession Number: 200200197246 UD Update Code: 20020627 Record 241 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Identification and punctate nuclear localization of a novel noncoding RNA, Ks-1, from the honeybee brain. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sawata-Miyuki; Yoshino-Daisuke; Takeuchi-Hideaki; Kamikouchi-Azusa; Ohashi -Kazuaki; Kubo-Takeo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033; E-Mail: stkubo@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: RNA-New-York. [print] June, 2002; 8 (6): 772-785. URLJ Journal URL: http://uk.cambridge.org/journals/rna/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1355-8382 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We identified a novel gene, Ks-1, which is expressed preferentially in the small-type Kenyon cells of the honeybee brain. This gene is also expressed in some of the large soma neurons in the brain and in the suboesophageal ganglion. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction experiments indicated that Ks-1 transcripts are enriched in the honeybee brain. cDNA cloning revealed that the consensus Ks-1 cDNA is over 17 kbp and contains no significant open reading frames. Furthermore, fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed that Ks-1 transcripts are located in the nuclei of the neural cells, accumulating in some scattered spots. These findings demonstrate that Ks-1 encodes a novel class of noncoding nuclear RNA and is possibly involved in the regulation of neural functions. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: Kenyon-cells: nervous-system; brain-: nervous-system; mushroom-bodies: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Ks-1: punctate-nuclear-localization; cDNA- [complementary-DNA]; nuclear-RNA MQ Methods and Equipment: cDNA-cloning [complementary-DNA-cloning]: molecular-genetic-method; reverse -transcription-polymerase-chain-reaction: amplification-method AN Accession Number: 200200195529 UD Update Code: 20020627 Record 242 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Ethanol extract of propolis inhibits nitric oxide synthase gene expression and enzyme activity. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Song-Yun-Seon; Park-Eun-Hee; Hur-Gang-Min; Ryu-Young-Sue; Kim-Yong-Man; Jin -Changbae {a} AD Author Address: {a} Bioanalysis and Biotransformation Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul, 130-650; E -Mail: cbjin@kist.re.kr, South Korea SO Source: Journal-of-Ethnopharmacology. [print] May, 2002; 80 (2-3): 155-161. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jethpharm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-8741 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Propolis obtained from honeybee hives has been used in Oriental folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, or immunomodulatory agent. However, the molecular basis for anti-inflammatory properties of propolis has not yet been established. Since nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been known to be involved in inflammatory and autoimmune-mediated tissue destruction, modulation of NO synthesis or action represents a new approach to the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The present study, therefore, examined effects of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) on iNOS expression and activity of iNOS enzyme itself. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with EEP significantly inhibited NO production and iNOS protein expression induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). EEP also inhibited iNOS mRNA expression and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) binding activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, transfection of RAW 264.7 cells with iNOS promoter linked to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene, revealed that EEP inhibited the iNOS promoter activity induced by LPS plus IFN-gamma through the NF-kappaB sites of the iNOS promoter. In addition, EEP directly interfered with the catalytic activity of murine recombinant iNOS enzyme. These results suggest that EEP may exert its anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the iNOS gene expression via action on the NF-kappaB sites in the iNOS promoter and by directly inhibiting the catalytic activity of iNOS. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: RAW-264.7-cell-line (Muridae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Chordates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: chloramphenicol-acetyltransferase; inducible-nitric-oxide-synthase; interferon-gamma; lipopolysaccharide-; nitric-oxide; nuclear-factor-kappa -B; propolis-: anti-carcinogenic-agent, anti-inflammatory-agent, immunomodulatory-agent; propolis-ethanol-extract RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9040-07-7: CHLORAMPHENICOL ACETYLTRANSFERASE; 10102-43-9: NITRIC OXIDE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: oriental-folk-medicine AN Accession Number: 200200193176 UD Update Code: 20020627 Record 243 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The within-nest behaviour of honeybee pollen foragers in colonies with a high or low need for pollen. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Calderone-Nicholas-W {a}; Johnson-Brian-R AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853; E-Mail: nwc4@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] April, 2002; 63 (4): 749-758. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.academicpress.com/anbehav PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Numerous studies have documented that honeybee colonies can rapidly adjust the number of foragers collecting pollen in response to changes in quantities of brood, pollen and nectar in the nest. However, few studies have examined the behaviour of individual pollen foragers while in the nest between trips. Thus, little is known about how a pollen forager actually assesses its colony's needs. To understand this process better, we observed the behaviour of 319 pollen foragers while in their nests between foraging trips. We observed foragers in two types of nest environments: one with a relatively high need for pollen and one with a relatively low need for pollen. Foragers performed as many as 14 activities during two phases demarcated by the unloading of pollen loads. They inspected empty cells and cells with pollen, and performed the waggle dance at higher relative frequencies before unloading (Pltoreq0.0004 each act). They antennated nestmates, autogroomed and received trophallaxis at higher relative frequencies after unloading (Pltoreq0.0004 each act). All acts were performed both before and after unloading, but not always by each bee. Pollen foragers discriminated among cells based on cell contents in two contexts. First, they inspected cells already containing pollen more often than expected by chance. Second, their pattern of inspecting cells with different contents differed from their pattern of unloading pollen loads in those cells. Pollen foragers performed 42.3+-4.6% (least square mean+-SE) of preunloading inspection events on empty cells, but unloaded in them only 19.9+-4.6% of the time. They performed 42.2+-4.6% of preunloading inspection events on cells already containing pollen, but unloaded in them 79.4+-4.6% of the time (P<0.0001). Our data show that pollen foragers can determine the contents of cells in the nest and suggest that the regulation of pollen collection involves direct assessment of colony need by pollen foragers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): pollen-foragers TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: autogrooming-; colony-pollen-need-assessment; nest-inspection; nestmate -antennation; trophallaxis-; waggle-dance; within-nest-behavior AN Accession Number: 200200192657 UD Update Code: 20020627 Record 244 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Of mites and bees: A review of mite-bee associations in Australia and a revision of Raymentia Womersley (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae), with the description of two new species of mites from Lasioglossum (Parasphecodes) spp. (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Walter-David-Evans; Beard-Jennifer-J; Walker-Ken-L; Sparks-Kathryn AD Author Address: E-mail: d.walter@mailbox.uq.edu.au SO Source: Australian-Journal-of-Entomology. [print] 19 April, 2002; 41 (2): 128-148. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell-science.com/~cgilib/jnlpage.asp?Journal=aen&File=aen PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1326-6756 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Social bees have a diverse fauna of symbiotic mesostigmatic mites, including highly pathogenic parasites of the honeybee, but there are few reports of Mesostigmata phoretic on or inhabiting the nests of solitary or communal, ground-nesting bees. In south-eastern Australia, however, native bees in the family Halictidae carry what appears to be a substantial radiation of host-specific mesostigmatans in the family Laelapidae. Herein, we redescribe the obscure genus Raymentia, associated with Lasioglossum (Parasphecodes) spp. bees (Halictidae) and describe two new species, R. eickwortiana from L. lacthium (Smith) and R. walkeriana from L. atronitens (Cockerell). The type species, R. anomala Womersley, is associated with L. altichum (Smith). In addition, we review the mites known to be associated with Australian bees, provide a key to differentiate them, and describe and illustrate acarinaria of the Halictinae. We also report on the first occurrences in Australia of the genera Trochometridium Cross (Heterostigmata: Trochometridiidae), from L. eremaean Walker (Halictidae), and Cheletophyes Oudemans (Prostigmata: Cheyletidae) from Xylocopa Latreille (Xylocopinae), and on the previously unknown association between a Neocypholaelaps Vitzthum (Mesostigmata: Ameroseiidae) and Lipotriches tomentifera (Friese) (Halictidae). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Systematics-and-Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Cheletophyes- (Acarina-): Acari-, Cheyletidae-, Prostigmata-, description-; Lasioglossum-altichum (Hymenoptera-): host-; Lasioglossum-atronitens (Hymenoptera-): host-; Lasioglossum-eremaean (Hymenoptera-): host-; Lipotriches-tomentifera (Hymenoptera-): host-; Neocypholaelaps- (Acarina -): Acari-, Ameroseiidae-, Mesostigmata-, description-; Raymentia-anomala (Acarina-): Acari-, Laelapidae-, Mesostigmata-, description-; Raymentia -eickwortiana (Acarina-): Acari-, Laelapidae-, Mesostigmata-, description -, new-species; Trochometridium- (Acarina-): Acari-, Heterostigmata-, Trochometridiidae-, description-; Xylocopa- (Hymenoptera-): host- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Australia- (Australasian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: acarinaria-; geographic-distribution; ground-nesting; host-specificity; mite-bee-associations; morphology-; phoresis-; symbiosis-; taxonomic -revision; Taxonomic-Key; Taxonomic-Review AN Accession Number: 200200190572 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 245 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Apis mellifera capensis: An essay on the subspecific classification of honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hepburn-Randall {a}; Radloff-Sarah-E AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140; E-Mail: r.hepburn@ru.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] March-April, 2002; 33 (2): 105-127. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The history of the classification of Apis mellifera capensis is traced. The distributions of the traits thelytoky, ovariole number and spermatheca size of workers are given. Thelytoky in workers extends over 240 000 km2 and the ratio of female/male progeny in laying worker offspring is clinal. Ovariole numbers are also clinal but spermatheca size is not. Allozymically, southern African honeybees are homogeneous; but differ in mtDNA haplotypes and nuclear DNA diversity. Morphometric analyses yield three distinct morphoclusters (A. m. capensis, A. m. scutellata, and unnamed mountain bees). Conventional morphometric classification is incongruous with the mode of parthenogenesis and distribution of mtDNA and nuclear DNA diversity in the honeybees of southern Africa. The terms "A. m. capensis" and "A. m. scutellata" are only meaningful if the precise geographical origins of the bees are specified. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Evolution-and-Adaptation; Systematics-and-Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Apis-mellifera -scutellata (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: morphoclusters-; ovariole-number; spermatheca-size; thelytoky- AN Accession Number: 200200190532 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 246 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Usurpation of African Apis mellifera scutellata colonies by parasitic Apis mellifera capensis workers. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Martin-Stephen {a}; Wossler-Theresa; Kryger-Per AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insect, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN; E-Mail: s.j.martin@sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] March-April, 2002; 33 (2): 215-232. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Thelytokous Apis mellifera capensis workers recently brought into regions occupied by the arrkenotokous African bee A. m. scutellata, parasitise these colonies, causing colony death. These capensis workers are genetically almost identical and are referred to as a 'pseudo-clone'. We surveyed 120 scutellata colonies, 27 in detail, at various stages of usurpation by the pseudo-clone. The scutellata queen could co-exist with egg-laying pseudo-clones for 50+ days in one case but disappeared 1-15 days in three other cases. Despite the presence of emerged queen cells no new adult queens of either race were observed in usurped colonies. Only 11+-13% of the pseudo-clone population had fully active ovaries, suggesting ovarian development is inhibited in the majority of the pseudo -clones. Only 2.7+-1.7% of the foraging force were pseudo-clones. The data were modelled and showed the rapid (56-105 days) growth of the pseudo -clone population and colony death over a wide range of initial conditions. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproduction-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [Cape-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera -scutellata [African-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-death; egg-laying-pseudo-clones; queen-cells; usurpation- AN Accession Number: 200200189930 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 247 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: A scientific note on the ovarial and pheromonal development of drifted and non-drifted Cape honeybee workers (Apis mellifera capensis). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Reece-Sacha-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, 0002, Pretoria; E-Mail: slreece@zoology.up.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] March-April, 2002; 33 (2): 213-214. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [Cape-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: dispersal-; pheromonal-development; queenless-mother-colonies; queenright -colonies; social-parasitism AN Accession Number: 200200189929 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 248 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Pheromone mimicry by Apis mellifera capensis social parasites leads to reproductive anarchy in host Apis mellifera scutellata colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wossler-Theresa-Clair {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002; E-Mail: tcwossler@zoology.up.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] March-April, 2002; 33 (2): 139-163. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Queen mandibular, tergal, tarsal and Dufour's gland secretions, as well as brood pheromones regulate worker reproduction in honeybees. In South Africa two contiguous populations of honeybees exist, Apis mellifera capensis and A. m. scutellata. Queenless A. m. capensis workers are reproductively distinct from workers of other races, in that they readily develop into pseudoqueens with rapid ovary and signal development. A. m. capensis queens are pheromonally competent in regulating reproduction in the resident workers. Recently however Cape honeybee workers have successfully invaded queenright A. m. scutellata colonies and simultaneously escaped reproductive suppression from the resident queen and brood. These "social parasites" rapidly develop into reproductives, lay acceptable eggs and mimic a series of queen pheromones. This pheromone mimicry by invading A. m. capensis workers causes a breakdown in reproductive regulation, resulting in reproductive anarchy. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Apis-mellifera -scutellata (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: pheromones- GE Geopolitical Location: South-Africa (Africa-, Ethiopian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: caste-plasticity; pheromone-mimicry; reproductive-anarchy; reproductive -regulation; signal-development; social-parasitism; worker-reproduction AN Accession Number: 200200189928 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 249 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: A method for estimating variation in the phenotypic expression of morphological characters by thelytokous parthenogenesis in Apis mellifera capensis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Radloff-Sarah-E {a}; Hepburn-Randall; Neumann-Peter; Moritz-Robin-F-A; Kryger-Per AD Author Address: {a} Department of Statistics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140; E-Mail: s.radloff@ru.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] March-April, 2002; 33 (2): 129-137. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Thelytokous parthenogenesis in Cape worker honeybees, Apis mellifera capensis, was used to produce a series of clonal progeny that were reared in three different, queenless arrhenotokous A. m. scutellata host colonies. Each individual Cape worker bee was genotyped at 4 DNA microsatellite loci to verify its clonal status and measured for 36 morphological characters. The clonal workers bees, all of the same thelytokous matriline, were then analysed by multivariate analysis to determine the quantitative effects of environment on the morphological characters. This in turn allows the estimation of the natural variation in the phenotypic expression of morphological characters. Coefficients of environmental variation were calculated and the relative stability of the character set was, in decreasing order, body size, forewings, wing venation, hairs and pigmentation. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [cape-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Apis-mellifera-scutellata (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: hair-: integumentary-system MQ Methods and Equipment: multivariate-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: body-size; forewings-; phenotypic-expression; pigmentation-; thelytokous -matriline; thelytokous-parthenogenesis; wing-venation AN Accession Number: 200200189745 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 250 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Biological control agents for fire blight of apple compared under conditions limiting natural dispersal. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pusey-P-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1104 N. Western Ave., Wenatchee, WA, 98801; E-Mail: pusey@tfrl.ars.usda.gov, USA SO Source: Plant-Disease. [print] June, 2002; 86 (6): 639-644. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0191-2917 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The efficacy of Pantoea agglomerans strain E325 for control of fire blight of apple was determined in comparative field trials involving other bacterial antagonists. Concurrently, the importance of the natural dispersal of bacteria as a complicating factor was assessed. Tests were performed under two sets of conditions, those that allowed for the dispersal of bacteria via honeybee activity and those that minimized it through the use of translucent polyethylene enclosures around single trees. The enclosures also raised daytime temperatures and allowed for controlled wetting, two factors important to the development of blossom blight. Single-antagonist treatments with strain E325, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506, and P. agglomerans strain C9-1 were applied to open blossoms on each of 10 enclosed trees and 10 nonenclosed trees. During bloom, suspensions of antagonists (108 CFU/ml) were applied twice with a brush, and a suspension of Erwinia amylovora (107 CFU/ml) was subsequently applied once using the same method. Two days after inoculation with the pathogen, trees were misted to simulate precipitation. Flower-to-flower spread of antagonistic bacteria was less frequent on trees surrounded by plastic enclosures than on nonenclosed trees. The range and statistical separation of means for population size of E. amylovora and disease incidence among treatments were greater for enclosed trees than for nonenclosed trees. Based on these results, the natural spread of antagonists being compared may mask differences in their efficacy as biocontrol agents. Such distortions and resulting misinterpretations could be lessened by separating treatments widely in large orchard blocks and by monitoring microbial populations. Strain E325 from fresh or lyophilized cultures was consistently more effective than standard antagonists in suppressing E. amylovora and reducing disease incidence. To fully assess its potential use for fire blight, larger-scale trials under various conditions will be necessary. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Infection-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and -Management ST Super Taxa: Enterobacteriaceae-: Facultatively-Anaerobic-Gram-Negative-Rods, Eubacteria -, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Pseudomonadaceae-: Gram-Negative-Aerobic -Rods-and-Cocci, Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Erwinia-amylovora (Enterobacteriaceae-): pathogen-; Pantoea-agglomerans (Enterobacteriaceae-): biological-control-agent, strain-E325; Pseudomonas -fluorescens (Pseudomonadaceae-): biological-control-agent, strain-A506; apple- (Rosaceae-): cultivar-Gala, host-, temperate-fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Bacteria-; Dicots-; Eubacteria-; Microorganisms-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Washington- (USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region) DS Diseases: fire-blight: bacterial-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: biological-control: pest-control-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: natural-dispersal-limitation AN Accession Number: 200200187854 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 251 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: XVIIIth Colloquium Allergologicum of Jena: Meeting of the Thuringian Regional Chapter of the Medical Association of German Allergologists in cooperation with the Thuringian State Association of Pneumologists, Jena, Germany, April 27, 2002. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Medical-Association-of-German-Allergologists; Thuringian-State-Association -of-Pneumologists SO Source: Allergologie-. [print] April, 2002; 25 (4): 224-237. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.dustri.de PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Meeting- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0344-5062 MT Meeting Information: XVIIIth Colloquium Allergologicum of Jena: Meeting of the Thuringian Regional Chapter of the Medical Association of German Allergologists in cooperation with the Thuringian State Association of Pneumologists, Jena, Germany, April 27, 2002 LA Language: German; Non-English AB Abstract: This meeting contains abstracts of 7 papers, written in German, covering insect venom allergies (Apis mellifera, Vespa vulgaris, V. germanica), food allergies, latex allergy, anaphylaxis, and skin testing. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Immune -System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Animalia-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: animal- (Animalia-); human- (Hominidae-): patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Chordates-; Humans-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- DS Diseases: allergy-: complications-, diagnosis-, etiology-, immune-system-disease, immunology-, pathology-, prevention-and-control, symptom-, therapy-; drug -allergy: complications-, diagnosis-, etiology-, immune-system-disease, immunology-, pathology-, prevention-and-control, symptom-, therapy-; food -allergy: complications-, diagnosis-, etiology-, immune-system-disease, immunology-, pathology-, prevention-and-control, symptom-, therapy-; insect-venom-allergy: complications-, diagnosis-, etiology-, immune-system -disease, immunology-, pathology-, prevention-and-control, symptom-, therapy-; latex-allergy: complications-, diagnosis-, etiology-, immune -system-disease, immunology-, pathology-, prevention-and-control, symptom -, therapy- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Meeting-Summary ALT Alternate Indexing: Hypersensitivity-(MeSH); Food-Hypersensitivity-(MeSH); Latex-Allergy-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200200184049 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 252 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Population dynamics of the Cape bee phenomenon: The impact of parasitic laying worker clones in apiaries and natural populations. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Moritz-Robin-F-A {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Zoologie, Martin-Luther Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg, Kroellwitzer Str. 44, 06099, Halle/Saale; E-Mail: r.moritz@zoologie.uni -halle.de, Germany SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] March-April, 2002; 33 (2): 233-244. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A population ecological host- parasite model is used to evaluate the potential impact of clonal parasitic laying workers of the Cape honeybee, Apis mellifera capensis on populations of Apis mellifera scutellata host colonies in apiaries and in the wild. The model includes three basic life history parameters: reproductive rate of the host colonies, transmission efficiency of the parasite and the death rate of parasitised colonies. The population dynamics of host and parasites are computed for 100 generations after an initial infestation with parasitic workers. The model reveals that infestations are likely to be fatal for apiary populations irrespective of beekeeping activities compensating for colony losses due to parasitation. Wild A. m. scutellata populations are however less likely to be affected by parasitic laying workers and stable equilibria between host and parasite occur over a wide range of the parameter space. Although it is unlikely that the parasitic clone represents a threat to the conservation of biodiversity, even low frequencies of parasitic A. m. capensis workers in wild honeybee population can cause a permanent threat to beekeeping activities. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Population-Studies ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Apis-mellifera -scutellata (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiaries-; apiculture-; beekeeping-activities; host-colonies; population -dynamics; population-ecological-host-parasite-model; transmission -efficiency AN Accession Number: 200200181638 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 253 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Egg laying and egg removal by workers are positively correlated in queenright Cape honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera capensis). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pirk-Christian-W-W {a}; Neumann-Peter; Hepburn-H-Randall AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, 6140, Grahamstown; E-Mail: C.Pirk@ru.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] March-April, 2002; 33 (2): 203-211. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Queenright Apis mellifera capensis colonies exhibit egg laying by workers in periods of both low and high egg removal. To reproduce workers should lay in times of low egg removal to increase survival of their eggs. Were this so, a negative correlation between egg laying and removal would be expected. Egg removal rates for queen (N=240) and worker-laid (N=240) eggs and egg laying by workers were tested in queenright colonies. Worker-laid eggs were removed significantly faster than queen-laid eggs; but significant differences in egg laying by workers occurred among colonies. Egg laying and removal are positively correlated and co-dependent. Egg removal appears triggered by the number of worker-laid eggs. Intercolonial variation for laying worker egg number and egg removal rates may explain the phenotypic variation in worker reproduction in queenright Cape honeybee colonies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [Cape-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: egg-laying; egg-removal; egg-removal-rates; phenotypic-variation; queenright-colonies; worker-reproduction AN Accession Number: 200200181637 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 254 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Getting more than a fair share: Nutrition of worker larvae related to social parasitism in the Cape honey bee Apis mellifera capensis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Calis-Johan-N-M {a}; Boot-Willem-J; Allsopp-Mike-H; Beekman-Madeleine AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 EH, Wageningen; E -Mail: johan.calis@users.ento.wau.nl, Netherlands SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] March-April, 2002; 33 (2): 193-202. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Besides activation of ovaries and thelytokous reproduction of Cape workers, larval nutrition is an important aspect in parasitism of the African honey bee. When reared by workers of other subspecies, Cape larvae receive more food which is slightly more royal jelly-like. This results in worker-queen intermediates, with reduced pollen combs, enlarged spermathecae and higher numbers of ovarioles. The intermediates weigh more and develop faster than normal workers. The appearance of worker-queen intermediates probably affects parasitism of the African honey bee colonies by Cape workers. Different levels of larval nutrition resulting in less distinct caste differentiation may be important for the reproductive success of Cape workers in their own colonies. Similar processes, albeit less pronounced, may occur in colonies of other subspecies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Nutrition- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [Cape-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovary-: reproductive-system; spermathecae-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: caste-differentiation; larval-nutrition; reproductive-success; social -parasitism; thelytokous-reproduction AN Accession Number: 200200181636 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 255 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The Cape honeybee (Apis mellifera capensis). From laying workers to social parasites. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Moritz-Robin-F-A {a}; Neumann-Peter {a} AD Author Address: {a} Martin-Luther Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] March-April, 2002; 33 (2): 97-100. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [Cape-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Capensis-calamity; beekeeping-; dwindling-colony-syndrome; pseudo-queens; queenright-colony; reproductive-strategy; self-fertilization AN Accession Number: 200200181635 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 256 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Effect of some characters on the population growth of mite Varroa jacobsoni in Apis mellifera L colonies and results of a bi-directional selection. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lodesani-M {a}; Crailsheim-K; Moritz-R-F-A AD Author Address: {a} Istituto Nazionale di Apicoltura, Via F.illi Rosselli, 80, I-42100, Reggio Emilia; E-Mail: m.lodesani@stpa.unibo.it, Italy SO Source: Journal-of-Applied-Entomology. [print] April, 2002; 126 (2-3): 130-137. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell.de/jen.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0931-2048 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Two lines of honey bees (Apis mellifera ligustica) were selectively propagated by instrumental insemination using the population growth of the Varroa mite as a criteria. Different infestation rates are at least partially genetic since selection produced significant bi-directional differences between lines over a period of three subsequent generations. There was no correlation between several behavioural and physiological characteristics which are potentially associated with Varroa resistance (hygienic behaviour, physical damage to mites, infertility of the intruding mites) and the development of the Varroa population after artificial infestation. There was a positive significant correlation between the total mites in the colonies and the amount of reared brood. Colony infestation was also positively correlated with the amount of honey harvested. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-ligustica (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Varroa -jacobsoni (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bi-directional-selection; colony-infestation; honey-; infertility-; infestation-rate; population-growth AN Accession Number: 200200181621 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 257 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Detecting wildlife poaching: Identifying the origin of individuals with Bayesian assignment tests and multilocus genotypes. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Manel-Stephanie {a}; Berthier-Pierre; Luikart-Gordon AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Biologie des Populations d'Altitude, Unite Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique 5553, Universite Joseph Fourier, 38041, Grenoble Cedex, 9; E-Mail: stephanie.manel@uif -grenoble.fr, France SO Source: Conservation-Biology. [print] June, 2002; 16 (3): 650-659. URLJ Journal URL: http://conbio.net/scb/Publications/ConsBio/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0888-8892 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Illegal harvesting is a serious threat to the persistence of many plant and animal taxa. The combination of highly polymorphic DNA markers and new statistical methods called "assignment tests" can potentially help detect and thereby reduce poaching. Assignment tests can identify the population of origin of individuals if populations are genetically differentiated. We evaluated the usefulness of two assignment tests to wildlife forensics by applying them to large empirical (microsatellite DNA) data sets from 10 species. We also conducted computer simulations to assess the influence of genetic polymorphism (heterozygosity) and population differentiation (FST) on the performance of the tests. The fully Bayesian assignment test of Pritchard et al. (2000) performed better than the partially Bayesian exclusion test of Cornuet et al. (1999), but the fully Bayesian method requires the assumption that the true population of origin was sampled. The median percentage of individuals correctly assigned for the 10 empirical data sets was 61% and 36% for the assignment and exclusion tests, respectively. Both the empirical and simulated data sets suggest that nearly all individuals can be assigned with high statistical certainty (99.9%) for two highly differentiated populations (FST apprxeq 0.15-0.2) when 10 loci (H > 0.6) and samples of 30-50 individuals are used per population. We recommend using both tests when the true population of origin might not have been sampled in the data set. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Models-and-Simulations (Computational-Biology); Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Population-Genetics (Population -Studies); Wildlife-Management (Conservation-) ST Super Taxa: Bovidae-: Artiodactyla-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Osteichthyes-: Pisces-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Ursidae-: Carnivora-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Bombus-terrestris [bumble-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Bos-taurus (Bovidae-): cattle-; Capra-hircus (Bovidae-): goat-; Capra-ibex [ibex-] (Bovidae-); Drosophila-melanogaster (Diptera-); Ovis-canadensis [bighorn-sheep] (Bovidae-); Salmo-trutta [brown-trout] (Osteichthyes-); Salvelinus-alpinus (Osteichthyes-); Ursus-horribilis (Ursidae-): bear- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Artiodactyls-; Carnivores-; Chordates-; Fish-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman -Vertebrates; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: microsatellite-DNA MQ Methods and Equipment: computer-simulations: mathematical-method; fully-Bayesian-assignment-test: mathematical-method; partially-Bayesian-exclusion-test: mathematical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: genetic-polymorphism; heterozygosity-; method-assumptions; multilocus -genotypes; origin-population; population-differentiation; wildlife -forensics; wildlife-poaching-detection AN Accession Number: 200200181488 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 258 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Egg-marking pheromones in honey-bees Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Oldroyd-Benjamin-P {a}; Ratnieks-Francis-L-W; Wossler-T-C AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, A12, Sydney, NSW, 2006; E-Mail: boldroyd@bio.usyd.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] May, 2002; 51 (6): 590-591. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Endocrine-System (Chemical-Coordination-and -Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): egg-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: Dufour's-gland: endocrine-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: egg-marking-pheromone MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: worker-policing AN Accession Number: 200200177912 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 259 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Self-organization in collective honeybee foraging: Emergence of symmetry breaking, cross inhibition and equal harvest-rate distribution. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-Vries-Han {a}; Biesmeijer-Jacobus-C AD Author Address: {a} Department of Behavioural Biology, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht; E-Mail: J.deVries@bio.uu.nl, Netherlands SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] May, 2002; 51 (6): 557-569. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English AB Abstract: De Vries and Biesmeijer described in 1998 an individual-oriented model that simulates the collective foraging behaviour of a colony of honeybees. Here we report how this model has been expanded and show how, through self -organization, three colony-level phenomena can emerge: symmetry breaking, cross inhibition and the equal harvest-rate distribution. Symmetry breaking is the phenomenon that the numbers of foragers visiting two equally profitable food sources will diverge after some time. Cross inhibition is the phenomenon that, by increasing the profitability of one of two equal food sources, the number of foragers visiting the other source will decrease. In some circumstances, the bees foraging on two sources of different profitabilities will be distributed between these sources such that the two average energy harvest rates are equal. We will refer to this phenomenon as the equal harvest-rate distribution. For each of these three phenomena, we show what the necessary behavioural rules to be followed by the individual forager bees are, and what the necessary circumstances are (that is, what values the model parameters should take) in order for these phenomena to arise. It seems that patch size and forager group size largely determine when each of these phenomena will arise. Experimenting with two types of currency, net gain rate and net gain efficiency, revealed that only gain rate may result in an equal harvest-rate distribution of foragers visiting different food sources. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Models-and-Simulations (Computational-Biology) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: individual-oriented-model: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: collective-foraging; cross-inhibition; equal-harvest-rate-distribution; self-organization; symmetry-breaking AN Accession Number: 200200177908 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 260 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Confirmation of QTL effects and evidence of genetic dominance of honeybee defensive behavior: Results of colony and individual behavioral assays. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Guzman-Novoa-Ernesto {a}; Hunt-Greg-J; Uribe-Jose-L; Smith-Christine; Arechavaleta-Velasco-Miguel-E AD Author Address: {a} CENIFMA-INIFAP, Santa Cruz 29-B, Las Haciendas, 52140, Metepec, Edo. de Mex.; E-Mail: guzmane@inifap.conacyt.mx, Mexico SO Source: Behavior-Genetics. [print] March, 2002; 32 (2): 95-102. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.wkap.nl/journalhome.htm/0001-8244 PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0001-8244 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The stinging and guarding components of the defensive behavior of European, Africanized, hybrid, and backcross honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) were compared and analyzed at both colony and individual levels. Hybrid and Africanized backcross colonies stung as many times as Africanized ones. European backcross colonies stung more than European bees but not as many times as Africanized or Africanized backcross colonies. The degree of dominance for the number of times that worker bees stung a leather patch was estimated to be 84.3%, 200.8%, and 145.8% for hybrid, backcross European, and backcross Africanized colonies, respectively. Additionally, both guards at the colony entrance and fast-stinging workers of one European backcross colony had a significantly higher frequency of an Africanized DNA marker allele, located near "sting1," a QTL previously implicated in stinging behavior at the colony level. However, guards and fast-stinging bees from a backcross to the Africanized parental colony did not differ from control bees in their frequency for the Africanized and European markers, as would be expected if large genetic dominance effects for sting1 exist. These results support the hypothesis that genetic dominance influences the defensive behavior or honeybees and confirm the effect of sting1 on the defensiveness of individual worker bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): breed-Africanized, breed-European TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA-marker-allele; sting1- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: QTL-; colony-entrance; defensive-behavior; fast-stinging; genetic-dominance AN Accession Number: 200200177832 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 261 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Behavioural basis for social parasitism of Cape honeybees (Apis mellifera capensis). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Neumann-Peter {a}; Hepburn-Randall AD Author Address: {a} Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg, Institut fuer Zoologie, Kroellwitzerstr. 44, 06099, Halle/Saale; E-Mail: p.neumann@zoologie.uni -halle.de, Germany SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] March-April, 2002; 33 (2): 165-192. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Cape honeybee workers show important pre-adaptations for social parasitism and can cause the dwindling colony syndrome of host colonies. Parasitic workers may drift or actively disperse into host colonies. They may also join absconding swarms, which can merge with host colonies. After transmission, parasitic workers have to establish themselves in the host, which is probably promoted by their spatial distribution, their readiness to gain trophallactic dominance and their ability to survive worker-worker aggression. Established parasitic workers have to evade egg removal by other workers in host colonies. The resulting offspring is preferentially fed, can be expected to be highly virulent and may show different behaviour in the course of infestation. It is unknown why and how the host queen is lost. High numbers of parasitic workers are reared until the host colony dies or absconds. This offspring can infest new host colonies, thereby completing the social parasitic life cycle. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [Cape-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: social-parasitism; trophallactic-dominance; worker-worker-aggression AN Accession Number: 200200177757 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 262 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Ability of honeybee, Apis mellifera, to detect and discriminate odors of varieties of canola (Brassica rapa and Brassica napus) and snapdragon flowers (Antirrhinum majus). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wright-Geraldine-A; Skinner-Bethany-D; Smith-Brian-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210 -1220; E-Mail: smith.210@osu.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Chemical-Ecology. [print] April, 2002; 28 (4): 721-740. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0098-0331 PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0098-0331 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honeybees (Apis mellifera) use odors to identify and discriminate among flowers during foraging. This series of experiments examined the ability of bees to detect and discriminate among the floral odors of different varieties of two species of canola (Brassica rapa and Brassica napus) and also among three varieties of snapdragons (Antirhinnum majus). Individual worker honeybees were trained using a proboscis extension assay. The ability of bees to distinguish a floral odor from an air stimulus during training increased as the number of flowers used during training increased. Bees conditioned to the odor of one variety of flower were asked to discriminate it from the odors of other flowers in two different training assays. Bees were unable to discriminate among flowers at the level of variety in a randomized presentation of a reinforced floral odor and an unreinforced floral odor. In the second type of assay, bees were trained with one floral variety for 40 trials without reinforcement and then tested with the same variety or with other varieties and species. If a bee had been trained with a variety of canola, it was unable to differentiate the odor of one canola flower from the odor of other canola flowers, but it could differentiate canola from the odor of a snapdragon flower. Bees trained with the odor of snapdragon flowers readily differentiated the odor of one variety of a snapdragon from the odor of other varieties of snapdragons and also canola flowers. Our study suggests that both intensity and odor quality affect the ability of honeybees to differentiate among floral perfumes. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Cruciferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Scrophulariaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Antirhinnum-majus [snapdragon-] (Scrophulariaceae-); Antirrhinum-majus [snapdragon-] (Scrophulariaceae-); Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera -); Brassica-napus [canola-] (Cruciferae-); Brassica-rapa [canola-] (Cruciferae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-; odor-discrimination; olfactory-learning AN Accession Number: 200200177754 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 263 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Surface ultrastructure of the male external genitalia in the rock-honeybee, Apis dorsata F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Paliwal-G-N {a}; Tembhare-D-B {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, Nagpur University, University Campus, Nagpur, 440 010, India SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-National-Academy-of-Sciences-India-Section-B-Biological -Sciences. [print] 2001; 71 (1): 15-19. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0369-8211 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In the rock honeybee, Apis dorsata the male external geitalia consists of an aedeagus internally and a phallotreme along with a pair of penis valves and gonoconites on the 9th sternum externally. The aedeagus is well differentiated into an apical penis bulb, a middle cervix and a distal vestibulum. The penis bulb consists of one mid dorsal, and two lateral cuticular plates. The cervix bears s fimbricated lobe. The wall of the cervix is externally covered with the bristles and scales while inner surface is lined with the sensory pegs, papillae, pits with bristles and microtrichia. The vestibulum bears bristles all over the external surface except the middle membranous wrinkled region. The cornual appendages are externally covered with the fine triangular scales. The phallotreme is guarded with the pair of penis valves which are externally covered with the fine bristles, scales and globular microtrichia on their inner margin. The gonocoxites are covered externaly with the bundles of long hairs. Functional and species-specific significance of the fine cuticular processes has been discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-dorsata [rock-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): male- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: aedeagus-: apical-penis-bulb, distal-vestibulum, middle-cervix, reproductive-system; bristle-: integumentary-system; cornual-appendage: reproductive-system; cuticular-plate: integumentary-system; external -genitalia: reproductive-system, surface-ultrastructure; gonocoxite-: reproductive-system; hair-: integumentary-system; microtrichia-; penis -valve: reproductive-system; phallotreme-: reproductive-system; scale-: integumentary-system; sensory-papilla: sensory-system; sensory-peg: sensory-system AN Accession Number: 200200175802 UD Update Code: 20020610 Record 264 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Foraging activities and numerical changes of honeybees on buckwheat, rape, and pear. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hsieh-F-K {a}; Chen-C-T; Chang-C-P; Chang-S-Y AD Author Address: {a} National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, 403; E-Mail: fkh@mail.nmns.edu.tw, Taiwan SO Source: Plant-Protection-Bulletin-Taichung. [print] March, 2002; 44 (1): 1-13. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0577-750X LA Language: Chinese; Non-English AB Abstract: The number of Apis mellifera foragers peaked between 0930 h and 1130 h at the beginning of buckwheat's blooming season and when buckwheat was in full bloom. However, the highest number of foragers occurred between 0830 h and 1030 h during the late blooming period. Most A. cerana foragers appeared before 0930 h with numbers starting decline after 1030 h at each stage of the blooming season of buckwheat. The number of honeybee foragers on BeelineR- sprayed buckwheat plots did not show significant difference from the control plot. The total number of grains per buckwheat plant from the BeelineR- sprayed plots was significantly higher than that of control plot, but the weight of 1000 grains did not differ. A. mellifera foraged the rape before 1130 h, similar to the buckwheat. Most A. mellifera foragers on pear flowers were found within 50 m of the beehive, but not more than 150 m. A. cerana foragers were not found more than 100 m from the beehive. A. mellifera foraged pear flowers mainly for pollen. The percentages of pollen foragers in two tested orchards were 54% and 46%, which are respectively 1.4 and 2.7 fold the percentages of the nectar foragers. On the contrary, A. cerana foraged mainly for nectar and the population of nectar foragers were two and three folds larger than those of the pollen foragers. The main pollen-foraging activity of A. mellifera occurred between 1100 h and 1500 h, but the nectar-foraging activity occurred at 1300 h. The nectar-foraging activity of A. cerana mostly occurred between 1500 h and 1700 h. When the grafted scions of Hosui and Kosui varieties were opened to honeybee pollination, the percentages of fruit setting were 46% and 78%, respectively, and each scion could bear an average of 2.2 pears. Hand pollination resulted in 50% fruit setting and 1 -2 pears on each scion. When the A. mellifera colonies were placed in a pear surrounded orchard the mean daily number of dead workers (86) was 6 times that of the colonies placed in a relatively isolated orchard. But, there were no differences in the number of dead workers of A. cerana, with daily numbers of dead workers between 9 and 10. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Cruciferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Polygonaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): foragers-, nectar-foraging -activity, pollen-foraging-activity; Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): foragers-, nectar-foraging-activity, pollen-foraging -activity; buckwheat- (Polygonaceae-): grain-crop; pear- (Rosaceae-): cultivar-Hosui, cultivar-Kosui, temperate-fruit-crop; rape- (Cruciferae-): oil-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flowers-; pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: beeline- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 81774-23-4: BEELINE MQ Methods and Equipment: hand-pollination: pollination-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: dead-workers: mean-daily-number AN Accession Number: 200200168616 UD Update Code: 20020610 Record 265 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Genetic evidence for coinfection of honey bees by acute bee paralysis and Kashmir bee viruses. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Evans-Jay-D {a} AD Author Address: {a} Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705; E-Mail: evansj@ba.ars.usda.gov, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Invertebrate-Pathology. [print] November, 2001; 78 (4): 189-193. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.academicpress.com/jip PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-2011 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Nucleotide sequence analyses were used to identify acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) and Kashmir bee virus (KBV) isolated from a single honey bee colony. Most of the bees in this colony carried KBV. Some individual bees also carried ABPV, a coexistence not yet seen between these two viruses. Implications of coinfection on viral efficacy are discussed, along with a restriction enzyme assay that can be used to discriminate between these two widespread viruses. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection-; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Nodaviridae -: Animal-Viruses, Viruses-, Microorganisms- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Kashmir-bee-virus (Nodaviridae-): pathogen-; acute-bee-paralysis-virus (Nodaviridae-): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animal-Viruses; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Viruses- MQ Methods and Equipment: nucleotide-sequence-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: coinfection-; viral-efficacy AN Accession Number: 200200168583 UD Update Code: 20020610 Record 266 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Organization of the cysts in bee (Hymenoptera, Apidae) testis: Number of spermatozoa per cyst. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Da-Cruz-Landim-Carminda {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil SO Source: Iheringia-Serie-Zoologia. [print] 27 Nov., 2001; (91): 183-189. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0073-4721 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The morphology of the cyst cells in Apis mellifera Linne, 1758, Scaptotrigona postica Latreille, 1804, and Melipona bicolor bicolor Lepeletier, 1836 testis, as well as the average number of spermatic cells are reported. The data indicates a supporting and nourrishing role of the cyst cells to the developing cystocytes. The counts of immature spermatozoa in the cysts show an average of 202.8+-21.2 spermatozoa for A. mellifera, 117.4+-8.68 for S. postica and 88.8+-15.57 for M. bicolor, which predict the occurrence of 8 mitotic cycles in the cystocytes of A. mellifera and 7 in the meliponines, considering that only one spermatozoom originates of each final spermatogonium. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): male-; Melipona-bicolor-bicolor (Hymenoptera -): male-; Scaptotrigona-postica (Hymenoptera-): male- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: cyst-cell: morphology-, organization-; spermatozoa-: reproductive-system; testis-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mitotic-cycles AN Accession Number: 200200167737 UD Update Code: 20020610 Record 267 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Annotated expressed sequence tags and cDNA microarrays for studies of brain and behavior in the honey bee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Whitfield-Charles-W; Band-Mark-R; Bonaldo-Maria-F; Kumar-Charu-G; Liu-Lei; Pardinas-Jose-R; Robertson-Hugh-M; Soares-M-Bento; Robinson-Gene-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801; E-Mail: generobi@life.uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Genome-Research. [print] April, 2002; 12 (4): 555-566. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.genome.org/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1088-9051 LA Language: English AB Abstract: To accelerate the molecular analysis of behavior in the honey bee (Apis mellifera), we created expressed sequence tag (EST) and cDNA microarray resources for the bee brain. Over 20,000 cDNA clones were partially sequenced from a normalized (and subsequently subtracted) library generated from adult A. mellifera brains. These sequences were processed to identify 15,311 high-quality ESTs representing 8912 putative transcripts. Putative transcripts were functionally annotated (using the Gene Ontology classification system) based on matching gene sequences in Drosophila melanogaster. The brain ESTs represent a broad range of molecular functions and biological processes, with neurobiological classifications particularly well represented. Roughly half of Drosophila genes currently implicated in synaptic transmission and/or behavior are represented in the Apis EST set. Of Apis sequences with open reading frames of at least 450 bp, 24% are highly diverged with no matches to known protein sequences. Additionally, over 100 Apis transcript sequences conserved with other organisms appear to have been lost from the Drosophila genome. DNA microarrays were fabricated with over 7000 EST cDNA clones putatively representing different transcripts. Using probe derived from single bee brain mRNA, microarrays detected gene expression for 90% of Apis cDNAs two standard deviations greater than exogenous control cDNAs. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Methods-and-Techniques; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and -Molecular-Biophysics); Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cDNA- [complementary-DNA]: cloning-, microarrays-; expressed-sequence-tags; mRNA- [messenger-RNA] MQ Methods and Equipment: DNA-cloning: cloning-method, recombinant-DNA-technology; micro-array -techniques: genetic-analysis, genetic-method AN Accession Number: 200200166945 UD Update Code: 20020610 Record 268 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: The Cape honeybee: An example of a social cancer. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Oldroyd-Benjamin-P {a} AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences A12, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006; E-Mail: boldroyd@bio.usyd.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Trends-in-Ecology-and-Evolution. [print] June, 2002; 17 (6): 249-251. URLJ Journal URL: http://journals.bmn.com/journals/list/latest?jcode=tree PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0169-5347 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The infamous African honeybee Apis mellifera scutellata of South Africa is now under threat from a parasite from its own species. Since 1990, a clone of A.m. capensis workers has been invading colonies of A.m. scutellata and parasitizing brood with their eggs, causing the host A.m. scutellata to raise yet more parasitizing workers. A new study by Martin et al. now shows how the A.m. capensis workers subvert the mechanisms that normally prevent worker reproduction. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [Cape-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): brood-parasite, egg -, worker-; Apis-mellifera-scutellata [African-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): egg-, host- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: South-Africa (Africa-, Ethiopian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: parasitic-behavior; social-cancer AN Accession Number: 200200165681 UD Update Code: 20020610 Record 269 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: How honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) change their broodcare behaviour in response to non-foraging conditions and poor pollen conditions. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schmickl-T; Crailsheim-K {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, Karl-Franzens-University, Universitatsplatz 2, 8010, Graz; E-Mail: crailsheim@uni-graz.at, Austria SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] April, 2002; 51 (5): 415-425. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We observed the nursing of larvae during all 5 days of larval development. We caged a queen in a specific area of empty combs inside the broodnest and filmed nursing episodes within this area. We created 5-day observations periods with and without artificial rain, as well as periods with and without manual reduction of pollen stores and reduction of pollen income. In rain periods, there were significantly fewer nursing episodes for young larvae (1-3 days old) than in no-rain periods. The nursing frequency was significantly correlated with the amount of pollen in the hive, as well as with the total amount of unsealed larvae. The ratio of available pollen to larvae had the strongest influence on the nursing frequency: the more pollen available per larva, the higher the nursing frequency of young larvae. Higher nursing frequency, as well as a longer total duration of nursing episodes, resulted in a higher protein content of the larvae. In contrast, the frequency of nursing of older larvae (4 days old) did not depend on the amount of pollen or on the ratio of pollen to larvae, even after some days of severe pollen reduction. The amount of honey stores and the weight of the hive were not correlated with the nursing frequency of any larval age group. When pollen becomes scarce, older larvae receive preferential treatment. They represent a considerable investment for the colony. From an economic point of view, it is important for the colony that they reach the "safe" final capping stage. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Development- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: broodcare-behavior; larval-development; non-foraging-conditions; nursing -frequency AN Accession Number: 200200165656 UD Update Code: 20020610 Record 270 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Molecular profiling of behavioural development: Differential expression of mRNAs for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase isoforms in naive and experienced honeybees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kucharski-R; Maleszka-R {a} AD Author Address: {a} Visual Sciences, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200; E-Mail: maleszka@rsbs.anu.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Molecular-Brain-Research. [print] 28 March, 2002; 99 (2): 92-101. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/bres PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0169-328X LA Language: English AB Abstract: In seeking genetic factors that may control the extended behavioural maturation of adult honeybees we found that inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) 3-kinase, a key enzyme in the IP3-mediated signalling cascade, is differentially expressed in brains of naive, newly emerged bees and experienced foragers. DNA sequencing yielded a contig of 21.5 kb spanning the honeybee IP3K locus and a 3' flanking gene similar to a transcription factor NFR-kappa-B. The IP3K locus gives rise to three differentially expressed major transcripts produced by alternative splicing that encode proteins with identical, highly conserved C-termini and distinct, non -conserved N-terminal domains. The type A transcript is dominant in the adult brain and its level of expression increases threefold during the first 4 days of adult development. The type B message is expressed in brains of naive bees, but is also found in the thorax and abdomen, whereas transcript C is expressed largely in non-neural tissues and in the antenna. In contrast to type A message, the brain levels of transcript B decrease during the first 4 days of adult life. Our data are evaluated in the context of the contrasting behavioural phenotypes of immature and experienced worker honeybees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: NFR-kappa-B [nuclear-factor-receptor-kappa-B]; inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate -3-kinase; inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-3-kinase-messenger-RNA: differential-expression RN CAS Registry Number (R): 106283-10-7: INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE 3-KINASE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-development: molecular-profiling; calcium-mobilization AN Accession Number: 200200165570 UD Update Code: 20020610 Record 271 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Activity of attendants after licking and palpating the queen in honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kralj-Jasna; Bozic-Janko {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana; E-Mail: jkralj0@lycos.com, janko.bozic@uni -lj.si, Slovenia SO Source: Netherlands-Journal-of-Zoology. [print] December, 2001; 51 (4): 415-419. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-2960 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A worker-queen contact in the retinue of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) enables transfer of queen pheromones to workers. Behaviours of workers attending the queen and post-contact behaviours were recorded. The most commonly observed activities of workers in retinue were licking and antennating the queen. Those activities were interrupted with bouts of self-grooming, which was the most frequently observed activity of licking attendants. Immediately after leaving, the queen workers which had licked the queen, self-groomed longer and more frequently than workers which had antennated the queen. Licking post-retinue workers walked significantly faster and rested less frequently than palpating post-retinue workers, which suggest that licking attendants are most effective in the pheromone transfer accomplished by accidental encounters with other nestmates. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 9-oksodecenoic-acid MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: attendant-activity; self-grooming AN Accession Number: 200200165536 UD Update Code: 20020610 Record 272 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Resistencia a la enfermedad de Cria Yesificada por colonias de Apis mellifera con eficiente comportamiento higienico (Hymenoptera, Apidae). [Chalkbrood disease resistance in Apis mellifera colonies with efficient hygienic behaviour (Hymenoptera, Apidae).] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Invernizzi-Ciro {a} AD Author Address: {a} Seccion Etologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Igua 4225, CP 14000, Montevideo; E-Mail: ciro@fcien.edu.uy, Uruguay SO Source: Iheringia-Serie-Zoologia. [print] 27 Nov., 2001; (91): 109-114. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0073-4721 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English AB Abstract: In an apiary composed of 14 hygienic and 7 non-hygienic colonies of Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 the presence of visible and capped mummies was recorded, one hygienic and 4 non-hygienic colonies showed symptoms of chalkbrood. Twenty-eight days after a massive contamination of the colonies with pollen patties containing Ascosphaera apis Olive & Spiltoir, 1955, the situation was almost identical to that at the beginning: the same 4 non-hygienic colonies still were infected and one hygienic colony that was healthy became infected. The high proportion of hygienic colonies that eliminated the disease symptoms suggests that they could maintain themselves healthy in spite of the presence of colonies with chalkbrood in the apiary. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Ascosphaera-apis (Ascomycetes-): contaminant -, pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- DS Diseases: chalkbrood-disease: fungal-disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiaries-; colony-contamination; disease-resistance; hygienic-behavior; pollen-patties AN Accession Number: 200200165521 UD Update Code: 20020610 Record 273 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Olfactory and behavioral response thresholds to odors of diseased brood differ between hygienic and non-hygienic honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Masterman-R; Ross-R; Mesce-K; Spivak-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, 219 Hodson Hall, Saint Paul, MN, 55108; E-Mail: spiva001@tc.umn.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] July, 2001; 187 (6): 441-452. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Through the use of proboscis-extension reflex conditioning, we demonstrate that honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) bred for hygienic behavior (a behavioral mechanism of disease resistance) are able to discriminate between odors of healthy and diseased brood at a lower stimulus level than bees from a non-hygienic line. Electroantennogram recordings confirmed that hygienic bees exhibit increased olfactory sensitivity to low concentrations of the odor of chalkbrood infected pupae (a fungal disease caused by Ascosphaera apis). Three-week-old hygienic bees were able to discriminate between the brood odors significantly better than three-week old non-hygienic bees. However, the differential performance in brood odor discrimination was primarily genetically based, not a direct result of age, experience, or the temporary behavioral state of the bee. Lower stimulus thresholds for both the olfactory and behavioral responses of hygienic bees may facilitate their ability to detect, uncap and remove diseased brood rapidly from the nest. In contrast, non-hygienic bees, possessing higher response thresholds, may not be able to detect diseased brood as easily. Our results provide an example of how physiological and behavioral differences between the hygienic and non-hygienic honey bee lines, operating at the level of the individual, could produce colony -specific behavioral phenotypes. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): host-; Ascosphaera-apis (Ascomycetes-): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-response-thresholds; brood-odor-discrimination; hygienic -behavior; olfactory-response-thresholds; proboscis-extension-reflex AN Accession Number: 200200163152 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 274 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: New records of aculeate Hymenoptera from Lincolnshire. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Whitehead-P-F {a} AD Author Address: {a} Moor Leys, Little Comberton, Pershore, Worcestershire, WR10 3EH, UK SO Source: Entomologist's-Monthly-Magazine. [print] 28th March, 2002; 138 (1652-1655): 49. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8908 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Biogeography- (Population-Studies); Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology -, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Dolichovespula-media (Hymenoptera-): predator-; Dolichovespula-sylvestris (Hymenoptera-): predator-; Lasioglossum-fulvicorne (Hymenoptera-): Aculeata-, female-, new-record; Sphecodes-niger (Hymenoptera-): Aculeata-, male-, new-record; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): food-, prey- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Lincolnshire- (UK-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); Worcestershire- (UK-, Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: calcareous-open-habitats; feeding-behavior; geographic-distribution; predation-; range-extensions; sand-pits AN Accession Number: 200200162178 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 275 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Protective action of propolis on the rat colon carcinogenesis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bazo-Ana-Paula; Marchesan-Rodrigues-Maria-Aparecida; Sforcin-Jose-Mauricio; Viana-de-Camargo-Joao-Lauro; Ribeiro-Lucia-Regina; Favero-Salvadori-Daisy -Maria {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo; E-Mail: dfavero@fmb.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Teratogenesis-Carcinogenesis-and-Mutagenesis. [print] 2002; 22 (3): 183-194. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0270-3211/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0270-3211 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Propolis is a honeybee product with several biological and therapeutical properties. Its effect on the process of colon carcinogenesis and DNA damage were evaluated in the male Wistar rats using the aberrant crypt foci (ACF) assay and the comet assay, respectively. For both tests, animals were treated with the colon carcinogen 1,2 dimethylhydrazine (DMH, 40 mg/kg, s.c.) for 2 weeks (two injections/week) in order to induce both DNA damage and ACF. The animals were divided into groups that received propolis (ethanolic extract) at three different doses (10, 30, and 90 mg/kg b.w., by gavage), either simultaneously or after DMH treatment. For the comet assay, peripheral blood samples were collected 4 h after the last DMH treatment. All animals were sacrificed at the 5th week for evaluation of ACF. The results show that only the intermediate dose (30 mg/kg) of propolis, administered after DMH initiation, is significantly associated to a smaller number of aberrant crypts in the distal colon. No effect on DNA damage in peripheral blood cells, however, was verified by the comet assay. These data suggest that propolis has a protective influence on the process of colon carcinogenesis, suppressing the development of preneoplastic lesions, and probably exerts no protection against the initiation of carcinogenesis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation); Pharmacology-; Toxicology-; Tumor-Biology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Wistar-rat (Muridae-): male-; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: colon-: digestive-system; peripheral-blood-cells: blood-and-lymphatics CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 1,2-dimethylhydrazine: carcinogen-; DNA-: damage-; propolis-: pharmaceutical-, protective-action DS Diseases: colorectal-cancer: digestive-system-disease, neoplastic-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 540-73-8: 1,2 DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE MQ Methods and Equipment: aberrant-crypt-foci-assay: analytical-method; comet-assay: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colon-carcinogenesis ALT Alternate Indexing: Colorectal-Neoplasms-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200200160980 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 276 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Epidemiology of pear fire blight in Egypt. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Abd-El-Ghafar-N-Y {a}; Abo-El-Maaty-Sh-M; Medany-M-A; Elew-I-S {a}; Abou -Hadid-A-F AD Author Address: {a} Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, Egypt SO Source: Egyptian-Journal-of-Soil-Science. [print] 2001; 28 (2): 217-239. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0302-6701 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Epidemics of plant diseases in Egypt represent a problem that we haven't sufficient data to face their effect on crop yield. Fire blight caused by Eriwina amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al., is one of the most destructive diseases of apples and pears worldwide. The present investigation was planned to study factors affecting growth of E. amylovora and disease development, in vitro, and relationship between environmental conditions and population of E. amylovora in different pear tissues and disease incidence. Also, the role of some insects i.e. Bee (Apis mellifera) and wood minors (Zeuzera pryina) in disease transmission was studied. The growth of E. amylovora in vitro was at its maximum rate at temperature degree ranged from 20degree to 30degree, 90-100% RH and pH values of 6.6 -7.4, similar data concerning the amount of bacterial ooze released from artificially inoculated pear fruits as well as the percentage of infected slices, under laboratory conditions, where maximum ooze production was recorded at the same environmental factors. High population of E. amylovora was found in cankers. Also, percentage of samples showing E. amylovora was relatively high in carikers and moderate in flowers. A definite relationship was observed between spring and autumn temperatures and population of E. amylovora and occurrence of fire blight of pear at field. Initial infection was noticed from March 28th up to April 6th, where average temperature degrees ranged from 20.3degree to 21.4degree, there was a direct relationship between certain insects and incidence of fire blight disease. It was evident that bee was active disseminator of E. amylovora and wood minors have a moderate effect in transmission. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Epidemiology- (Population-Studies); Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Pest -Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Enterobacteriaceae-: Facultatively-Anaerobic-Gram-Negative-Rods, Eubacteria -, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [bee-] (Hymenoptera-): disease-vector; Erwinia-amylovora (Enterobacteriaceae-): growth-, pathogen-, population-; Zeuzera-pryina [wood-miner] (Lepidoptera-): disease-vector; pear- (Rosaceae-): fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Dicots-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system; fruit-: artificially-inoculated, reproductive -system, slices- GE Geopolitical Location: Egypt- (Africa-, Palearctic-region) DS Diseases: canker-: bacterial-disease; fire-blight: bacterial-disease, epidemiology- MQ Methods and Equipment: laboratory-experiment: experimental-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bacteria-ooze-release; disease-development; environmental-conditions; initial-infection; temperature- AN Accession Number: 200200159856 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 277 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Estudio de la eficacia del Apimicos-B(R) en el control y la prevencion de la ascosferiosis en la abeja de la miel. [Efficacy of the Apimicos-B(R) to control and prevent chalkbrood disease in honey bees.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Flores-Jose-Manuel {a}; Puerta-Francisco; Gutierrez-Inmaculada; Arrebola -Francisco AD Author Address: {a} Centro Andaluz de Apicultura Ecologica, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba; E-Mail: Ba1pupuf@uco.es, Spain SO Source: Revista-Iberoamericana-de-Micologia. [print] Diciembre, 2001; 18 (4): 187 -190. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1130-1406 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English AB Abstract: Chalkbrood disease in Apis mellifera is a fungal disease affecting developing brood, infested larvae become mummified. As it is a factorial disease, studies on this pathology are obstructed by the need of some predisposing conditions which must occur for such disease to develop. Thus, many questions are yet to be answered about which treatments to apply. The aim of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of the Apimicos -B(R), a treatment against chalk brood. To induce the disease, some pieces of combs containing susceptible worker brood both from infected and treated colonies and from infected and untreated colonies were cooled. No significant differences were registered (53.12% and 59.58% of mummification respectively). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-, larva-; Ascosphaera-apis (Ascomycetes-): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Apimicos-B: antifungal-drug, antiinfective-drug DS Diseases: chalkbrood-: drug-therapy, fungal-disease AN Accession Number: 200200159700 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 278 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: The role of cuticular compounds in the resistance of honey bees (Apis mellifera) to tracheal mites (Acarapis woodi). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: van-Engelsdorp-Dennis; Otis-Gard-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1; E-Mail: dv23@cornell.edu, gotis@evb.uoguelph.ca, Canada SO Source: Experimental-and-Applied-Acarology. [print] 2001; 25 (7): 593-603. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0168-8162 PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0168-8162 LA Language: English AB Abstract: This study examined the migration of tracheal mites (Acarapis woodi) into honey bees (Apis mellifera) from different colonies and the relative attraction of mites to hexane extracts from the external body surfaces of young bees. Relative resistance of bees from different colonies initially was assessed with a field bioassay that involved tagging newly emerged bees, pooling them in heavily mite-infested colonies, retrieving them 7 days later, and examining them for tracheal mite prevalence and abundance. For those colonies identified as most resistant and least resistant, cuticular chemicals were extracted in hexane from frozen, newly emerged worker bees. These extracts were presented to individual tracheal mites in pairwise fashion in a laboratory bioassay. The results demonstrated that mites prefer extracts of bees from some colonies more than others, however, no consistent differences were demonstrated. Our inability to predict mite responses to extracts based on our initial assessment of relative resistance indicates that other mechanisms of resistance influence mite success in colonizing new host bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acarapis-woodi (Acarina-): parasite-; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cuticular-chemicals MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mite-prevalence; species-abundance AN Accession Number: 200200159541 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 279 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: The effect of the ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor on adult worker honeybee (Apis mellifera) emergence weights, water, protein, carbohydrate, and lipid levels. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bowen-Walker-Peter-L; Gunn-Alan {a} AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK SO Source: Entomologia-Experimentalis-et-Applicata. [print] December, 2001; 101 (3): 207-217. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0013-8703 PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8703 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Wet weight, dry weight and water contents of emerging honeybees (Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)) infested with the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor (Anderson) (Acari: Varroidae) were all negatively correlated with increasing numbers of mites. It was estimated that for every female mite present during the bees' development, the host would lose three percent of its body water. Parasitised bees also emerged with lower head and abdomen concentrations of protein and with lower abdominal carbohydrate concentrations. Lipid concentrations were not detectably affected by V. destructor infestation. The losses of metabolic reserves were not, however, judged to be serious enough to be directly responsible for the high bee mortality and ultimate colony collapse that are associated with the arrival of Varroa in a hive. Some 8.5% of the emerging bees exhibited morphological deformities and deformity was positively correlated with increasing numbers of mites in brood cells. Deformed bees were, however, found in all categories of parasitosis, suggesting that other factors, such as infectious agents, may be involved. Mites that fed on either live or dead U14C-labelled bees acquired the label within 24 h and it was calculated that an adult female mite consumes 0.67 mul haemolymph 24 h-1. It was also demonstrated that 14C was transmitted to a previously non-radio-labelled bee when a mite that had been feeding on a labelled bee changed hosts. The level of transfer was above that which could have arisen through contamination of the mites' mouthparts and supports the suggestion that Varroa is an important vector of pathogens such as viruses. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, host-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: abdomen-; head- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: carbohydrate-; lipid-; protein- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-cells; emergence-weights; metabolic-reserve-loss AN Accession Number: 200200159538 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 280 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Influence of worker brood survival rate on the performance of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies during different seasons. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Chaudhary-Shruti; Gupta-J-K {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology and Apiculture, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Foresty, Nauni, Solan, HP, 173230, India SO Source: Entomon-. [print] December, 2001; 26 (3-4): 309-312. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0377-9335 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In the present studies, the colonies of Apis mellifera having high, medium and low brood survival showed significant variations in the bee population only during spring and not during summer and autumn. The low brood survival colonies also had significantly less brood in the spring season as compared to the normal colonies. During spring, the empty cells in the brood comb were 20.62 per cent in the colonies of low brood survival group as compared to the 9.47 per cent in high brood survival colonies. Maximum empty cells were found in all the colonies during autumn season. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-survival-rate; colony-performance; seasonality- AN Accession Number: 200200151213 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 281 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Comparative abundance and foraging behaviour of insect pollinators of raya, Brassica juncea L. and role of Apis mellifera L. in crop pollination. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mahindru-Naresh {a}; Singh-Gurdip {a}; Grewal-G-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141 004, India SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Science-Ludhiana. [print] March, 1998; 11 (1): 34-37. PY Publication Year: 1998 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0970-3837 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Studies were conducted on abundance and foraging behaviour of insect pollinators of raya crop and role of Apis mellifera in its pollination at Ludhiana during 1989-90. Apis dorsata Fab., A. mellifera L., A. florea Fab. and Andrena sp. consitituted 51.43, 23.77, 20 and 4.80 per cent of total bees caught on this crop. Apis dorsata was more active between 10-16 h while A. mellifera and A. florea were active between 11-16 h. On an average, A. mellifera, A. dorsata, and A. florea visited 14.06, 11.36 and 5.81 flowers/minute. One, two and five bee visits/flower by A. mellifera resulted in 65.5, 82.5 and 88.4 per cent pod setting. Intensive pollination of raya by A. mellifera increased the number of seeds/pod by 12.22 per cent, seed germination by 7.15 per cent and oil content by 8.31 per cent over natural pollination. When the visit of A. mellifera was excluded from the flowers, it resulted in decrease of these parameters by 13.57, 0.23 and 2.39 per cent respectively. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Cruciferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Andrena-sp. (Hymenoptera-); Apis-dorsata (Hymenoptera-); Apis-florea (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Brassica-juncea [raya-] (Cruciferae-): oil-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Ludhiana- (Punjab-, India-, Asia-, Oriental-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: comparative-abundance; foraging-behavior; intensive-pollination; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200200151157 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 282 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Partial cytochrome b sequences for six hymenoptera of the Eastern United States. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Collins-A-M {a}; Gardner-L-M AD Author Address: {a} Bee Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Bldg. 476, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705; E-Mail: collinsa@ba.ars.usda.gov, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Heredity. [print] November-December, 2001; 92 (6): 519-521. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1503 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Anthophora-acervorum (Hymenoptera-); Apis-cerana (Hymenoptera-); Apis -mellifera-ligustica (Hymenoptera-); Bombus-dahlbomii (Hymenoptera-); Bombus-impatiens (Hymenoptera-); Bracon-sp. (Hymenoptera-); Euglossa -imperialis (Hymenoptera-); Halictus-ligatus [alkali-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Megachile-sp. [leafcutting-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Polistes-fuscatus [paper -wasp] (Hymenoptera-); Tetragona-dorsalis (Hymenoptera-); Trigona -necrophaga (Hymenoptera-); Vespa-crabro [European-hornet] (Hymenoptera-); Vespula-germanica [German-yellow-jacket] (Hymenoptera-); Vespula-vulgaris (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: endonucleases-; mtDNA- [mitochondrial-DNA]: digestion-, isolation- SD Sequence Data: AF002725-: GenBank-, nucleotide-sequence; AF002726-: GenBank-, nucleotide -sequence; AF002730-: GenBank-, nucleotide-sequence; AF002731-: GenBank-, nucleotide-sequence; AF059349-: GenBank-, nucleotide-sequence; AF066962-: GenBank-, nucleotide-sequence; AF281169-: GenBank-, nucleotide-sequence; AF281170-: GenBank-, nucleotide-sequence; AF281171-: GenBank-, nucleotide -sequence; AF281172-: GenBank-, nucleotide-sequence; AF281173-: GenBank-, nucleotide-sequence; AF281174-: GenBank-, nucleotide-sequence; L06178-: GenBank-, nucleotide-sequence; U75353-: GenBank-, nucleotide-sequence; Z83636-: GenBank-, nucleotide-sequence GE Geopolitical Location: Columbia- (Maryland-, USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region); Eastern-USA (USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9055-11-2: ENDONUCLEASES; 384496-54-2: GENBANK-L06178 MQ Methods and Equipment: agarose-gel-electrophoresis: genetic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: phylogenetic-relationships AN Accession Number: 200200148935 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 283 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Two novel long-chain alkanoic acid esters of lupeol from Alecrim-propolis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Furukawa-Satomi; Takagi-Naomichi; Ikeda-Tsuyoshi; Ono-Masateru; Nafady-Alaa -Mohamed; Nohara-Toshihiro {a}; Sugimoto-Hiroyuki; Doi-Shima; Yamada-Hideo AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe -honmachi, Kumamoto, 862-0973; E-Mail: none@gpo.kumamoto-u.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Chemical-and-Pharmaceutical-Bulletin-Tokyo. [print] March, 2002; 50 (3): 439-440. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0009-2363 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Two new long-chain alkanoic acid esters of lupeol were isolated together with known triterpenoids, alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, cycloartenol, lanosta -7,24-diene-3beta-ol and lupeol from Alecrim-propolis collected in Brazil. The structures were characterized by spectroscopic means. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Methods-and-Techniques; Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Lupeol-; alecrim-propolis; alpha-amyrin; beeswax-; beta-amyrin; cycloartenol-; lanosta-7,24-diene-3-beta-ol; long-chain-alkanoic-acid -esters; propolis-; triterpenoids- GE Geopolitical Location: Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 545-47-1: LUPEOL; 638-95-9: ALPHA-AMYRIN; 559-70-6: BETA-AMYRIN; 469-38-5: CYCLOARTENOL MQ Methods and Equipment: spectroscopy-: characterization-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: folk-medicine AN Accession Number: 200200146869 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 284 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Influence of gene action across different time scales on behavior. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ben-Shahar-Y; Robichon-A; Sokolowski-M-B; Robinson-G-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, 320 Morrill Hall, Urbana, IL, 61801; E-Mail: generobi@life.uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Science-Washington-D-C. [print] 26 April, 2002; 296 (5568): 741-744. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/current/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0036-8075 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Genes can affect natural behavioral variation in different ways. Allelic variation causes alternative behavioral phenotypes, whereas changes in gene expression can influence the initiation of behavior at different ages. We show that the age-related transition by honey bees from hive work to foraging is associated with an increase in the expression of the foraging (for) gene, which encodes a guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) -dependent protein kinase (PKG). cGMP treatment elevated PKG activity and caused foraging behavior. Previous research showed that allelic differences in PKG expression result in two Drosophila foraging variants. The same gene can thus exert different types of influence on a behavior. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Drosophila- (Diptera-); honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: behavior-influencing-genes; cGMP-dependent-protein-kinase [PKG] RN CAS Registry Number (R): 141588-27-4: CGMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-behavior AN Accession Number: 200200146436 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 285 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Queen avoidance and mandibular gland secretion of honeybee workers (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Moritz-R-F-A {a}; Crewe-R-M; Hepburn-H-R AD Author Address: {a} Molekulare Oekologie, Institut fuer Zoologie, Martin-Luther -Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg, Kroellwitzer Strasse 44, 06099, Halle/Saale; E-Mail: r.moritz@zoologie.uni-halle.de, robin.crewe@bioagric.up.ac.za, R.Hepburn@ru.ac.za, Germany SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2002; 49 (1): 86-91. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.birkhauser.ch/journals/4000/4000_tit.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Individually labeled newly emerged honeybee workers were introduced into three queenright host colonies. The host colonies were housed in observation hives with one brood frame. The location of the workers during their first eleven days of life was monitored. In the initial phase of the experiment, the queen was allowed to roam freely in the colony. In a second phase of the experiment the queen was caged on one side of the frame. In all three colonies workers were observed either being attracted to or avoiding the queen. The mandibular gland secretions of workers attracted to the queen more often had the typical worker like mandibular gland secretion whereas workers avoiding the queen, produced a mandibular gland secretion more similar to that of a queen. This suggests that the workers avoiding the queen are attempting to escape queen control which otherwise suppresses the secretion of queen like pheromones. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis (Hymenoptera-): queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: mandibular-gland CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: mandibular-gland-secretions; queen-pheromone MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: avoidance-behavior; spatial-distribution; worker-reproduction AN Accession Number: 200200146214 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 286 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Lack of worker reproduction in the giant honey bee Apis dorsata fabricius. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wattanachaiyingcharoen-W; Oldroyd-B-P {a}; Good-G; Halling-L; Ratnieks-F-L -W; Wongsiri-S AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, A12, Sydney, NSW, 2006; E-Mail: boldroyd@bio.usyd.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2002; 49 (1): 80-85. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.birkhauser.ch/journals/4000/4000_tit.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Worker policing (any behavior performed by workers that reduces reproduction by other workers) via egg eating has been observed in three species of honey bee (Apis mellifera, A. cerana, and A. florea). The maternity of drones of the giant honey bee A. dorsata (n=660) was determined using DNA microsatellite analysis. None carried markers from the queen's mates indicating that none was a worker's son. In addition, dissection of 1,902 workers from 8 colonies showed that none had activated ovaries indicating that worker sterility is usual. Worker policing behavior involves costs when police workers make errors: removing eggs laid by a queen or failing to remove worker-laid eggs. We develop a model that examines the effect of these costs on the acceptance threshold of eggs. The model shows that costs may be reduced by any cues that help police workers distinguish worker-laid and queen-laid eggs. Once such cue may be the use of unique cells for rearing drones and workers. Unlike other Apis, A. dorsata rear both workers and drones in the same-size cells with the drone brood scattered among worker brood. Thus, the ability of A. dorsata workers to detect and eliminate (police) worker-laid eggs may be associated with higher costs than in other species. Our model suggests that these higher costs may select for a more permissive egg-acceptance threshold, because of the costs of erroneously removing queen-laid eggs, leading to greater worker reproduction. However our empirical results suggest that worker reproduction is very low in the species, suggesting that worker policing is efficient and that police workers have no difficulty in distinguishing queen-laid and worker-laid eggs. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-dorsata [giant-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): drone-, egg-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovary-: activation-, reproductive-system MQ Methods and Equipment: DNA-microsatellite-analysis: analytical-method; dissection-: examination -method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-models; egg-eating; genotype-frequencies; maternity-; sterility -; worker-policing; worker-reproduction AN Accession Number: 200200146213 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 287 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: When do honey bee guards reject their former nestmates after swarming? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Beekman-M {a}; Calis-J-N-M; Oldroyd-B-P; Ratnieks-F-L-W AD Author Address: {a} Schools of Biological Sciences and Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, A12, Sydney, NSW; E-Mail: mbeekman@bio.usyd.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2002; 49 (1): 56-61. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.birkhauser.ch/journals/4000/4000_tit.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) reproduce by swarming wherein the mother queen leaves the nest with approximately two thirds of her workers (the prime swarm). Several daughter queens are raised in the original nest, and these start to emerge shortly after the first swarm departs. One or several of these daughter queens may then leave the original colony sequentially with smaller afterswarms. Here we study the change in acceptance of former nestmates after colony reproduction using free-flying honey bee colonies. We used a total of four colonies each of which we divided to make four new colonies: two artificial swarms (the offspring colonies) and two colonies that mimic established ('old') colonies after swarming. The way the original (mother) colonies were divided allowed us to determine the relative importance of wax comb on cue divergence. Half of the divisions contained the original wax combs from the mother colony whereas the other divisions were not provided with comb requiring them to construct their own. We then tested the acceptance of former nestmates by introducing foragers at the hive entrances and observing the behaviour of guard bees. Our results did not show a consistent change in acceptance of former nestmates after swarming. In two out of four replicates, workers originating from the colonies that contained the original wax combs were rejected by guards from the initially comb-less colonies. This suggests that comb wax plays an important role in nestmate recognition. However, the remaining two replicates did not show a response; all former nesmates were still accepted two weeks after artificial swarming. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Reproduction-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental -Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-reproduction; cue-divergence; guarding-behavior; nestmate -recognition; nestmate-rejection; swarming-behavior; wax-combs: construction- AN Accession Number: 200200146211 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 288 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Effects of colony food shortage on social interactions in honey bee colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schulz-D-J {a}; Vermiglio-M-J {a}; Huang-Z-Y; Robinson-G-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801; E-Mail: schulz@uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2002; 49 (1): 50-55. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.birkhauser.ch/journals/4000/4000_tit.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The age of onset of foraging in honey bee colonies is affected both by inhibitory social interactions among nestmates and starvation. We determined whether starvation affects worker-worker interactions by quantifying the frequencies of five social interactions (trophallaxis, begging, offering, antennating, and grooming) in colonies that either were starved or well-fed. We hypothesized that bees in starved colonies engage in fewer social interactions than bees in colonies with ample food stores. In all three trials, starved colonies had significantly greater numbers of foragers than well-fed colonies, as in a previous study. In three of three trials, starved bees showed a significantly higher frequency of begging behavior than well-fed bees. Begging in starved colonies increased exponentially with time as the starvation presumably grew more severe. Immediately following the onset of foraging in starved colonies, the frequency of begging declined dramatically. No consistent differences for other observed social behaviors were found. Our results under starvation conditions do not provide support for the hypothesis that precocious forager development must be associated with a decrease in social interactions. Perhaps factors that influence precocious foraging under starvation conditions differ from those under conditions of ample food stores. We speculate that the duration and specific nature of the social contact may be important. Furthermore, we speculate that begging itself may be a cue associated with precocious forager development. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Development- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: antennating-; begging-behavior; behavioral-development; colony-conditions; division-of-labor; food-shortage; foraging-behavior: age-of-onset; grooming-behavior; offering-behavior; precocious-development; social -contact; social-interactions; starvation-; trophallaxis- AN Accession Number: 200200146210 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 289 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Assessment of pollen stores by foragers in colonies of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Vaughan-D-M; Calderone-N-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853; E-Mail: nwc4@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2002; 49 (1): 23-27. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.birkhauser.ch/journals/4000/4000_tit.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Colonies of social insects coordinate many activities in response to changing colony needs. One example is the maintenance of pollen stores in the nest by honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). To adjust pollen intake in an appropriate manner, individual foragers must assess the colony's need for pollen. This assessment could be done either directly, through physical contact with larvae and stored pollen, or indirectly, using information obtained from other bees in the colony. We investigated the mechanisms by which foragers assess their colony's need for pollen. We segregated foragers from non-foragers using either a single screen that permitted contact between the two groups of bees, or a double screen that prevented contact. We supplied the segregated foragers in colonies of both of the screen treatment groups with either a comb containing 300 g pollen (P+) or a comb without pollen (P-). To create a need for pollen in the non-forager compartment of each colony, we provided that compartment with combs bearing 3-5 d old larvae but without any pollen. Foragers on combs with pollen returned 3.5% of the time with pollen, while foragers on combs without pollen returned with pollen 20.7% of the time (P<0.005). Foragers able to contact their non-foraging nestmates through a single screen (S1) returned with pollen 12.6% of the time, while foragers prevented from contacting nestmates by a double screen (S2) returned with pollen loads 11.7% of the time (P>0.80). The interaction between the pollen and screen treatments was not significant. These results suggest that foragers adjust their foraging behavior based on their direct assessment of the amount of pollen stored in the colony, and that non-foragers do not provide an excitatory indirect stimulus to foragers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-needs; direct-assessments; food-intake; foraging-behavior; individual-behavior; physical-contact; pollen-stores; regulatory -mechanisms; social-behavior AN Accession Number: 200200146204 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 290 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Diferencias en el comportamiento higienico de la abeja Apis mellifera en celdas de cria de obreras y zanganos. [Hygienic behaviour of the honey bee Apis mellifera in worker and drone brood cells.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Marcangeli-Jorge-A {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratorio de Artropodos, Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, 7600, Mar del Plata; E -Mail: jamarca@mdp.edu.ar, Argentina SO Source: Revista-de-la-Sociedad-Entomologica-Argentina. [print] 2001; 60 (1-4): 203 -208. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0373-5680 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English AB Abstract: In order to analyze hygienic behaviour of Apis mellifera L. in worker and drone brood cells, a number of worker and drone larvae, from six honey bee hives were killed with a needle through the cap. The work was done at Coronel Vidal, province of Buenos Aires during spring 1999. Results showed a different hygienic behavior between worker and drone brood cells. There were no significant differences between hives. However, nurse bees emptied significantly more drone brood cells than worker cells, with average remotion rates of 74.04+-1.03% and 70.46+-0.99% for drone and worker cells respectively. This high remotion proportion for drone cells is quite different to results observed for Apis cerana F., which did not hygienize drone brood cells. Results presented in this study could describe a strategy displayed by Apis mellifera nurse bees against the presence of abnormality in brood. In this way honey bees could eliminate rapidly possible pathogenic agents from hives. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): drone-, larva-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Coronel-Vidal, Buenos-Aires (Argentina-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-cells; hygienic-behavior; intercaste-differences; remotion-rates AN Accession Number: 200200146185 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 291 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Low seed/nut productivity in cashew (Anacardium occidentale): Effects of self-incompatibility and honey bee (Apis mellifera) foraging behaviour. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: De-Holanda-Neto-J-P; Freitas-B-M {a}; Bueno-D-M; De-Araujo-Z-B AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Zootecnia, CCA, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE; E-Mail: freitas@ufc.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Horticultural-Science-and-Biotechnology. [print] March, 2002; 77 (2): 226-231. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1462-0316 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The roles of self- versus cross-pollination and honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) foraging behaviour in low nut yield of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) were studied in NE Brazil in 1997 and 1998. It was shown that both self- and cross-pollination can set fruits in cashew, but most of fruits originating from self-pollination are shed 9-15 d after pollination, and fruits harvested are primarily from cross-pollination. Honey bees display foraging behaviour in cashew orchards conducive to cross-pollination, but in plantations originating from clonal material they failed to increase fruit yield despite cashew's dependence on insect pollination. It is concluded that cashew has a mechanism of selective abortion through which it discards self-pollinated fruits and that honey bees can contribute to increased fruit yield only when cashew trees of genetically diverse origin are found in the same orchard. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Genetics-; Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Anacardiaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Anacardium-occidentale [cashew-] (Anacardiaceae-): nut-crop; Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: crop-yield; foraging-behavior; low-seed/nut-productivity; plant-breeding; self-incompatibility AN Accession Number: 200200145254 UD Update Code: 20020524 Record 292 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Asymmetrical generalisation between pheromonal and floral odours in appetitive olfactory conditioning of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sandoz-J-C; Pham-Delegue-M-H {a}; Renou-M; Wadhams-L-J AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, INRA, La Guyonnerie, 91440, Bures-sur-Yvette; E-Mail: pham@jouy.inra.fr, France SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] September, 2001; 187 (7): 559-568. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The capacity to generalise between similar but not identical olfactory stimuli is crucial for honey bees, allowing them to find rewarding food sources with varying volatile emissions. We studied bees' generalisation behaviour with odours having different biological values: typical floral odours or alarm compounds. Bees' behavioural and peripheral electrophysiological responses were investigated using a combined proboscis extension response conditioning-electroantennogram assay. Bees were conditioned to pure linalool (floral) or to pure isoamyl acetate (alarm) and were tested with different concentrations of both compounds. Electrophysiological responses were not influenced by conditioning, suggesting that the learning of individual compounds does not rely on modulations of peripheral sensitivity. Behaviourally, generalisation responses of bees conditioned to the alarm compound were much higher than those of bees conditioned to the floral odour. We further demonstrated such asymmetrical generalisation between alarm and floral odours by using differential conditioning procedures. Conditioning to alarm compounds (isoamyl acetate or 2-heptanone) consistently induced more generalisation than conditioning to floral compounds (linalool or phenylacetaldehyde). Interestingly, generalisation between the two alarm compounds, which are otherwise chemically different, was extremely high. These results are discussed in relation to the neural representation of compounds with different biological significance for bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: proboscis-: dental-and-oral-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 2-heptanone: alarm-odor; isoamyl-acetate: alarm-odor; linalool-: floral -odor; phenylacetaldehyde-: floral-odor RN CAS Registry Number (R): 110-43-0: 2-HEPTANONE; 123-92-2: ISOAMYL ACETATE; 78-70-6: LINALOOL; 122-78 -1: PHENYLACETALDEHYDE MQ Methods and Equipment: appetitive-olfactory-conditioning: conditioning-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: generalization-behavior; learning-; olfactory-stimuli AN Accession Number: 200200143511 UD Update Code: 20020508 Record 293 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: The effect of shape parameters on maximal detection distance of model targets by honeybee workers. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ne'-eman-Gidi {a}; Kevan-Peter-G AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon, 36006; E -Mail: gneeman@research.haifa.ac.il, Israel SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] October, 2001; 187 (8): 653-660. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The influence of several spatial parameters on the maximal detection distance of a target by approaching foraging honeybees was examined. The roles of target diameter, color and luminance contrasts have been already demonstrated in earlier studies. The present study used, for the first time, dissected flower like targets that differed in addition to diameter (D) and area (pi(D/2)2=Acir) also in the length of contour line (C), the area of the colored "petals" (Acol) and the degree of dissectedness as expressed mainly by the ratio Acol2/C. The color and luminance contrasts were identical for all targets. Our results confirm the importance of size. However, we demonstrate for the first time, that full circular shapes have the greatest maximal detection distance among targets of equal diameters, and even more than dissected targets with equal Acol and double D. The parameter Acol2/C was found as the best predictor of maximal detection distance of vertically presented targets with varying diameter and degree of dissection for honeybee workers. We propose that an increase in the colored area and decrease in contour line is advantageous due to the fact that it increases the amount of contrast that the target as a whole produces against its background. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: analysis-of-variance: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: color-; detection-distance; floral-shape-parameters; luminance-; maximal -detection-distance; target-distance; vision- AN Accession Number: 200200143509 UD Update Code: 20020508 Record 294 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Effects of propolis from Brazil and Bulgaria on fungicidal activity of macrophages against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Murad-J-M; Calvi-S-A; Soares-A-M-V-C; Bankova-V; Sforcin-J-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, IB -UNESP, 18618-000, Botucatu, SP; E-Mail: sforcin@ibb.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Ethnopharmacology. [print] March, 2002; 79 (3): 331-334. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jethpharm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-8741 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Paracoccidioidomycosis is the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America. Its etiological agent, Paracoccidoides brasiliensis, affects individuals living in endemic areas through inhalation of airborne conidia or mycelial fragments. The disease may affect different organs and systems, with multiple clinical features, with cell-mediated immunity playing a significant role in host defence. Peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were stimulated with Brazilian or Bulgarian propolis and subsequently challenged with P. brasiliensis. Data suggest an increase in the fungicidal activity of macrophages by propolis stimulation, independently from its geographic origin. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis); Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta -, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Paracoccidioides-brasiliensis (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): pathogen-; mouse- (Muridae-): strain -BALB/b TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Microorganisms-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants-; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: macrophage-: blood-and-lymphatics, immune-system; propolis- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: propolis-extract: immunologic-drug, immunostimulant-drug GE Geopolitical Location: Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region); Bulgaria- (Europe-, Palearctic -region) DS Diseases: paracoccidioidomycosis-: fungal-disease, immunology-, integumentary-system -disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cell-mediated-immunity; host-defense ALT Alternate Indexing: Paracoccidioidomycosis-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200200142449 UD Update Code: 20020508 Record 295 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: The insecticide imidacloprid is a partial agonist of the nicotinic receptor of honeybee Kenyon cells. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Deglise-Patrice {a}; Gruenewald-Bernd; Gauthier-Monique AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Insecte, Universite Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse; E-Mail: patrice_deglise@yahoo.fr, France SO Source: Neuroscience-Letters. [print] March 15, 2002; 321 (1-2): 13-16. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/neulet PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0304-3940 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The main targets of the insecticide imidacloprid are neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) within the insect brain. We tested the effects of imidacloprid on ligand-gated ion channels of cultured Kenyon cells of the honeybee, Apis mellifera. Kenyon cells build up the mushroom body neuropils, which are involved in higher order neuronal processes such as olfactory learning. We measured whole-cell currents through nicotinic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors using patch-clamp techniques. Pressure applications of imidacloprid elicited inward currents, which were irreversibly blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin. Imidacloprid was a partial nicotinic agonist, since it elicited only 36% of ACh-induced currents and competitively blocked 64% of the peak ACh-induced currents. GABA-induced currents were partially blocked when imidacloprid was coapplied and this block was independent upon activation of nAChRs. Our results identify the honeybee nAChR as a target of imidacloprid and an imidacloprid-induced inhibition of the insect GABA receptor. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: Kenyon-cells; mushroom-body: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: acetylcholine-; alpha-bungarotoxin; gamma-aminobutyric-acid; imidacloprid-: insecticide-, partial-neuronal-nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor-agonist RN CAS Registry Number (R): 51-84-3: ACETYLCHOLINE; 11032-79-4: ALPHA-BUNGAROTOXIN; 56-12-2: GAMMA -AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; 138261-41-3: IMIDACLOPRID AN Accession Number: 200200141278 UD Update Code: 20020508 Record 296 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: The complete genome sequence of Perina nuda picorna-like virus, an insect -infecting RNA virus with a genome organization similar to that of the mammalian picornaviruses. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wu-Chih-Yu; Lo-Chu-Fang; Huang-Chang-Jen; Yu-Hon-Tsen; Wang-Chung-Hsiung {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 107; E -Mail: wangch@ccms.ntu.edu.tw, Taiwan SO Source: Virology-. [print] March 15, 2002; 294 (2): 312-323. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.academicpress.com/virology PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0042-6822 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Perina nuda picorna-like virus (PnPV) is an insect-infecting RNA virus with morphological and physicochemical characters similar to the Picornaviridae. In this article, we determine the complete genome sequence and analyze the gene organization of PnPV. The genome of PnPV consists of 9476 nucleotides (nts) excluding the poly(A) tail and contains a single large open reading frame (ORF) of 8958 nts (2986 codons) flanked by 473 and 45 nt noncoding regions on the 5' and 3' ends, respectively. Northern blotting did not detect the presence of any subgenomic RNA. The PnPV genome codes for four structural proteins (CP1-4), and determination of their N-terminal sequences by Edman degradation, showed that all four are located in the 5' region of the genome. The 3' part of the PnPV genome contains the consensus sequence motifs for picornavirus RNA helicase, cysteine protease, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in that order from the 5' to the 3' end. In all of these characters, the genome organization of PnPV resembles the mammalian picornaviruses and two other insect picorna-like viruses, infectious flacherie virus (IFV) of the silkworm and Sacbrood virus (SBV) of the honeybee. In a phylogenetic tree based on the eight conserved domains in the RdRp sequence, PnPV formed a separate cluster with IFV and SBV, which suggests that these three insect picorna-like viruses might constitute a novel group of insect-infecting RNA viruses. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Infection-; Methods-and-Techniques; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and -Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Animal-Viruses: Viruses-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Picornaviridae-: Animal-Viruses, Viruses-, Microorganisms- OR Organisms: Perina-nuda (Lepidoptera-): host-; Perina-nuda-picorna-like-virus (Picornaviridae-): pathogen-; Sacbrood-virus (Picornaviridae-): pathogen-; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): host-; infectious-flacherie-virus (Animal -Viruses): pathogen-; picornavirus- (Picornaviridae-): pathogen-; silkworm - (Lepidoptera-): host- TN Taxa Notes: Animal-Viruses; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Viruses- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: RNA-; gene-; nucleotide-; open-reading-frame MQ Methods and Equipment: Edman-degradation: protein-sequencing/amino-acid-sequencing, sequencing -method; Northern-blot: blotting/hybridization/molecular-probe-techniques, detection-method, gene-mapping, labeling-, recombinant-DNA-technology; genome-sequencing: sequencing- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: genome- AN Accession Number: 200200136767 UD Update Code: 20020508 Record 297 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Geometric estimates of heritability in biological shape. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Monteiro-Leandro-R {a}; Diniz-Filho-Jose-Alexandre-F; dos-Reis-Sergio-F; Araujo-Edilson-D AD Author Address: {a} Laboratorio de Ciencias Ambientais, Centro de Biociencias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Horto, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28015-620, Rio de Janeiro; E -Mail: lrmont@uenf.br, diniz@icbl.ufg.br, sfreis@unicamp.br, edaraujo@yahoo.com.br, Brazil SO Source: Evolution-. [print] March, 2002; 56 (3): 563-572. URLJ Journal URL: http://evol.allenpress.com/evolonline/?request=get-current-issue PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0014-3820 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The recently developed geometric morphometrics methods represent an important contribution of statistics and geometry to the study of biological shapes. We propose simple protocols using shape distances that incorporate geometric techniques into linear quantitative genetic models that should provide insights into the contribution of genetics to shape variation in organisms. The geometric approaches use Procrustes distances in a curved shape space and distances in tangent spaces within and among families to estimate shape heritability. We illustrate the protocols with an example of wing shape variation in the honeybee, Apis mellifera. The heritability of overall shape variation was small, but some localized components depicting shape changes on distal wing regions showed medium to large heritabilities. The genetic variance-covariance matrix of the geometric shape variables was significantly correlated with the phenotypic shape variance-covariance matrix. A comparison of the results of geometric methods with the traditional multivariate analysis of interlandmark distances indicated that even with a larger dimensionality, the interlandmark distances were not as rich in shape information as the landmark coordinates. Quantitative genetics studies of shape should greatly benefit from the application of geometric methods. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Genetics-; Models-and-Simulations (Computational-Biology); Morphology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): honeybee- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: wing-: shape-variation MQ Methods and Equipment: geometric-morphometric-methods: mathematical-method; landmark-distances -multivariate-analysis: mathematical-method; linear-quantitative-genetic -models: mathematical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Procrustes-distances; biological-shape; genetic-variance-covariance-matrix; geometric-heritability-estimates; phenotypic-variance-covariance-matrix; quantitative-genetics; shape-distances AN Accession Number: 200200136302 UD Update Code: 20020508 Record 298 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Fatty acids in honeybee-collected pollens from six endemic Western Australian eucalypts and the possible significance to the Western Australian beekeeping industry. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Manning-R {a}; Harvey-M AD Author Address: {a} Dairy and Apiculture Program, Animal Research and Development Services, Agriculture WA, Bentley, WA, 6983; E-Mail: rmanning@agric.wa.gov.au, Australia SO Source: Australian-Journal-of-Experimental-Agriculture. [print] 2002; 42 (2): 217 -223. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0816-1089 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Western Australian eucalypt pollens in this research have low levels of lipid (0.59-1.9%) when compared with many other plant species that have evolved alongside the European honeybee. Eucalypt-pollen lipid was dominant in linoleic acid (35.7-48%). The six other major fatty acids that were present in the lipid were myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linolenic and arachidic acids. Linoleic acid was dominant in eucalypt pollen at average concentrations of 2.77-5.81 mg/g pollen. These results could be of significance to the Australian beekeeping industry in refining disease-management strategies in the light that other researchers have found that 2 economically damaging bee diseases (EFB and AFB) are inhibited by certain concentrations of the acid. Redgum- or marri (Corymbia calophylla)-pollen lipid was also dominated by 2 other known antibacterial fatty acids: myristic (0.25 mg/g pollen) and linolenic (1.06 mg/g pollen), when compared with the other eucalypts studied. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Economic-Entomology; Nutrition- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Myrtaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): brood-diseases; Corymbia -calophylla (Myrtaceae-); Eucalyptus-accedens (Myrtaceae-); Eucalyptus -calophylla (Myrtaceae-); Eucalyptus-diversicolor (Myrtaceae-); Eucalyptus -marginata (Myrtaceae-); Eucalyptus-patens (Myrtaceae-); Eucalyptus-wandoo (Myrtaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: arachidic-acid: pollen-chemistry; linoleic-acid: pollen-chemistry; myristic -acid: pollen-chemistry; oleic-acid: pollen-chemistry; palmitic-acid: pollen-chemistry; stearic-acid: pollen-chemistry GE Geopolitical Location: Western-Australia (Australia-, Australasian-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 506-30-9: ARACHIDIC ACID; 60-33-3: LINOLEIC ACID; 544-63-8: MYRISTIC ACID; 112-80-1: OLEIC ACID; 57-10-3: PALMITIC ACID; 57-11-4: STEARIC ACID AN Accession Number: 200200135433 UD Update Code: 20020508 Record 299 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: A model of the mite parasite, Varroa destructor, on honeybees (Apis mellifera) to investigate parameters important to mite population growth. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wilkinson-D {a}; Smith-G-C AD Author Address: {a} Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ; E-Mail: d.wilkinson@csl.gov.uk, UK SO Source: Ecological-Modelling. [print] 1 March, 2002; 148 (3): 263-275. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ecolmodel PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0304-3800 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Results from a simple model of a population of varroa mites (Varroa destructor-previously known as Varroa jacobsoni) reproducing in a honeybee colony (Apis mellifera) are compared with previous models. The method considers the choice of appropriate output parameters. Sensitivity analysis was used to rank the input variables in terms of relative importance. In this model, seasonal variation in brood rearing of the host honeybees was found to be more important in determining the mite population growth rate than the reproductive rate of the mites. Simulations with different amounts of drone brood highlight its importance in determining the growth rate of the varroa population. Possible biological control methods that beekeepers can apply are discussed. Simulations with shortened post-capping times (PCTs) of worker brood and drone brood indicate that a reduction of about 10% in the PCTs for drone or worker brood would reduce the mite population growth by about 30 or 60%, respectively. This analysis highlighted some important variables that appear to have been given little consideration by previous workers, such as the start and end time of the brood rearing season. It also showed how sensitivity analysis should be used to indicate the most important areas of further research to fill knowledge gaps. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Models-and-Simulations (Computational-Biology); Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biological-control; mite-population-growth; post-capping-times; reproductive-rate AN Accession Number: 200200135424 UD Update Code: 20020508 Record 300 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Glycon specificity profiling of alpha-glucosidases using monodeoxy and mono -O-methyl derivatives of p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nishio-Toshiyuki {a}; Hakamata-Wataru; Kimura-Atsuo; Chiba-Seiya; Takatsuki -Akira; Kawachi-Ryu; Oku-Tadatake AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa, 252-8510; E-Mail: nishio@brs.nihon -u.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Carbohydrate-Research. [print] 2 April, 2002; 337 (7): 629-634. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/carres; http://www.elsevier.com/locate/cardiores PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0008-6215 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Hydrolysis of probe substrates, eight possible monodeoxy and mono-O-methyl analogs of p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside (pNP alpha-D-Glc), modified at the C-2, C-3, C-4, and C-6 positions, was studied as part of investigations into the glycon specificities of seven alpha-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.20) isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus stearothermophilus, honeybee (two enzymes), sugar beet, flint corn, and Aspergillus niger. The glucosidases from sugar beet, flint corn, and A. niger were found to hydrolyze the 2-deoxy analogs with substantially higher activities than against pNP alpha-D-Glc. Moreover, the flint corn and A. niger enzymes showed hydrolyzing activities, although low, for the 3-deoxy analog. The other four alpha-glucosidases did not exhibit any activities for either the 2- or the 3-deoxy analogs. None of the seven enzymes exhibited any activities toward the 4-deoxy, 6-deoxy, or any of the methoxy analogs. The hydrolysis results, with the deoxy substrate analogs, demonstrated that alpha-glucosidases having remarkably different glycon specificities exist in nature. Further insight into the hydrolysis of deoxyglycosides was obtained by determining the kinetic parameters (kcat and Km) for the reactions of sugar beet, flint corn, and A. niger enzymes. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Chenopodiaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Fungi-Imperfecti-or -Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae-; Gramineae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Aspergillus-niger (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes); Bacillus -stearothermophilus (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives); Saccharomyces -cerevisiae (Ascomycetes-); corn- (Gramineae-); honeybee- (Hymenoptera-); sugar-beet (Chenopodiaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Dicots-; Eubacteria-; Fungi -; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Monocots-; Nonvascular -Plants; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: alpha-glucosidases: glycon-specificity-profiling; mono-O-methyl-glucoside; monodeoxy-glucoside; p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside-mono-O-methyl -derivative; p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside-monodeoxy-derivative; p -nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucoside RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-42-7: ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASES; 3767-28-0: P-NITROPHENYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOSIDE MQ Methods and Equipment: gel-filtration-column-chromatography: column-chromatography, detection -method; glycon-specificity-profiling: analytical-method; ion-exchange -column-chromatography: column-chromatography, detection-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: substrate-specificity AN Accession Number: 200200132978 UD Update Code: 20020508 Record 301 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Cannibalism and early capping: Strategy of honeybee colonies in times of experimental pollen shortages. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schmickl-T; Crailsheim-K {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department for Zoology, Karl-Franzens-University, Universitaetsplatz 2, Graz; E-Mail: karl.crailsheim@uni-graz.at, Austria SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] September, 2001; 187 (7): 541-547. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We observed the impact of bad pollen supply (non-foraging due to artificial rain and pollen removal under poor-foraging conditions) on the survival of honey bee larvae, and on the total development time from egg-laying to the capping of a larval cell. Five days of non-foraging led to cannibalism of larvae younger than 3 days old and to a shortening of the time until larvae were sealed, but 4- and 5-day-old larvae survived even worse pollen supply situations. Manual pollen removal and reduction of income (pollen trap) induced cannibalism of younger larvae. The larvae's mean capping age significantly correlated with the mean pollen income: the less pollen was stored by the hive during the larvae's development, the earlier the larvae were capped. Both behavioral patterns lead to a quick reduction in the amount of unsealed older brood in response to a shortage of available protein. Older larvae have the highest pollen demand, so this strategy compensates for a shortage of supply by reducing demand. Additionally worker jelly gets enriched by protein gained from cannibalism, and the early capping of older larvae saves the oldest part of the brood, which represents the highest broodcare investment. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Nutrition- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica (Hymenoptera-): breed-Pollmann, larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system, shortage- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: protein- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cannibalism-; early-capping-behavior; foraging-conditions; survival-rate AN Accession Number: 200200131889 UD Update Code: 20020508 Record 302 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Worker piping in honey bee swarms and its role in preparing for liftoff. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Seeley-Thomas-D {a}; Tautz-Juergen AD Author Address: {a} Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Seeley G. Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853; E-Mail: tds5@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] October, 2001; 187 (8): 667-676. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Worker piping, previously reported only in hives, was observed in swarms as they prepared to liftoff to fly to a new home. Pipers are excited bees which scramble through the swarm cluster, pausing every second or so to emit a pipe. Each pipe consists of a sound pulse which lasts 0.82+-0.43 s and rises in fundamental frequency from 100-200 Hz to 200-250 Hz. Many, if not all, of the pipers are nest-site scouts. The scouts pipe when it is time to stimulate the non-scouts to warm themselves to a flight-ready temperature (35degreeC) in preparation for liftoff. The time-course of worker piping matches that of swarm warming; both start at a low level, about an hour before liftoff, and both build to a climax at liftoff. When we excluded pipers from bees hanging in the cool, outermost layer of a swarm cluster, we found that these bees did not warm up. The form of worker piping that we have studied in swarms differs from the form of worker piping that others have studied in hives. We call the two forms "wings-together piping" (in swarms) and "wings-apart piping" (in hives). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flight-ready-temperature; hive-; preparing-for-liftoff; sound-pulse; swarm -warming; swarming-; wings-apart-piping; wings-together-piping; worker -piping AN Accession Number: 200200131864 UD Update Code: 20020508 Record 303 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: The use of landmarks and panoramic context in the performance of local vectors by navigating honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Collett-Matthew; Harland-Duane; Collett-Thomas-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG; E-Mail: t.s.collett@sussex.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] March, 2002; 205 (6): 807-814. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Bees seem to use landmarks to segment familiar routes. They can associate, with a landmark, a memory that encodes the direction and distance of the path segment between that landmark and the next. The expression of the memory results in the performance of a local vector matching the distance and direction of the path segment. The memories of path segments appear to be 'chained' together, so that the performance of one local vector is sometimes sufficient to elicit the subsequent local vector, even in the absence of the associated landmark. We have investigated the effect of visual panoramic context on the expression of local vectors. Bees were trained to fly along a narrow channel to collect sucrose from a feeder positioned partway along it. Panoramic context was provided by various types of patterning on the walls. The channel was partitioned into different segments using landmarks of two kinds: a boundary landmark that marked a change in the pattern on one or both side-walls of the channel, and an isolated landmark, consisting of a baffle through which the bee passed, for which the wall pattern was the same before as after. In tests, we removed the feeder and analysed the search distribution of the bees for various arrangements of landmarks. Altering the spatial relationship between landmarks has different consequences for the two types of landmark. If the final boundary landmark is shifted, the centre of the search distribution shifts by approximately the same amount. Changes in the position of an isolated landmark have a weaker effect. In the absence of the final context, the search is disrupted. We suggest that for local vectors to be expressed the surrounding panoramic context needs to be appropriate. A comparison of search patterns from two different training configurations of landmarks supports the hypothesis that local vector memories merely encode route segments and that global positional coordinates are not linked to landmark memories. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception); Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: boundary-landmark-training-channel: field-equipment; isolated-landmark -training-methodology: psychological-method; sucrose-feeder: field -equipment MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: global-positional-coordinates; landmark-use: search-distribution; local -vector-memory-hypothesis; navigation-; visual-panoramic-context AN Accession Number: 200200131747 UD Update Code: 20020508 Record 304 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: How synchronization properties among second-order sensory neurons can mediate stimulus salience. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Cleland-Thomas-A {a}; Linster-Christiane AD Author Address: {a} Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, W249 Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853; E-Mail: tac29@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Behavioral-Neuroscience. [print] April, 2002; 116 (2): 212-221. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0735-7044 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Spatial patterns of glomerular activity in the vertebrate olfactory bulb and arthropod antennal lobe reflect an important component of first-order olfactory representation and contribute to odorant identification. Higher concentration odor stimuli evoke broader glomerular activation patterns, resulting in greater spatial overlap among different odor representations. However, behavioral studies demonstrate results contrary to what these data might suggest: Honeybees are more, not less, able to discriminate among odorants applied at higher concentrations. Using a computational model of the honeybee antennal lobe, the authors show that changes in synchronization patterns among antennal lobe projection neurons, as observed electrophysiologically, could parsimoniously underlie these observations. The results suggest that stimulus salience, as defined behaviorally, is directly correlated with the degree of synchronization among second-order olfactory neurons. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory -Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: honeybee-antennal-lobe: nervous-system; olfactory-bulb: nervous-system; second-order-sensory-neuron: nervous-system, synchronization-properties MQ Methods and Equipment: computational-modeling: analytical-method AN Accession Number: 200200131721 UD Update Code: 20020508 Record 305 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: New species of Laelapidae and Ascidae from Egypt: Genera Androlaelaps and Blattisocius (Acari: Gamasida). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Basha-Abdel-Aziz-E {a}; Yousef-Abdel-Tawab-A AD Author Address: {a} Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt SO Source: Acarologia-Paris. [print] Octobre, 2000(2001); 41 (4): 395-402. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-586X LA Language: English AB Abstract: A laelapid and two ascid mite species are recorded and identified as new to science. The laelapid Androlaelaps bayoumi n. sp. was found to be phoretic on honeybee workers, Apis mellifera L., in the Kom - Hamada district, Behira Governorate, Egypt. Blattisocius apis n. sp. was collected from a brood of A. mellifera in Moshtohor district, Qualubia Governorate, Egypt; while B. capsicum n. sp. occurred in association with the immature stages of a psocopterous insect inhabiting the stored hot pepper, Capsicum annuum L. in Zagazig district, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Systematics-and-Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Corrodentia -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta -, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Solanaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Androlaelaps-aegypticus (Acarina-): Acari-, Gamasida-, Laelapidae-, description-, female-; Androlaelaps-bakeri (Acarina-): Acari-, Gamasida-, Laelapidae-, description-, female-; Androlaelaps-bayoumi (Acarina-): Acari -, Gamasida-, Laelapidae-, description-, female-, new-species; Androlaelaps-casalis (Acarina-): Acari-, Gamasida-, Laelapidae-, description-, female-; Androlaelaps-orientalis (Acarina-): Acari-, Gamasida-, Laelapidae-, description-, female-; Androlaelaps-reticulatus (Acarina-): Acari-, Gamasida-, Laelapidae-, description-, female-; Androlaelaps-sharkiensis (Acarina-): Acari-, Gamasida-, Laelapidae-, description-, female-; Androlaelaps-zaheri (Acarina-): Acari-, Gamasida-, Laelapidae-, description-, female-; Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Blattisocius-apis (Acarina-): Acari-, Ascidae-, Gamasida-, description-, female-, new-species; Blattisocius-dentriticus (Acarina-): Acari-, Ascidae-, Gamasida-, description-, female-, new-species; Blattisocius-keegani (Acarina-): Acari-, Ascidae-, Gamasida-, description -, female-; Blattisocius-tarsalis (Acarina-): Acari-, Ascidae-, Gamasida-, description-, female-, new-species; Capsicum-annuum [hot-pepper] (Solanaceae-): vegetable-crop; psocopteran- (Corrodentia-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Egypt- (Africa-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: geographic-distribution; morphology-; phoresy-; Taxonomic-Key; Taxonomic -Review AN Accession Number: 200200129749 UD Update Code: 20020425 Record 306 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Antibacterial activity of Brazilian propolis and fractions against oral anaerobic bacteria. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Santos-F-A; Bastos-E-M-A; Uzeda-M; Carvalho-M-A-R; Farias-L-M; Moreira-E-S -A {a}; Braga-F-C AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratorio de Biologia de Microrganismos, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG; E-Mail: spangler@mono.icb.ufmg.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Ethnopharmacology. [print] April, 2002; 80 (1): 1-7. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jethpharm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-8741 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Propolis collected from a cerrado area in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, was subjected to chromatography on silica gel column and to partition between immiscible solvents. Propolis aqueous-ethanolic extract and fractions obtained were tested for inhibitory activity against periodontitis-causing bacteria. All of the assayed bacterium species were susceptible to propolis extract. The two fractionation methodologies yielded fractions which were active against bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 64 to 1024 mug/ml. TLC and HPLC analyses of the extract and of active fractions showed the presence of phenolic compounds of varied polarity. None of the assayed fractions was more active than the extract, suggesting that the antibacterial activity is probably due to the synergistic effect of several compounds. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Dental-Medicine (Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Infection-; Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Bacteroidaceae-: Anaerobic-Gram-Negative-Rods, Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Gram-Positive-Cocci: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Irregular-Nonsporing-Gram-Positive-Rods: Actinomycetes-and -Related-Organisms, Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Pasteurellaceae-: Facultatively-Anaerobic-Gram-Negative-Rods, Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms- OR Organisms: Actinobacillus-actinomycetemcomitans (Pasteurellaceae-): pathogen-, strain -ATCC-29523, strain-FDC-Y4; Apis-mellifera [bee-] (Hymenoptera-); Eubacterium-lentum (Irregular-Nonsporing-Gram-Positive-Rods): pathogen-, strain-ATCC-25559; Fusobacterium-necrophorum (Bacteroidaceae-): pathogen-, strain-ATCC-25386; Fusobacterium-nucleatum (Bacteroidaceae-): pathogen-, strain-ATCC-10953; Peptostreptococcus-anaerobius (Gram-Positive-Cocci): pathogen-, strain-ATCC-27337; Porphyromonas-gingivalis (Bacteroidaceae-): pathogen-, strain-ATCC-33277; Prevotella-intermedia (Bacteroidaceae-): pathogen-, strain-ATCC-25611; Prevotella-nigrescens (Bacteroidaceae-): pathogen-, strain-ATCC-33563 TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: propolis- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: propolis-aqueous-ethanolic-extract: antibacterial-drug, antiinfective-drug, minimum-inhibitory-concentration; propolis-phenolic-compounds: antibacterial-drug, antiinfective-drug, minimum-inhibitory-concentration GE Geopolitical Location: Minais-Gerais-State (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) DS Diseases: periodontitis-: dental-and-oral-disease, drug-therapy MQ Methods and Equipment: HPLC- [high-performance-liquid-chromatography]: liquid-chromatography, pharmacological-method; TLC- [thin-layer-chromatography]: liquid -chromatography, pharmacological-method; immiscible-solvent-partitioning: fractionation-method, pharmacological-method, separation-method ALT Alternate Indexing: Periodontitis-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200200128144 UD Update Code: 20020425 Record 307 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Antifatigue effect of fresh royal jelly in mice. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kamakura-Masaki {a}; Mitani-Nobu; Fukuda-Toshiyuki; Fukushima-Makoto AD Author Address: {a} POLA R and D Laboratories, POLA Corporation, 560 Kashio-cho, Totsuka -ku, Yokohama, 244-0812; E-Mail: m-kamakura@pola.co.jp, Japan SO Source: Journal-of-Nutritional-Science-and-Vitaminology. [print] December, 2001; 47 (6): 394-401. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0301-4800 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We investigated the antifatigue effect of royal jelly (RJ), which had been stored at -20degreeC from immediately after collection, in male Std ddY mice. The mice were accustomed to swimming in an adjustable-current swimming pool, then subjected to forced swimming five times during 2 wk, and the total swimming period until exhaustion was measured. They were separated into three groups with equal swimming capacity, which were administered RJ, RJ stored at 40degreeC for 7 d (40-7d RJ), or the control solution including casein, cornstarch, and soybean oil before swimming. All mice were forced to swim for 15 min once; then the maximum swimming time to fatigue was measured after a rest period. The swimming endurance of the RJ group significantly increased compared with those of the other groups. The mice in the RJ group showed significantly decreased accumulation of serum lactate and serum ammonia and decreased depletion of muscle glycogen after swimming compared with the other groups, whereas there was no significant difference between the 40-7d RJ group and the control group in these parameters after swimming. A quantitative analysis of constituents in RJ showed that 57-kDa protein, which we previously identified as a possible freshness marker of RJ, was specifically degraded in RJ stored at 40degreeC for 7 d, whereas the contents of various vitamins, 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid, and other fatty acids in RJ were unchanged. These findings suggest that RJ can ameliorate the physical fatigue after exercise, and this antifatigue effect of RJ in mice seems to be associated with the freshness of RJ, possibly with the content of 57 -kDa protein. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Metabolism-; Muscular-System (Movement-and-Support); Nutrition- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): queen-; mouse- (Muridae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: muscle-: muscular-system; serum-: blood-and-lymphatics CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: ammonia-: serum-; casein-; cornstarch-; glycogen-; lactate-: serum-; soybean-oil RN CAS Registry Number (R): 7664-41-7: AMMONIA; 9005-25-8: CORNSTARCH; 9005-79-2: GLYCOGEN; 113-21-3: LACTATE MQ Methods and Equipment: adjustable-current-swimming-pool: laboratory-equipment MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: exhaustion-; royal-jelly: antifatique-effect; swimming-; temperature-effects AN Accession Number: 200200126638 UD Update Code: 20020425 Record 308 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Identification of genes expressed preferentially in the honeybee mushroom bodies by combination of differential display and cDNA microarray. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Takeuchi-Hideaki; Fujiyuki-Tomoko; Shirai-Kenichi; Matsuo-Yuko; Kamikouchi -Azusa; Fujinawa-Yumi; Kato-Azusa; Tsujimoto-Atsumi; Kubo-Takeo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033; E-Mail: stkubo@mail.ecc.u -tokyo.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: FEBS-Letters. [print] 27 February, 2002; 513 (2-3): 230-234. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/febs PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0014-5793 LA Language: English AB Abstract: To clarify the molecular basis underlying the neural function of the honeybee mushroom bodies (MBs), we identified three genes preferentially expressed in MB using cDNA microarrays containing 480 differential display -positive candidate cDNAs expressed locally or differentially, dependent on caste/aggressive behavior in the honeybee brain. One of the cDNAs encodes a putative type I inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) 5-phosphatase and was expressed preferentially in one of two types of intrinsic MB neurons, the large-type Kenyon cells, suggesting that IP3-mediated Ca2+ signaling is enhanced in these neurons. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Methods-and-Techniques; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular -Biophysics); Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe: nervous-system; large-type-Kenyon-cells: nervous-system; mushroom-bodies: molecular-functional-basis, nervous-system; mushroom-body -neurons: nervous-system; optic-lobe: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: putative-type-I-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-5-phosphatase-complementary -DNA: preferential-expression MQ Methods and Equipment: complementary-DNA-microarray: genetic-method, identification-method; differential-display: genetic-method, identification-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: caste/aggressive-behavior; inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-mediated-calcium -ion-signaling; preferential-gene-expression AN Accession Number: 200200126411 UD Update Code: 20020425 Record 309 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Effects of juvenile hormone and ecdysone on the timing of vitellogenin appearance in hemolymph of queen and worker pupae of Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Barchuk-Angel-Roberto {a}; Bitondi-Marcia-Maria-Gentile; Simoes-Zila-Luz -Paulino {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Genetica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP; E -Mail: zlpsimoe@rge.fmrp.usp.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Science-Tucson. [online] Jan, 2002; 2 (Cited Feb 13, 2002): 1-9. URLI Item URL: http://www.insectscience.org/2.1/ [cited March 26, 2002] URLJ Journal URL: http://insectscience.org PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1536-2442 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The caste-specific regulation of vitellogenin synthesis in the honeybee represents a problem with many yet unresolved details. We carried out experiments to determine when levels of vitellogenin are first detected in hemolymph of female castes of Apis mellifera, and whether juvenile hormone and ecdysteroids modulate this process. Vitellogenin levels were measured in hemolymph using immunological techniques. We show that in both castes the appearance of vitellogenin in the hemolymph occurs during the pupal period,but the timing was different in the queen and worker. Vitellogenin appears in queens during an early phase of cuticle pigmentation approximately 60h before eclosion, while in workers the appearance of vitellogenin is more delayed, initiating in the pharate adult stage,approximately 10h before eclosion. The timing of vitellogenin appearance in both castes coincides with a slight increase in endogenous levels of juvenile hormone that occurs at the end of pupal development. The correlation between these events was corroborated by topical application of juvenile hormone. Exogenous juvenile hormone advanced the timing of vitellogenin appearance in both castes,but caste-specific differences in timing were maintained. Injection of actinomycin D prevented the response to juvenile hormone. In contrast, queen and worker pupae that were treated with ecdysone showed a delay in the appearance of vitellogenin. These data suggest that queens and workers share a common control mechanism for the timing of vitellogenin synthesis, involving an increase in juvenile hormone titers in the presence of low levels of ecdysteroid. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Development-; Endocrine-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): female-, male-, pupa- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: hemolymph-: blood-and-lymphatics CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: actinomycin-D; ecdysone-; juvenile-hormone; vitellogenin-: synthesis- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 50-76-0: ACTINOMYCIN D; 3604-87-3Q: ECDYSONE; 5289-74-7Q: ECDYSONE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: eclosion-; immunology-; vitellogenin-synthesis: caste-specific-regulation, timing- AN Accession Number: 200200120354 UD Update Code: 20020425 Record 310 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Biodiversity of Apis mellifera populations from Tenerife (Canary Islands) and hybridisation with East European races. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: De-La-Rua-Pilar {a}; Serrano-Jose; Galian-Jose AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30071, Murcia; E-Mail: pdelarua@um.es, Spain SO Source: Biodiversity-and-Conservation. [print] January, 2002; 11 (1): 59-67. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0960-3115 PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0960-3115 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The biodiversity of honeybee (Apis mellifera) populations from Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) has been assessed by restriction analysis of a mitochondrial non-coding intergenic region. Seventy-nine colonies were analysed from thirteen apiaries in six populations that have been kept from recent queen introduction. The length and restriction pattern of the PCR amplified products of the intergenic region identified four mitochondrial haplotypes. One of these haplotypes shows the same restriction pattern and composition of the intergenic region carried by honeybees belonging to the African lineage. Two haplotypes are characterised by a particular intergenic region found with high frequency in the Canarian populations. The haplotype representative of the East European honeybee lineage shows a frequency of 35%, thus indicating introduction of queen honeybees. The finding of this haplotype in Canarian honeybees suggests that hybridisation between the endemic Apis mellifera populations and imported bees is occurring in Tenerife. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biodiversity-; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Tenerife-, Canary-Islands (North-Atlantic, Atlantic-Ocean) MQ Methods and Equipment: polymerase-chain-reaction: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biodiversity-; hybridization- AN Accession Number: 200200119042 UD Update Code: 20020425 Record 311 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Inhibition of specific degradation of 57-kDa protein in royal jelly during storage by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kamakura-Masaki {a}; Fukushima-Makoto AD Author Address: {a} POLA R and D Laboratories, POLA Corporation, 560 Kashio-cho, Totsuka -ku, Yokohama, 244-0812; E-Mail: m-kamakura@pola.co.jp, Japan SO Source: Bioscience-Biotechnology-and-Biochemistry. [print] January, 2002; 66 (1): 175-178. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0916-8451 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We have previously shown that 57-kDa protein in royal jelly (RJ) was specifically degraded in proportion to both storage temperature and storage period, and we suggested that it could be useful as a marker of freshness of RJ (Kamakura, M., Fukuda, T., Fukushima, M. and Yonekura, M., Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 65, 277-284 (2001).). Here, we investigated the effects of various proteinase inhibitors on proteinase activity in RJ and on the specific degradation of 57-kDa protein during storage. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), but not other inhibitors, inhibited the proteinase activity in RJ, and dose-dependently suppressed storage-dependent degradation of 57-kDa protein. These results suggest that EDTA inhibits a specific proteinase activity in RJ, thereby suppressing the degradation of 57-kDa protein during storage at high temperature. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 57-kilodalton-protein: molecular-analysis, specific-degradation-inhibition, storage-methods/conditions; EDTA-: uses-; enzyme-inhibitors: activities-; enzymes-; proteinases-: activities-, functions-, inhibition-; proteins-; royal-jelly: biochemical-analysis RN CAS Registry Number (R): 60-00-4: EDTA; 9001-92-7: PROTEINASES MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: temperatures- AN Accession Number: 200200117377 UD Update Code: 20020425 Record 312 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: In-hive behavior of pollen foragers (Apis mellifera) in honey bee colonies under conditions of high and low pollen need. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Weidenmueller-Anja {a}; Tautz-Juergen AD Author Address: {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, D-97074, Wuerzburg; E-Mail: weiden@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Ethology-. [print] March, 2002; 108 (3): 205-221. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell.de/eth.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0179-1613 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Pollen collection in honey bees is regulated around a homeostatic set -point. How the control of pollen collection is achieved is still unclear. Different feedback mechanisms have been proposed but little is known about the experience of pollen foragers in the hive. A detailed documentation of the behavior of pollen foragers in the hive under different pollen need conditions is presented here. Taking a broad observational approach, we analyze the behavior of individual pollen foragers in the hive between collecting trips and quantify the different variables constituting the in -hive stay. Comparing data from two colonies and 143 individuals during experimentally induced times of low vs. times of high pollen need, we show that individual foragers modulate their in-hive working tempo according to the actual pollen need of the colony: pollen foragers slowed down and stayed in the hive longer when pollen need was low and spent less time in the hive between foraging trips when pollen need by their colony was high. Furthermore, our data show a significant change in the trophallactic experience of pollen foragers with changing pollen need conditions of their colony. Pollen foragers had more short (<3 s) trophallactic contacts when pollen need was high, resulting in an increase of total number of trophallactic contacts. Thus, our results support the hypothesis that trophallactic experience is one of the various information pathways used by pollen foragers to assess their colony's pollen need. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-; foraging-trips; in-hive-behavior; pollen-need AN Accession Number: 200200116677 UD Update Code: 20020425 Record 313 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Discrimination and preferences for pollen-based cues by foraging honeybees, Apis mellifera L. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pernal-S-F {a}; Currie-R-W AD Author Address: {a} Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Beaverlodge, AB, T0H 0C0; E-Mail: pernals@em.agr.ca, Canada SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] February, 2002; 63 (2): 369-390. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.academicpress.com/anbehav PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We evaluated the influence of pollen-based cues on the foraging decisions made by honeybees using a series of two-choice bioassays, performed within a highly controlled indoor environment. We examined behaviours related to the choice and collection of pollen by foragers among six floral species and three artificial substrates (pollen analogues). First, we evaluated the responses of honeybees to the odours produced by different pollens (or pollen analogues) and pollen lipid extracts. Honeybees displayed similar levels of preference to the odours produced by all pollen species over those of pollen analogues, with a similar pattern of response shown to their extracts. We then evaluated behaviours of foragers in response to variation in particle size, using soybean meal that was ground and sifted to create a hierarchy of particle size classes. Bees preferred particle sizes below 150 mum, but the greatest response was shown for those particle sizes below 45 mum. We also assayed the effect of varying protein content on the foraging decisions made by bees by mixing soy flour with different proportions of cellulose powder. Foragers, however, were incapable of discriminating protein content. We determined changes in the response of foragers to different levels of handling time using different sized screens through which bees were forced to crawl to reach an attractive pollen odour source. In these tests, pollen-seeking behaviours were seen to decrease with increases in handling time. When odour was presented simultaneously with other stimuli, it was the primary and overriding cue used by bees to select pollen. These results suggest that individual honeybee foragers do not discriminate among pollen sources based on intrinsic differences in quality, but instead evaluate cues that may increase their efficiency of collection and recruitment to such a food resource. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-; odor-discrimination; particle-size; pollen-; pollen-based-cues AN Accession Number: 200200116663 UD Update Code: 20020425 Record 314 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Factors influencing the selection of recipients by workers performing vibration signals in colonies of the honeybee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lewis-Lee-Anne; Schneider-Stanley-Scott {a}; Degrandi-Hoffman-Gloria AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, 28223; E-Mail: sschnedr@email.uncc.edu, USA SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] February, 2002; 63 (2): 361-367. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.academicpress.com/anbehav PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The vibration signal of the honeybee functions as 'modulatory communication' because it elicits a general increase in activity that may help integrate the behaviour of workers that perform different, interrelated task sets. Workers that produce vibration signals contact numerous other bees, some of which receive the signal while others are 'bypassed' (antennated but not vibrated). Vibrating bees may therefore select among potential recipients. We monitored vibration signal behaviour in six observation colonies to investigate the possible selection of recipients by vibrating bees and the factors that might influence these choices. Vibrating bees roamed throughout the nest and bypassed more than half of all workers contacted. Vibration signals were not directed towards specific worker age groups. There were no differences in the mean age of vibrated versus bypassed workers or the proportion of recipients that were of preforaging versus foraging age. The likelihood of receiving vibration signals was influenced by recipient activity level. Significantly more workers were vibrated if they were inactive versus active when contacted by a signalling bee. Signal production was not consistently influenced by relatedness. Vibrating bees from only a single patriline in one of our study colonies were more likely to perform signals on supersisters than on half-sisters. In all other colonies no kin preferences were observed during signal performance. Thus, vibrating bees may choose among potential recipients and direct their signals towards inactive workers of all ages and levels of relatedness. This, in combination with their movement throughout the colony, could help to activate simultaneously multiple worker groups that perform interdependent tasks, but which may be spatially segregated in the nest. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-; movement-; nest-; spatial-segregation; vibration-signal-behavior AN Accession Number: 200200116662 UD Update Code: 20020425 Record 315 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Antigenic cross-reactivity of nerve growth factors from diverse source: Activity versus toxicity of NGF. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lipps-Binie-V {a} AD Author Address: {a} Ophidia Products, Inc., 11320 South Post Oak, Suite 203, Houston, TX, 77035; E-Mail: bvl@ophidia.com, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Natural-Toxins. [print] February, 2002; 11 (1): 57-62. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1058-8108 LA Language: English AB Abstract: NGF used in these studies was from various sources: cobra venom (V-NGF), mouse submaxillary glands (M-NGF), honeybee venom (B-NGF), human serum (H -NGF), and cobra serum (CS-NGF). This investigation reports the antigenic cross-reactivity of NGFs from the above mentioned diverse sources. Antigenic cross-reactivity of NGFs was determined by immunological test, using anti-NGFs against V-NGF, M-NGF, B-NGF, and H-NGF. Results revealed that NGF was a conserved protein showing antigenic cross-reactivity among the NGFs from diverse source, except for NGFs from cobra and bee venoms. Anti B-NGF reacted poorly with cobra venom V-NGF and vice versa. Anti M -NGF showed higher antigenic reactivity with human serum H-NGF than with honeybee B-NGF and cobra serum CS-NGF. This research also reports that the toxicity of NGF is directly related to the biological activity of producing neurite outgrowth on PC12 cells. Cobra venom NGF produced neurites at 1-5 ng, and it was toxic at 10-20 ng on PC12 cells. After reducing the activity of NGF, it was found to be non-toxic to PC12 cells at 50 X concentration. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Serpentes-: Reptilia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: PC12-cell-line (Muridae-): rat-pheochromocytoma-cells; cobra- (Serpentes-); honeybee- (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-); mouse- (Muridae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Primates-; Reptiles-; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: serum-: blood-and-lymphatics; submaxillary-gland: dental-and-oral-system; venom- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nerve-growth-factors: activity-, antigenic-cross-reactivity, toxicity- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9061-61-4: NERVE GROWTH FACTORS AN Accession Number: 200200115028 UD Update Code: 20020415 Record 316 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Comparative study of the venoms from three species of bees: Effects on heart activity and blood. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hussein-A-A {a}; Nabil-Z-I; Zalat-S-M; Rakha-M-K AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia; E-Mail: husseinaida@hotmail.com, Egypt SO Source: Journal-of-Natural-Toxins. [print] November, 2001; 10 (4): 343-357. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1058-8108 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Crude venoms from three highly evolved aculeate species: Apis mellifera (highly social bees), Bombus morrisoni (eusocial bees), and Anthophora pauperata (solitary bees), were used for conducting this study to compare the effects of honey bee, bumble bee, and solitary bee venom on toad cardiac muscle activity. In addition, these venoms were tested on rat whole blood in order to determine their ability to induce red blood cell haemolysis. The main toxic effects on isolated toad heart were monitored by ECG after perfusion with different concentrations of each bee venom, and are represented as a decrease in the heart rate (HR) accompanied by an elongation in the P-R interval. A gradual and progressive increase in R -wave amplitude was also noted. Several electrocardiographic changes were noted 5-30 min after envenomation with any of the bee venoms. The mechanism of action of the three bee venoms was determined by direct application of atropine, nicotine, or verapamil to the isolated toad hearts. Comparison of the three venoms revealed that Anthophora pauperata venom is the most effective venom in inducing bradycardia, and it has the strongest negative dromotropic effect. Apis mellifera venom demonstrates the most positive inotropic effect of the three venoms. The effects of bee venom on the blood indices of erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) and plasma albumin levels were studied after incubation of rat blood with each venom. It was noticed that RBCs decreased while Hb content, HCT, MCV, MCH, and MCHC increased, although this change did fluctuate and was not significant. A nonsignificant decrease in EOF was noted after 60 min with any of the venoms used. Incubation of rat whole blood with 1 mug/ml of any of the bee venom solutions revealed a highly significant decrease in plasma albumin levels. It can be concluded that venoms from the three species of bees we tested have negative chronotropic and dromotropic effects on isolated toad heart, with Anthophora pauperata being the most potent. In addition, the venoms have positive inotropic effects with Apis mellifera being the most potent. The nonsignificant effects of venom on blood profiles and erythrocyte osmotic fragility, combined with the significant decrease in plasma albumin level suggest a protective effect of plasma albumin against bee venom induced toxicity to erythrocytes. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Blood-and-Lymphatics (Transport-and-Circulation); Cardiovascular-System (Transport-and-Circulation); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Salientia-: Amphibia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Anthophora-pauperata [solitary-bee] (Hymenoptera-): solitary-bee; Apis -mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): highly-social-bee; Bombus-morrisoni [bumble-bee] (Hymenoptera-): eusocial-bee; rat- (Muridae-); toad- (Salientia-) TN Taxa Notes: Amphibians-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: blood-: blood-and-lymphatics; blood-cell: blood-and-lymphatics, hemolysis-; cardiac-muscle: activity-, circulatory-system, muscular-system; heart-: activity-, circulatory-system; plasma-: blood-and-lymphatics; whole-blood: blood-and-lymphatics CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: albumin-; atropine-: anticholinergic-drug, autonomic-drug; nicotine-: autonomic-drug, cholinergic-drug; venom-: toxin-; verapamil-: calcium -channel-blocker-drug, cardiovascular-drug DS Diseases: bradycardia-: heart-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 51-55-8: ATROPINE; 54-11-5: NICOTINE; 52-53-9: VERAPAMIL MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: P-R-interval: elongation-; erythrocyte-osmotic-fragility [EOF-]; heart-rate ALT Alternate Indexing: Bradycardia-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200200115023 UD Update Code: 20020415 Record 317 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: The varroacidal action of propolis: A laboratory assay. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Garedew-Assegid; Lamprecht-Ingolf; Schmolz-Erik {a}; Schricker-Burkhard AD Author Address: {a} Free University of Berlin, Institute of Zoology, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 1-3, 14195, Berlin; E-Mail: eschmolz@zedat.fu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] January-February, 2002; 33 (1): 41-50. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The action of propolis (bee glue) against the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman has been investigated and showed narcotic and lethal effects. Length of narcosis and rate of mortality depended on the extraction procedure, concentration of propolis and contact time. Propolis extracted with 70% ethanol was found to be highly toxic, a 10% (w/v) propolis resulting in 100% mortality with a brief contact time of 5 s. In addition, the effect of propolis on the metabolic rate of the mites has been investigated calorimetrically. Even sublethal propolis concentrations without varroacidal effects and of only short lasting narcotic effects resulted in a significant reduction in the heat production rate, indicating weakening of the mites. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): ectoparasite-; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): host- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: propolis- [bee-glue]: acaricidal-activity, varroacidal-action MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: chemical-defense; md- [narcosis-]; mortality-rate; varroatosis- AN Accession Number: 200200114803 UD Update Code: 20020415 Record 318 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Selective blocking of contact chemosensilla in Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Groh-Claudia; Brockmann-Axel {a}; Altwein-Monika; Tautz-Juergen AD Author Address: {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Tierphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Zoologie II, Biozentrum, Universitaet Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg; E-Mail: brockmann@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] January-February, 2002; 33 (1): 33-40. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ZnSO4 on the function of contact chemosensitive and olfactory sensilla of the worker honeybee antennae. The effect of ZnSO4 on contact chemosensitive sensilla was tested behaviorally using the proboscis extension response and that on olfactory sensilla using electroantennogram recordings. We showed that antennal ZnSO4-treatment significantly reduced the sugar-elicited proboscis extension response but did not reduce olfactory evoked electroantennogram responses. Both results indicate that ZnSO4 selectively blocks contact-chemosensory and not olfactory perception. We suggest that ZnSO4 ablation will be a powerful tool to investigate the role of contact chemosensory and olfactory sensilla in short range communication within the honeybee colony. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennae-: sensory-system; chemosensitive-sensilla: sensory-system; contact -chemosensilla: sensory-system; olfactory-sensilla: sensory-system; proboscis-: dental-and-oral-system, extension- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: zinc-sulfate: ablation-agent, research-tool-potential RN CAS Registry Number (R): 7733-02-0: ZINC SULFATE MQ Methods and Equipment: electroantennography-: assessment-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavior-; contact-chemoreception; honeybee-colony-communication; olfaction- AN Accession Number: 200200114329 UD Update Code: 20020415 Record 319 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Discrimination of closed shapes by two species of bee, Apis mellifera and Megachile rotundata. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Campan-Raymond; Lehrer-Miriam {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich; E-Mail: miriam@zool.unizh.ch or miriam.lehrer@ggaweb.ch, Switzerland SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] February, 2002; 205 (4): 559-572. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In the present study, the performance of two bee species, the honeybee Apis mellifera and the leaf-cutter bee Megachile rotundata, in discriminating among various closed (convex) shapes was examined systematically for the first time. Bees were trained to each of five different shapes, a disc, a square, a diamond and two different triangles, all of the same area, using fresh bees in each experiment. In subsequent tests, the trained bees were given a choice between the learned shape and each of the other four shapes. Two sets of experiments were conducted with both species. In the first, solid black shapes were presented against a white background, thus providing a high luminance contrast. In the second, the shapes carried a random black-and-white pattern and were presented 5 cm in front of a similar pattern, thus producing motion contrast, rather than luminance contrast, against the background. The results obtained with the solid shapes reveal that both bee species accomplish the discrimination, although the performance of the honeybee is significantly better than that of the leaf-cutter bee. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the various shapes differs between the two species. However, in neither species is the discrimination performance correlated with the amount of overlap of the black areas contained in the various pairs of shapes, suggesting that, in our experiments, shape discrimination is not based on a template-matching process. We propose that it is based on the use of local parameters situated at the outline of the shape, such as the position of angles or acute points and, in particular, the position and orientation of edges. This conclusion is supported by the finding that bees of both species accomplish the discrimination even with the patterned shapes. These shapes are visible only because of the discontinuity of the speed of image motion perceived at the edge between the shape and the background. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Megachile-rotundata [leaf-cutter -bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: closed-shapes: discrimination-; convex-shape; motion-contrast; vision- AN Accession Number: 200200114298 UD Update Code: 20020415 Record 320 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Reproduction of Varroa destructor in South African honey bees: Does cell space influence Varroa male survivorship? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Martin-Stephen-J {a}; Kryger-Per AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN; E-Mail: s.j.martin@sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] January-February, 2002; 33 (1): 51-61. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The ability of Varroa destructor to reproduce in the African honey bee Apis mellifera scutellata was studied. In addition, the effects of space within the brood cell and short brood developmental time on mite reproduction, was investigated using A. m. scutellata cells parasitised by a A. m. capensis worker pseudo-clone. In A. m. scutellata worker cells Varroa produced 0.9 fertilised females per mother mite which is the same as found in susceptible European honey bees, but greater than the 0.4 produced in cells containing the pseudo-clone. Low mite reproductive success in cells containing pseudo-clone was mainly as a result of increased mite mortality. This was caused by male protonymphs and some mothers becoming trapped in the upper part of the cell due to the pseudo-clone being 8% larger than their host and not due to their short developmental time. Therefore, mite populations in South African A. m. scutellata and A. m. capensis honey bees are expected to increase to levels observed in Europe and USA. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Apis-mellifera -scutellata [African-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: South-Africa (Africa-, Ethiopian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cell-space-effect; male-mite-survivorship; mite-reproductive-success AN Accession Number: 200200111518 UD Update Code: 20020415 Record 321 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Assessment of the floral origin of honey by SDS-page immunoblot techniques. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Baroni-Maria-V; Chiabrando-Gustavo-A; Costa-Cristina; Wunderlin-Daniel-A {a} AD Author Address: {a} Dto. Bioquimica Clinica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellon Argentina, 5000, Cordoba; E-Mail: dwunder@bioclin.fcq.unc.edu.ar, Argentina SO Source: Journal-of-Agricultural-and-Food-Chemistry. [print] March 13, 2002; 50 (6): 1362-1367. URLJ Journal URL: http://pubs.acs.org/journals/jafcau PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8561 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We report on the development of a novel alternative method for the assessment of floral origin in honey samples based on the study of honey proteins using immunoblot assays. The main goal of our work was to evaluate the use of honey proteins as chemical markers of the floral origin of honey. Considering that honeybee proteins should be common to all types of honey, we decided to verify the usefulness of pollen proteins as floral origin markers in honey. We used polyclonal anti-pollen antibodies raised in rabbits by repeated immunization of Sunflower (Elianthus annuus) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.) pollen extracts. The IgG fraction was purified by immunoaffinity. These antibodies were verified with nitrocellulose blotted pollen and unifloral honey protein extracts. The antibodies anti-Sunflower pollen, bound to the 36 and 33 kDa proteins of Sunflower unifloral honey and to honey containing Sunflower pollen; and the antibodies anti-Eucalyptus sp. pollen bound to the 38 kDa proteins of Eucalyptus sp. unifloral honey in immunoblot assays. Satisfactory results were obtained in differentiating between the types of pollen analyzed and between Sunflower honey and Eucalyptus honey with less cross reactivity with other types of honey from different origin and also with good sensitivity in the detection. This immunoblot method opens an interesting field for the development of new antibodies from different plants, which could serve as an alternative or complementary method to the usual melissopalynological analysis to assess honey floral origin. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Foods-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Myrtaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Eucalyptus-sp. (Myrtaceae-); Helianthus-annuus (Compositae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Dicots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: IgG-; proteins-: floral-origin-marker MQ Methods and Equipment: SDS-PAGE: analytical-method; immunoblot-assays: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: honey-: floral-origin, sauces-and-condiments AN Accession Number: 200200110372 UD Update Code: 20020415 Record 322 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Pollen and chemical analysis of honey from different floral regions in Bulgaria. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lazarova-Maria {a}; Bozilova-Elissaveta {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institute of Botany, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria SO Source: Phytologia-Balcanica. [print] 2001; 7 (1): 101-112. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.bio.bas.bg/~phytbalc/ PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1310-7771 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The results from the pollen and chemical analysis of 11 samples of honey from six different floral regions in Bulgaria are discussed in the article. The analyses were used as a basis for determining the plant origin and composition of honey. The melliferous plants visited by the honeybees in the corresponding regions were identified. The pollen analysis data were applied to trace out the composition of dominating species in the honey and the honey was referred respectively to the unifloral or polyfloral type. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Angiospermae-: Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Medicago- (Leguminosae-): honey-source; Onobrychis- (Leguminosae-): honey -source; Robinia-pseudoacacia (Leguminosae-): honey-source; Trifolium-spp. (Leguminosae-): honey-source; flowering-plants (Angiospermae-); honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: honey-: composition-, origin- GE Geopolitical Location: Bulgaria- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: melittopalynology-: honey-analysis AN Accession Number: 200200105373 UD Update Code: 20020415 Record 323 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Juvenile-hormone-dependent interaction of actin and spectrin is crucial for polymorphic differentiation of the larval honey bee ovary. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schmidt-Capella-Ines-C; Hartfelder-Klaus {a} AD Author Address: {a} Zoologisches Institut, Universitaet Tuebingen, Tuebingen; E-Mail: khartfel@rge.fmrp.usp.br, Germany SO Source: Cell-and-Tissue-Research. [print] February, 2002; 307 (2): 265-272. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0302-766X LA Language: English AB Abstract: Programmed cell death in the worker ovary of Apis mellifera reduces the number of ovarioles during metamorphosis from 150-200 primordia to less than 10. In contrast, practically all ovarioles in the ovary of queens survive to the adult stage. The correct formation and persistence of polyfusomes has been suggested as a critical factor for ovariole survival. We have analyzed the developmental dynamics of F-actin and alpha-spectrin in fusomes of queen and worker larvae, and in juvenile-hormone-treated worker larvae. Small fusomes containing actin and spectrin can be detected in the ovaries of fourth instar larvae in both castes. After molting to the fifth instar, the actin-spectrin association persists in the enlarged fusomes of queen ovarioles. In workers, actin dissociates from the fusomal and cortical alpha-spectrin. Coinciding with the appearance of apoptosis markers, large agglomerates of actin are detectable in worker ovarioles. Treatment of fourth-instar worker larvae with juvenile hormone rescues ovarioles from apoptosis and maintains the actin-spectrin association. Juvenile-hormone-dependent actin-spectrin interaction is thus one of the earliest steps in the differentiation of a polymorphic ovary. Plasticity in ovariole numbers as a result of hormone-dependent fusome formation may be a more widespread phenomenon in insects, extending beyond caste polymorphism in highly eusocial Hymenoptera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Cell-Biology; Development-; Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: cytoskeleton-; ovarioles-: reproductive-system; ovary-: polymorphic -differentiation, reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: F-actin: juvenile-hormone-dependent-interaction; alpha-spectrin: juvenile -hormone-dependent-interaction MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: programmed-cell-death AN Accession Number: 200200104075 UD Update Code: 20020415 Record 324 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Resolving the DDT target protein in insects as a subunit of the ATP synthase. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Younis-Hassan-M {a}; Abo-El-Saad-Mahmoud-M; Abdel-Razik-Reda-K; Abo-Seda -Samia-A AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Biochemical Toxicology, Department of Pesticide Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, El -Chatby, 21545, Alexandria; E-Mail: hmyounis@data.prs.com.eg, Egypt SO Source: Biotechnology-and-Applied-Biochemistry. [print] February, 2002; 35 (1): 9 -17. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0885-4513 LA Language: English AB Abstract: 1,1-bis-(p-Chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (DDT) inhibited the ATP hydrolytic activity of the ATP synthase from a DDT-susceptible insect (Apis mellifera) as well as a DDT-tolerant insect (Spodoptera littoralis), and from rat liver and bovine heart in a parallel way to its insecticidal properties and selectivity of action. Inhibition of the ATPase activity of these preparations by DDT was parallel to the poisoning of the source organism with DDT. Furthermore, both the inhibition and poisoning of insects were affected similarly by temperature. Inhibition of the insect enzyme activity by DDT was specific and differed from that by oligomycin or N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide (DCCD). PAGE analysis of the various preparations of the enzyme showed that the inhibition of the enzyme activity by DDT was associated with the presence of a selective protein band with an apparent molecular mass of 23 kDa. This protein band exists in the preparations from the DDT-susceptible insects but was absent from the preparations of the enzyme from the DDT-insensitive sources. Removal of this protein band from the enzyme rendered its activity insensitive to inhibition by DDT. The protein was purified directly from mitochondria and the DDT sensitivity was reconstituted upon its addition to the DDT -insensitive F1-ATPase. We conclude that this identified protein of the ATP synthase is the DDT target protein in insects. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 1,1-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane [DDT-]: insecticide-; ATP-; ATP-synthase; N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide: reagent- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 50-29-3: 1,1-BIS-(P-CHLOROPHENYL)-2,2,2-TRICHLOROETHANE; 50-29-3: DDT; 56 -65-5Q: ATP; 42530-29-0Q: ATP; 94587-45-8Q: ATP; 111839-44-2Q: ATP; 37205 -63-3: ATP SYNTHASE MQ Methods and Equipment: PAGE- [polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis]: detection-method AN Accession Number: 200200102517 UD Update Code: 20020415 Record 325 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Antioxidant enzymes in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Weirich-Gunter-F; Collins-Anita-M {a}; Williams-Virginia-P AD Author Address: {a} Bee Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Bldg. 476, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350; E-Mail: CollinsA@ba.ars.usda.gov, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] January-February, 2002; 33 (1): 3-14. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were determined in postmitochondrial fractions of tissue homogenates (spermathecae, muscle and ventriculi), in hemolymph plasma, and in semen of honey bees. The highest CAT activity was found in semen (4.8 mU/mug fresh weight), and the enzyme was confined to the spermatozoa. CAT and GST activities of ventriculi exceeded those of other tissues and hemolymph, CAT being highest in mated queen ventriculi (2.7 mU/mug) and GST highest in worker ventriculi (10 mU/mg). Spermathecae of mated queens had higher CAT and GST activities (0.84 mU/mug, and 2.4 mU/mg, respectively) than virgin spermathecae (0.15 mU/mug, and 1.6 mU/mg). SOD activities (15-59 mU/mug) varied less than activities of CAT or GST between tissues. Seminal plasma contained two thirds of the total SOD activity of semen and one third was in the spermatozoa. The substantial activities of all three enzymes in spermathecae of mated queens suggest their involvement in the long-term protection of the spermatozoa from oxidative stress. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: hemolymph-plasma; muscle-: muscular-system; semen-: reproductive-system; spermathecae-: reproductive-system; ventriculi- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: antioxidant-enzymes; catalase-; glutathione-S-transferase; superoxide -dismutase RN CAS Registry Number (R): 207137-51-7: ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES; 9001-05-2: CATALASE; 50812-37-8: GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE; 9054-89-1: SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE AN Accession Number: 200200102502 UD Update Code: 20020415 Record 326 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Racial differences in division of labor in colonies of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Brillet-Charles {a}; Robinson-Gene-E; Bues-R; Le-Conte-Yves AD Author Address: {a} Unite de Zoologie et d'Apidologie, CNRS-INRA, domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, F-84914, Avignon Cedex 9; E-Mail: brillet@avignon.inra.fr, France SO Source: Ethology-. [print] February, 2002; 108 (2): 115-126. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell.de/eth.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0179-1613 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We measured the age at onset of foraging in colonies derived from three races of European honey bees, Apis mellifera mellifera, Apis mellifera caucasica and Apis mellifera ligustica, using a cross-fostering design that involved six unrelated colonies of each race. There was a significant effect of the race of the introduced bees on the age at onset of foraging: cohorts of A. m. ligustica bees showed the earliest onset, regardless of the race of the colony they were introduced to. There also was a significant effect of the race of the host colony: cohorts of bees introduced into mellifera colonies showed the earliest onset of foraging, regardless of the race of the bees introduced. Significant inter-trial differences also were detected, primarily because of a later onset of foraging in trials conducted during the autumn (September-October). These results demonstrate differences among European races of honey bees in one important component of colony division of labor. They also provide a starting point for analyses of the evolution of division of labor under different ecological conditions. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-caucasia [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera -ligustica [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-mellifera [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-at-onset-of-foraging; bee-colonies; division-of-labor; racial -differences AN Accession Number: 200200100974 UD Update Code: 20020415 Record 327 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: The action of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the isolated heart of insect and amphibia. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Papaefthimiou-Chrisovalantis; Pavlidou-Vasiliki; Gregorc-Ales; Theophilidis -George {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Biology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greek Macedonia, 54006; E -Mail: theophil@bio.auth.gr, Greece SO Source: Environmental-Toxicology-and-Pharmacology. [print] March, 2002; 11 (2): 127 -140. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/etap PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1382-6689 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The action of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on the isolated heart of the frog (Rana ridibunda) and two insects, the honeybee (Apis mellifera macedonica) and the beetle (Tenebrio molitor), was investigated using basic electrophysiological methods. The results of this study showed that a concentration of 1 muM 2,4-D was required to reduce the force and the frequency of the isolated heart of the honeybee to about 70% of the initial contraction in less than 20 min. To cause the same effects on the atria of the frog, 45 muM 2,4-D was required and on the isolated heart of the beetle, over 1000 muM of 2,4-D. The presence of an extensive system of gap junctions found in the honeybee is most probably the cause of the unusual sensitivity of its heart to 2,4-D, compared with the heart of the beetle, where no gap junctions were identified. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cardiovascular-System (Transport-and-Circulation); Pesticides-; Pollution -Assessment-Control-and-Management; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Salientia-: Amphibia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Rana-ridibunda [frog-] (Salientia-); Tenebrio-molitor [beetle-] (Coleoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Amphibians-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: atrium-: circulatory-system; gap-junctions; heart-: circulatory-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic-acid: herbicide-, pesticide-, pollutant- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 94-75-7: 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID AN Accession Number: 200200099679 UD Update Code: 20020318 Record 328 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: The honey bees of Thailand (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Engel-Michael-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, 1460 Jayhawk Boulevard, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7523, USA SO Source: Natural-History-Bulletin-of-the-Siam-Society. [print] Summer, 2001; 49 (1): 113-116. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0080-9462 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Systematics-and-Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-andreniformis (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-, description-; Apis-cerana (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-, description-; Apis-dorsata (Hymenoptera-): Apidae -, description-; Apis-florea (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-, description-; Apis -mellifera [Western-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-, description-, pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Thailand- (Asia-, Oriental-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: geographic-distribution; morphology-; pollination-; Taxonomic-Key AN Accession Number: 200200098739 UD Update Code: 20020318 Record 329 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Satiation differentially affects performance in a learning assay by nurse and forager honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ben-Shahar-Yehuda {a}; Robinson-Gene-E AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801; E-Mail: yehudab@life.uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] December, 2001; 187 (11): 891-899. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English AB Abstract: When not satiated prior to training, there were no differences between foragers and nurse honey bees in the acquisition of an appetitively based conditioned response in an olfactory associative learning assay, but when satiated foragers showed faster acquisition than did nurses. Satiation -related differences between foragers and nurses were more a function of behavioral state than age, because satiated precocious foragers also showed faster acquisition rates than did satiated nurse bees, despite their similar ages. Tests of sucrose responsiveness and retention of conditioned responses indicate that the observed performance differences between nurses and foragers were more likely due to differential sensitivity of sensory and motor processes related to satiation rather than differences in cognitive ability. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): forager-, nurse- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: proboscis-: dental-and-oral-system MQ Methods and Equipment: olfactory-associative-learning-assay: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: associative-learning; differential-performance-affect; labor-division; learning-; proboscis-extension-reflex; satiation- AN Accession Number: 200200098254 UD Update Code: 20020318 Record 330 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Honeybee-assisted wind pollination in bamboo Phyllostachys nidularia (Bambusoideae: Poaceae)? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Huang-Shuang-Quan {a}; Yang-Chun-Feng; Lu-Bin; Takahashi-Yoshitaka AD Author Address: {a} Department of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agricultural Research Center for Western Region, Oda, Shimane, 694-0013; E-Mail: sqhuang2001@hotmail.com, Japan SO Source: Botanical-Journal-of-the-Linnean-Society. [print] January, 2002; 138 (1): 1 -7. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.academicpress.com/botjls PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0024-4074 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Floral syndromes and pollination of three species of Phyllostachys bamboos were studied in Central China in 1999 and 2000. All were protogynous. Stigmas were receptive and had pollen deposited on them 2 days before anther dehiscence. The period of anthesis in the three bamboos was 3 days. Individual pollen grains of the three species were similar in size (30-40 mum in diameter) and had features typical of wind-pollinated plants. The ratios of pollen to ovules (p/o ratio) in P. nidularia, P. heteroclada and P. nuda were 6500, 12 700 and 33 000, respectively. Mean pollen loads on each flower (one ovule) of these three species were 7.3, 8.8 and 9.4 grains, respectively. Pollen transfer in P. heteroclada and P. nuda depended on wind, and no flower visitors were seen in the field. However, in P. nidularia, Apis cerana Fab. was a frequent pollen collector observed from 1200 to 1330 h. The visits undertaken by thousands of honeybees resulted in a large number of pollen grains being released from the anthers in a short time (10-15 min) in one day, which accelerated and synchronized the release of pollen from the anthers that seemed to enhance the chance of pollination. Given that honeybees played an indirect role in pollen transfer this could partly explain the low p/o ratio in P. nidularia. Reviewing the literature, we found insect visits to flowers of bamboos were not infrequent phenomena. We suggest pollination efficiency should be considered as one selective factor in attempts to understand mast flowering in bamboo. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences); Ecology- (Environmental -Sciences); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Gramineae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Phyllostachys-heteroclada [bamboo -] (Gramineae-): Bambusoideae-, Poaceae-; Phyllostachys-nidularia [bamboo -] (Gramineae-): Bambusoideae-, Poaceae-; Phyllostachys-nuda [bamboo-] (Gramineae-): Bambusoideae-, Poaceae-; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Monocots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: stigma-: receptivity-, reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: China- (Asia-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: floral-syndrome; flower-visitation; insect-assisted-wind-pollination; mast -flowering; pollen/ovule-ratio; pollination-efficiency AN Accession Number: 200200097645 UD Update Code: 20020318 Record 331 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: The emergence of Hymenopteran genetics. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Page-Robert-E-Jr {a}; Gadau-Jurgen; Beye-Martin AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616; E -Mail: repage@ucdavis.edu, USA SO Source: Genetics-. [print] February, 2002; 160 (2): 375-379. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0016-6731 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Genetics- ST Super Taxa: Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Drosophila- (Diptera-); Nasonia -vitripennis [parasitic-wasp] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: history-; hymenopteran-genetics; Historical-Article AN Accession Number: 200200088303 UD Update Code: 20020318 Record 332 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Effect of storage periods on the quality of apiary honey. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gulati-Rachna {a}; Kaushik-H-D {a}; Ombir {a}; Sharma-S-K {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004, India SO Source: Annals-of-Biology-Hissar. [print] June, 2002; 18 (1): 77-80. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0970-0153 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Fresh, one and two-year old Apis mellifera honey samples were analyzed for various quality parameters viz., moisture content, acidity, specific gravity, ash content and total reducing sugars to see the effect of storage on honey quality. No significant effect of storage was observed on honey quality upto two years of storage. Values remained within the permissible limits given by Bureau of Indian Standards. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Foods- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: reducing-sugars MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: honey-: storage-, sugar-product; quality-parameters: acidity-, ash-, moisture-, specific-gravity AN Accession Number: 200200088081 UD Update Code: 20020318 Record 333 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Botanical resources for propolis in an apiary network in central Chile. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Montenegro-Gloria {a}; Pena-Raul-C {a}; Mujica-Ana-Maria {a}; Pizarro -Rodrigo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomia e Ingenieria Forestal, Pontificia, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago-22; E-Mail: gmonten@puc.cl, Chile SO Source: Phyton-Buenos-Aires. [print] 2001(2002); 2001: 191-201. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0031-9457 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Propolis is a complex mixture of the beehive produced by the honeybee (Apis mellifera), gathering and transforming the bud exudates, by mixing them with waxy substances; used in the sepsis of the hive. We investigate here the botanical origin of samples of propolis by microscopic analysis of the pollen grains and leaf fragments found therein. The honeybees gather mainly Salix humboldtiana and Eucalyptus globulus resins in all sites (Cuncumen, Santa Amalia, San Carlos, Loncolemu, Quillota, Corintos, Salto de Agua, Santa Cruz, Paine and Tanguao). There were other species gathered as sources of propolis, but they were not represented in all sites. These were: Quillaja saponaria, Lithrea caustica, Baccharis linearis and Populus alba. In the network consisting of ten hives, major species were: S. humboldtiana, Q. saponaria, L. caustica, B. linearis, Peumus boldus, Buddleja globosa, Escallonia rubra, Eucalyptus globulus and P. alba. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Anacardiaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Buddlejaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Monimiaceae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Myrtaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Salicaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Saxifragaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Baccharis-linearis (Compositae -): propolis-source; Buddleja-globosa (Buddlejaceae-): propolis-source; Escallonia-rubra (Saxifragaceae-): propolis-source; Eucalyptus-globulus (Myrtaceae-): propolis-source; Lithraea-caustica (Anacardiaceae-): propolis-source; Peumus-boldus (Monimiaceae-): propolis-source; Populus -alba (Salicaceae-): propolis-source; Quillaja-saponaria (Rosaceae-): propolis-source; Salix-humboldtiana (Salicaceae-): propolis-source TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: propolis-: botanical-resources GE Geopolitical Location: Chile- (South-America, Neotropical-region) AN Accession Number: 200200087169 UD Update Code: 20020318 Record 334 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Differential morphology of the hemocytes present in pupal ovaries of the queen and worker honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Da-Cruz-Landim-Carminda {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP; E-Mail: cclandim@rc.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Cytologia-Tokyo. [print] December, 2001; 66 (4): 357-363. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0011-4545 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The location and morphological features of the blood cells found in the pupal ovary of workers and queens of Apis mellifera are described in relationship with their probable function in the ovary differentiation. The hemocytes from inside the ovarioles are different in both castes. In queens their morphology suggest an action in the tunica propria production, while in workers it suggest a phagocytic activity. The hemocytes present in the intersticial tissue are phagocytes in both castes, and may be responsible by the ovary shapping during metamorphosis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Development-; Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis); Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): female-, pupa-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: hemocyte-: blood-and-lymphatics, immune-system; ovariole-: reproductive -system; ovary-: differentiation-, reproductive-system; phagocyte-: immune -system; tunica-propria MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: differential-morphology; metamorphosis- AN Accession Number: 200200087142 UD Update Code: 20020318 Record 335 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: DNA-binding properties of Mblk-1, a putative transcription factor from the honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Park-Jung-Min; Kunieda-Takekazu; Takeuchi-Hideaki; Kubo-Takeo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033; E-Mail: stkubo@mail.ecc.u -tokyo.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Biochemical-and-Biophysical-Research-Communications. [print] February 15, 2002; 291 (1): 23-28. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.academicpress.com/bbrc PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-291X LA Language: English AB Abstract: We previously identified a gene, Mblk-1, that encodes a putative transcription factor with two DNA-binding motifs expressed preferentially in the honeybee brain (H. Takeuchi et al., Insect Mol. Biol. 10, 487-494 (2001)). In the present study, we identified its preferred binding sequence as 5'-CCCTATCGATCG-ATCTCTACCT-3' and characterized its DNA -binding properties using truncated Mblk-1 mutants. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that the full-length Mblk-1 binds to the sequence with high affinity, whereas each truncated DNA-binding motif of Mblk-1 binds with much lower affinities. An in vitro pull-down assay indicated that each DNA-binding motif affords homodimeric bindings, suggesting that Mblk-1 functions as a dimer. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system; mushroom-body: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA-; Mblk-1: DNA-binding-properties, preferred-binding-sequence, putative -transcription-factor AN Accession Number: 200200085118 UD Update Code: 20020318 Record 336 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Disulfide pairing and secondary structure of ASP1, an olfactory-binding protein from honeybee (Apis mellifera L). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Briand-L; Nespoulous-C; Huet-J-C; Pernollet-J-C {a} AD Author Address: {a} Domaine de Vilvert, Unite de Biochimie et Structure des Proteines, INRA, Batiment 526, F-78352, Jouy-en-Josas Cedex; E-Mail: pernolle@jouy.inra.fr, France SO Source: Journal-of-Peptide-Research. [print] December, 2001; 58 (6): 540-545. URLJ Journal URL: http://journals.munksgaard.dk/peptideresearch PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1397-002X LA Language: English AB Abstract: In insects, the transport of airborne, hydrophobic odorants and pheromones through the sensillum lymph is accomplished by olfactory-binding proteins (OBPs). We report the structural characterization of a honeybee OBP called ASP1 found in workers and drones, previously observed to bind queen pheromone components. A novel method based on ion-spray mass spectrometry analysis of cyanylation-induced cleavage products of partially reduced protein with Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine was needed to determine the recombinant ASP1 disulfide bond pairing. It was observed to be Cys(I) -Cys(III), Cys(II)-Cys(V), Cys(IV)-Cys(VI), similar to those already described for other OBPs from honeybee and Bombyx mori suggesting that this pattern occurs commonly throughout the diverse family of insect OBPs. Circular dichroism revealed that ASP1 is an all-alpha protein in accordance with NMR preliminary data, but unlike lipocalin-like vertebrate OBPs. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: ASP1-: disulfide-pairing, olfactory-binding-protein, secondary-structure MQ Methods and Equipment: circular-dichroism: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: ASP1-disulfide-bond-pairing; airborne-odorants; hydrophobic-odorants; olfaction-; pheromone-binding-protein AN Accession Number: 200200083831 UD Update Code: 20020318 Record 337 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Honeybees assess changes in nectar flow within a single foraging bout. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wainselboim-Alejandro-J; Roces-Flavio; Farina-Walter-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellon II, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires; E-Mail: walter@bg.fcen.uba.ar, Argentina SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] January, 2002; 63 (1): 1-6. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.academicpress.com/anbehav PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Forager honeybees returning to the hive after a successful foraging trip unload the collected liquid to recipient hivemates through mouth-to-mouth food exchange contracts (trophallaxis). The speed at which the liquid is transferred (unloading rate) from donor to recipient is related to the profitability offered by the recently visited food source. Two of the main characteristics that define food source profitability are the flow of solution delivered by the feeder and the time invested by the forager feeding at the source (feeding time). To investigate which of these two variables is related to unloading rate, we individually trained donor foragers to a regulated-flow feeder that presented changes in the delivered flow of solution within a single foraging bout, while feeding time remained constant. With the range of flows used, bees attained maximum crop loads in all experiments. During the subsequent trophallactic encounter with an unfed recipient hivemate, unloading rate was differentially affected by the changes in flow of solution presented during the previous foraging trip at the source, depending on whether there had been an increase or a decrease of flow rate within that visit. Foragers unloaded at lower rates when they experienced a decrease in flow rate, but did not increase the unloading rate when presented with an increase at the food source. Thus, forager honeybees seem to be able to detect variations in the delivered flow of solution, since they modulate unloading rate in relation to these changes, although decreases in food value seem to be perceptually weighted in relation to increases, independently of the time invested in the food-gathering process. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flow-rate; food-source-profitability; nectar-flow; successful-foraging -trip; trophallaxis- AN Accession Number: 200200082665 UD Update Code: 20020318 Record 338 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Honey bee pollen foraging in relation to flowering phenology of biennial caraway (Carum carvi L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Langenberger-Michael-W {a}; Davis-Arthur-R {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada SO Source: Canadian-Journal-of-Plant-Science. [print] January, 2002; 82 (1): 203-215. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0008-4220 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Biennial caraway (Carum carvi L.) is a specialty spice crop in Saskatchewan, yet little was known about fundamental agronomic traits, such as its flowering phenology, plant density, attraction to potential pollinators, and prospective honey yield. At five commercial fields in 1998 and 1999, biennial caraway flowered for 7 wk, beginning in late May or early June and finishing by early to mid-July. Under optimal conditions, and assuming intense foraging activity by honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), caraway might yield 70-134 kg honey ha-1. However, weights of colonies near fields of caraway (0.47-4.2 hives ha-1) changed little while honey bees were predominant foragers on that crop. Then, in the second half of the caraway flowering period, when honey bees had almost deserted those fields as indicated by observation and pollen-trap analyses, hive weights rose steadily due to a switch to nearby crops of canola (Brassica spp.) and sweet clover (Melilotus spp.), which had begun to flower. Whereas biennial caraway is rated as negligible to only moderate for its honey potential in Saskatchewan, 83% of honey bees visiting caraway florets gathered pollen. Moreover, caraway pollen entering hives averaged 11% of total pollen (dry weight) over the entire flowering period of the crop, but 36.5% during the first half of flowering phenology, suggesting that biennial caraway may constitute a valuable source of protein for honey bees, particularly during colony build-up in spring. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Reproductive -System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Umbelliferae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): pollen-forager; Carum-carvi [caraway-] (Umbelliferae-): biennial-species, spice-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Saskatchewan- (Canada-, North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flowering-phenology; foraging-behavior; honey-yield; plant-density; pollinator-attraction AN Accession Number: 200200081794 UD Update Code: 20020318 Record 339 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Sperm viability and sperm competition in insects. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hunter-F-M {a}; Birkhead-T-R AD Author Address: {a} Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN; E-Mail: f.m.hunter@sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Current-Biology. [print] January 22, 2002; 12 (2): 121-123. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0960-9822 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Sperm quality plays an important role in vertebrates in determining which male has the advantage when two or more males compete to fertilize a female's ova. In insects, however, the importance of sperm quality has never been considered, despite sperm competition being widespread and well studied in this group. We tested the hypothesis that sperm viability, measured as the proportion of live sperm, covaried with the intensity of sperm competition in insects. In a pairwise comparison of seven closely related species pairs, each comprising a monandrous and a polyandrous species (i.e., with and without sperm competition, respectively), we found that in all cases the polyandrous species had a higher proportion of live sperm in their sperm stores. The distribution of the percentage of live sperm showed considerable inter- and intraspecific variation, suggesting that, all else being equal, males will vary in their ability to fertilize ova on the basis of sperm viability alone. Our results suggest that sperm viability is one of a suite of male adaptations to sperm competition in insects. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Evolution-and-Adaptation; Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Insecta-: Arthropoda-, Invertebrata -, Animalia-; Orthoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): polyandrous-species; Bombus -terrestris [bumble-bee] (Hymenoptera-): monandrous-species; Coelopa -frigida [seaweed-fly] (Diptera-): polyandrous-species; Dermestes-ater [black-larder-beetle] (Coleoptera-): polyandrous-species; Dinoponera -quadriceps [dinosaur-ant] (Hymenoptera-): monandrous-species; Diploptera -punctata (Orthoptera-): cockroach-, polyandrous-species; Drosophila -pseudo-obscura (Diptera-): fruitfly-, polyandrous-species; Drosophila -subobscura (Diptera-): fruitfly-, monandrous-species; Formica-truncorum [wood-ant] (Hymenoptera-): polyandrous-species; Lucilia-caesar [greenbottle-] (Diptera-): monandrous-species; Musca-domestica [house-fly] (Diptera-): monandrous-species; Nauphoeta-cinerea (Orthoptera-): cockroach -, monandrous-species; Scatophaga-stercoraria [yellow-dungfly] (Diptera-): polyandrous-species; Trogoderma-granarium [khapra-beetle] (Coleoptera-): monandrous-species; insect- (Insecta-): male- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: sperm-: reproductive-system, viability- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: sperm-competition AN Accession Number: 200200079267 UD Update Code: 20020227 Record 340 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Role of inhibition for temporal and spatial odor representation in olfactory output neurons: A calcium imaging study. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sachse-Silke {a}; Galizia-C-Giovanni AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Biologie - Neurobiologie, Koenigin-Luise Str. 28-30, 14195, Berlin; E-Mail: silsis@zedat.fu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Neurophysiology-Bethesda. [print] February, 2002; 87 (2): 1106 -1117. URLJ Journal URL: http://jn.org; http://www.jn.org PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-3077 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The primary olfactory brain center, the antennal lobe (AL) in insects or the olfactory bulb in vertebrates, is a notable example of a neural network for sensory processing. While physiological properties of the input, the olfactory receptor neurons, have become clearer, the operation of the network itself remains cryptic. Therefore we measured spatio -temporal odor-response patterns in the output neurons of the olfactory glomeruli using optical imaging in the honeybee Apis mellifera. We mapped these responses to identified glomeruli, which are the structural and functional units of the AL. Each odor evoked a complex spatio-temporal activity pattern of excited and inhibited glomeruli. These properties were odor- and glomerulus-specific and were conserved across individuals. We compared the spatial pattern of excited glomeruli to previously published signals, which derived mainly from the receptor neurons, and found that they appeared more confined, showing that inhibitory connections enhance the contrast between glomeruli in the AL. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we applied GABA and the GABA-receptor antagonist picrotoxin (PTX). The results show the presence of two separate inhibitory networks: one is GABAergic and modulates overall AL activity, the other is PTX -insensitive and glomerulus-specific. Inhibitory connections of the latter network selectively inhibit glomeruli with overlapping response profiles, in a way akin to "lateral" inhibition in other sensory systems. Selectively inhibited glomeruli need not be spatial neighbors. The net result is a globally modulated, contrast-enhanced and predictable representation of odors in the ol-factory output neurons. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe: nervous-system; glomeruli-: excretory-system; olfactory -bulb: nervous-system; olfactory-output-neurons: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: gamma-aminobutyric-acid; gamma-aminobutyric-acid-receptor-antagonist; picrotoxin- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 56-12-2: GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; 124-87-8: PICROTOXIN MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: sensory-processing; spatial-odor-representation; temporal-odor -representation AN Accession Number: 200200075841 UD Update Code: 20020227 Record 341 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: American foulbrood in Uruguay: Isolation of Paenibacillus larvae larvae from larvae with clinical symptoms and adult honeybees and susceptibility to oxytetracycline. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Piccini-Claudia {a}; Zunino-Pablo AD Author Address: {a} Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo; E-Mail: piccini@iibce.edu.uy, Uruguay SO Source: Journal-of-Invertebrate-Pathology. [print] October, 2001; 78 (3): 176-177. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.academicpress.com/jip PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-2011 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection-; Veterinary-Medicine (Medical-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Paenibacillus-larvae-larvae (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): pathogen-; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): adult- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxytetracycline- [OTC-]: antibacterial-drug, antiinfective-drug, bactericide- GE Geopolitical Location: Uruguay- (South-America, Neotropical-region) DS Diseases: American-foulbrood [AFB-]: bacterial-disease, diagnosis-, drug-therapy, pathology-, prevention-and-control, symptom- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 79-57-2: OXYTETRACYCLINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiaries-; honey-; microbiology-; Note- AN Accession Number: 200200071274 UD Update Code: 20020227 Record 342 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Comparison of spring pollen collection by honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies of Buckfast and "Canadian" stocks. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: van-Engelsdorp-Dennis {a}; Otis-Gard-W AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853; E-Mail: dv23@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-Ontario. [print] December, 2000; 131: 133-138. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.utoronto.ca/forest/eso/pub.htm PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0071-0768 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The amount and type of pollen collected during the period of apple bloom (25-31 May, 1995) were determined for honey bee colonies of Buckfast and Ontario stocks that had been matched on the basis of brood area. The Buckfast colonies collected 62% more pollen (approximately 18,770 more pollen foraging trips per colony per day) than the Ontario colonies. The proportion of apple pollen generally decreased with increased distance of the hives to the orchard. The results demonstrate that Buckfast bee colonies can effectively pollinate spring fruit crops in Ontario. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; apple- (Rosaceae-): fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: collection-, reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Ontario- (Canada-, North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-behavior AN Accession Number: 200200069972 UD Update Code: 20020227 Record 343 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: The effect of sugar feeding on behavior of acceptance of 1 and 2 day old larvae in upper and lower bars of the grafted frames of honeybee, Apis mellifera for queen rearing. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Shah-Syed-Qasim {a} AD Author Address: {a} NWFP, Sericulture wing Shami Road, Peshawar, Pakistan SO Source: Pakistan-Journal-of-Forestry. [print] 2000; 50 (1-2): 81-85. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0030-9818 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The acceptance of one and two day old larvae in upper and lower bars of the grafted frames were studied among the sugar and control groups of feeding. The percentage of accepted larvae that were grafted with dilute royal jelly among groups showed statistically difference between acceptance of 1 and 2 day old larvae among the upper and lower bar of the grafted frames. The groups accepted more two-day-old larvae as compared to one-day-old larvae. Moreover more larvae were accepted in lower bar as compared to upper bar of the grafted frames. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Development-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): larva-, queen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: grafted-frame-bars: equipment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: acceptance-behavior; queen-rearing; royal-jelly; sugar-feeding-effect AN Accession Number: 200200069971 UD Update Code: 20020227 Record 344 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: The value of uncropped field margins for foraging bumblebees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kells-Andrea-R {a}; Holland-John-M; Goulson-Dave AD Author Address: {a} Division of Biodiversity and Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, SO16 7PX; E -Mail: andrea.kells@soton.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Conservation. [print] December, 2001; 5 (4): 283-291. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/1366-638X PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1366-638X LA Language: English AB Abstract: The intensification of agriculture has led to declines in species diversity and abundance within groups of certain flora and fauna. Bumblebees (Bombus spp.) are one group where a decline has been documented, and it is thought to be attributable to a decrease in forage resources and potential nest sites. As bumblebees play an important role in the pollination of many entomophilous crops, this decline could impact on agricultural productivity. We examined the role of naturally regenerated field margins in providing forage plants on land where nectar resources are otherwise impoverished. The following question was addressed - Are naturally regenerated unsprayed field margins more attractive to foraging bumblebees and honeybees than cropped field margins managed as conservation headlands? Significantly more bees visited naturally regenerated field margins than cropped field margins. Honeybees (Apis mellifera), Bombus terrestris, and Bombus lapidarius were the most commonly observed bee species. Different wildflower species within the naturally regenerated margins varied greatly in relative number of visits received, and bumblebee species were found to prefer different flower species to honeybees. The potential role that naturally regenerated field margins could play in the conservation of bumblebee species, and the implications for other species of flora and fauna, are discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Wildlife-Management (Conservation-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Bombus-lapidarius (Hymenoptera -); Bombus-terrestris (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: agricultural-management; agricultural-productivity; field-margins: regeneration-, uncropped-; floral-resources; foraging-ecology; nest-site -availability; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200200069792 UD Update Code: 20020227 Record 345 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Levantamento da fauna de abelhas silvestres (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) na regiao da "Baixada maranhense": Vitoria do Mearim, MA, Brasil. [Survey of the wild bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) of the "Maranhao Lowland": Vitoria do Mearim, MA, Brazil.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-Albuquerque-Patricia-M-C {a}; da-G-Ferreira-Rosilene; Rego-Marcia-M-C {a}; dos-Santos-Claudia-S; de-Brito-Ciclene-M-S AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhao -UFMA, Av. dos Portugueses, Campus Universitario do Bacanga, Sao Luis, MA, Brazil SO Source: Acta-Amazonica. [print] Julho-Setembro, 2001; 31 (3): 419-430. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-5967 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English AB Abstract: The bee fauna of a restrict area of Lowland Region of Maranhao was studied. Monthly samples were performed with entomological net and baits trap with attractive compounds, totalling 288 hours of sampling. A total of 839 individuals belonging to 38 species of the bee families Apidae, Megachilidae, Halictidae, Andrenidae and Colletidae were collected on flowers and 72 individuals (11 species) of Euglossinae in baits trap. Scaptotrigona flavisetis Moure, Trigona pallens Cockerell and Apis mellifera Linnaeus were most frequent species in the area. Bee frequencies showed various patterns of seasonality, i.e. the period in which most bees of S. flavisetis were observed were January and October, T. pallens in January and February and A. mellifera in April. Euglossa (E.) cordata and E. (E.) gr. modestior were the most frequent species collected in baits traps and Eucaliptol was the most attractive compound. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biodiversity-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Euglossa-cordata (Hymenoptera-); Euglossa -modestior (Hymenoptera-); Scaptotrigona-flavisetis (Hymenoptera-); Trigona-pallens (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: eucalyptol-: bait- GE Geopolitical Location: Maranhao- (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 470-82-6: EUCALYPTOL MQ Methods and Equipment: baited-trap: field-equipment MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flower-visitation; lowland-regions; seasonality- AN Accession Number: 200200068415 UD Update Code: 20020227 Record 346 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Ecdysteroid titer and reproduction in queens and workers of the honey bee and of a stingless bee: Loss of ecdysteroid function at increasing levels of sociality? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hartfelder-K {a}; Bitondi-M-M-G; Santana-W-C; Simoes-Z-L-P AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto, SP; E-Mail: khartfel@rgm.fmrp.usp.br, Brazil SO Source: Insect-Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biology. [print] February, 2002; 32 (2): 211-216. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0965-1748 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Evidence from field wasps and bumblebees appoints the endocrine system as a mediator between dominance status and ovarian activity in primitively social Hymenoptera. In this comparative study on ecdysteroid titers in the highly social honey bee, Apis mellifera, and a stingless bee, Melipona quadrifasciata, we focussed on the relationship between the ecdysteroid titer, social conditions (presence or absence of the queen), and ovary activity. In contrast to bumblebees, ecdysteroid titers in honey bee and stingless bee workers were either not altered, or dropped to even lower levels after the queen was removed. We also did not detect differences between virgin queens and mated, egg laying queens. These results suggest that ecdysteroids may have lost most of their reproductive functions - yet gained functions in larval caste differentiation - as higher levels of social organization were attained in the evolution of social insects. The observation that ecdysteroid titers are transiently elevated in young workers adds a new, yet functionally still speculative facet to hormonal regulation in insect societies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Melipona-quadrifasciata [stingless-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: ecdysteroid-titers; egg-laying; hormonal-regulation; ovary-activity; social -organization; sociality- AN Accession Number: 200200066453 UD Update Code: 20020227 Record 347 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Reallocation of labor in honeybee colonies during heat stress: The relative roles of task switching and the activation of reserve labor. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Johnson-Brian-R {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853; E-Mail: brj6@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] January, 2002; 51 (2): 188-196. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Social insect colonies reallocate labor in response to changing environmental circumstances. This study addresses the reallocation of labor by middle-age honeybees in response to heat stress. I tested the hypothesis that the additional labor required to respond to heat stress is obtained by reallocating labor away from unrelated tasks (task switching), activating reserve labor, or both. I found that task switching plays the primary role in this process. Although self-grooming decreased, other indicators of inactivity increased or remained unchanged, leaving the role of reserve labor ambiguous. I also explored the relative importance of specialists versus generalists in the production of work. Wax working, a common task among middle-age workers, was used as a model. I found that although there is a distinct group of wax specialists, they contributed only 19.5% of the total number of wax-working observations. Most wax working was found to be performed by generalists. In addition, I tested for a distinct group of reserve specialists. I found that although activity rates differed between individuals, there was no evidence for a stable group of reserve specialists. The high rate of task switching, in both stressed and unstressed environments, observed in this study highlights the possible significance of frequent task quitting as an organizing principle in the allocation of labor in social-insect colonies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis; Evolution-and-Adaptation ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: division-of-labor; environmental-stress; heat-stress; labor-reallocation; reserve-labor: activation-; self-grooming; social-colonies; task -switching; thermal-regulation; work-production AN Accession Number: 200200065253 UD Update Code: 20020227 Record 348 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Context-dependent violations of rational choice in honeybees (Apis mellifera) and gray jays (Perisoreus canadensis). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Shafir-Sharoni {a}; Waite-Tom-A; Smith-Brian-H AD Author Address: {a} Triwaks Bee Research Center and Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100; E-Mail: shafir@agri.huji.ac.il, Israel SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] January, 2002; 51 (2): 180-187. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Contrary to the theory of rational choice, adding an alternative to a set of available options often affects people's judgement of the preexisting options. Here, we show that honeybees (Apis mellifera) and gray jays (Perisoreus canadensis) are also influenced by the addition of an option to a choice set (i.e., by a change in local context). Like humans, our subjects violated basic properties of rational choice. Their relative preference between two original options changed with the introduction of a third, relatively unattractive option. Such context-dependent choice violates the constant-ratio rule. Our subjects increased their relative preference for the more similar of two alternatives, contrary to the similarity hypothesis. The jays also increased their absolute preference for the more similar of two alternatives, in violation of regularity. Thus, the principle of irrelevant alternatives, which assumes that preference between options does not depend on the presence or absence of other options, is violated not only by humans, but also by an invertebrate and a nonhuman vertebrate. These findings contradict the view that nonhuman animals should be immune to such psychological effects and that they should conform with normative accounts, such as rationality or optimal-foraging theory, because their decision-making processes are evolutionarily adaptive. We discuss the potential generality of context -dependent effects and suggest that such effects should be incorporated into decision-making models in behavioral ecology. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Evolution-and-Adaptation ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Passeriformes-: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Perisoreus-canadensis [gray-jay] (Passeriformes-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Birds-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: asymmetric-dominance; behavioral-adaptations; behavioral-ecology; context -dependent-violations; decision-making-processes; foraging-behavior; optimal-foraging-theory; psychological-effects; rational-choice; regularity- AN Accession Number: 200200065252 UD Update Code: 20020227 Record 349 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: The relationship between floral structure and honeybee pollination efficiency in 'Jonathan' and 'Topred' apple cultivars. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schneider-Doron; Stern-Raphael-A; Eisikowitch-Dan; Goldway-Martin {a} AD Author Address: {a} Migal - Galilee Technological Center, Rosh Pina, 12100; E-Mail: Goldway@migal.org.il, Israel SO Source: Journal-of-Horticultural-Science-and-Biotechnology. [print] January, 2002; 77 (1): 48-51. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1462-0316 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Apple (Malus domestica) has a gametophytically determined self -incompatibility (SI) system, which limits inbreeding. As a result, apple fruit-set is dependent on effective cross-pollination, which may be enhanced by honeybees (Apis mellifera) Excess pollination results in over -cropping, leading to many small fruit, regarded as of low quality. On the other hand insufficient pollination is also possible, and is manifested by low crop production. In the present work, characteristics of nectar reward and floral morphology revealed that 'Jonathan' and 'Topred' flowers had similar nectar constitutions. However, honeybee behaviour was totally different in the two cultivars. 'Jonathan' flowers attracted fewer honeybees but, due to their anther arrangement, more of the flowers were approached from the top by honeybees collecting nectar than in 'Topred'. This finding demonstrates the importance of determining the pollination efficiency to achieve optimum honeybee management, in terms of the number of honeybee colonies required for sufficient pollination and minimum fruit thinning. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Malus-domestica [apple-] (Rosaceae-): cultivar-Jonathan, cultivar-Topred, temperate-fruit -crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: floral-structure; pollination-efficiency AN Accession Number: 200200064659 UD Update Code: 20020227 Record 350 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Discovery and structure of a potent and highly specific blocker of insect calcium channels. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wang-Xiu-hong; Connor-Mark; Wilson-David; Wilson-Harry-I; Nicholson-Graham -M; Smith-Ross; Shaw-Denis; Mackay-Joel-P; Alewood-Paul-F; Christie -MacDonald-J; King-Glenn-F {a} AD Author Address: {a} Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., MC3305, Farmington, CT, 06032; E-Mail: glenn@psel.uchc.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Biological-Chemistry. [print] October 26, 2001; 276 (43): 40306 -40312. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.jbc.org/ PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-9258 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We have isolated a novel family of insect-selective neurotoxins that appear to be the most potent blockers of insect voltage-gated calcium channels reported to date. These toxins display exceptional phylogenetic specificity, with at least a 10,000-fold preference for insect versus vertebrate calcium channels. The structure of one of the toxins reveals a highly structured, disulfide-rich core and a structurally disordered C -terminal extension that is essential for channel blocking activity. Weak structural/functional homology with omega-agatoxin-IVA/B, the prototypic inhibitor of vertebrate P-type calcium channels, suggests that these two toxin families might share a similar mechanism of action despite their vastly different phylogenetic specificities. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Methods-and-Techniques; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Arachnida-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Insecta-: Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Orthoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acheta-domesticus [house-cricket] (Orthoptera-); Apis-mellifera [European -honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): adult-; Atrax-sp. (Arachnida-); BALB/c-mouse (Muridae-); Hadronyche-infensa (Arachnida-); Hadronyche-versuta [funnel -web-spider] (Arachnida-); insect- (Insecta-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: neurons-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: disulfide-rich-core; insect-selective-neurotoxin: calcium-channel-blocker, discovery-, phylogenetic-specificity, structure-; omega-agatoxin-IVA/B; voltage-gated-calcium-channels SD Sequence Data: AF329442-: EBI-, GenBank-, nucleotide-sequence; AF329443-: EBI-, GenBank-, nucleotide-sequence; AF329444-: EBI-, GenBank-, nucleotide-sequence; AF329445-: EBI-, GenBank-, nucleotide-sequence AN Accession Number: 200200063379 UD Update Code: 20020225 Record 351 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Discrepancy between acute and chronic toxicity induced by imidacloprid and its metabolites in Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Suchail-Severine; Guez-David; Belzunces-Luc-P {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, Ecologie des Invertebres, INRA, UMR INRA-UAPV, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9; E-Mail: belzunce@avignon.inra.fr, France SO Source: Environmental-Toxicology-and-Chemistry. [print] November, 2001; 20 (11): 2482-2486. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0730-7268 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Imidacloprid is a systemic nitroguanidine insecticide that belongs to the neonicotinoid family. As an agonist of the acetylcholine receptor, it attacks the insect nervous system and is extremely effective against various sucking and mining pests. Oral acute and chronic toxicity of imidacloprid and its main metabolites (5-hydroxyimidacloprid, 4,5 -dihydroxyimidacloprid, desnitroimidacloprid, 6-chloronicotinic acid, olefin, and urea derivative) were investigated in Apis mellifera. Acute intoxication by imidacloprid or its metabolites resulted in the rapid appearance of neurotoxicity symptoms, such as hyperresponsiveness, hyperactivity, and trembling and led to hyporesponsiveness and hypoactivity. For acute toxicity tests, bees were treated with doses of toxic compounds ranging from 1 to 1,000 ng/bee (10-10,000 mug/kg). Acute toxicity (LD50) values of imidacloprid were about 60 ng/bee (600 mug/kg) at 48 h and about 40 ng/bee (400 mug/kg) at 72 and 96 h. Out of the six imidacloprid metabolites tested, only two (5-hydroxyimidacloprid and olefin) exhibited a toxicity close to that of imidacloprid. Olefin LD50 values were lower than those of imidacloprid. The 5-hydroxyimidacloprid showed a lower toxicity than imidacloprid with a LD50 four to six times higher than that of imidacloprid. Urea also appeared as a compound of nonnegligible toxicity by eliciting close to 40% mortality at 1,000 ng/bee (10,000 mug/kg). However, no significant toxicity was observed with 4,5 -dihydroxyimidacloprid, 6-chloronicotinic acid, and desnitroimidacloprid in the range of doses tested. To test chronic toxicity, worker bees were fed sucrose solutions containing 0.1, 1, and 10 mug/L of imidacloprid and its metabolites for 10 d. Fifty percent mortality was reached at approximately 8 d. Hence, considering that sucrose syrup was consumed at the mean rate of 12 mul/d and per bee, after an 8-d period the cumulated doses were approximately 0.01, 0.1, and 1 ng/bee (0.1, 1, and 10 mug/kg). Thus, all tested compounds were toxic at doses 30 to 3,000 (olefin), 60 to 6,000 (imidacloprid), 200 to 20,000 (5-OH-imidacloprid), and >1,000 to 100,000 (remaining metabolites) times lower than those required to produce the same effect in acute intoxication studies. For all products tested, bee mortality was induced only 72 h after the onset of intoxication. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 4,5-dihydroxyimidacloprid: imidacloprid-metabolite, toxicity-; 5 -hydroxyimidacloprid: imidacloprid-metabolite, toxicity-; 6 -chloronicotinic-acid: imidacloprid-metabolite, toxicity-; desnitroimidacloprid-: imidacloprid-metabolite, toxicity-; imidacloprid-: acetylcholine-receptor-agonist, acute-toxicity, chronic-toxicity, metabolites-, neonicotinoid-, systemic-nitroguanidine-insecticide; olefin -: imidacloprid-metabolite, toxicity-; urea-: imidacloprid-metabolite DS Diseases: hyperactivity-: nervous-system-disease; hyperresponsiveness-: nervous -system-disease; hypoactivity-: nervous-system-disease; hyporesponsiveness -: nervous-system-disease; imidacloprid-intoxication: toxicity-; trembling -: nervous-system-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 5326-23-8: 6-CHLORONICOTINIC ACID; 138261-41-3: IMIDACLOPRID; 57-13-6: UREA AN Accession Number: 200200063270 UD Update Code: 20020225 Record 352 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Effect of geographical variation in pollinator fauna on the mating system of Decodon verticillatus (Lythraceae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Eckert-Christopher-G {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6; E -Mail: eckertc@biology.queensu.ca, Canada SO Source: International-Journal-of-Plant-Sciences. [print] January, 2002; 163 (1): 123-132. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1058-5893 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Mating in plants is usually mediated by animals, yet few studies have determined whether the mating system of plant populations changes in response to variation in the taxonomic composition or to the foraging behavior of animal pollinators. Here, I investigate covariation between striking geographic variation in pollinator fauna and the mating system of a widespread self-compatible wetland plant, Decodon verticillatus. Flower visitor surveys in two northern populations from Canada and three southern populations from the southeastern United States revealed that flowers in northern populations were visited primarily by bumblebees (30%), nonnative honeybees (39%), and small, apparently ineffective, pollinators including wasps, flies, and solitary bees (31%). In contrast, southern populations were visited by butterflies (27%), large native bees (Bombus and Xylocopa; 65%), and only rarely by honeybees (2%). The frequency of visits to inflorescences was also much higher in southern (mean=3.3/h) than in northern populations (1.1/h). The foraging behavior of butterflies may enhance outcrossing by reducing geitonogamy, the predominant mode of self -fertilization in northern populations. Compared to bees, butterflies moved between inflorescences more frequently (64% vs. 43% of the time) and flew longer distances between inflorescences (medians=50 vs. 25 cm). Despite large regional differences in visitor composition and movement patterns, multilocus estimates of the proportion of outcrossed progeny did not differ between five southern populations (mean+-SE=0.75+-0.04; range=0.65-0.87) and 10 northern populations (0.72+-0.02; 0.62-0.86). Similarly, the fixation index of mature plants did not differ from 0 in either northern or southern populations. These results indicate that variation in the pollinator fauna, including major geographic shifts in the frequency of butterflies versus bees and native versus normative pollinators, does not greatly affect the mating system of D. verticillatus. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences); Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lythraceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Bombus- (Hymenoptera-); Decodon-verticillatus (Lythraceae-); Xylocopa- (Hymenoptera-); bumblebee- (Hymenoptera-); butterfly- (Lepidoptera-); honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Canada- (North-America, Nearctic-region); southeastern-USA (USA-, North -America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-behavior; geographic-variation; geographical-variation; inbreeding -depression; mating-system; outcrossing-; pollinator-behavior; pollinator -fauna; pollinator-visitation; self-fertilization AN Accession Number: 200200062466 UD Update Code: 20020225 Record 353 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Biologia da polinizacao de Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb. (Convolvulaceae) no sertao de Pernambuco. [Pollination biology of Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb. (Convolvulaceae) in a semi-arid region of Pernambuco.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kiill-Lucia-Helena-Piedade {a}; Ranga-Neusa-Taroda AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Botanica, Instituto de Biologia, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil SO Source: Naturalia-Rio-Claro. [print] 2000; 25: 149-158. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0101-1944 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English AB Abstract: A study of aspects of phenology, pollination biology and reproduction of Merremia aegyptia was performed at Fazenda Catalunha, Santa Maria da Boa Vista, PE, from March 1995 to July 1997. The species is an annual liana, with cornucopia pattern of flowering. Peak flowering occurs at the end of March and the beginning of April and coincides with the end of the wet season. The cymose inflorescences have the main axes elongated, exposing the flowers well out the foliage. The flowers are infundibuliform, white, scentless and produce little nectar. Anthesis is diurnal. The flowers open at around 04:30 to 5:00 A.M. and remain approximately seven hours, being ephemeral. The most frequent visitors are bees (Apidae and Halictidae). Apis mellifera and Trigona spinipes were considered the main pollinators. M. aegyptia is facultatively autogamous, producing fruits either after self (30%) or cross (60%) manual pollination. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Convolvulaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apidae- (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Halictidae- (Hymenoptera-); Merremia-aegyptia (Convolvulaceae-): facultatively-autogamous; Trigona-spinipe (Hymenoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: cymose-inflorescence; flower-: infundibuliform-, reproductive-system, scentless-, white-; fruit-: reproductive-system; nectar- GE Geopolitical Location: Fazenda-Catalunha, Santa-Maria-da-Boa-Vista, Pernambuco- (Brazil-, South -America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cornucopia-flowering-pattern; cross-pollination; diurnal-anthesis; phenology-; pollination-biology; reproduction-; seasonality-; self -pollination; semi-arid-region AN Accession Number: 200200062445 UD Update Code: 20020225 Record 354 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: An ecological risk assessment for spinosad use on cotton. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Cleveland-Cheryl-B {a}; Mayes-Monte-A; Cryer-Steven-A AD Author Address: {a} Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46268; E -Mail: cbcleveland@dowagro.com, USA SO Source: Pest-Management-Science. [print] January, 2002; 58 (1): 70-84. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1526-498X LA Language: English AB Abstract: Spinosad is a reduced-risk insecticide with a novel mode of action that provides an alternative to older classes of insecticides such as organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. A comprehensive ecological risk assessment for spinosad use in US cotton crops is presented within a framework of tiered levels of refinement following the guidelines of the US EPA for ecological risk assessments. Toxicity information for a variety of species is documented and utilized, environmental concentrations estimated, and risk characterizations in the form of risk quotients are quantified. Results indicate that spinosad use in cotton does not exceed the most conservative Tier I levels of concern (LOC) values for groundwater, mammals and birds or acute risk to aquatic organisms. Use of very conservative Tier I screening methods resulted in exceeding LOC values for chronic exposure for some aquatic organisms, thus prompting further refinement. When the exposure prediction was refined using less conservative, Tier II mechanistic environmental fate transport models to predict off-site transport and environmental concentrations, chronic risk was not predicted for these species. Spinosad is acutely toxic to bees under laboratory conditions, but toxicity of residue studies and field studies indicate that under actual use conditions the impact on bees is minimal. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pollution-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Branchiopoda-: Crustacea-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Malvaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: cotton- (Malvaceae-): fiber-crop; daphnia- (Branchiopoda-): bioindicator-, nontarget-organism; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): bioindicator-, nontarget -organism TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Crustaceans-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: spinosad-: insecticide-, pollutant-, toxin- GE Geopolitical Location: USA- (North-America, Nearctic-region) NC Institutions and Organizations: EPA- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 168316-95-8: SPINOSAD MQ Methods and Equipment: ecological-risk-assessment: ecotoxicological-assessment-method, environmental-monitoring-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: ecotoxicology-; environmental-hazards; environmental-impact; environmental -monitoring; levels-of-concern-values [LOC-values]; toxicity- AN Accession Number: 200200061770 UD Update Code: 20020225 Record 355 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Caffeic acid phenethyl ester inhibits nitric oxide synthase gene expression and enzyme activity. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Song-Yun-Seon; Park-Eun-Hee; Hur-Gang-Min; Ryu-Young-Sue; Lee-Yong-Sup; Lee -Jae-Yeol; Kim-Yong-Man; Jin-Changbae {a} AD Author Address: {a} Bioanalysis and Biotransformation Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Cheongryang, 130-650; E-Mail: cbjin@kist.re.kr, South Korea SO Source: Cancer-Letters. [print] January 10, 2002; 175 (1): 53-61. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0304-3835 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Since nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been known to be involved in inflammatory and autoimmune -mediated tissue destruction, modulation of NO synthesis or action represents a new approach to the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an active component of honeybee propolis, has been identified to show anti-inflammatory, anti -viral and anti-cancer activities. The present study, therefore, examined effects of CAPE on iNOS expression and activity of iNOS enzyme itself. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with CAPE significantly inhibited NO production and iNOS protein expression induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). CAPE also inhibited iNOS mRNA expression and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) binding activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, transfection of RAW 264.7 cells with iNOS promoter linked to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene, revealed that CAPE inhibited the iNOS promoter activity induced by LPS plus IFN-gamma through the NF-kappaB sites of the iNOS promoter. In addition, CAPE directly interfered with the catalytic activity of murine recombinant iNOS enzyme. These results suggest that CAPE may exert its anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the iNOS gene expression at the transcriptional level through the suppression of NF -kappaB activation, and by directly inhibiting the catalytic activity of iNOS. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Pharmacology- ST Super Taxa: Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: RAW-264.7-cell-line (Muridae-): drug-treatment, in-vitro-model-system, mouse-macrophage-cell-line TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Chordates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: caffeic-acid-phenethyl-ester: antiinflammatory-activity, enzyme-inhibitor -drug, nitric-oxide-synthase-activity-inhibitor, nitric-oxide-synthase -gene-expression-inhibitor; inducible-nitric-oxide-synthase: drug-induced -macrophage-activity-inhibition; nuclear-factor-kappa-B: drug-induced -macrophage-expression-inhibition RN CAS Registry Number (R): 104594-70-9: CAFFEIC ACID PHENETHYL ESTER AN Accession Number: 200200061027 UD Update Code: 20020225 Record 356 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Parasitic Cape honeybee workers, Apis mellifera capensis, evade policing. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Martin-Stephen-J; Beekman-Madeleine; Wossler-Theresa-C; Ratnieks-Francis-L -W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN; E-Mail: F.Ratnieks@Sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Nature-London. [print] 10 January, 2002; 415 (6868): 163-165. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.nature.com/nature/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-0836 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Relocation of the Cape honeybee, Apis mellifera capensis, by bee-keepers from southern to northern South Africa in 1990 has caused widespread death of managed African honeybee, A. m. scutellata, colonies. Apis mellifera capensis worker bees are able to lay diploid, female eggs without mating by means of automictic thelytoky (meiosis followed by fusion of two meiotic products to restore egg diploidy), whereas workers of other honeybee subspecies are able to lay only haploid, male eggs. The A. m. capensis workers, which are parasitizing and killing A. m. scutellata colonies in northern South Africa, are the asexual offspring of a single, original worker in which the small amount of genetic variation observed is due to crossing over during meiosis (P. Kryger, personal communication). Here we elucidate two principal mechanisms underlying this parasitism. Parasitic A. m. capensis workers activate their ovaries in host colonies that have a queen present (queenright colonies), and they lay eggs that evade being killed by other workers (worker policing)-the normal fate of worker-laid eggs in colonies with a queen. This unique parasitism by workers is an instance in which a society is unable to control the selfish actions of its members. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [Cape-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species, egg-, parasite-, worker-; Apis-mellifera-scutellata [African-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species, host-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovary-: reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: South-Africa (Africa-, Ethiopian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-parasitism; worker-policing AN Accession Number: 200200060394 UD Update Code: 20020225 Record 357 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Hydroxyurea-induced partial mushroom body ablation in the honeybee Apis mellifera: Volumetric analysis and quantitative protein determination. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Malun-Dagmar {a}; Plath-Niels; Giurfa-Martin; Moseleit-Ariane-D; Mueller-Uli AD Author Address: {a} Neurobiologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 28-30, 14195, Berlin; E-Mail: malun@zedat.fu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Neurobiology. [print] January, 2002; 50 (1): 31-44. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0022-3034 PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-3034 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Hydroxyurea (HU) treatment of first instar honeybee larvae was previously shown to cause mushroom body (MB) ablations. Predominantly, either one or both median MB subunits were ablated. This prompted us to analyze the effects of asymmetrical or symmetrical HU-induced MB ablation on both the morphology of the brain and on the level of three proteins (synapsin, PKA RII, and PKC), which are considered to play a role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. In brains with one median MB subunit missing the volume of the overall MB calyx neuropil in the lesioned side was diminished by 35%. This strong reduction occurred although the remaining lateral MB calyx of the lesioned brain side was found to be significantly larger than that of the intact side. Accordingly, in brains with both median MB subunits missing the size of the remaining lateral calyces increased. The various types of MB ablation differentially affected the amounts of synapsin, PKA RII, and PKC expressed in the central brain. In animals with bilateral and thus symmetrical MB ablation (both median calyces ablated) the protein amount was found to be similar to that in control animals. However, unilateral MB ablation causes an increase in the amounts of the tested proteins in the intact brain side, while the levels in the ablated side were the same as in control animals. These findings not only show that HU-induced ablation of MB subunits is accompanied by volume changes and by changes in protein expression, but also suggest that these processes are highly regulated between the brain sides. The latter is of general importance in understanding the potential contribution of the MB subunits to learning and memory and their interaction between the brain sides. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system; mushroom-body: ablation- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: PKA-RII; PKC- [protein-kinase-C]; hydroxyurea-; synapsin- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 141436-78-4: PROTEIN KINASE C; 127-07-1: HYDROXYUREA MQ Methods and Equipment: quantitative-protein-determination: determination-method; volumetric -analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: learning-; memory-; synaptic-plasticity AN Accession Number: 200200059653 UD Update Code: 20020225 Record 358 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Analysis of N-glycosylation of phospholipase A2 from venom of individual bees by microbore high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry using an ion trap mass spectrometer. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lai-Chien-Chen; Her-Guor-Rong {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 10764; E-Mail: grher@ccms.ntu.edu.tw, Taiwan SO Source: Journal-of-Chromatography-B. [print] 25 January, 2002; 766 (2): 243-250. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-4347 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The N-linked oligosaccharides were released from the phospholipase A2 (PLA) with glycopeptidases and reductively aminated with the chromophore, p -aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (ABEE). The ABEE-labeled oligosaccharides were separated by microbore high-performance liquid chromatography (mu -HPLC) using a reversed-phase column and analyzed by electrospray mass spectrometry. Differentiation between alpha-1,3 and alpha-1,6 core -fucosylated glycans was achieved by comparison the glycans released by glycopeptidases peptide-N-glycanase A (PNase A) and peptide-N-glycanase F (PNase F). All N-linked oligosaccharides except 3B and 3C could be identified in this approach. The analysis of PLA oligosaccharides from the venom of individual bees indicated that glycosylation patterns between the younger and the older bees were similar. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Methods-and -Techniques; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): individuals- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: venom-: biochemical-analysis CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: amino-acids; chromophores-; enzymes-; glycans-; oligosaccharides-: analysis -, enzymatic-cleavage, labeling-; peptides-; phospholipase-A2: N -glycosylation, molecular-analysis; proteins- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-84-7: PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 MQ Methods and Equipment: Finnigan-LCQ-quadrupole-ion-trap-mass-spectrometer: Finnigan-, laboratory -equipment; electrospray-mass-spectrometry: Spectrum-Analysis-Techniques, analytical-method; ion-trap-mass-spectrometer: laboratory-equipment, uses -; microbore-high-performance-liquid-chromatography: Chromatographic -Techniques, separation-method; reversed-phase-chromatographic-columns: laboratory-equipment, uses-; ultrafiltration-: filtration-, filtration -method AN Accession Number: 200200059119 UD Update Code: 20020225 Record 359 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Bee venom yield from bee families with two queens in one beehive. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nenchev-P {a} AD Author Address: {a} Tracian University, Ztara Zagora, Bulgaria SO Source: Zhivotnov"dni-Nauki. [print] 2001; 38 (2): 122-124. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0514-7441 LA Language: Bulgarian; Non-English AB Abstract: A family of local bee, Apis mellifera Sp. L., reared in a reconstructed beehive for rearement of family with two queens was used. Bee venom was obtained trough electrostimulation twice a month from 11.03 to 17.10 1998 from 10.00 am to 1.00 pm by the scheme 30 min stimulation, 60 min pause, 30 min stimulation. The effect of entrance orientation was determined by locating the collectors of electrostimulator at the same time on the two entrances oriented East-West. Mass of the obtained bee venom was determined by torsion scale with accuracy of 0.001 g. It was found that year yield of bee venom from a bee family for 15 seances on 14 days interval from 11.03 to 17.10 was 3.804 g. The maximum quantity of bee venom was received in June and July, and the smallest one - in March and October. Orientation of entrance did not influence on the amount of obtained bee venom. On the wall of collector turned against the bees exiting beehive entrance was deposited 63.7-63.9% from the obtained bee venom. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; bee-venom-yield; beehive-entrance-orientation; two-queen/one -beehive-colony AN Accession Number: 200200055174 UD Update Code: 20020225 Record 360 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Effect of supplementary feeding with pollen substitute on hypopharyngeal glands of nurse bees (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Jeliazkova-I {a} AD Author Address: {a} Tracian University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria SO Source: Zhivotnov"dni-Nauki. [print] 2001; 38 (2): 116-118. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0514-7441 LA Language: Bulgarian; Non-English AB Abstract: The extent of development of hypopharyngeal glands of nurse bees (after Maurizio, 1954, in points) set at different rearement conditions: without restrictions, with particular removing of pollen and at absence of pollen in the bee nests. For supplementary feeding (spring and autumn) was used honey-sugar paste containing 10% and 30% pollen substitute (raw protein content 25%). Supplementary feeding with 30% pollen substitute at presence of pollen in the bee nests was with clearly expressed positive effect despite of season. Relatively good development of hypopharyngeal glands of bees was found (2.63 points) at autumn supplementary feeding with 30% pollen substitute and absence of pollen, that presupposed successful utilization of the substitute at the end of bee-keeping season before wintering. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Nutrition- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: hypopharyngeal-gland: development- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: nurse-bee; pollen-substitute: supplementary-feeding AN Accession Number: 200200055172 UD Update Code: 20020225 Record 361 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Effect of some stimulating substances on natural immunity of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gurguluva-K {a}; Valchovski-R {a}; Jeliazkova-I; Nenchev-P AD Author Address: {a} Central Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Sofia, Bulgaria SO Source: Zhivotnov"dni-Nauki. [print] 2001; 38 (2): 113-115. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0514-7441 LA Language: Bulgarian; Non-English AB Abstract: Effect of stimulator Intersim and its components on bees and bee families were studied. Different doses of preparation (0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0%) were tested, added as sugar solution (1:1). Changes in bee families development (strength - kg, quantity of reared brood - number of cells with sealed brood, live weight of queen - mg) and total protein and lysozyme in hemolymph content of nurse bees were traced. Higher values of lysozyme activity and total protein quantity in the hemolymph were accounted for bees that have received Interstim. Addition of stimulator increased the live weight of queens and respectively their reproductive abilities. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: hemolymph-: blood-and-lymphatics CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Intersim-: immune-stimulator; lysozyme- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-63-2: LYSOZYME MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-development; natural-immunity AN Accession Number: 200200055171 UD Update Code: 20020225 Record 362 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Human neutrophil migration in vitro induced by secretory phospholipases A2: A role for cell surface glycosaminoglycans. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gambero-Alessandra; Landucci-Elen-C-T; Toyama-Marcos-H; Marangoni-Sergio; Giglio-Jose-R; Nader-Helena-B; Dietrich-Carl-P; De-Nucci-Gilberto; Antunes -Edson {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, UNICAMP, 13081 -970, Campinas, SP; E-Mail: edson.antunes@uol.com.br, Brazil SO Source: Biochemical-Pharmacology. [print] 1 January, 2002; 63 (1): 65-72. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/biochempharm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-2952 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of type I- (porcine pancreas and Naja mocambique mocambique venom), type II-(bothropstoxin-I, bothropstoxin-II, and piratoxin-I), and type III- (Apis mellifera venom) secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) to induce human neutrophil chemotaxis, and the role of the cell surface proteoglycans, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and platelet-activating factor (PAF), in mediating this migration. The neutrophil chemotaxis assays were performed by using a 48-well microchemotaxis chamber. Piratoxin-I, bothropstoxin-I, N. m. mocambique venom PLA2 (10-1000 mug/mL each), bothropstoxin-II (30-1000 mug/mL), porcine pancreas PLA2 (0.3-30 mug/mL), and A. mellifera venom PLA2 (30-300 mug/mL) caused concentration-dependent neutrophil chemotaxis. Heparin (10 -300 U/mL) concentration-dependently inhibited the neutrophil migration induced by piratoxin-I, bothropstoxin-II, and N. m. mocambique and A. mellifera venom PLA2s (100 mug/mL each), but failed to affect the migration induced by porcine pancreas PLA2. Heparan sulfate (300 and 1000 mug/mL) inhibited neutrophil migration induced by piratoxin-I, whereas dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate (30-1000 mug/mL each) had no effect. Heparitinase I and heparinase (300 mU/mL each) inhibited by 41.5 and 47%, respectively, piratoxin-I-induced chemotaxis, whereas heparitinase II and chondroitinase AC failed to affect the chemotaxis. The PAF receptor antagonist WEB 2086 (3-(4-(2-chlorophenyl)-9-methyl-6H -thienol-(3,2-f) (1,2,4)-triazolo-(4,3-a) (1,4)-diazepine-2-yl)-1-(4 -morpholynil)-1-propionate) (0.1-10 muM) and the LTB4 synthesis inhibitor AA-861 (2-(12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diynyl)-3,5,6-trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone) (0.1-10 muM) significantly inhibited the piratoxin-I-induced chemotaxis. Piratoxin-I (30-300 mug/mL) caused a concentration-dependent release of LTB4. Our results suggest that neutrophil migration in response to sPLA2s is independent of PLA activity, and involves an interaction of sPLA2s with cell surface heparin/heparan binding sites triggering the release of LTB4 and PAF. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Serpentes-: Reptilia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Suidae-: Artiodactyla-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Naja-mocambique (Serpentes-); human- (Hominidae-); porcine- (Suidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Artiodactyls-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Primates -; Reptiles-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: neutrophil-: blood-and-lymphatics, immune-system, migration-; venom- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: bothropstoxin-I; bothropstoxin-II; leukotriene-B-4: cell-surface -proteoglycan; pancreas-secretory-phospholipase-A-2; piratoxin-I; platelet -activating-factor: cell-surface-proteoglycan; secretory-phospholipases-A-2 RN CAS Registry Number (R): 116189-59-4: BOTHROPSTOXIN-I; 142367-81-5: BOTHROPSTOXIN-II; 71160-24-2: LEUKOTRIENE B-4; 168256-14-2: PIRATOXIN-I; 65154-06-5Q: PLATELET -ACTIVATING FACTOR; 74389-68-7Q: PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR; 74389-69-8Q: PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR AN Accession Number: 200200054395 UD Update Code: 20020225 Record 363 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Changes in food source profitability affect Nasonov gland exposure in honeybee foragers Apis mellifera L. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Fernandez-P-C; Farina-W-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellon II, (C1428EHA), Buenos Aires; E-Mail: walter@bg.fcen.uba.ar, Argentina SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2001; 48 (4): 366-371. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English AB Abstract: When arriving at a known artificial food source, foraging honeybees usually perform circular flights around the feeding place prior to landing. During these flights bees expose their Nasonov gland, an exocrine gland located at the base of the 7th tergum, that releases a complex blend of volatiles. This behavior may continue even after the bee starts food ingestion. The proportion of bees exposing the Nasonov gland and the duration of its exposure before and during feeding for individual bees were quantified. Trained bees collected sugar solution during 12 visits from a feeder located at 160 m from the hive. Five different reward programs were presented: three constant and two variable. The constant programs offered 0.6, 1.2 or 2.4 M sugar for all 12 visits, while the variable programs delivered either 0.6, 1.2, 0.6 M or 0.6, 2.4, 0.6 M, four visits for each molarity. Results showed that sugar concentration changed the thresholds and durations of Nasonov gland exposure. However, this relationship was found only for Nasonov exposure before bees began to feed. During feeding, a protruded Nasonov gland was only observed for bees that had exposed it prior to feeding; suggesting that Nasonov gland exposure before feeding is a releaser of the during-feeding exposure. In variable reward programs, changes in sugar concentration were followed by changes in both thresholds and durations of exposure. However, Nasonov gland exposure during feeding did not appear to decrease based on measurements of the low profitability during the current foraging visit. These results suggest that Nasonov gland exposure is programmed on the basis of reward expectations, with the bees having acquired this information in the previous foraging visits to the food source. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: Nasonov-gland: exposure- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sugar- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUGAR MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: chemical-communication; feeding-behavior; food-ingestion; food-source -profitability; foraging-flights AN Accession Number: 200200051157 UD Update Code: 20020225 Record 364 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Nutritional factors affecting the egg sex ratio adjustment by a honeybee queen. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sasaki-K {a}; Obara-Y {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Ethology, Department of Veterinary and Medical Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509; E -Mail: sasaki@cc.tuat.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2001; 48 (4): 355-359. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English AB Abstract: To determine whether and how honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) queens control the proportion of male reproductives, experiments were done with colonies under two nutritional conditions at two seasons. During the reproductive season the proportion of male eggs laid by queens under insufficiently -food-supplied conditions was lower than that under sufficiently-food -supplied conditions. The smaller proportion of male egg production could not be accounted for by cannibalization of male eggs by workers. The workers' allocation to male cell construction did not differ between sufficiently- and insufficiently-food-supplied conditions. During the non -reproductive season, however, queens showed much reduced or nearly no production of male eggs, even if the colonies were sufficiently supplied with food. These results suggest that the honeybee queen adjusts the egg sex ratio by referring to both the nutritional resources and their own intrinsic seasonal factors. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Evolution-and-Adaptation; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): egg-, female-, male-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cannibalization-; colony-cell-construction; food-supply; intrinsic-seasonal -factors; nutritional-factors; oviposition-; queen-worker-conflicts; resource-allocation; sex-ratio: adjustment- AN Accession Number: 200200051154 UD Update Code: 20020225 Record 365 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Pollen collecting behaviour of Apis mellifera during one day. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Garcia-Garcia-Monica-C {a}; Ortiz-Pedro-L {a}; Diez-Dapena-Maria-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41080, Sevilla, Spain SO Source: Grana-. [print] 2001; 40 (4-5): 205-209. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0017-3134 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We left pollen traps in two hives at Hinojos (Huelva, Spain) for two days. We removed the pollen loads accumulating on the trays of the trap four times each day and studied their botanical origin. In the two days of sampling, the number of pollen resources and their relative intensity of exploitation varied through the day. Pollen collection was more diverse in the central parts of the day, whereas the use of resources tended to be progressively more uniform through the day. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Hinojos- (Spain-, Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: botanical-origin; pollen-collecting-behavior; reproductive-ecology AN Accession Number: 200200050985 UD Update Code: 20020225 Record 366 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Aspectos comportamentais da interacao entre formigas Camponotus atriceps Smith (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) e abelhas africanizadas Apis mellifera (L.) (Hymenoptera, Apidae). [Behaviour aspects of the interaction among ants Camponotus atriceps and Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera).] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Marcolino-Marcus-Teixeira {a}; Brandeburgo-Malcon-Antonio-Manfredi {a}; de -Oliveira-Junior-Waldesse-Pirage {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Genetica e Bioquimica, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, 38401-136, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil SO Source: Naturalia-Rio-Claro. [print] 2000; 25: 321-330. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0101-1944 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English AB Abstract: The bees Apis mellifera, introduced in Brazil in 1956, multiplied quickly and they are present of the north of Argentina to the south of EUA. In that expansion it happened an adaptation process and interaction with the local species. In this work, were observed the behaviour aspects of the recent interaction between the Africanized honey bees and the ants C. atriceps. Field observations showed that this species is a predator of the Africanized honey bees, plundering the honey of the beehives. In laboratory the invasion of the beehives happens after the evening, when there is activity of the ants. The bees do not still present an efficient strategy of defense against those ants, probably for not having had a co -evolution among the two species. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Africanized-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): alien-species; Camponotus-atriceps (Hymenoptera-): ant-, predator- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: beehive-invasion; honey-; predator-prey-interaction-behavior AN Accession Number: 200200050929 UD Update Code: 20020225 Record 367 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Effects of host age on two closely related parasitoid species Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) and Aphidius colemani (Viereck) (Aphidiidae: Hymenoptera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Qayyum-Abdul {a} AD Author Address: {a} Honeybee Research Institute, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan SO Source: Pakistan-Journal-of-Zoology. [print] 2001; 33 (3): 193-200. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0030-9923 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The present study was conducted to investigate the preferred host age for oviposition by the two parasitoid species and the relationship between parasitoid fitness and host age. The aim was to provide some of the information needed in order to use parasitoid more efficiently in integrated pest management. Interspecific analysis shows that the parasitoid, A. colemani produced significantly more mummies than D. rapae in two and four day old aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer), whereas D. rapae produced more mummies in six and eight day old aphids. Increasing host age increased the number of mummified aphids, which was more profitable in terms of fitness for D. rapae than A. colemani. Both the parasitoid species are capable of successfully ovipositing in any developmental stage of M. persicae. Yet these species preferred different ages of the host. With this host preference by the two parasitoid species, a better parasitism is expected at the beginning of the aphid infestation season from A. colemani, because of the fact that early stages are more numerous than older hosts are. Whereas at the end of aphid infestation season the better parasitization from the D. rapae should the expected when the older hosts are more numerous than the young ones. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Parasitology-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Homoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Aphidius-colemani (Hymenoptera-): parasite-; Diaeretiella-rapae (Hymenoptera-): parasite-; Myzus-persicae (Homoptera-): pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: fitness-; host-age; host-preference; integrated-pest-management; oviposition- AN Accession Number: 200200047254 UD Update Code: 20020219 Record 368 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Resistance of the honey bee, Apis mellifera to the acarian parasite Varroa destructor: Behavioural and electroantennographic data. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Martin-Caroline {a}; Provost-Erick; Roux-Maurice; Bruchou-Claude; Crauser -Didier; Clement-Jean-Luc; Le-Conte-Yves AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Biologie, UMR 406, Universite d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, UFR Sciences, 33 Rue Louis Pasteur, 84000, Avignon; E-Mail: caroline.martin@univ-avignon.fr, France SO Source: Physiological-Entomology. [print] December, 2001; 26 (4): 362-370. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0307-6962 LA Language: English AB Abstract: One way in which Apis mellifera honey bees resist Varroa destructor is by detection and elimination of nestmates. This study uses behavioural tests and electroanntennography to assess the role of chemostimuli in recognition by honey bees of this acarian ectoparasite. Behavioural tests using living or dead parasites involved observation of honey bee grooming activity (antennation) under controlled conditions in Petri dishes, and removal behaviour (uncapping and elimination of parasitized and unparasitized control brood cells) under natural conditions. Some bees from colonies with both small and large parasite populations showed aggressive behaviour (biting). No difference was observed according to whether the mite was dead or alive. Under natural conditions, bees uncapped more parasitized cells than control cells. Electroantennographic tests were performed to measure sensitivity to various Varroa extracts at three concentrations (10, 20 and 30 Varroa Equivalents). Only 30 Varroa Equivalent methanol extracts made from Varroa collected from brood cells elicited significantly greater antennal response than controls (pure solvent). All three methanol extracts elicited significantly greater antennal response than controls. No response was observed using Varroa extracts made with acetone or hexane. These findings suggest that polar products may act as chemostimuli for recognition of V. destructor by honey bees. Further study will be necessary to determine which polar products are involved in this recognition and assess grooming and removal behaviour using these products. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-, parasite-host; Varroa -destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: acetone-; hexane-; methanol-extracts RN CAS Registry Number (R): 67-64-1: ACETONE; 110-54-3: HEXANE MQ Methods and Equipment: electroantennography-: measurement-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: aggressive-behavior; antennation-; ectoparasitism-: resistance-; grooming -activity; host-parasite-interactions; nestmate-recognition; removal -behavior AN Accession Number: 200200046964 UD Update Code: 20020219 Record 369 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Behavioural responses of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) to extracts of larvae, cocoons and brood food of worker and drone honey bees, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Calderone-Nicholas-W {a}; Lin-Sisi AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853; E-Mail: nwc4@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Physiological-Entomology. [print] December, 2001; 26 (4): 341-350. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0307-6962 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Varroa destructor is a parasitic mite of the honey bee species Apis cerana Fabr. and A. mellifera L. Mature females reproduce on the immature stages of their hosts, producing more viable female offspring on drone hosts than on worker hosts. Thus, immature drones are more likely to be infested with mites than immature workers. To investigate the hypothesis that differences in host chemistries underlie the biased distribution of mites between worker and drone brood, the arrestment responses of mites to solvent extracts of a number of stimuli normally encountered by a mite during its life cycle were measured. Mites were arrested by cuticular extracts of worker and drone larvae obtained at 0, 24 and 48 h prior to the time when cell capping is completed. Mites were also arrested by extracts of worker and drone, brood food and cocoons, and by a blend of synthetic fatty acid esters previously shown to be active in the host acquisition process. In a wind tunnel bioassay, mites were attracted to odours from living fifth-instar worker and drone larvae, but not to volatiles from cocoons, brood food or a blend of fatty acid esters. The sex of the host was not an important factor affecting the behavioural responses of the mites in any assay. We conclude that host kairomones play a role in the host acquisition process, but we found no evidence to support the hypothesis that mites use these substances to differentiate between worker and drone brood. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): drone-, host-, larva-, parasite -host, worker-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): female-, mature-, parasite-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): female-, mature-, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: cocoons-: embryonic-structure CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cuticular-extracts; fatty-acid-esters; kairomones-: arrestant-, attractant- MQ Methods and Equipment: wind-tunnel-bioassay: bioassay-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-responses; brood-food; cell-capping; chemical-ecology; host -acquisition; life-cycles AN Accession Number: 200200046963 UD Update Code: 20020219 Record 370 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: The insect assemblage visiting the flowers of the subtropical rainforest pioneer tree Alphitonia excelsa (Fenzl) Reiss. ex Benth. (Rhamnaceae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Williams-Geoff {a}; Adam-Paul AD Author Address: {a} c/o Department of Entomology, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-Linnean-Society-of-New-South-Wales. [print] December, 2001; 123: 235-259. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0370-047X LA Language: English AB Abstract: Alphitonia excelsa is a bisexual, protandrous, pioneer rainforest tree. Anthesis and nectar production are diurnal. Populations studied on the Mid -North Coast of New South Wales flower between January and March. Alphitonia excelsa is dependent upon insects for pollen transfer. Flower -visiting insect assemblages are dominated by Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and especially Diptera but vary over time, and geographically. Most of the visiting insects were 6 mm or less in size. Approximately 200 genera, from 116 families, were recorded from A. excelsa flowers. This fauna comprises taxa that, currently, are known within the region only from A. excelsa, and species shared with other mass-flowering rainforest trees. Aculeate wasps were a conspicuous element of the anthophilous insect fauna visiting A. excelsa in a littoral rainforest remnant at Harrington. Introduced honey bees, Apis mellifera, were active at blossoms at all study sites, but visitation varied over the 3 seasons of study. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Reproduction-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental -Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rhamnaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Alphitonia-excelsa (Rhamnaceae-); Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera -); coleopteran- (Coleoptera-); dipteran- (Diptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system; pollen-: reproductive-system, transfer- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nectar-: production- GE Geopolitical Location: New-South-Wales (Australia-, Australasian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: anthesis-; biodiversity-; body-size; ecological-restoration; flower -visitation; geographical-variation; mass-flowering; pollination-; subtropical-rainforests: habitat-; temporal-variation AN Accession Number: 200200042988 UD Update Code: 20020219 Record 371 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Adsorption model of aerosolized bacterial spores (Bacillus subtilis variety niger) onto free-flying honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and its validation. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Prier-K-R-S {a}; Lighthart-B {a}; Bromenshenk-J-J AD Author Address: {a} Microbial Aerosol Research Laboratory LLC, 10975 Doll Road, Monmouth, OR, 97361; E-Mail: lighthab@open.org, USA SO Source: Environmental-Entomology. [print] December, 2001; 30 (6): 1188-1194. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0046-225X LA Language: English AB Abstract: It has been shown that honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) adsorb bacterial spores as a function of the electrostatic charge on the bee and concentration of bacteria in the aerosol during tethered flight in wind tunnel experiments. This report presents a mathematical model for predicting the number of spores that could be adsorbed onto free-flying bees passing through a bacterial spore aerosol plume/cloud and experimental validation of this model. The model accounts for the geometry of the aerosol dispersion from a continuous point source, aerosol particle settling, and adsorption and desorption rates onto/off of bees based on laboratory observations of tethered flying honey bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Models-and-Simulations (Computational-Biology) ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Bacillus-subtilis-var.-niger (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): spore- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: bioaerosols-: adsorption-, desorption-, dispersion-geometry, point-sources MQ Methods and Equipment: microbiological-control: pest-control-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: electrostatic-charge; mathematical-modeling; particle-settling; tethered -flight; wind-tunnel-experiments AN Accession Number: 200200042654 UD Update Code: 20020219 Record 372 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Field evaluation of nine families of honey bees for resistance to tracheal mites. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: van-Engelsdorp-Dennis; Otis-Gard-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1; E-Mail: gotis@evb.uoguelph.ca, Canada SO Source: Canadian-Entomologist. [print] November-December, 2001; 133 (6): 793-803. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0008-347X LA Language: English AB Abstract: We evaluated the resistance to tracheal mites, Acarapis woodi (Rennie) (Acari: Tarsonemidae), of colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), headed by daughters of three queens from each of three honey bee stocks: (i) British Columbia "mite-resistant" stock, (ii) Buckfast "mite-resistant" stock, and (iii) Canadian unselected stock. Colonies of all nine families were distributed among four apiaries; half of the colonies in each apiary were treated with formic acid to attempt to control tracheal mites. The study documented significant differences in resistance to tracheal mites among the families of bees, even within each of the three stocks. After the first 4 months of study (by November 1993), differences in mite infestations had developed among the nine families. Formic acid treatments had either short-lived effectiveness (1993) or no effect (1994) on tracheal mite infestations, thereby eliminating the opportunity to evaluate colony performance in the absence of mites. Mite infestations varied significantly among apiary sites. This study highlights the value of evaluating sets of colonies headed by sister queens when identifying mite-resistant stock for breeding purposes. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acarapis-woodi (Acarina-): parasite-; Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species, host- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: formic-acid: antiinfective-drug, antiparasitic-drug RN CAS Registry Number (R): 64-18-6: FORMIC ACID MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-performance; mite-resistant-stock; parasite-resistance AN Accession Number: 200200042646 UD Update Code: 20020219 Record 373 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Biological effect of khitooligosaccharides on the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Saltykova-E-S; Ben'-kovskaya-G-V; Poskryakov-A-V; Nikolenko-A-G SO Source: Agrokhimiya-. [print] February, 2001; (2): 70-73. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0002-1881 LA Language: Russian; Non-English AB Abstract: The biological effect of chitooligosaccharides on the honeybee Apis mellifera L. was studied. It was shown that chitooligosaccharides have a biostimulating effect on the bee, which is expressed in an increase in the bee's life span and a better capacity to withstand extreme temperatures and bacterial infection. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: chitooligosaccharides- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biostimulating-effects: bacterial-infection-tolerance, life-span, temperature-extreme-tolerance AN Accession Number: 200200042639 UD Update Code: 20020219 Record 374 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Dufour's gland secretion of the queen honeybee (Apis mellifera): An egg discriminator pheromone or a queen signal? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Katzav-Gozansky-Tamar {a}; Soroker-Victoria; Ibarra-Fernando; Francke -Wittko; Hefetz-Abraham AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv; E-Mail: katzavt@post.tau.ac.il, Israel SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] December, 2001; 51 (1): 76-86. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The role of Dufour's gland secretion as an egg discriminator pheromone was reevaluated by simultaneously exposing workers to two combs, one containing queen- or worker-laid eggs and the second containing treated or untreated worker-laid eggs. Treatments included extracts of Dufour's gland secretion as well as the synthetic esters that were identified in the secretion. Policing was clearly detected both in queenright and queen-less colonies by the swift removal of worker, but not of queen eggs. However, neither the glandular secretion nor its synthetic ester constituents were able to protect worker-born eggs from policing. Treated worker eggs were removed significantly faster than queen eggs, and at the same rate as non -treated worker eggs. These results are not consistent with the hypothesis that the secretion serves as an egg-marking pheromone. Chemical analyses of the queen abdominal tips revealed the presence of Dufour's esters, indicating that the glandular secretion oozes out and spreads over the cuticle around the genital chamber. However, contamination while ovipositing may also explain the minute amounts of these esters that were detected on the egg surface. Dufour's gland caste-specific composition suggests that in queens it may constitute a signal that plays a role in queen-worker interactions. Attraction bioassays revealed that the queen secretion, but not that of workers, is very attractive to workers. When applied either on a glass slide or on another worker, a retinue formed around the "surrogate queen". We conclude that Dufour's gland secretion constitutes part of a complex queen signal that is the basis for the social integrity of the honeybee colony. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): egg-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: Dufour's-gland: caste-specific-composition, secretion- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: egg-discriminator-pheromone MQ Methods and Equipment: chemical-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: chemical-communication; oviposition-; queen-signaling; queen-worker -interactions; worker-policing AN Accession Number: 200200042316 UD Update Code: 20020219 Record 375 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Genotype and colony environment affect honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) development and foraging behavior. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pankiw-Tanya {a}; Page-Robert-E-Jr AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475; E-Mail: t-pankiw@tamu.edu, USA SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] December, 2001; 51 (1): 87-94. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We examined the interaction of genotype and environment on foraging -behavior development and forage choice in honeybees. High- and low-pollen -hoarding strains and unselected wild-type bees were co-fostered in pairs of colonies manipulated to differentially stimulate high and low pollen foraging. The high-pollen-foraging stimulus consisted of high amounts of larvae, a known stimulus for pollen foraging, plus low amounts of pollen, known to induce pollen foraging. The low-pollen-foraging stimulus consisted of low amounts of larvae plus high amounts of pollen. We estimated the median age at which bees initiated foraging, determined forage choice, and the quality and quantity of resources collected. High -strain bees consistently foraged at younger ages than workers from the other sources. High-strain bees appeared to be more sensitive to the pollen-foraging-stimulus treatments, showing greater differences in foraging age and behavior. Three-way interactions of genotype, pollen foraging stimulus, and colony pair (replicate) were statistically significant for most foraging variables measured suggesting that additional, unknown environmental factors also affect foraging behavior. Our results suggest there is a functional relationship between age of first foraging and forage choice with a strong genetic component that is modulated by colony environment. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Development-; Genetics- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: genotypes- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-environments; forage-choice; foraging-behavior; genotype-environment -interactions; ontogeny-; resource-quality; resource-quantity AN Accession Number: 200200039993 UD Update Code: 20020219 Record 376 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: The influence of pollen quality on foraging behavior in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pernal-Stephen-F {a}; Currie-Robert-W AD Author Address: {a} Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Beaverlodge, Alberta, T0H 0C0; E-Mail: pernals@em.agr.ca, Canada SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] December, 2001; 51 (1): 53-68. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Individual and colony-level foraging behaviors were evaluated in response to changes in the quantity or nutritional quality of pollen stored within honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. Colonies were housed in vertical, three-frame observation hives situated inside a building, with entrances leading to the exterior. Before receiving treatments, all colonies were deprived of pollen for 5 days and pollen foragers were marked. In one treatment group, colony pollen reserves were quantitatively manipulated to a low or high level, either by starving colonies of pollen or by providing them with a fully provisioned frame of pollen composed of mixed species. In another treatment group, pollen reserves were qualitatively manipulated by removing pollen stores from colonies and replacing them with low- or high-protein pollen supplements. After applying treatments, foraging rates were measured four times per day and pollen pellets were collected from experienced by inexperienced foragers to determine their weight, species composition, and protein content. Honeybee colonies responded to decreases in the quantity or quality of pollen reserves by increasing the proportion of pollen foragers in their foraging populations, without increasing the overall foraging rate. Manipulation of pollen stores had no effect on the breadth of floral species collected by colonies, or their preferences for the size of protein content of pollen grains. In addition, treatments had no effect on the weight of pollen loads collected by individual foragers or the number of floral species collected per foraging trip. However, significant changes in foraging behavior were detected in relation to the experience level of foragers. Irrespective of treatment group, inexperienced foragers exerted greater effort by collecting heavier pollen loads and also sampled their floral environment more extensively than experienced foragers. Overall, our results indicate that honeybees respond to deficiencies in the quantity or quality of their pollen reserves by increasing the gross amount of pollen returned to the colony, rather than by specializing in collecting pollen with a greater protein content. Individual pollen foragers appear to be insensitive to the quality of pollen they collect, indicating that colony-level feedback is necessary to regulate the flow of protein to and within the colony. Colonies may respond to changes in the quality of their pollen stores by adjusting the numbers of inexperienced to experienced foragers within their foraging populations. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: protein- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: body-weight; colony-responses; floral-environments; foraging-behavior; nutritional-ecology; species-composition AN Accession Number: 200200039990 UD Update Code: 20020219 Record 377 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Cosecha polinica por Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera) en el bajo Delta del Parana: Comportamiento de las abejas y diversidad del polen. [Pollen gathering by Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera) in the lower Delta of the Parana River: Bee behavior and pollen diversity.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Basilio-Alicia-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Guiraldes 2620, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, Piso 4, CP1428, Buenos Aires; E-Mail: apis1b@bg.fcen.uba.ar, Argentina SO Source: Revista-del-Museo-Argentino-de-Ciencias-Naturales-Nueva-Serie. [print] Noviembre, 2000; 2 (2): 111-121. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1514-5158 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English AB Abstract: A melissopalinologycal analysis of Apis mellifera corbicular pollen loads was made in order to determine pollen origin and main pollen sources throughout the bee foraging season in the Delta of the Parana River. This analysis was based on 37 samples from the 1993-1994 beekeeping season. Bees gathered corbicular loads from about 20% of the available species throughout the season, but only 3% of these species were intensely used. The most abundant pollen grains belonged to Asteraceae, Leguminosae, Myrtaceae, Brassicaceae and Salicaceae. The pollen species varied throughout the sampling period. Nutritious quality was generally high. Anemophilous pollen types were harvested when the environmental offer dropped. Cultivated and exotic species heavily contributed at the end of winter and in spring, while native species were preferentially gathered in summer and autumn. The behavior of foraging bees was polylectic, with high pollen diversity in the corbicular loads and plasticity in use of local elements, and selective for the preferential use of lipidic-more energetic -pollen grains. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Chenopodiaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Cruciferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Myrtaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Solanaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Asteraceae- (Compositae-); Brassicaceae- (Cruciferae-); Leguminosae- (Leguminosae-); Myrtaceae- (Myrtaceae-); Salicaeceae- (Chenopodiaceae-, Solanaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Parana-River (South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: anemophilous-pollen-type; melissopalinology-; pollen-diversity; pollen -gathering; pollen-loads AN Accession Number: 200200039912 UD Update Code: 20020219 Record 378 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Population structure of Apis mellifera scutellata (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Filling the Uganda gap. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Radloff-S-E {a}; Hepburn-H-R AD Author Address: {a} Department of Statistics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140; E-Mail: s.radloff@ru.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: African-Entomology. [print] September, 2001; 9 (2): 131-135. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1021-3589 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Apidae) extends from South Africa to Ethiopia but includes local populations of varying morphology. The honeybee of Uganda previously represented an important biogeographical gap in defining the population structure of A. m. scutellata, but have now been resolved by morphometric analyses of worker honeybees analysed with multivariate techniques. Honeybees of lower altitudes (<2000 m) formed one distinct morphocluster typical of A. m. scutellata throughout the continent, while those at higher altitudes (> 2000 m) formed a separate distinct cluster of large, dark bees. The latter occur as an archipelago of mountain ecotypes of A. m. scutellata. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Population-Studies ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-scutellata (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Uganda- (Africa-, Ethiopian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: altitude-; biogeographical-gap; morphometrics-; population-structure AN Accession Number: 200200035866 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 379 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Rilevamento della mortalita di Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera Apidae) nel biomonitoraggio dei pesticidi: Strutture a confronto e prospettive. [Evaluation of mortality of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera Apidae) in biomonitoring of pesticides: Comparison of structure and perspectives.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Porrini-Claudio {a}; Monaco-Lorenzo; Medrzycki-Piotr AD Author Address: {a} Istituto di Entomologia "G. Grandi", Via F. Re, 6, 40126, Bologna; E -Mail: cporrini@entom.agrsci.unibo.it, Italy SO Source: Bollettino-dell'Istituto-di-Entomologia-"Guido-Grandi"-della-Universita -degli-Studi-di-Bologna. [print] 2000; (54): 101-112. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1120-0979 LA Language: Italian; Non-English AB Abstract: Applying honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) as bioindicators of agroecosystem's contamination by pesticides, it is essential to determine bee mortality in the hive. It is detected weekly using appropriate traps, placed in front of the hive. Comparison between the modified traditional Gary's trap and the "underbasket" trap shows higher efficiency of the last one. This results from its lower sensibility to the variables "time", "year season" and "environment". The variable "time" is intended as the trap's efficiency to gather dead bees in one week (Gary: 76.9%; underbasket: 95.8%). The activity of small saprophages (mostly wasps), which pick up dead or dying bees from the trap, affects the trap's efficiency, in relation to season (Gary: spring 81.9%, summer 85%; underbasket: spring 99%, summer 93.8%) and environmental complexity (Gary: high complexity 75.7%, low complexity 91.2%; underbasket: high complexity 94.6%, low complexity 98.2%). In order to avoid losses of samples and problems related to the impact of atmospheric agents, a new type of trap with closed structure was developed ("barrier trap") that did not affect the hive's activity. The trap is provided with a way-out on the same level of the original hive's exit. The undertaker bees would drop the dead bees in a space which collects them in a sampler. Many modifications were tested, because the results were not completely satisfactory. The best results were gained when the sampler was made of latex (a latex glove). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pesticides-; Pollution-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): bioindicator-; wasp- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: pesticide-: pollutant-, toxin- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: agroecosystem-contamination; beehives-; ecotoxicology-; environmental -pollution; mortality-; temporal-patterns AN Accession Number: 200200035676 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 380 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Assessment of ant foraging on beehives in an apiary infested with Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Deslippe-Richard-J {a}; Melvin-William-D {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-3131, USA SO Source: Southwestern-Entomologist. [print] Sept, 2001; 26 (3): 215-219. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0147-1724 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Buren), recently infested almond orchards in California by hitchhiking in beehives transported from eastern Texas. This event has stimulated interest in the association between this pestiferous species and the honey bee, Apis mellifera (L.). We here report on ant foraging in and about beehives in an apiary infested with S. invicta. Fire ants located and swarmed most of the baits placed on the ground beside hives, but they did not locate those baits placed on hives. These results were the same in each of three surveys regardless of whether bees were present or absent in hives, and regardless of whether the hives were placed directly on the ground, on palettes, or on stands with the hives inaccessible to ants. All hives inspected internally for S. invicta were also free of the ants. The absence of fire ants in and on beehives suggests that the ants do not normally nest in hives. Hitchhiking may more likely occur when queens or small colonies of fire ants hide in clumps of earth clinging to the palettes used to facilitate moving hives onto trucks with forklifts. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Solenopsis -invicta [red-imported-fire-ant] (Hymenoptera-): pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: California- (USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region); Texas- (USA-, North -America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: almond-orchards; apiaries-; beehives-; hitchhiking-; pest-infestations AN Accession Number: 200200034005 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 381 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Optimum timing of miticide applications for control of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Washington State, USA. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Strange-James-P {a}; Sheppard-Walter-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 166 Food Science and Human Nutrition Building, Pullman, WA, 99164-6382; E-Mail: jstrange@mail.wsu.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] December, 2001; 94 (6): 1324-1331. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Seven treatments for the control of Varroa destructor (Anderson & Trueman) were tested to determine the optimum timing of miticide application. Threshold mite levels indicating miticide application were determined for three possible treatment dates: April, August, and October. The treatments were as follows: (1) fluvalinate in April, (2) fluvalinate in August, (3) fluvalinate in October, (4) fluvalinate in April and October, (5) fluvalinate applied continuously (except during honey flow) with replacement every 42 d, (6) control (no treatment), and (7) coumaphos in April. The number of miticide applications in a season had no effect on brood area or colony bee population a year after initiating the experiment. However, the absence of any treatment significantly reduced brood area and colony bee population and significantly increased colony mite population. Date of treatment had significant effects on colony mortality rates, mite levels, and brood area the following spring. When coupled with sampling and threshold recommendations, a single, late-season application of fluvalinate is as effective for the control of V. destructor as semiannual or continuous miticide applications. Treatment thresholds were recommended for ether roll and 48-h sticky board sampling methods in April (three and 24 mites, respectively) and August (14 and 46 mites, respectively) and for ether rolls in October (three mites) in cold climates. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species, parasite -host; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite-, pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: coumaphos-: miticide-; fluvalinate-: miticide- GE Geopolitical Location: Washington- (USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 56-72-4: COUMAPHOS; 69409-94-5: FLUVALINATE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: climate-; miticide-applications: optimum-timing; treatment-thresholds AN Accession Number: 200200033975 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 382 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: A snake venom phospholipase A2 blocks malaria parasite development in the mosquito midgut by inhibiting ookinete association with the midgut surface. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Zieler-Helge {a}; Keister-David-B; Dvorak-James-A; Ribeiro-Jose-M-C AD Author Address: {a} Chromatin Inc., 2201 West Campbell Park Drive, Chicago, IL, 60612; E -Mail: zieler@chromatininc.com, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] December, 2001; 204 (23): 4157 -4167. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Oocyst formation is a critical stage in the development of the malaria parasite in the mosquito. We have discovered that the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from the venom of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) inhibits oocyst formation when added to infected chicken blood and fed to mosquitoes. A similar transmission-blocking activity was demonstrated for PLA2s from the venom of other snakes and from the honeybee. This effect is seen both with the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum and with the human parasite Plasmodium falciparum developing in their respective mosquito hosts. The inhibition occurs even in the presence of an irreversible inhibitor of the active site of PLA2, indicating that the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme is not required for the antiparasitic effect. Inhibition is also seen when the enzyme is fed to mosquitoes together with ookinetes, suggesting that the inhibition occurs after ookinete maturation. PLA2 has no direct effect on the parasite. However, pretreatment of midguts with PLA2 (catalytically active or inactive) dramatically lowers the level of ookinete/midgut association in vitro. It appears, therefore, that PLA2 is acting by associating with the midgut surface and preventing ookinete attachment to this surface. Thus, PLA2 is an excellent candidate for expression in transgenic mosquitoes as a means of inhibiting the transmission of malaria. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Serpentes-: Reptilia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Sporozoa-: Protozoa-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Aedes-aegypti (Diptera-): host-; Crotalus-adamanteus (Serpentes-); Plasmodium-falciparum (Sporozoa-): parasite-; Plasmodium-gallinaceum (Sporozoa-): parasite-; mosquito- (Diptera-): disease-vector TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms -; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Protozoans-; Reptiles-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: midgut-: digestive-system; venom- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: p-bromophenacyl-bromide; phospholipase-A-2 DS Diseases: malaria-: blood-and-lymphatic-disease, parasitic-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 99-73-0: P-BROMOPHENACYL BROMIDE; 9001-84-7: PHOSPHOLIPASE A-2 MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: ookinete-association: inhibition-; transmission-blocking ALT Alternate Indexing: Malaria-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200200033834 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 383 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: How honeybees generalize visual patterns to their mirror image and left -right transformation. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stach-Silke; Giurfa-Martin {a} AD Author Address: {a} Ethologie et Cognition Animale, Universite Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 04; E-Mail: giurfa@cict.fr, France SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] November, 2001; 62 (5): 981-991. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.academicpress.com/anbehav PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The ability to generalize a familiar image to visual transformations like a mirror image or a left-right transformation may allow recognition of familiar images from a different viewpoint. As this problem applies to flower recognition by honeybees, Apis mellifera, we asked whether bees transfer acquired information about a previously rewarded pattern to its mirror image and/or its left-right transformation, and which are the mechanisms involved in such a transfer. Bees were trained either with a single pair of patterns or with six different pairs of patterns presented in a random succession. Within each pair one pattern was rewarded and the other not. All patterns had four quadrants, each displaying a different stripe orientation. In multiple-pattern training the six rewarded patterns shared a common configuration different from that of the six nonrewarded ones. After both kinds of training, the bees preferred the mirror image and the left-right transformation of the rewarded pattern (or rewarded configuration) to a novel pattern. They also preferred the left-right transformation to the mirror image. We explain this performance by: (1) matching with a retinotopic template of the trained patterns after training with a single pair of patterns; and (2) matching with a generalized pattern configuration after training with a randomized series of patterns. In the second case, orientations would be bound together in a specific spatial arrangement. Bees would associate a specific orientation with each retinal quadrant and approach the pattern provided that a particular quadrant contains a particular orientation. Although both strategies are based on comparison of an image currently perceived with one that has to be accessed from memory, they constitute different options as the former is less flexible while the latter allows for categorization of novel patterns. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flower-recognition; left-right-transformation; memory-; mirror-image; multiple-pattern-training; retinotopic-template; visual-patterns: generalization- AN Accession Number: 200200032465 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 384 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Patients still reacting to a sting challenge while receiving conventional Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy are protected by increased venom doses. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Rueeff-Franziska {a}; Wenderoth-Andrea; Przybilla-Bernhard AD Author Address: {a} Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Dermatologie und Allergologie, Ludwig -Maximilians-Universitat, Frauenlobstrasse 9-11, 80337, Munich, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Allergy-and-Clinical-Immunology. [print] December, 2001; 108 (6): 1027-1032. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.mosby.com/jaci PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0091-6749 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Background: Up to 20% of patients allergic to Hymenoptera venom are not protected by conventional venom immunotherapy (VIT) with 100 mug of any single venom. Objective: We sought to evaluate the efficacy of an increased venom dose in patients allergic to Hymenoptera venom still reacting systemically to a sting challenge despite immunotherapy with 100 mug of venom every 4 weeks. Methods: In this retrospective study patients were included who still had reacted systemically to a sting challenge with a living bee or wasp despite VIT with a maintenance dose of 100 mug every 4 weeks. The maintenance dose was increased to 150 or 200 mug every 4 weeks, and a second sting challenge was performed. If a patient reacted again, the dose was further increased. Baseline mast-cell tryptase levels were assessed by using a fluoroenzyme immunoassay in stored patient sera. Results: While receiving a maintenance dose of 100 mug of venom every 4 weeks for 7 to 38 months, 18 patients reacted systemically to a bee sting and 22 reacted to a wasp sting. After an increase of the maintenance dose to 150 mug, 2 of 4 patients allergic to bee venom (BV) and 6 of 6 patients allergic to yellow jacket venom (YJV) no longer reacted systemically to the sting challenge. The respective rates of full protection were 13 of 14 and 15 of 16 in patients with an increase of the maintenance dose to 200 mug from the start. Of those 4 individuals not protected by the first dose increase, one patient allergic to BV (prior dose of 150 mug) and one patient allergic to YJV (prior dose of 200 mug) did not react systemically to a further sting challenge while receiving 200 mug of BV or 250 mug of YJV, respectively. One patient allergic to BV who had a systemic reaction to the sting challenge while receiving 150 mug was not protected after a dose increase to 200 mug; she later received a dose of 400 mug of BV, and no further sting challenge was performed. The patient allergic to BV who still reacted systemically after a first dose increase to 200 mug was a female patient with urticaria pigmentosa. She had repeated systemic adverse reactions to further BV immunotherapy, necessitating discontinuation of the treatment; however, she tolerated well VIT with 200 mug of YJV. In all other patients, no unusual adverse reactions to the increased venom doses were observed. Baseline serum tryptase levels were elevated above 13.5 mug/L (95th percentile in normal subjects) in 9 (28.1%) of 32 patients. Conclusions: The majority of patients allergic to Hymenoptera venom who still reacted systemically to a sting challenge despite VIT with a dose of 100 mug every 4 weeks can be fully protected by an increased maintenance dose. This dose increase is well tolerated by most patients. The rather high proportion of patients with elevated baseline serum tryptase levels necessitates further investigation of a possible association between mastocytosis and treatment failure of conventionally dosed VIT. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Clinical-Immunology (Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Methods-and -Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Vespula-flavopilosa (Hymenoptera -); Vespula-germanica [yellow-jacket] (Hymenoptera-); Vespula-maculifrons (Hymenoptera-); Vespula-pensylvanica (Hymenoptera-); Vespula-squamosa (Hymenoptera-); Vespula-vulgaris [yellow-jacket] (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-): patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: mast-cell: immune-system; serum-: blood-and-lymphatics CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: tryptase-; venom- DS Diseases: Hymenoptera-venom-allergy: immune-system-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 97501-93-4: TRYPTASE MQ Methods and Equipment: hymenoptera-venom-immunotherapy: immunologic-method, therapeutic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-sting; wasp-sting AN Accession Number: 200200028437 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 385 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, an inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB, attenuates bacterial peptidoglycan polysaccharide-induced colitis in rats. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Fitzpatrick-Leo-R {a}; Wang-Jian; Le-Truc AD Author Address: {a} Maryland Research Laboratories, 9900 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD, 20850; E-Mail: leof@otsuka.com, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Pharmacology-and-Experimental-Therapeutics. [print] December, 2001; 299 (3): 915-920. URLJ Journal URL: http://jpet.aspetjournals.org PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-3565 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an anti-inflammatory component of propolis (honeybee resin). CAPE is reportedly a specific inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). The aims of our study were 1) to evaluate the effect of CAPE on cytokine production, NF-kappaB, and apoptosis in two cells lines; 2) to assess the effect of CAPE on NF-kappaB in rats with peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS)-induced colitis; and 3) to evaluate the efficacy of CAPE against this colitis. In vitro experiments used rat macrophage (NR8383) and colonic epithelial cell (SW620) lines. NF-kappaB was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Cytokines and apoptosis were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Colitis was induced by intramural injections of PG-PS into the distal colon. CAPE (30 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered once daily to rats by intraperitoneal injection, for 1 week. Various macroscopic and biochemical indices were measured on day 21. CAPE (30 mug/ml) significantly inhibited NF-kappaB and TNF-alpha production in the macrophage cell line. In macrophages, CAPE significantly increased DNA fragmentation. CAPE exhibited generally similar effects in the colonic epithelial cell line. CAPE treatment reduced the mean level of colonic NF -kappaB in rats. CAPE also induced a significant reduction in gross colonic injury. Moreover, colonic cytokine levels (TNF-alpha and IL-1beta) were significantly reduced in CAPE-treated rats. In summary, CAPE inhibits NF-kappaB, causes a reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and induces apoptosis in macrophages. These mechanisms likely contributed to the attenuation of PG-PS-induced colitis by CAPE. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation); Immune-System (Chemical -Coordination-and-Homeostasis); Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Gram-Positive-Cocci: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Lewis-rat (Muridae-): female-; NR8383-cell-line (Muridae-): apoptosis-, rat -macrophage-cells; SW620-cell-line (Hominidae-): apoptosis-, human-colonic -epithelial-cells; Streptococcus-group-A-bacteria (Gram-Positive-Cocci) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Bacteria-; Chordates-; Eubacteria-; Humans-; Mammals-; Microorganisms-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Primates-; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: colon-: digestive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: caffeic-acid-phenethyl-ester: antiinflammatory-drug, immunologic-drug, intraperitoneal-administration, nuclear-factor-kappa-B-inhibitor; nuclear -factor-kappa-B: inhibition-, production-; peptidoglycan-polysaccharide; propolis- [honeybee-resin]; tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha: inhibition-, production- DS Diseases: Crohn's-disease: digestive-system-disease, immune-system-disease; colitis-: chemically-induced, digestive-system-disease; inflammatory-bowel-disease: digestive-system-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 104594-70-9: CAFFEIC ACID PHENETHYL ESTER ALT Alternate Indexing: Crohn-Disease-(MeSH); Colitis-(MeSH); Inflammatory-Bowel-Diseases-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200200027474 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 386 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Genetic rescue of remnant tropical trees by an alien pollinator. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Dick-Christopher-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Unit 0948, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, APO, AA, 34002; E -Mail: dickc@naos.si.edu, USA SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-Royal-Society-Biological-Sciences-Series-B. [print] 22 November, 2001; 268 (1483): 2391-2396. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-8452 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Habitat fragmentation is thought to lower the viability of tropical trees by disrupting their mutualisms with native pollinators. However, in this study, Dinizia excelsa (Fabaceae), a canopy-emergent tree, was found to thrive in Amazonian pastures and forest fragments even in the absence of native pollinators. Canopy observations indicated that African honeybees (Apis mellifera scutellata) were the predominant floral visitors in fragmented habitats and replaced native insects in isolated pasture trees. Trees in habitat fragments produced, on average, over three times as many seeds as trees in continuous forest, and microsatellite assays of seed arrays showed that genetic diversity was maintained across habitats. A paternity analysis further revealed gene flow over as much as 3.2 km of pasture, the most distant pollination precisely recorded for any plant species. Usually considered only as dangerous exotics, African honeybees have become important pollinators in degraded tropical forests, and may alter the genetic structure of remnant populations through frequent long -distance gene flow. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Population-Genetics (Population-Studies); Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-scutellata [African-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-); Dinizia -excelsa (Leguminosae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: fragmented-habitats; gene-flow; genetic-rescue; habitat-fragmentation; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200200025941 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 387 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Localizacion del recurso por Apis mellifera y dos especies de Trigona (Hymenoptera: Apidae) en Ludwigia peruviana (Onagraceae). [Reward location by Apis mellifera and two species of Trigona (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Ludwigia peruviana (Onagraceae).] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gonzalez-Alejandra-F {a}; Vera-Antonio-J; Gonzalez-Jorge-M AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Humanidades y Educacion, La Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, 4011; E-Mail: ajvera68@latinmail.com, gonzalez_jorge_m@hotmail.com, Venezuela SO Source: Boletin-del-Centro-de-Investigaciones-Biologicas-Universidad-del-Zulia. [print] Agosto, 2001; 35 (2): 198-209. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0375-538X LA Language: Spanish; Non-English AB Abstract: Reward location behavior of 32 individulas of Apis mellifera ("Honey bee"), 26 Trigona sp. ("Brown Stingless Bee"), and 6 Trigona silvestriana ("Black Stingless Bee") in a patch of 10 Ludwigia peruviana plants was evaluated. Flight distance, time spent on each flower by individual bees and by species, and movement map foraging routes were determined. Apis mellifera is quick collecting pollen while individuals of both Trigona species spend more time on each flower. Competition among the three especies under observation was noticed. Every group of individuals exploited specific parts of the plant patch and they tended to overlap. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Onagraceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Ludwigia-peruviana (Onagraceae-); Trigona -silvestriana (Hymenoptera-); Trigona-sp. (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: competition-; flight-distance; reward-localization AN Accession Number: 200200025883 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 388 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Effectiveness, persistence, and residue of amitraz plastic strips in the apiary control of Varroa destructor. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Floris-Ignazio {a}; Satta-Alberto; Garau-Vincenzo-Luigi; Melis-Marinella; Cabras-Paolo; Aloul-Naima AD Author Address: {a} Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Entomologia Agraria, Universita di Sassari, 07100, Sassari; E-Mail: ifloris@ssmain.uniss.it, Italy SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December, 2001; 32 (6): 577-585. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: An apiary trial was conducted in 1999 in Northern Sardinia (Italy) to evaluate the effectiveness and the persistence of amitraz impregnated in plastic strips against Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman. Twelve colonies of bees derived from Apis mellifera ligustica Spin. in Dadant Blatt hives were used; six colonies were treated with 2 strips per hive and the other six were left untreated control. Two methods for the evaluation of treatment efficacy were compared: the percent effectiveness measured as the percent reduction of V. destructor infestation in treated hives, and the percent control which took into consideration natural mortality in the control hives. Percent effectiveness was greater than the percent control. Amitraz residues were determined in honey and the plastic strips. No amitraz residue higher than 0.01 mgcntdotkg-1 was detected in honey. The amitraz content was stable during the trial in plastic strips placed in the colonies, and in the control strips. A higher adult bee mortality in the treated hives was recorded only after the first week of the treatment. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Apis-mellifera-ligustica (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: amitraz-plastic-strip: pest-control-method AN Accession Number: 200200025479 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 389 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Honey bee colony mortality and productivity with single and dual infestations of parasitic mite species. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Downey-Danielle-L; Winston-Mark-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6; E-Mail: ddowney@sfu.ca, winston@sfu.ca, Canada SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December, 2001; 32 (6): 567-575. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Colony mortality and productivity were compared between honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies infested by zero, one or both species of parasitic mites (Acarapis woodi or Varroa destructor). Mortality, bee and mite populations, sealed brood, and stores were monitored for 16 months, beginning in May. By the following March, 5 out of 6 colonies with both mites were dead, but no other colonies died until September, when 3 out of 4 V. destructor colonies were dead. Dually infested colonies initially had more honey stores, but were dead by March. At that point V. destructor colonies had significantly less worker brood, fewer adult bees and more honey than colonies with no mites or tracheal mites (Acarapis woodi). The colonies with tracheal mites (n=9) and no mites (n=8) did not differ in any productivity parameter measured. These results suggest a synergistic interaction between tracheal and V. destructor mites, treatments against tracheal mites should be applied in dually infested colonies, even if tracheal mites alone are not having an impact. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acarapis-woodi (Acarina-): parasite-; Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-mortality; colony-productivity; parasite-infestation; synergistic -interaction AN Accession Number: 200200025478 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 390 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Resistance to American foulbrood disease by honey bee colonies Apis mellifera bred for hygienic behavior. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Spivak-Marla {a}; Reuter-Gary-S AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., Saint Paul, MN, 55108; E-Mail: spiva001@tc.umn.edu, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December, 2001; 32 (6): 555-565. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honey bee colonies, selected for hygienic behavior on the basis of a freeze -killed brood assay, demonstrated resistance to American foulbrood disease. Over two summers in 1998 and 1999, 18 hygienic and 18 non -hygienic colonies containing instrumentally inseminated queens were challenged with comb sections containing spores of the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae that causes the disease. The strain of bacterium was demonstrated to be resistant to oxytetracycline antibiotic. Seven (39%) hygienic colonies developed clinical symptoms of the disease but five of these recovered (had no visible symptoms) leaving two colonies (11%) with clinical symptoms. In contrast, 100% of the non-hygienic colonies that were challenged developed clinical symptoms, and only one recovered. All non-hygienic colonies had symptoms of naturally occurring chalkbrood disease (Ascosphaera apis) throughout both summers. In contrast 33% of the hygienic colonies developed clinical symptoms of chalkbrood after they were challenged with American foulbrood, but all recovered. The diseased non-hygienic colonies produced significantly less honey than the hygienic colonies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Paenibacillus-larvae-ssb.-larvae (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxytetracycline-: antibacterial-drug, antiinfective-drug DS Diseases: American-foulbrood-disease: bacterial-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 79-57-2: OXYTETRACYCLINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: hygienic-behavior AN Accession Number: 200200025477 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 391 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Field tests of the varroa treatment device using formic acid to control Varroa destructor and Acarapis woodi. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hood-Wm-Michael {a}; McCreadie-John-W AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Agricultural-and-Urban-Entomology. [print] April, 2001; 18 (2): 87-96. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1523-5475 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The Varroa Treatment Device (VTD) filled with 85% formic acid (FA) was field tested for honey bee parasitic mite control in the Piedmont region of South Carolina from February-October, 1996. Three apiaries with 28 honey bee colonies were used in this test. Each colony was housed and managed in one, 10-frame Langstroth hive body and one 10-frame Illinois super. Two VTD/FA treatments, one Apistan(R) treatment and one control were replicated seven times for comparison of varroa and tracheal mite levels. Treatments were: (1) two 60-day treatments with the VTD/FA; (2) continuous VTD/FA treatment except during the 2-month nectar flow period; (3) two 42-day treatments with Apistan(R); and (4) VTD with sawdust but no FA as a control. Initial treatments were placed in colonies on 19 February, and the second treatments of VTD/FA and Apistan(R) were administered on 6 August. The VTD/FA treated colonies were serviced at approximately two week intervals during the treatment periods. Samples of approximately 300 adult bees were collected for mite diagnosis (alcohol wash method) on 23 January, 11 April, 10 June, 6 August, and 15 October. One hundred pupae from each colony were extracted and checked for varroa on the same dates beginning 11 April. Thirty-three adult bees from each sample were also diagnosed for tracheal mites by the thoracic disc method. Varroa mite counts on adult bees collected from all treatments were significantly less than the control for the August and October samples. Although varroa mite counts on extracted bee pupae from most treatments were significantly less than the control for the August sample, the Apistan(R) treatment was the only treatment that maintained significant varroa control in the brood for the October sample. Although the results of this test indicate that the VTD/FA is less effective than Apistan(R) in controlling varroa mites, the VTD/FA provides a viable alternative varroa mite control in combination with other mite control measures, especially as an early season treatment. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Equipment-, Apparatus-, Devices-and-Instrumentation; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acarapis-woodi (Acarina-); Apis-mellifera [bee-] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, pupae-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: apistan-: acaricide-, agrichemical-, pesticide-; formic-acid: acaricide-, agrichemical-, pesticide- GE Geopolitical Location: Piedmont-region (South-Carolina, USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 69409-94-5: APISTAN; 64-18-6: FORMIC ACID MQ Methods and Equipment: 10-frame-Illinois-super; 10-frame-Langstroth-hive-body; Varroa-treatment -device; honey-bee-parasitic-mite-control: pest-control-method; thoracic -disc-method: diagnostic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiaries-; field-test AN Accession Number: 200200025471 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 392 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Resistance to Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) when mite -resistant queen honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were free-mated with unselected drones. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Harbo-John-R {a}; Harris-Jeffrey-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Baton Rouge, LA, 70820, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] December, 2001; 94 (6): 1319-1323. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English AB Abstract: This study demonstrated (1) that honey bees, Apis mellifera L, can express a high level of resistance to Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman when bees were selected for only one resistant trait (suppression of mite reproduction); and (2) that a significant level of mite-resistance was retained when these queens were free-mated with unselected drones. The test compared the growth of mite populations in colonies of bees that each received one of the following queens: (1) resistant-queens selected for suppression of mite reproduction and artificially inseminated in Baton Rouge with drones from similarly selected stocks; (2) resistantXcontrol -resistant queens, as above, produced and free-mated to unselected drones by one of four commercial queen producers; and (3) control-commercial queens chosen by the same four queen producers and free-mated as above. All colonies started the test with apprxeq0.9 kg of bees that were naturally infested with apprxeq650 mites. Colonies with resistantXcontrol queens ended the 115-d test period with significantly fewer mites than did colonies with control queens. This suggests that beekeepers can derive immediate benefit from mite-resistant queens that have been free-mated to unselected drones. Moreover, the production and distribution of these free -mated queens from many commercial sources may be an effective way to insert beneficial genes into our commercial population of honey bees without losing the genetic diversity and the useful beekeeping characteristics of this population. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species, parasite -host; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite-, pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Baton-Rouge (Louisiana-, USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: artificial-insemination: artificial-reproduction-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: artificial-selection; breeding-biology; commercial-beekeeping; genetic -diversity; parasite-resistance; reproduction-suppression AN Accession Number: 200200025455 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 393 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Utilization of waste materials for outdoor wintering of Apis mellifera L. colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Abrol-D-P {a} AD Author Address: {a} 351/4 Channi Himmat Housing Colony, Jammu, J and K, 180015, India SO Source: Bioresource-Technology. [print] January, 2002; 81 (2): 159-161. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0960-8524 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The studies were conducted for two years during 1996-1997 and 1997-1998 to evaluate the impact of different waste materials wheat bhusa (chopped wheat straw), paddy straw, sawdust and thermocole sheet (a type of polystyrene board) as inner packing, and in combination with polythene sheets as outer packing, on the brood rearing activity of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. The increase in brood area showed that thermocole alone as well as in combination with polythene sheets was superior to all other treatments; followed by paddy straw, wheat bhusa and saw dust, respectively. Considering the economic feasibility and easy availability, the paddy straw packing is recommended for outdoor wintering of honeybee colonies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Waste-Management (Sanitation-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): brood-rearing-activity TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; bee-colonies: outdoor-wintering; bioresource-technology; economics-; straws-: utilization-; waste-materials: utilization- AN Accession Number: 200200025454 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 394 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Caffeic acid phenethyl ester changes the indices of oxidative stress in serum of rats with renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ozyurt-Huseyin; Irmak-M-Kemal; Akyol-Omer {a}; Sogut-Sadik AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, 44069, Malatya; E-Mail: oakyol@hotmail.com, Turkey SO Source: Cell-Biochemistry-and-Function. [print] December, 2001; 19 (4): 259-263. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0263-6484 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Oxygen-derived free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of renal injury after ischaemia-reperfusion. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an active component of propolis extract, exhibits antioxidant properties. To investigate whether treatment with either CAPE or alpha -tocopherol modifies the levels of the endogenous indices of oxidant stress, we examined their effects on an in vivo model of renal ischaemia -reperfusion injury in rats. CAPE at 10 mumol kg-1 or alpha-tocopherol at 10 mg kg-1 was administered intraperitoneally before reperfusion. Acute administration of both CAPE and alpha-tocopherol altered the indices of oxidative stress differently in renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cardiovascular-System (Transport-and-Circulation); Urinary-System (Chemical -Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-); rat- (Muridae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: serum-: blood-and-lymphatics CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: adenosine-deaminase; alpha-tocopherol: antioxidant-effect; caffeic-acid -phenethyl-ester: antioxidant-effect; malondialdehyde-; nitric-oxide; oxygen-derived-free-radicals; propolis-extracts; reactive-oxygen-species; xanthine-oxidase DS Diseases: renal-ischemia-reperfusion-injury: urologic-disease, vascular-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9026-93-1Q: ADENOSINE DEAMINASE; 152166-55-7Q: ADENOSINE DEAMINASE; 59-02 -9: ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; 104594-70-9: CAFFEIC ACID PHENETHYL ESTER; 542-78-9: MALONDIALDEHYDE; 10102-43-9: NITRIC OXIDE; 9002-17-9: XANTHINE OXIDASE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: oxidative-stress AN Accession Number: 200200024755 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 395 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Antibody binding to venom carbohydrates is a frequent cause for double positivity to honeybee and yellow jacket venom in patients with stinging -insect allergy. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hemmer-Wolfgang {a}; Focke-Margarete; Kolarich-Daniel; Wilson-Iain-B-H; Altmann-Friedrich; Wohrl-Stefan; Gotz-Manfred; Jarisch-Reinhart AD Author Address: {a} FAZ-Floridsdorf Allergy Centre, Franz-Jonas-Platz 8/6, A-1210, Vienna, Austria SO Source: Journal-of-Allergy-and-Clinical-Immunology. [print] December, 2001; 108 (6): 1045-1052. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.mosby.com/jaci PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0091-6749 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Background: Up to 50% of patients with stinging-insect allergy have double -positive RAST results to honeybee and yellow jacket (YJ) venom. True double sensitization and cross-reactivity through venom hyaluronidases are considered main reasons for this multiple reactivity. Objective: We investigated the role of antibodies against cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants in venom double positivity. Methods: CAP inhibition experiments were performed with crude oilseed rape (OSR) and timothy grass pollen extracts and a neoglycoprotein construct displaying a MUXF glycan, as present in pineapple-stem bromelain (MUXF-BSA). CAP to OSR was used as a rough measure for carbohydrate-specific IgE in individual sera. Results: CAP results to OSR pollen were positive in 2 of 14 single-positive honeybee venom sera, 2 of 16 single-positive YJ venom sera, and 33 (80.5%) of 41 double-positive sera (P < .00001, chi2 test). CAP inhibition was performed in 16 selected patients with a CAP class of 3 or higher to both venoms. In 9 of 11 patients with a highly positive CAP result to OSR (CAP score to OSR > CAP score to second venom), pollen extracts, MUXF-BSA, or both were able to completely inhibit IgE binding to one of the venoms, whereas this was not the case in 5 patients with a negative or weakly positive CAP result to OSR (CAP score to OSR < CAP score to second venom). Conclusions: The data suggest that carbohydrate-specific IgE is a major cause for the double positivity to honeybee and YJ venom seen in patients with Hymenoptera allergy. Because these antibodies may have low clinical relevance, they may severely impede the correct diagnosis of Hymenoptera venom allergy. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination -and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Cruciferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Gramineae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Brassica-napus (Cruciferae-): allergen-; Phleum-pratense [timothy-grass] (Gramineae-): allergen-; Vespula-flavopilosa (Hymenoptera-); Vespula -germanica (Hymenoptera-); Vespula-maculifrons (Hymenoptera-); Vespula -pensylvanica (Hymenoptera-); Vespula-squamosa (Hymenoptera-); Vespula -vulgaris (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-): patient- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Dicots-; Humans-; Insects -; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Monocots-; Plants-; Primates-; Spermatophytes -; Vascular-Plants; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: IgE- [immunoglobulin-E]; N-linked-glycans; alpha-I-3-Fucose; carbohydrate -epitopes; cross-reactive-carbohydrate-determinant; venom-carbohydrates DS Diseases: Hymenoptera-venom-allergy: immune-system-disease; honeybee-venom-allergy: immune-system-disease; stinging-insect-allergy: immune-system-disease; yellow-jacket-venom-allergy: immune-system-disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: antibody-binding; double-positivity AN Accession Number: 200200024628 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 396 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Fine scale mapping in the sex locus region of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hasselmann-M {a}; Fondrk-M-K; Page-R-E-Jr; Beye-M AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Zoologie, Molekulare Oekologie, Biozentrum, Martin-Luther Universitaet Halle/Wittenberg, Weinberg Weg 22, 06120, Halle; E-Mail: hasselmann@biozentrum.uni-halle.de, Germany SO Source: Insect-Molecular-Biology. [print] December, 2001; 10 (6): 605-608. URLJ Journal URL: www.blackwell-science.com/products/journals/imb.htm PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-1075 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Isolating an unknown gene with fine-scale mapping is possible in a 'non -model' organism. Sex determination in honey bees consists of a single locus (sex locus) with several complementary alleles. Diploid females are heterozygous at the sex locus, whereas haploid males arise from unfertilized eggs and are hemizygous. The construction of specific inbred crosses facilitates fine scale mapping in the sex locus region of the honey bee. The high recombination rate in the honey bee reduces the physical distance between markers compared with model organisms and facilitates a novel gene isolation strategy based on step-wise creation of new markers within small physical distances. We show that distances less than 25 kb can be efficiently mapped with a mapping population of only 1000 individuals. The procedure described here will accelerate the mapping, analysis and isolation of honey bee genes. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Methods-and-Techniques; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular -Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: chromosome-: sex-locus-region CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: genetic-markers: physical-distance MQ Methods and Equipment: fine-scale-chromosome-mapping: gene-mapping-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: recombination-rate AN Accession Number: 200200023497 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 397 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: The combining ability and heterosis analysis of royal jelly yield and quality properties in western honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Liu-Yan-He {a}; Chen-Sheng-Lu {a}; Zhong-Bo-Xiong {a} AD Author Address: {a} College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hanzhou, 310029; E -Mail: yanheliu@263.net, China SO Source: Acta-Genetica-Sinica. [print] Oct., 2001; 28 (10): 926-932. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0379-4172 LA Language: Chinese; Non-English AB Abstract: The NC II mating design of 2 X 4 was made in order to evaluate The combining ability and heterosis of royal jelly yield and quality properties that included royal jelly yield, royal jelly yield per cup, acceptance ratio and acidity in Apis mellifera. The results were as follows: (1) For all characters, general combining ability in six parents (GCA) achieved highly significant level (P < 0.01), special combining ability (SCA) only significant (P < 0.05), therefore the additive effect is more important for royal jelly yield and quality properties; (2) The GCA of A. m. acervorum in four characters was higher, and the SCA variance of A. m. carpatica, A. m. caucasica was greater, so they were good parents. ZND - 1 Apis mellifera lingustica in royal jelly yield, royal jelly yield per cup, acceptance ratio was an excellent parent, but A. m. carnica only could be used in increasing royal jelly quality; (3) The heterosis over high - parent is negative, thus it is difficult to improve royal jelly yield and quality by cross breeding, but by appropriate choice of parents, high yield and quality combination can be obtained. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Western-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-acervorum (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-carnica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera -carpatica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-lingustica (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: cross-breeding: breeding-method, genetic-method; heterosis-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: combining-ability; quality-properties; royal-jelly-yield AN Accession Number: 200200023272 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 398 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: A molecular genetic assessment of mating-system variation in a naturally bird-pollinated shrub: Contributions from birds and introduced honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: England-Phillip-R; Beynon-Fiona; Ayre-David-J {a}; Whelan-Robert-J AD Author Address: {a} Institute for Conservation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522; E-Mail: david_ayre@uow.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Conservation-Biology. [print] December, 2001; 15 (6): 1645-1655. URLJ Journal URL: http://conbio.net/scb/Publications/ConsBio/ PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0888-8892 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Introductions of European honeybees have occurred globally, potentially affecting the natural pollination ecology of many plants. Introduced honeybees are now the most frequent visitors to the inflorescences of the self-compatible, bird-pollinated Australian shrub Grevillea macleayana and may therefore be expected to have altered the mating system. To examine the degree to which birds continue to play a role in determining the mating system of G. macleayana in this disturbed system, we compared outcrossing rates in open-pollinated inflorescences with inflorescences from which birds had been selectively excluded. Outcrossing rates were estimated from the microsatellite genotypes of over 100 seeds per population in three populations. Outcrossing rates (t) in open-pollinated seeds were surprisingly low (0.062-0.225) and did not vary significantly among the three populations. Nevertheless, outcrossing was significantly lower when birds were excluded (data pooled from all populations). Two lines of evidence suggest that there are temporal fluctuations in outcrossing rate and hence that birds usually have a major effect on the mating system of G. macleayana. First, at one site, t was substantially lower than estimates from an earlier study (0.06 in 1995 cf. 0.85 in 1990). Second, fixation indices based on seeds were high in all populations (>0.68), whereas values for the established plants (parental generation) were much lower in two of the three populations (0.06-0.32). Our findings suggest that honeybee activity is so high that the contribution of birds to pollination in G. macleayana is sometimes relatively trivial. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences); Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and -Molecular-Biophysics); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Aves-: Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Proteaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: European-honeybee (Hymenoptera-): introduced-species; Grevillea-macleayana (Proteaceae-); birds- (Aves-): pollinator-; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Birds-; Chordates-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular -Plants; Vertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mating-system-variation; molecular-genetics; naturally-bird-pollinated -shrub; outcrossing-; pollination-ecology AN Accession Number: 200200023168 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 399 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of propolis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Midorikawa-Kiyoshi; Banskota-Arjun-H; Tezuka-Yasuhiro; Nagaoka-Takema; Matsushige-Katsumichi; Message-Dejair; Huertas-Alfredo-A-G; Kadota -Shigetoshi {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194; E-Mail: kadota@ms.toyama-mpu.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Phytochemical-Analysis. [print] November-December, 2001; 12 (6): 366-373. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0958-0344 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The composition of propolis, a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from various plant sources, depends on various factors such as season and vegetation of the area. Based on standards (either isolated from Brazilian propolis or reported from propolis) including chromane, diterpenes and phenolic compounds, different Brazilian propolis were analysed by LC-MS in order to determine their chemical constituents. Dicaffeoylquinic acids were detected in almost all water extracts of Brazilian propolis, whereas diterpenes, flavonoids and prenylated phenolic compounds were found in their methanol extracts. Based on the identified chemical constituents and their biological activities, it was determined that the quality of Brazilian propolis could be directly related to the phenolic constituents. Moreover, Baccharis dracunculifolia was concluded to be an important source of Brazilian propolis. Propolis samples from Peru, China and the Netherlands were also studied. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Baccharis-dracunculifolia (Compositae-); honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: chromane-; dicaffeoylquinic-acid; diterpene-; diterpenes-; flavonoids-; phenolic-compounds; phenolic-constituents; prenylated-phenolic-compounds; propolis-methanol-extract GE Geopolitical Location: Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region); China- (Asia-, Palearctic -region); Netherlands- (Europe-, Palearctic-region); Peru- (South-America, Neotropical-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 62362-97-4: CHROMANE; 1182-34-9: DICAFFEOYLQUINIC ACID MQ Methods and Equipment: LC-MS [liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry]: analytical-method, detection-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biological-activity; chemical-composition; plant-origin; product-quality; propolis-: composition-, regional-variation, resinous-hive-product, seasonal-variation, various-plant-sources, vegetational-variation AN Accession Number: 200200021249 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 400 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Honeybee pollination of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) cv. Manor. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Goodman-R {a}; Hepworth-G; Kaczynski-P; McKee-B; Clarke-S; Bluett-C AD Author Address: {a} Institute for Horticultural Development, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Agriculture Victoria, Scoresby Business Centre, Scoresby, Vic., 3176; E-Mail: russell.goodman@nre.vic.gov.au, Australia SO Source: Australian-Journal-of-Experimental-Agriculture. [print] 2001; 41 (8): 1217 -1221. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0816-1089 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The role of honeybees (Apis mellifera) in the pollination of buckwheat cv. Manor was studied in a commercial planting at Smeaton, Victoria. Honeybees comprised 80% of all insect visitors to this crop. Other insects included ladybirds (Coccinella transversalis and C. undecimpunctata), hoverflies (Meangyna viridiceps), drone flies (Eristalis sp.), blowflies (Calliphoridae), cabbage white butterflies (Pieris rapae), small bush flies and native bees. The activity of honeybees and other insects increased seed production from 91.5 g/plot (plots closed to insects) to 180.4 g/plot (plots open to insects). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Polygonaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Coccinella -transversalis (Coleoptera-): floral-visitor; Coccinella-undecimpunctata (Coleoptera-): floral-visitor; Eristalis-sp. [drone-fly] (Diptera-): floral-visitor; Fagopyrum-esculentum [buckwheat-] (Polygonaceae-): cultivar-Manor, grain-crop; Meangyna-virdiceps [hoverfly-] (Diptera-): floral-visitor; Pieris-rapae [white-cabbage-butterfly] (Lepidoptera-): floral-visitor; blowfly- (Diptera-): floral-visitor TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Victoria- (Australia-, Australasian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: seed-yield: insect-activity AN Accession Number: 200200019888 UD Update Code: 20020130 Record 401 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Evidence for velocity-tuned motion-sensitive descending neurons in the honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ibbotson-M-R {a} AD Author Address: {a} Centre for Visual Sciences, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601; E-Mail: ibbotson@rsbs.anu.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-Royal-Society-Biological-Sciences-Series-B. [print] 7 November, 2001; 268 (1482): 2195-2201. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-8452 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Behavioural experiments suggest the existence of two functionally distinct movement-sensitive pathways in honeybees: one mediates optomotor behaviour, consisting of reflexive turning responses preventing deviations from course, and the other controls flight speed. The first consists of direction-selective neurons responding optimally to a particular temporal frequency of motion, regardless of the pattern's spatial structure. The temporal frequency dependence matches the temporal tuning of the optomotor output. Behavioural experiments suggest the second pathway contains velocity-tuned cells, which generate equal-sized responses for any given image velocity, for patterns with a range of spatial structures. Here, recordings were made from direction-selective neurons in the honeybee's ventral nerve cord. Neurons were tested for responses to motion at velocities of 40-1000 deg s-1 using four gratings with spatial periods of 11-76degree. In addition to temporal frequency-dependent optomotor neurons, direction-selective cells were found that had the same shaped velocity-response functions for all four patterns. The velocity-tuning properties of these cells suggest a possible role in monitoring flight speed because their velocity tuning matches the image velocities encountered during free flight and landing behaviour. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: velocity-tuned-motion-descending-neurons: nervous-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flight-speed; landing-behavior; optomotor-behavior; temporal-frequency; velocity- AN Accession Number: 200200016646 UD Update Code: 20020108 Record 402 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: 1H, 13C and 15N chemical shift assignment of the honeybee odorant-binding protein ASP2. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lescop-Ewen {a}; Briand-Loic; Pernollet-Jean-Claude; Van-Heijenoort-Carine {a}; Guittet-Eric {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de RMN, ICSN-CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198, Gif -sur-Yvette Cedex, France SO Source: Journal-of-Biomolecular-NMR. [print] October, 2001; 21 (2): 181-182. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article-; Letter- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0925-2738 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: ASP2-protein: analysis-, chemical-shift-assignment, odorant-binding-protein MQ Methods and Equipment: Bruker-DRX-800-spectrometer: Bruker-, laboratory-equipment; NMR -spectroscopy: Spectrum-Analysis-Techniques, analytical-method, carbon-13, nitrogen-15, proton- AN Accession Number: 200200016195 UD Update Code: 20020108 Record 403 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Effect of juvenile hormone on short-term olfactory memory in young honeybees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Maleszka-R {a}; Helliwell-P AD Author Address: {a} Visual Sciences, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200; E-Mail: maleszka@rsbs.anu.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Hormones-and-Behavior. [print] November, 2001; 40 (3): 403-408. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0018-506X LA Language: English AB Abstract: Reliable retention of olfactory learning following a 1-trial classical conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex (PER) is not achieved in honeybees until they are 6-7 days old. Here we show that treatment of newly emerged honeybees with juvenile hormone (JH) has a profound effect on the maturation of short-term olfactory memory. JH-treated individuals display excellent short-term (1 h) memory of associative learning at times as early as 3 days of age and perform consistently better than untreated bees for at least the first week of their lives. By contrast, the retention of long-term (24 h) memory following a 3-trial conditioning of the PER is not significantly improved in JH-treated bees. Our study also shows that experience and (or) chemosensory activation are not essential to improve learning performance in olfactory tasks. The lack of accelerated development of long-term retention of olfactory memories in JH -treated honeybees is discussed in the context of neural circuits suspected to mediate memory formation and retrieval in the honeybee brain. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Endocrine-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis); Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): young- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: juvenile-hormone MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brain-plasticity; olfactory-learning; short-term-olfactory-memory AN Accession Number: 200200012506 UD Update Code: 20020108 Record 404 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Promotion of seed set in yellow star-thistle by honey bees: Evidence of an invasive mutualism. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Barthell-John-F {a}; Randall-John-M; Thorp-Robbin-W; Wenner-Adrian-M AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, 73034; E-Mail: jbarthell@ucok.edu, USA SO Source: Ecological-Applications. [print] December, 2001; 11 (6): 1870-1883. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1051-0761 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We examined the role of nonnative honey bees (Apis mellifera) as pollinators of the invasive, nonnative plant species yellow star-thistle (Centaurea solstitialis), both introduced to the western United States in the early to middle 1800s. Using four different treatments (three exclosure types) at flower heads, we observed visitation rates of different pollinators. Honey bees were the most common visitors at each of three transects established at three study locales in California: University of California at Davis, Cosumnes River Preserve, and Santa Cruz Island. A significant correlation existed between honey bee visitation levels monitored in all these transects and the average number of viable seeds per seed head for the same transects. Selective exclusion of honey bees at flower heads using a 3 mm diameter mesh significantly reduced seed set per seed head at all locales. Seed set depression was less dramatic at the island locale because of high visitation rates by generalist halictid bees Augochlorella pomoniella and Agapostemon texanus that penetrated the 3-mm mesh. The introduced megachilid bee Megachile apicalis occurred at all three locales as well (though in much lower numbers) and may contribute to pollination. In an ancillary study, seed set of plants with bagged heads was compared with that of plants without any bagged heads to test for resource shunting effects. These results showed that seed set differences observed between treatments within a single plant were not exaggerated due to resource shunting induced by the bagging technique. Yellow star-thistle may have low or variable levels of self-compatibility (as reflected by low seed set levels in small-mesh bags), increasing the importance of pollination in its breeding system. These results suggest that honey bees and yellow star-thistle may act as invasive mutualists, an association that may extend to other nonnative plant and pollinator species from Eurasia. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Agapostemon-texanus (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera -): pollinator-; Augochlorella-pomoniella (Hymenoptera-); Centaurea -solstitialis [yellow-star-thistle] (Compositae-): alien-species; Megachile-apicalis (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-heads GE Geopolitical Location: Cosumnes-River-Preserve (California-, USA-, North-America, Nearctic -region); Eurasia- (Palearctic-region); Santa-Cruz-Island (California-, USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region) NC Institutions and Organizations: University-of-California-at-Davis MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biological-invasions; flower-visitation; mutualisms-; pollination-; resource-shunting-effects; seed-set: promotion-; self-compatibility AN Accession Number: 200200011039 UD Update Code: 20020108 Record 405 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Localizacion del recurso por Apis mellifera y dos especies de Trigona (Hymenoptera: Apidae) en Ludwigia peruviana (Onagraceae). [Reward location by Apis mellifera and two species of Trigona (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Ludwigia peruviana (Onagraceae).] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gonzalez-Alejandra-F {a}; Vera-Antonio-J {a}; Gonzalez-Jorge-M AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Humanidades y Educacion, La Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, 4011; E-Mail: ajvera68@latinmail.com, gonzalez_jorge_m@hotmail.com, Venezuela SO Source: Boletin-del-Centro-de-Investigaciones-Biologicas-Universidad-del-Zulia. [print] 2001; 35 (2): 198-209. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0375-538X LA Language: Spanish; Non-English AB Abstract: Reward location behavior of 32 individuals of Apis mellifera ("Honey bee"), 26 Trigona sp. ("Brown Stingless Bee"), and 6 Trigona silvestriana ("Black Stingless Bee") in a patch of 10 Ludwigia peruviana plants was evaluated. Flight distance, time spent on each flower by individual bees and by species, and movement map foraging routes were determined. Apis mellifera is quick collecting pollen while individuals of both Trigona species spend more time on each flower. Competition among the three especies under observation was noticed. Every group of individuals exploited specific parts of the plant patch and they tended to overlap. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Onagraceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Ludwigia-peruviana (Onagraceae -); Trigona-silvestriana [black-stingless-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Trigona-sp. [brown-stingless-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Henri-Pittier-National-Park (Venezuela-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flight-distance; foraging-routes; interspecific-competition; reward-location AN Accession Number: 200200010989 UD Update Code: 20020108 Record 406 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Infestation phenology of Tropilaelaps clareae Delfinado and Baker and Acarapis woodi (Rennie) in Apis mellifera L. and Apis cerana Fab. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kumar-Arun {a}; Srivastava-S; Kashyap-N-P AD Author Address: {a} Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya Bee Research Station, Nagrota Bagwan, HP, 176 047, India SO Source: Journal-of-Entomological-Research-New-Delhi. [print] March, 2001; 25 (1): 41-46. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-9519 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Infestation of brood by Tropilaelaps chlareae as well as the mite mortality attained two peaks during June-July and October-November in Apis mellifera. Acarapis woodi infestation remained considerably low during March to May and high during October-November in A. mellifera as well as in A. cerana. Strong correlation appeared between acarine infested bees and maximum number of mites per trachea in both the spp. of honeybees. Confinement of bees in the colony either due to rain or cold or the conditions unfavorable to colony development may enhance mite infestation in the colonies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acarapis-woodi (Acarina-): parasite-; Apis-cerana [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera -): host-; Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Tropilaelaps -clareae (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: trachea-: respiratory-system DS Diseases: Acarapis-woodi-infestation: parasitic-disease; Tropilaelaps-clareae -infestation: parasitic-disease; mite-infestation: parasitic-disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-infestation; cold-; colony-development: unfavorable-conditions; mite -mortality; rain- AN Accession Number: 200200007315 UD Update Code: 20011214 Record 407 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Discriminacion entre poblaciones de abejas (Apis mellifera L.) del sur de Espana, centro de Portugal y Madeira. [Discriminative study of Apis mellifera L. populations from south Spain, central Portugal and Madeira.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Padilla-Alvarez-F {a}; Valerio-Da-Silva-M-J; Campano-Cabanes-F {a}; Jimenez -Vaquero-E {a}; Flores-Serrano-J-M {a}; Puerta-Puerta-F {a}; Bustos-Ruiz-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, edificio C1, 14071, Cordoba; E-Mail: ba1paalf@lucano.uco.es, Spain SO Source: Archivos-de-Zootecnia. [print] 2001; 50 (189-190): 79-89. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0004-0592 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English AB Abstract: Traditionally it has been considered that the bees that live in the Iberian Peninsula belong to the iberica race, this one is related with the intermissa race of the north of Africa and the mellifera race of western Europe. The workers bees proceed from Spain and Portugal, they have been described as animals of jet black colour, with hairiness and tomentum of medium size, and a quite long proboscis; some authors that the bees of the south had a shorter hairiness and a longer proboscis finding that those coming from the north. We have studied 34 samples of workers originate from two areas of Iberian peninsula (the south of Spain and the center of Portugal), and of the Archipelago of Madeira, to study the existence of possible morphological differences. The results show that the animals constitute three morphological groups, identifiable by canonical analysis. One of them includes the bees proceeding from the center of Portugal, another is formed by those of Cordoba, and the third are constituted by workers come from Madeira and Cazorla. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biogeography- (Population-Studies); Morphology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-iberica (Hymenoptera-): description-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Cordoba- (Spain-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); Iberian-Peninsula (Europe-, Palearctic-region); Madeira- (North-Atlantic, Atlantic-Ocean); Portugal- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: canonical-analysis: analytical-method AN Accession Number: 200200006481 UD Update Code: 20011214 Record 408 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Estudio biometrico de poblaciones de abejas (Apis mellifera L.) del centro de Portugal y de Madeira. [Biometric study of Apis mellifera populations from central Portugal and Madeira.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Padilla-Alvarez-F {a}; Valerio-Da-Silva-M-J; Campano-Cabanes-F {a}; Jimenez -Vaquero-E {a}; Puerta-Puerta-F {a}; Flores-Serrano-J-M {a}; Bustos-Ruiz-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, edificio C1, 14071, Cordoba; E-Mail: ba1paalf@lucano.uco.es, Spain SO Source: Archivos-de-Zootecnia. [print] 2001; 50 (189-190): 67-77. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0004-0592 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English AB Abstract: The honeybees of the the Iberian Peninsula have been described traditionally as belonging to the iberica race. This race is constituted by animals of dark colour and a great vigor, its behavior is rather nervous and the propensity to swarm is considered as moderate. From a morphological point of view, they are few the works in those that these insects have been studied, including the bibliography descriptions more or less extensive of those that inhabit the mediterranean region, Asturias and the North Submeseta. If we admit that different climatic conditions should have produced selective effects on the insects characteristics, it is very interesting to study bees coming from different localizations, to know the variability. We have studied 16 morphological characteristics in 18 workers bees samples, originating of the center of Portugal and the Madeira island. The results indicate that the bees of Portugal constitute a morphological group, in which big differences are not appreciated among the different geographical localizations. The animals coming from Madeira also form a morphological group. When the bees coming from these two places are studied in a combined way, the canonical analysis shows a partial overlap of the populations. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Morphology-; Population-Studies ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): iberica- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Iberian-Peninsula (Europe-, Palearctic-region); Madeira-island (North -Atlantic, Atlantic-Ocean); Portugal- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: biometry-: analytical-method; canonical-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: climate-; geographical-localization; morphology- AN Accession Number: 200200006480 UD Update Code: 20011214 Record 409 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Occupational allergy to bumblebees: Allergens of Bombus terrestris. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hoffman-Donald-R {a}; El-Choufani-Samer-E; Smith-Matthew-M; de-Groot-Hans AD Author Address: {a} Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Allergy-and-Clinical-Immunology. [print] November, 2001; 108 (5): 855-860. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0091-6749 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Background: With the increase in commercial vegetable production in greenhouses, occupational sensitization to bumblebee venom is becoming more common. Studies using sera from subjects thus sensitized allow evaluation of the allergenic specificity of bumblebee sensitization. Objective: The purposes of this study were to determine the degree of species group specificity of bumblebee venom allergens in sera of allergic patients and to investigate the structural basis of this specificity. Methods: Allergens were purified from bumblebee venom, studied serologically by direct binding and inhibition techniques, and characterized by enzyme analysis and amino acid sequencing. Three -dimensional models of the phospholipases were constructed and analyzed. Results: Bombus terrestris venom contains phospholipase A2, venom protease, hyaluronidase, and acid phosphatase allergens. The protease and phospholipase A2 allergens contain IgE-reactive epitopes that are different from those seen in Bombus pennsylvanicus, a North American species. Bumblebee phospholipase A2 is only 53% identical to honeybee phospholipase A2. The results of 3-dimensional modeling are consistent with the immunologic observations. Conclusions: Patients with primary bumblebee sensitization should be diagnosed and treated with venom from the appropriate species group of bumblebees. Bumblebee venom phospholipase A2 and protease are antigenically distinct from honeybee venom proteins. There are significant species group-specific epitopes on bumblebee venom proteins. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Bombus-fervidus [bumblebee-] (Hymenoptera-); Bombus-pennsylvanicus [bumblebee-] (Hymenoptera-); Bombus -terrestris [bumblebee-] (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-): patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: bumblebee-venom: occupational-sensitization CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: IgE- [immunoglobulin-E]; acid-phosphatase: allergen-; hyaluronidase-: allergen-; phospholipase-A2 [Bom-t1]: allergen-, amino-acid-sequence, purification-, species-group-specific-epitopes, structure-; venom-protease [Bom-t4]: allergen-, amino-acid-sequence, purification-, species-group -specific-epitopes, structure- SD Sequence Data: 1POC-: SwissProt-, amino-acid-sequence DS Diseases: bumblebee-allergy: immune-system-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-77-8: ACID PHOSPHATASE; 9001-54-1Q: HYALURONIDASE; 37259-53-3Q: HYALURONIDASE; 37288-34-9Q: HYALURONIDASE; 37326-33-3Q: HYALURONIDASE; 9001-84-7: PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 AN Accession Number: 200200004902 UD Update Code: 20011214 Record 410 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: A survey of Nosema apis of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) producing the famous Anzer honey in Turkey. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ozkirim-Ash {a}; Keskin-Nevin {a} AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, 06532, Ankara; E-Mail: ozkirim@hacettepe.edu.tr, nevink@hacettepe.edu.tr, Turkey SO Source: Zeitschrift-fuer-Naturforschung-Section-C-Journal-of-Biosciences. [print] September-October, 2001; 56 (9-10): 918-919. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0939-5075 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The aim of this study is to find out the ratio of Nosema infected honey bees which are producing the famous Anzer honey that is used for the cure of the illnesses such as farangitis, tonsilitis, ulceration, and scratchs due to the experiences of the people living in Turkey. Honey bee samples were collected from two different regions of Anzer plain in July. Honey bee abdomens were homogenized and 1 ml distilled water was added for each honey bee. Later, 0.1 ml out of this solution was examined by Neubauer slides and the number of Nosema apis spores were counted. The results showed that Nosema apis significantly infected the honey bees although it was summer season. However, the summer season at the Anzer plain, when compared with the Mediterranean climate, is considered to be spring. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Foods-; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Cnidosporidea-: Protozoa-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta -, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifer [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Nosema-apis (Cnidosporidea-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Protozoans- GE Geopolitical Location: Turkey- (Asia-, Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Anzer-honey: analysis-, production-, sugar-product, uses-; apiculture-; climate-; seasons-; survey-results AN Accession Number: 200200003280 UD Update Code: 20011214 Record 411 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Hormone-dependent protein patterns in integument and cuticular pigmentation in Apis mellifera during pharate adult development. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Santos-A-E; Bitondi-M-M-G {a}; Simoes-Z-L-P AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras; Departamento de Genetica, Faculdade de Medicina., Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto, SP; E-Mail: mmgbit@usp.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] November, 2001; 47 (11): 1275-1282. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The epidermal proteins from staged Apis mellifera pupae and pharate adults and the progress of cuticular pigmentation until adult eclosion were used as parameters to study integument differentiation under hormonal treatment. Groups of bees were treated at the beginning of the pupal stage with the juvenile hormone analog pyriproxyfen (PPN) or as pharate adults with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Another group was treated with both hormones applied successively at these same developmental periods. Controls were maintained without treatment. The epidermal proteins, separated by SDS-PAGE and identified by silver staining, were studied at seven intervals during the pupal and pharate adult stages. The initiation and progress of cuticular pigmentation was also monitored and compared to controls. The results showed that PPN reduced the interval of expression of some epidermal proteins, whereas 20E had an antagonistic effect, promoting a prolongation in the time of expression of the same proteins. In PPN-treated bees, cuticular pigmentation started precociously, whereas in 20E-treated individuals this developmental event was postponed. The double hormonal treatment restored the normal progress of cuticular pigmentation and, to a large extent, the temporal epidermal protein pattern. These results are discussed in relation to the 20E titer modulation and morphogenetic hormone interaction. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Development-; Endocrine-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis); Integumentary-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): adult-, pupa- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: integument-: integumentary-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 20-hydroxyecdysone [20E-]; epidermal-proteins: hormone-dependent -expression; pyriproxyfen- [PPN-]: juvenile-hormone-analog RN CAS Registry Number (R): 5289-74-7: 20-HYDROXYECDYSONE; 95737-68-1: PYRIPROXYFEN MQ Methods and Equipment: SDS-PAGE [SDS-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis]: separation-method; silver-staining: identification-method, staining-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cuticular-pigmentation; morphogenetic-hormone-interactions; pharate-adult -development AN Accession Number: 200200003194 UD Update Code: 20011214 Record 412 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Phase reversal of vibratory signals in honeycomb may assist dancing honeybees to attract their audience. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Tautz-J {a}; Casas-J; Sandeman-D AD Author Address: {a} Zoologie II, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg; E-Mail: tautz@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] November, 2001; 204 (21): 3737 -3746. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Forager honeybees dancing on the comb are able to attract dance-followers from distances across the comb that are too remote for tactile or visual signals to play a role. An alternative signal could be the vibrations of the comb at 200-300 Hz generated by dancing bees but which, without amplification, may be large enough to alert remote dance-followers. We describe here, however, an unexpected property of honeycomb when it is subjected to vibration at around 200 Hz that would represent an effective amplification of the vibratory signals for remote dance-followers. We find that, at a specific distance from the origin of an imposed vibration, the walls across a single comb cell abruptly reverse the phase of their displacement and move in opposite directions to one another. Behavioural measurements show that the distance from which the majority of remote dance-followers are recruited coincides with the location of this phase -reversal phenomenon relative to the signal source. We propose that effective signal amplification by the phase-reversal phenomenon occurs when bees straddle a cell across which the phase reversal is expressed. Such a bee would be subjected to a situation in which the legs were moving towards and away from one another instead of in the same direction. In this manner, remote dance-followers could be alerted to a dancer performing in their vicinity. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Communication- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: dance-followers; honeybee-dance; honeycomb-; honeycomb-vibration; phase -reversal; recruitment-; vibratory-signals; waggle-dance AN Accession Number: 200200002953 UD Update Code: 20011214 Record 413 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Intermodal blocking in honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Couvillon-P-A; Campos-A-C; Bass-T-D; Bitterman-M-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Bekesy Laboratory of Neurobiology, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822; E-Mail: jeffb@pbrc.hawaii.edu, USA SO Source: Quarterly-Journal-of-Experimental-Psychology-Section-B-Comparative-and -Physiological-Psychology. [print] November, 2001; 54B (4): 369-381. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0272-4995 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Previous findings of intramodal but not of intermodal blocking in foraging honeybees prompted a new series of experiments with colours, odours, a proximal visual landmark, and a localized geomagnetic anomaly as stimuli. In Experiments 1-2, the landmark was blocked by both colour and odour. In Experiments 3-6, the anomaly was blocked by both colour and odour, but the anomaly failed to block either colour or odour. In Experiments 7-8, the anomaly failed again to block either colour or odour even though it could be shown to develop substantial associative strength in the course of the training. The several instances of intermodal blocking bring the results for honeybees into closer agreement than before with the results for vertebrates. The failures of blocking seem understandable in terms of the relative salience of the stimuli employed without reference to modal relationships. An attentional interpretation is suggested. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: color-; foraging-; geomagnetic-anomaly; intermodal-blocking; odor-; visual -landmark AN Accession Number: 200200000656 UD Update Code: 20011214 Record 414 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Discrimination of unrewarding flowers by bees; direct detection of rewards and use of repellent scent marks. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Goulson-Dave {a}; Chapman-Jason-W; Hughes-William-O-H AD Author Address: {a} Biodiversity and Ecology Division, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Biomedical Sciences Building, Southampton, SO16 7PX; E-Mail: dg3@soton.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Behavior. [print] September, 2001; 14 (5): 669-678. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0892-7553 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Bumblebees and honeybees deposit short-lived scent marks on flowers that they visit when foraging. Conspecifics use these marks to distinguish those flowers that have recently been emptied and, so, avoid them. The aim of this study was to assess how widespread this behavior is. Evidence for direct detection of reward levels was found in two bee species: Agapostemon nasutus was able to detect directly pollen availability in flowers with exposed anthers, while Apis mellifera appeared to be able to detect nectar levels of tubular flowers. A third species, Trigona fulviventris, avoided flowers that had recently been visited by conspecifies, regardless of reward levels, probably by using scent marks. Three further bee/flower systems were examined in which there was no detectable discrimination among flowers. We argue that bees probably rely on direct detection of rewards where this is allowed by the structure of the flower and on scent marks when feeding on flowers where the rewards are hidden. However, discrimination does not always occur. We suggest that discrimination may not always make economic sense; when visiting flowers with a low handling time, or flowers that are scarce, it may be more efficient to visit every flower that is encountered. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Agapostemon-nasutus (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Trigona -fulviventris (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: anther-: reproductive-system; flower-: reproductive-system; pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nectar- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: food-availability; foraging-behavior; handling-time; reward-detection; scent-marks: repellent- AN Accession Number: 200200000608 UD Update Code: 20011214 Record 415 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Foraging decisions in nectarivores: Unexpected interactions between flower constancy and energetic rewards. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hill-Peggy-S-M {a}; Hollis-Jeremy; Wells-Harrington AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, 600 South College, Tulsa, OK, 74104; E-Mail: peggy-hill@utulsa.edu, USA SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] October, 2001; 62 (4): 729-737. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Foraging decisions are based on a suite of choices that include energetics and physiological constraints. Although travelling farther to harvest a greater net energetic reward is beneficial, many animals opt for a smaller net reward that requires less travel. Recent discoveries of a visual basis for flower constancy in the honeybee, Apis mellifera, led us to examine older reports that colour cues are superceded by energetic considerations. Here we show that when individual bees foraged on pedicellate artificial flowers varying in colour and interfloral distance, their behaviour depended on the colours in the choice test. Colours of similar spectral reflectance (blue versus white), that would be clustered in the bee's visual colour space, elicited more visits to the closest flower when rewards were equal, but individuals travelled a greater distance to harvest a higher energetic reward when reward quality varied. Bees chose the closest flower more often when reward volume decreased while quality remained constant. Yet, even when all flowers were identical (morphology and reward), and only interfloral distance varied, bees did not always visit the closest flower. A dramatic difference was seen when the dimorphism was yellow-blue, colours quite separate in the bee colour space and known to elicit constancy behaviour. Here, bees visited the closest flower only 5% of the time, and varying reward volume did not elicit different behaviour. Animals thus display differential foraging behaviour with respect to environmental cues that must be considered when asking questions about other behavioural parameters. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: energetic-rewards; flower-color; flower-constancy; foraging-decisions; interfloral-distance; spectral-reflectance AN Accession Number: 200200000558 UD Update Code: 20011214 Record 416 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Juvenile hormone and aggression in honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pearce-A-N; Huang-Z-Y; Breed-M-D {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, The University of Colorado, N122 Ramaley, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334; E-Mail: michael.breed@colorado.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] November, 2001; 47 (11): 1243-1247. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We determined whether defense by individual bees against non-nestmates in honey bees (Apis mellifera) is correlated with their juvenile hormone (JH) titers, which are known to vary developmentally and seasonally. We bioassayed winter and summer bees for aggressive and non-aggressive individuals. Bees in winter could not be distinguished by task group, but bees in summer were segregated into nurses and guards. JH titers were correlated with aggressive behavior at two levels. First, winter bees and summer nurses, known to have lower JH titers, both showed less aggression toward foreign bees than did summer guards. Second, aggressive individuals had significantly higher JH titers than did non-aggressive bees within each colony. Inter-colonial variation in aggressiveness was maintained during summer and winter, suggesting a genetic basis for these differences. An alarm pheromone test further substantiated the existence of inter-colonial differences. We found significant variation in JH titers among different colonies, but the variation was not significantly associated with colony-level aggressiveness. The correlation between JH and levels of aggressiveness within a colony suggests a regulatory role for JH, but variation among colonies involves factors other than JH. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Endocrine-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: alarm-pheromones; juvenile-hormone [JH] MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: aggression-; colony-defense; division-of-labor; intercolonial-differences AN Accession Number: 200200000484 UD Update Code: 20011214 Record 417 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: Effect of honeybee foraging distance on the pollination of sunflower. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kumar-Manoj {a}; Singh-Ramashrit {a} AD Author Address: {a} University Apiary, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, 848 125, Samastipur, BR, India SO Source: Journal-of-Entomological-Research-New-Delhi. [print] March, 2001; 25 (1): 37-39. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-9519 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The maximum number of bees (9.79 bees/minute/5 capitulum) visited the flowers of sunflower for collection of nectar or pollen or both at nearer distance (10 m) whereas minimum (5.32 bees/minute/5 capitulum) at the farthest distance (500 m) from apiary. The number of filled seed per capitulum decreased as the distance of target crop from apiary increased being maximum (680.9) at 10 m and minimum (457.7) at 500 m. The thousand seed weight was also significantly highest (58.7 g) at the closer distance (10 m) while lowest (40.3 g) at the farthest distance (500 m) from apiary. The seed obtained from farthest distance had less germination (70.75%) as compared to seeds obtained at nearest distance (83.50%). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana-ssp.-indica [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Apis -mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Helianthus-annus [sunflower-] (Compositae-): oil-crop, oilseed-crop, pollination- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nectar-: collection- MQ Methods and Equipment: apiary-: cultivation-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: filled-seed: per-capitulum; foraging-distance; germination- AN Accession Number: 200200000044 UD Update Code: 20011214 Record 418 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2002/01-2002/06 TI Title: (Untitled). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sullivan-Joseph-P; Fahrbach-Susan-E; Robinson-Gene-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 505 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA SO Source: Experimental-Gerontology. [print] November, 2001; 36 (10): 1773. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Letter- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0531-5565 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Aging-; Behavior-; Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: juvenile-hormone MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-behavior AN Accession Number: 200200000009 UD Update Code: 20011214 Record 419 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: D-002. Antiulcer, antioxidant, antiinflammatory. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mas-Rosa {a} AD Author Address: {a} Center of Natural Products, National Center for Scientific Research, Playa, Habana City, Cuba SO Source: Drugs-of-the-Future. [print] August, 2001; 26 (8): 731-744. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0377-8282 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation); Pharmacology- ST Super Taxa: Animalia-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): worker-; animal- (Animalia-); human- (Hominidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: D-002 [Abexol-]: antiinflammatory-drug, antioxidant-effect, antiulcer-drug, beeswax-alcohol-mixture; beeswax-; dotriacontanol-: aliphatic-alcohol; hexacosanol-: aliphatic-alcohol; octacosanol-: aliphatic-alcohol; proton -pump-inhibitors; tetracosanol-: aliphatic-alcohol; tetratriacontanol-: aliphatic-alcohol; triacontanol-: aliphatic-alcohol DS Diseases: diarrhea-: digestive-system-disease; peptic-ulcer: digestive-system -disease, treatment- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 6624-79-9Q: DOTRIACONTANOL; 79554-32-8Q: DOTRIACONTANOL; 506-52-5Q: HEXACOSANOL; 28346-64-7Q: HEXACOSANOL; 557-61-9Q: OCTACOSANOL; 68580-63 -2Q: OCTACOSANOL; 506-51-4Q: TETRACOSANOL; 52783-45-6Q: TETRACOSANOL; 28484-70-0: TETRATRIACONTANOL; 593-50-0Q: TRIACONTANOL; 28351-05-5Q: TRIACONTANOL MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: abdominal-pain; constipation-; drug-side-effects; flatulence-; gastrointestinal-disturbances ALT Alternate Indexing: Diarrhea-(MeSH); Peptic-Ulcer-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200100373303 UD Update Code: 20011206 Record 420 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Ontogenesis of the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni on Syrian honey bees, Apis mellifera syriaca. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Al-Ghzawi-Abdul-Majed-A {a}; Zaitoun-Shahera-T; Shannag-Hail-Kamel {a} AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Production, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid: ghzawi@just.edu.jo, Jordan SO Source: Zoology-in-the-Middle-East. [print] 2001; (23): 101-106. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0939-7140 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; German AB Abstract: The reproductive behaviour of the mite Varroa jacobsoni was investigated during the summer months in Apis mellifera syriaca colonies in Irbid, Jordan. Reproductive rates for mites reaching adulthood were estimated by examining the progeny of the female mother mites in worker and drone cells. The proportions of non-reproducing mites in the worker and drone brood were 9.8% and 4.9%, respectively. The reproductive rate was 2.72 for mites in worker cells and 3.35 for mites in drone cells. The percentage of infested brood with adult mite daughters was 43.9% for worker and 55% for drone broods. The rate for females reaching adulthood from each original female mite was 0.75 for worker and 1.41 for drone brood. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Parasitology-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-syriaca [Syrian-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Irbid- (Jordan-, Asia-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: ontogenesis-; reproductive-behavior AN Accession Number: 200100372913 UD Update Code: 20011206 Record 421 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: A linkage analysis of sex determination in Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gadau-Juergen {a}; Gerloff-Christine-U; Kruger-Nadia; Chan-Helen; Schmid -Hempel-Paul; Wille-Anja; Page-Robert-E-Jr AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA: Jgadau@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, USA SO Source: Heredity-. [print] August, 2001; 87 (2): 234-242. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0018-067X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We constructed a linkage map of Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera, Apidae) phase unknown. The map contains 79 markers (six microsatellite and 73 RAPD markers) in 21 linkage groups and spans over 953.1 cM. The minimal recombinational size of the B. terrestris genome was estimated to be 1073 cM. Using flow cytometry, the physical size of the haploid genome of B. terrestris was calculated to be 274 Mb. This is the second linkage map for a social insect species. Bombus terrestris has on average five times less recombinational events per kb than the honey bee Apis mellifera. Male haploidy, chromosome size, and eusociality can now be excluded as reasons for the high recombination frequency of Apis mellifera. Finally, the sex determination locus of B. terrestris was placed on the map using bulked segregant analysis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Genetics-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Bombus-terrestris (Hymenoptera -): Apidae- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: RAPD-marker [random-amplified-polymorphic-DNA-marker]; microsatellites- MQ Methods and Equipment: linkage-mapping: analytical-method, genetic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: chromosome-size; diploidy-; eusociality-; male-haploidy; sex-determination AN Accession Number: 200100368215 UD Update Code: 20011206 Record 422 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: 47th Seminar of the Association of Institutes for Bee Research, Blaubeuren, Germany, April 3-5, 2000. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Association-of-Institutes-for-Bee-Research SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] September-October, 2000; 31 (5): 597-663. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Meeting- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 MT Meeting Information: 47th Seminar of the Association of Institutes for Bee Research, Blaubeuren, Germany, April 03-05, 2000 SP Meeting Sponsor: Association of Institutes for Bee Research LA Language: English; French; German LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: This meeting contains abstracts of 36 papers, each written in English, French and German versions, covering topics in apidology, including bee products, foraging, honey components analysis, pest population dynamics, chemical pest control, bioindicators, plant protection, pathologies including varroosis, American foulbrood, physiology, behavior, breeding, genetics, selection, and beekeeping practices. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Plantae-; Viruses-: Microorganisms- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [European-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Hymenoptera- (Hymenoptera-); Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): Malaysia-Indonesia-haplotype-group, mainland-Asia-haplotype -group, parasite-; bee- (Hymenoptera-): bioindicator-, host-; plant- (Plantae-); viruses- (Viruses-): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Plants-; Viruses- DS Diseases: American-foulbrood: infectious-disease; varroosis-: parasitic-disease IN Industry: beekeeping-industry MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-forage; behavior-; breeding-; genetics-; pathology-; physiology-; Meeting-Summary AN Accession Number: 200100367507 UD Update Code: 20011206 Record 423 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Structure-function relationship of serine protease-protein inhibitor interaction. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Otlewski-Jacek {a}; Jaskolski-Mariusz; Buczek-Olga; Cierpicki-Tomasz; Czapinska-Honorata; Krowarsch-Daniel; Smalas-Arne-O; Stachowiak-Damian; Szpineta-Agnieszka; Dadlez-Michal AD Author Address: {a} Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wroclaw, Tamka 2, 50-137, Wroclaw: otlewski@bf.uni.wroc.pl, Poland SO Source: Acta-Biochimica-Polonica. [print] 2001; 48 (2): 419-428. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0001-527X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We report our progress in understanding the structure-function relationship of the interaction between protein inhibitors and several serine proteases. Recently, we have determined high resolution solution structures of two inhibitors Apis mellifera chymotrypsin inhibitor-1 (AMCI -I) and Linum usitatissimum trypsin inhibitor (LUTI) in the free state and an ultra high resolution X-ray structure of BPTI. All three inhibitors, despite totally different scaffolds, contain a solvent exposed loop of similar conformation which is highly complementary to the enzyme active site. Isothermal calorimetry data show that the interaction between wild type BPTI and chymotrypsin is entropy driven and that the enthalpy component opposes complex formation. Our research is focused on extensive mutagenesis of the four positions from the protease binding loop of BPTI: P1, P1', P3, and P4. We mutated these residues to different amino acids and the variants were characterized by determination of the association constants, stability parameters and crystal structures of protease -inhibitor complexes. Accommodation of the P1 residue in the S1 pocket of four proteases: chymotrypsin, trypsin, neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G was probed with 18 P1 variants. High resolution X-ray structures of ten complexes between bovine trypsin and P1 variants of BPTI have been determined and compared with the cognate P1 Lys side chain. Mutations of the wild type Ala16 (P1') to larger side chains always caused a drop of the association constant. According to the crystal structure of the Leu16 BPTI-trypsin complex, introduction of the larger residue at the P1' position leads to steric conflicts in the vicinity of the mutation. Finally, mutations at the P4 site allowed an improvement of the association with several serine proteases involved in blood clotting. Conversely, introduction of Ser, Val, and Phe in place of Gly12 (P4) had invariably a destabilizing effect on the complex with these proteases. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Linaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Linum-usitatissimum (Linaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Apis-mellifera-chymotrypsin-inhibitor-1: enzyme-inhibitor; Linum -usitatissimum-trypsin-inhibitor: enzyme-inhibitor; serine-protease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 331969-33-6: LINUM USITATISSIMUM TRYPSIN INHIBITOR; 37259-58-8: SERINE PROTEASE MQ Methods and Equipment: calorimetry-: analytical-method; ultra-high-resolution-X-ray-analysis: imaging-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: enzyme-inhibitor-interaction: structure-function-relationships; protein -protein-recognition AN Accession Number: 200100366046 UD Update Code: 20011206 Record 424 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Identification of a novel gene, Mblk-1, that encodes a putative transcription factor expressed preferentially in the large-type Kenyon cells of the honeybee brain. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Takeuchi-Hideaki; Kage-Eriko; Sawata-Miyuki; Kamikouchi-Azusa; Ohashi -Kazuaki; Ohara-Maya; Fujiyuki-Tomoko; Kunieda-Takekazu; Sekimizu -Kazuhisa; Natori-Shunji; Kubo-Takeo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033: stkubo@mail.ecc.u -tokyo.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Insect-Molecular-Biology. [print] October, 2001; 10 (5): 487-494. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-1075 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Mushroom bodies (MBs) are considered to be involved in higher-order sensory processing in the insect brain. To identify the genes involved in the intrinsic function of the honeybee MBs, we searched for genes preferentially expressed therein, using the differential display method. Here we report a novel gene encoding a putative transcription factor (Mblk -1) expressed preferentially in one of two types of intrinsic MB neurones, the large-type Kenyon cells, which makes Mblk-1 a candidate gene involved in the advanced behaviours of honeybees. A putative DNA binding motif of Mblk-1 had significant sequence homology with those encoded by genes from various animal species, suggesting that the functions of these proteins in neural cells are conserved among the animal kingdom. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: high-order-sensory-processing, nervous-system; mushroom-bodies: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Mblk-1: expression-; protein-kinase-A: cyclic-AMP-dependent-protein-kinase RN CAS Registry Number (R): 142008-29-5: PROTEIN KINASE A MQ Methods and Equipment: differential-display-method: analytical-method AN Accession Number: 200100365731 UD Update Code: 20011206 Record 425 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Determination of chemical composition of Turkish propolis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sorkun-Kadriye {a}; Suer-Banu; Salih-Bekir AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, 06532, Ankara: kadriye@hacettepe.edu.tr, Turkey SO Source: Zeitschrift-fuer-Naturforschung-Section-C-Journal-of-Biosciences. [print] July-August, 2001; 56 (7-8): 666-668. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0939-5075 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The aim of the present work is to study the chemical composition of Turkish propolis. Propolis samples were collected from different regions of Turkey (Bursa, Erzurum-Askale, Gumushane-Sogutagil and Trabzon-Caglayan) in 1999. Ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) were prepared for chemical analysis, using gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our findings show that propolis samples from Trabzon and Gumushane region have a similar chemical composition. In both samples aromatic acids, aliphatic acids and their esters, and also ketone derivatives are the main compound groups. The chemical composition of the single sample that was collected from Erzurum region shows a very different pattern than the other two samples. In this propolis, the main compounds are aromatic acid esters and alcohols. However, it contains a high amount of amino acids compared to the other samples. The other samples collected from three different region of Bursa City are rich with flavavones, aromatic acids and their esters, terpenoids, flavones and ketones. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Economic-Entomology; Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: propolis-ethanol-extract GE Geopolitical Location: Turkey- (Palearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: GC-MS [gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry]: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: propolis-: chemical-composition, folk-medicine, resinous-bee-product AN Accession Number: 200100364519 UD Update Code: 20011206 Record 426 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Changes in food source profitability affect the trophallactic and dance behavior of forager honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: De-Marco-Rodrigo-Javier; Farina-Walter-Marcelo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EHA), Pabellon II, Buenos Aires: walter@bg.fcen.uba.ar, Argentina SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] October, 2001; 50 (5): 441-449. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Since nectar constitutes a highly variable resource, forager honeybees (Apis mellifera) always adjust their social foraging activities according to the current profitability of the nectar sources they exploit. If trophallaxis, food exchange among individuals of the same colony, serves to improve the coordination among nectar foragers, as occurs with the dance behavior, a high correlation might be expected between the foragers' trophallactic behavior and the profitability of the food sources they exploited. The aim of this work was to analyze whether a forager bee changes her trophallactic behavior with the varying profitability of a food source. In addition, since food source profitability affects dance behavior, we also analyzed the degree of coupling between the trophallactic and dance behavior of returning honeybees. Results show that trophallaxis by forager bees inside the hive changed rapidly with fluctuations in food source profitability. After an increase in profitability, returning foragers (1) increased the number of trophallactic offering contacts, (2) decreased the average duration of offering contacts, (3) shifted the temporal distribution of offering contacts from being mainly near the beginning of the time in the hive to being more evenly distributed throughout the entire visit, (4) begged for food less frequently, and (5) shifted their begging toward the very end of the visit. Regarding their dance behavior, foragers danced earlier in their visits to the hive and performed more waggle runs when the profitability of the food source was increased. Furthermore, the trophallactic and dance behaviors were affected not only by the absolute profitability of the food source but also by changes in profitability. Taken together, these results indicate that, in addition to dance behavior, short trophallactic interactions of returning foragers (which include both offering and begging contacts) may help foragers to communicate information about rapidly fluctuating resource opportunities. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: dance-behavior; fluctuating-resource-opportunities; food-source -profitability; temporal-distribution; trophallactic-behavior; trophallaxis- AN Accession Number: 200100364324 UD Update Code: 20011206 Record 427 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Honey bee guards, Apis mellifera, accept own subspecies non-nestmates more than other subspecies non-nestmates. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ratnieks-F-L-W {a}; Lapish-A {a}; Tann-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN: F.Ratnieks@Sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2001; 48 (3): 287-288. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honey bee nest entrance guards accepted a significantly lower proportion of non-nestmates of a different subspecies (5%) than non-nestmates of their own subspecies (18%). This result was consistent for 5 of the 6 study colonies (the sixth rejected all non-nestmates), 3 each of Apis mellifera mellifera and A.m. ligustica, and for each subspecies of guards (A.m.m. 5% v 17%; A.m.l. 4% v 20%). These data indicate that there are consistent recognition cue differences across subspecies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): guard-; Apis-mellifera-ligustica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: nest-entrance-guarding; recognition-cue; species-acceptance AN Accession Number: 200100364321 UD Update Code: 20011206 Record 428 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Apis dorsata drone flights, collection of semen from everted endophalli and instrumental insemination of queens. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Woyke-Jerzy {a}; Wilde-Jerzy; Wilde-Maria AD Author Address: {a} Bee Division, Agricultural University - SGGW, 166 Nowoursynowska, 02 -787, Warsaw: woyke@alpha.sggw.waw.pl, Poland SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] September-October, 2001; 32 (5): 407-416. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: We observed drone flights of 16 colonies of Apis dorsata in Chitwan, Nepal. At the end of February drone flights occurred between 18:15 and 18:35 h. By April, as day length increased, drones flew gradually later. Within 2 months the start of drone flights was delayed by 42 min. High correlation (r = 0.99) was found between the sunset time and the start of drone flights. After the thorax or abdomen of drones were squeezed, seven stages of endophallus eversion occurred. Semen appeared as a small drop at the ventral side of completely everted cervix. We collected 8 mm3 of semen from 41 drones. Thus, one drone produced on average 0.2 mm3 of semen. Three Apis mellifera queens were inseminated with 2-3 mm3 of A. dorsata semen. All queens started to lay eggs. Larvae hatched from 3% of eggs. After sealing of the larvae, only drone pupae were found. We speculate that embryos in rest of the eggs did not develop due to genetic incompatibility. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-dorsata (Hymenoptera-): drone-, egg-, embryo-, larva-, pupa-, queen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: endophallus-: eversion-, reproductive-system; semen-: reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Chitwan- (Nepal-, Asia-, Oriental-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: instrumental-insemination: assisted-reproduction-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; drone-flights; genetic-incompatibility; semen-collection AN Accession Number: 200100361499 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 429 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Molecular characterization and population structure of the honeybees from the Balearic islands (Spain). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-la-Rua-Pilar {a}; Galian-Jose; Serrano-Jose; Moritz-R-F-A AD Author Address: {a} Dpto. Biologia Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30071, Murcia: pdelarua@um.es, Spain SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] September-October, 2001; 32 (5): 417-427. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) were collected from 23 localities on the Balearic islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) was surveyed for diagnostic restriction sites and characterized with DraI digestion of the tRNAleu-COII intergenic region. Both approaches demonstrated that honeybees bearing either African or west European haplotypes coexist on the Balearic islands. Two African and two west European haplotypes were found with different frequencies and distribution among the islands. Phylogenetic and population structure analyses support the clustering of these islands in two groups: Majorca-Minorca (Gymnesic) and Ibiza-Formentera (Pityusic) what corroborates the current biogeographical division of the Balearic organisms. These results partially agree with the observed distribution of African haplotypes in honeybee populations from other Mediterranean islands. The present distribution of genetic markers may reflect also the influence of human movements, trade and settlements from prehistoric times. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biogeography- (Population-Studies); Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and -Molecular-Biophysics); Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: mtDNA- [mitochondrial-DNA] GE Geopolitical Location: Balearic-Islands (Spain-, Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; haplotype-distribution; haplotype-frequency; human-movements; island-biogeography; population-structure: molecular-characterization; zoogeography- AN Accession Number: 200100361163 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 430 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Isolation and structures of two new compounds from the essential oil of Brazilian propolis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kusumoto-Toshihide; Miyamoto-Tomofumi; Higuchi-Ryuichi {a}; Doi-Shima; Sugimoto-Hiroyuki; Yamada-Hideo AD Author Address: {a} Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582: rhiguchi@phar.kyushu-u.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Chemical-and-Pharmaceutical-Bulletin-Tokyo. [print] September, 2001; 49 (9): 1207-1209. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0009-2363 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Two new and seven known compounds, including terpenoids and aromatic compounds, were isolated from the essential oil of Brazilian propolis. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated as 2,2-dimethyl-8-prenyl-6 -vinylchromene (1) and 2,6-diprenyl-4-vinylphenol (2) on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Pharmacology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 2,2-dimethyl-8-prenyl-6-vinylchromene; 2,6-diprenyl-4-vinylphenol; Brazilian-propolis-essential-oil; aromatic-compounds: isolation-, structure-; terpenoids-: isolation-, structure- MQ Methods and Equipment: spectroscopic-analysis: analytical-method; steam-distillation: isolation -method AN Accession Number: 200100359258 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 431 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: A scientific note on long-term stability of a home-made oxalic acid water sugar solution for controlling varroosis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Prandin-Luciana; Dainese-Nicoletta; Girardi-Barbara; Damolin-Ornella; Piro -Roberto; Mutinelli-Franco {a} AD Author Address: {a} Centro Regionale per l'Apicoltura, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via Romea 14/A, 35020, Legnaro (PD): fmutinelli@izsvenezie.it, Italy SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] September-October, 2001; 32 (5): 451-452. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: hydroxymethylfurfural- [HMF-]; oxalic-acid: antibiotic-, storage- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 67-47-0Q: HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL; 25376-49-2Q: HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL; 144-62 -7: OXALIC ACID MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; sugar-water-solutions; varroosis-; Note- AN Accession Number: 200100359058 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 432 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Comparing effects of three acaricides on Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) using two application techniques. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Perez-Santiago-Gerardo {a}; Otero-Colina-Gabriel; Mota-Sanchez-David; Ramirez-Guzman-Martha-Elva; Vandame-Remy AD Author Address: {a} Instituto Politecnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Durango, Zarco 106, 34890, Vicente Guerrero, DGO, Mexico SO Source: Florida-Entomologist. [print] December, 2000; 83 (4): 468-476. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0015-4040 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; Spanish AB Abstract: Two bioassays were administered to determine the dose-lethality response of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans and the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., to amitraz, flumethrin and fluvalinate. The first bioassay method was spraying by means of the Potter-Bourgerjon's tower. The results are expressed in mean lethal concentrations (LC50). The second method was topical application by means of microsyringe and manual applicator. The results are expressed in mean lethal doses (LD50). Both LC50 and LD50 values were considerably higher in honey bees than in varroa mites, showing that a wide margin of safety exists between effective doses against mites and harmful doses for honey bees. Both methods gave similar confidence intervals; they showed a comparable sensitivity to changes in dose or concentration of pesticides. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Estuarine-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences); Methods-and -Techniques; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): nontarget-organism; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): agricultural-pest TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: amitraz-: acaricide-; flumethrin-: acaricide-; fluvalinate-: acaricide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 33089-61-1: AMITRAZ; 69770-45-2: FLUMETHRIN; 69409-94-5: FLUVALINATE MQ Methods and Equipment: Potter-Bourgerjon's-tower: equipment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: application-methodology; dose-lethality-responses; pesticide-susceptibility AN Accession Number: 200100359048 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 433 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The role of Varroa and viral pathogens in the collapse of honeybee colonies: A modelling approach. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Martin-Stephen-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN: S.J.Martin@Sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Journal-of-Applied-Ecology. [print] October, 2001; 38 (5): 1082-1093. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8901 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: 1. The ecto-parasitic mite Varroa destructor is a serious world-wide pest of the honeybee Apis mellifera and has being linked with the death of millions of colonies, although its role in colony death has remained elusive. 2. A simulation model was developed to explain the link between the mite and collapse of the host bee colony, given that colony death does not always occur. We investigated the effects of two pathogens, deformed wing virus (DWV) and acute paralysis virus (APV), vectored by the mite, on the host colony. 3. Two previously published simulation models, a bee and a mite, were combined and adapted for use in temperate climates with a variety of bee diseases. The model was constructed using Modelmaker(R) software, which allows the progression of a disease in the host colony to be followed daily. 4. The population dynamics generated by the model were similar to those observed in a natural honeybee colony. When DWV- or APV -transmitting mites were introduced into the colony, its adult worker bee population collapsed either during winter or spring for DWV, or autumn to spring for APV. This corresponds well with field observations of colony death in Europe. 5. The model revealed that DWV initially had little effect on the colony but during late summer, as the population of DWV -transmitting mites increased, the virus caused a reduction in the number of healthy young bees entering the overwintering population. This imbalance in the age structure of the overwintering bees resulted in the eventual death of the colony during the winter or spring. As few as 2000 -3600 mites in autumn could kill a colony. 6. In contrast, APV transmitted by Varroa was only able to kill the honeybee colony if a large (10 000+) mite population was already present when an overt APV infection occurred. It was difficult for APV to become established within the bee population due to it causing rapid host death. 7. The model predicts that the less virulent DWV will become more widely established than the highly virulent APV, and that mite control measures need to be taken prior to the production of overwintering bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection-; Parasitology-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and -Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Viruses-: Microorganisms- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): agricultural-pest, disease-vector, parasite-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): agricultural-pest, disease-vector, parasite-; acute-paralysis -virus (Viruses-): entomopathogen-; deformed-wing-virus (Viruses-): entomopathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Viruses- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: ectoparasitism-; honeybee-colonies; simulation-models; temperate-climates AN Accession Number: 200100358982 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 434 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Side-specificity of olfactory learning in the honeybee: Generalization between odors and sides. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sandoz-Jean-Christophe; Menzel-Randolf {a} AD Author Address: {a} Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institut fuer Biologie-Neurobiologie, D -14195, Berlin: menzel@neurobiologie.fu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Learning-and-Memory-Cold-Spring-Harbor. [print] September-October, 2001; 8 (5): 286-294. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1072-0502 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honeybees (Apis mellifera) can be trained to associate an odor stimulus with a sucrose reward. The neural structures involved in the detection and integration of olfactory stimuli are represented bilaterally in the brain. Little is known about the respective roles of the two sides of the brain in olfactory learning. Does each side: learn independently of the other, or do they communicate, and if so, to what extent and at what level of neural integration? We addressed these questions using the proboscis extension response (PER) conditioning paradigm applied in a preparation that allows the separation of the two input sides during olfactory stimulations. Bees conditioned to two odorants A and B, one being learned on each side (A+/B+ training), showed in extinction tests rather unspecific responses: They responded to both odorants on both sides. This could be attributable to either a transfer of the learned information between sides, or to a generalization between odorants on each side. By subjecting bees to conditioning on one side only (A+/0 training), we found that the learned information is indeed transferred between sides. However, when bees were trained explicitly to give opposite values to the two odorants on the two sides (A+B-/B+A- training), they showed clear side -specific response patterns to these odorants. These results are used in the elaboration of a functional model of laterality of olfactory learning and memory processing in the honeybee brain. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: laterality-; memory-processing; odor-; olfactory-learning; proboscis -extension-response-conditioning AN Accession Number: 200100357775 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 435 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Imidacloprid-induced facilitation of the proboscis extension reflex habituation in the honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lambin-M {a}; Armengaud-C; Raymond-S; Gauthier-M AD Author Address: {a} Lab. Neurobiologie de l'Insecte, Universite P. Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex: lambin@cict.fr, France SO Source: Archives-of-Insect-Biochemistry-and-Physiology. [print] November, 2001; 48 (3): 129-134. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0739-4462 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Imidacloprid is a new insecticide from the family of the neonicotinoids, which interact with the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The effects of imidacloprid at a dose that does not affect sensory or motor functions are studied on non-associative learning abilities in the honeybee. The behavioral procedure is the habituation of the proboscis extension reflex (PER). Imidacloprid topically applied on the thorax (1 mul) at the doses of 5, 10, and 20 ng/bee induces an increase of the gustatory threshold defined as the lowest concentration of a sucrose solution applied to the antennae able to elicit the PER. The ability of the honeybee to move in an open-field-like apparatus is impaired at the doses of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 ng/bee. These effects are amplified with time and reach a maximum 60 min after application. The lowest dose of 1.25 ng/bee has no effect on the gustatory function but increases the motor activity and facilitates the PER habituation independently of time. This result fits our hypothesis that a slight activation of the cholinergic system with a low dose of imidacloprid can facilitate a simple form of learning in the honeybee. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Neural-Coordination; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): non-associated-learning-abilities TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennae-: sensory-system; thorax- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: imidacloprid-: insecticide-, neonicotinoid-, topical-application; nicotinic -acetylcholine-receptor; sucrose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 138261-41-3: IMIDACLOPRID; 57-50-1: SUCROSE MQ Methods and Equipment: open-field-like-apparatus: equipment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: gustatory-function; learning-; proboscis-extension-reflex-habituation: imidacloprid-induced-facilitation AN Accession Number: 200100357711 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 436 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Infestation and distribution of the mite Varroa jacobsoni in Africanized honey bee (Apis mellifera). colonies. Infestation and distribution of the mite Varroa jacobsoni in Africanized honey been (Apis mellifera) colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Moretto-Geraldo {a}; de-Mello-Leonidas-J-Jr AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Ciencias Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, 89.01, 0-971, Blumenau (SC): gmoretto@furb.rct-sc.br, Brazil SO Source: Interciencia-. [print] September, 2001; 26 (9): 394-396. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-1844 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese; Spanish AB Abstract: Whereas in several parts of the world varroa is the major pest affecting apiculture, in others the parasite is unknown to many beekeepers because of the little damage it causes to bees. The impact of the mite Varroa jacobsoni is related to the climatic conditions and the races of Apis mellifera bees in each region where the pest exists. In the present study, the mite infestation levels were assessed to determine the evolution of the pest in Africanized bee colonies in Southern Brazil. The current level of infesiatton was considered low, approximately two mites per one hundred adult bees. This result is similar to that obtained for the same apiary almost five years ago and for others distributed in various regions of Brazil. In the present study, on average, 61% of the total varroa population was found in the worker brood. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Africanized-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): colony-, host-, worker-; Varroa-jacobsoni [mite-] (Acarina-): distribution-, ectoparasite -, infestation-, pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Southern-Brazil (South-America, Neotropical-region) AN Accession Number: 200100351912 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 437 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Pollen removal and deposition by honeybee and bumblebee visitors to apple and almond flowers. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Thomson-James-D {a}; Goodell-Karen AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5: jthomson@zoo.toronto.edu, Canada SO Source: Journal-of-Applied-Ecology. [print] October, 2001; 38 (5): 1032-1044. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8901 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: 1. To help evaluate the worth of alternative pollinators in agriculture, we present a theoretical framework for comparing the effectiveness of two or more pollinators by measuring pollen removal and deposition. 2. We report pollen removal and deposition data by Apis mellifera and Bombus spp. during single visits to four cultivars of apples (Golden Delicious, Starkrimson Delicious, Empire/MacIntosh and Rome) and Mission almond. 3. Apis and Bombus removed similar amounts of pollen from apple flowers but Bombus deposited more pollen on stigmas. Pollen-collecting bees removed more pollen from apple anthers than nectar-collecting bees. Apis that approached nectaries laterally deposited substantially less pollen than other visitors. 4. Apis and Bombus removed and deposited similar amounts of pollen on almond flowers. Apis tended to remove more during pollen -collecting visits than nectar-collecting visits. The type of resource sought did not significantly influence deposition. 5. Based on removal and deposition data, additions of Bombus may increase pollen delivery in apple orchards but reduce pollen delivery in almond orchards if Apis already serve as primary pollinators. Additional data on inter-tree and inter-row flights would be necessary to know how much these changes in pollen transfer might affect fertilization. 6. Measures of pollen-transfer effectiveness do not provide a complete assessment of pollination value, but can serve as a general, inexpensive tool for pre-screening possible alternative pollinators. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Bombus-spp. (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; almond- (Rosaceae-): cultivar-Mission, nut-crop; apple- (Rosaceae-): cultivar-Empire/MacIntosh, cultivar-Golden-Delicious, cultivar-Rome, cultivar-Starkrimson-Delicious, fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flowers-: reproductive-system; nectaries-; pollen-: deposition-, removal-, reproductive-system; stigma-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flower-visitation; inter-row-flights; inter-tree-flights; pollen-transfer [pollen-delivery]; pollinator-effectiveness AN Accession Number: 200100351902 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 438 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: A scientific note on Apis mellifera brood attractiveness to Varroa destructor as affected by the chemotherapeutic history of the brood. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ellis-James-D-Jr; Delaplane-Keith-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602: ksd@uga.edu, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] September-October, 2001; 32 (5): 449-450. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Fumidil-B [fumagillin-]: antibiotic-; Terramycin- [oxytetracycline-]: antibiotic- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 23110-15-8: FUMAGILLIN; 79-57-2: TERRAMYCIN; 79-57-2: OXYTETRACYCLINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; brood-attractiveness; chemotherapeutic-history; Note- AN Accession Number: 200100351901 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 439 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Circadian rhythm and cDNA cloning of the clock gene period in the honeybee Apis cerana japonica. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Shimizu-Isamu {a}; Kawai-Yutaka; Taniguchi-Masanori; Aoki-Setsuyuki AD Author Address: {a} Division of Molecular Ecology, Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Kamitanakami, Otsu, 522-2113: shimizu@ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Zoological-Science-Tokyo. [print] August, 2001; 18 (6): 779-789. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0289-0003 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Isolated individual foragers of Apis cerana japonica could be entrained under a light-dark cycle, and the predominant activity was concentrated to the later part of the photophase. Foragers showed circadian rhythm under conditions of constant light and constant dark with free-running periods of more and less than 24 hr, respectively. These observations indicated that A. cerana possesses a circadian clock controlling locomotor activity. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the circadian system we cloned cDNA for a homolog of the clock gene period (per) from the honeybee by a PCR-strategy. The cloned per-cDNAs consisted of two types, alpha and beta, encoding a putative protein of 1124 amino acids and 1116 amino acids, respectively. The sequences of types alpha and beta were identical except that the former possessed an additional 24 bp stretch corresponding to 8 amino acids in the conserved C2 block. These two types were assumed to be differentially spliced variants and found also in per cDNA of A. mellifera. In support of this idea, Southern blotting experiments showed that per of A. cerana is a single copy gene. RT-PCR analysis and subcloning of the products revealed that the both types alpha and beta are expressed in the brain of the forager. A quantitative RT-PCR assay by which the level of per mRNA in one single brain can be detected was established. Per mRNA level showed daily oscillation under a light-dark cycle with a change of the ratio of type alpha to beta. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biosynchronization-; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular -Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana-japonica (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cDNA- [complementary-DNA]: cloning-; mRNA- [messenger-RNA] MQ Methods and Equipment: RT-PCR [reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction]: analytical -method; Southern-blot: genetic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: circadian-clocks; circadian-rhythms; daily-oscillations; locomotor-activity AN Accession Number: 200100350146 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 440 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Quantitative trait loci associated with reversal learning and latent inhibition in honeybees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Chandra-Sathees-B-C; Hunt-Gregory-J; Cobey-Susan; Smith-Brian-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1220: smith.210@osu.edu, USA SO Source: Behavior-Genetics. [print] May, 2001; 31 (3): 275-285. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0001-8244 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A study was conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that affect learning in honeybees. Two F1 supersister queens were produced from a cross between two established lines that had been selected for differences in the speed at which they reverse a learned discrimination between odors. Different families of haploid drones from two of these F1 queens were evaluated for two kinds of learning performance-reversal learning and latent inhibition-which previously showed correlated selection responses. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers were scored from recombinant, haploid drone progeny that showed extreme manifestations of learning performance. Composite interval mapping procedures identified two QTLs for reversal learning (lrn2 and lrn3: LOD, 2.45 and 2.75, respectively) and one major QTL for latent inhibition (lrn1: LOD, 6.15). The QTL for latent inhibition did not map to either of the linkage groups that were associated with reversal learning. Identification of specific genes responsible for these kinds of QTL associations will open up new windows for better understanding of genes involved in learning and memory. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: quantitative-trait-loci; random-amplified-polymorphic-DNA MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: latent-inhibition-learning; memory-; reversal-learning AN Accession Number: 200100349826 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 441 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Isotopic double-labeling of two honeybee odorant-binding proteins secreted by the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Briand-Loic {a}; Lescop-Ewen; Bezirard-Valerie; Birlirakis-Nicolas; Huet -Jean-Claude; Henry-Celine; Guittet-Eric; Pernollet-Jean-Claude AD Author Address: {a} Unite de Recherches de Biochimie et Structure des Proteines, UR 477, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78352, Jouy-en-Josas Cedex: lbriand@jouy.inra.fr, France SO Source: Protein-Expression-and-Purification. [print] October, 2001; 23 (1): 167-174. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1046-5928 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are soluble, low-molecular-weight proteins secreted in the sensillum lymph surrounding the dendrites of olfactory sensilla from a wide range of insect species. These proteins play a role in the solubilization, transport and/or deactivation of pheromones and odorants. In order to study the relationships between the molecular structure in solution and their ligand-binding properties, we have 13C/15N -double-labeled two divergent honeybee OBPs, called ASP1 and ASP2, in sufficient quantities to permit a full determination of the structure and dynamics using heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. The recombinant labeled proteins produced by the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris have been secreted into a buffered minimal medium using native insect signal peptide. Mass spectrometry and Edman sequencing showed a native-like processing with a labeling efficiency of secreted proteins greater than 98%. After dialysis, the recombinant proteins were purified to homogeneity by one-step reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The final yield after 4 -day shake-flask liquid culture was approximately 60 and 100 mg/L for ASP1 and ASP2, respectively. The inexpensive overproduction of labeled recombinant ASP1 and ASP2 should allow NMR studies of the structures and ligand-binding analysis in order to understand the relationships between structure and biological function of these proteins. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Pichia-pastoris [yeast-] (Ascomycetes-): Invitrogen-, methylotrophic-, strain-GS115; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: ASP1-: dynamics-, odorant-binding-protein, purification-, structure-; ASP2 -: dynamics-, odorant-binding-protein, purification-, structure-; odorant -binding-proteins: ligand-binding-properties, molecular-structure, secretion- MQ Methods and Equipment: Aquapore-C8-column: Perkin-Elmer, laboratory-equipment; Bruker-DRX-800 -spectrometer: Bruker-, laboratory-equipment; Edman-sequencing: Molecular -Biology-Techniques-and-Chemical-Characterization, sequencing-method; NMR -spectroscopy: Spectrum-Analysis-Techniques, analytical-method; PE -Biosystems-Voyager-DE-STR-plus-spectrometer: PE-Biosystems, laboratory -equipment; Perkin-Elmer-Procise-494-HT-protein-sequencer: Perkin-Elmer, laboratory-equipment; isotopic-double-labeling: Molecular-Biology -Techniques-and-Chemical-Characterization, analytical-method; mass -spectrometry: Spectrum-Analysis-Techniques, analytical-method; one-step -reversed-phase-liquid-chromatography: Chromatographic-Techniques, Extraction-, Isolation-, Purification-and-Separation-Techniques, purification-method AN Accession Number: 200100347630 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 442 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Biological and chemical analysis of the toxic potency of pesticides in rainwater. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hamers-Timo {a}; Smit-Mathijs-G-D; Murk-Albertinka-J; Koeman-Jan-H AD Author Address: {a} Toxicology Group, Wageningen University, 6700 EA, Wageningen: timo.hamers@algemeen.tox.wau.nl, Netherlands SO Source: Chemosphere-. [print] November, 2001; 45 (4-5): 609-624. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0045-6535 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A newly developed method for measuring the integrated esterase inhibiting potency of rainwater samples was applied in practice, and the results are compared to the toxic potency calculated from concentrations of 31 organophosphate (OP) and carbamate pesticides, out of a total of 66 chemically analyzed pesticides. In addition, the general toxic potency of the rainwater samples was evaluated in a microtiter luminescence assay with Vibrio fischeri bacteria. Rainwater samples were collected over four consecutive 14-day periods in both open and wet-only samplers. The esterase inhibiting potency of the open rainwater samples (expressed as ng dichlorvos-equivalents/l) corresponded well with the chemical analyses of the rainwater samples collected by both types of samplers (r=0.83-0.86). By far, the highest esterase inhibiting potency was found in a sample collected in an area with intense horticultural activities in June, and was attributed to high concentrations of dichlorvos, mevinphos, pirimiphos -methyl and methiocarb. The esterase inhibiting potency of this sample was equivalent to a dichlorvos concentration of 1380 ng/l in the rainwater, which is almost 2000 times higher than the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of dichlorvos set for surface water in Netherlands. Maximum individual concentrations of dichlorvos and pirimiphos-methyl even exceeded the EC50 for Daphnia, suggesting that pesticides in rainwater pose a risk for aquatic organisms. Not all responses of the luminescence -assay for general toxicity could be explained by the analyzed pesticide concentrations. The bio-assays enable a direct assessment the toxic potency of all individual compounds present in the complex mixture of rainwater pollutants, even if they are unknown or present at concentrations below the detection limit. Therefore, they are valuable tools for prescreening and hazard characterization purposes. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Methods-and-Techniques; Pesticides-; Pollution-Assessment-Control-and -Management; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Branchiopoda-: Crustacea-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Daphnia- (Branchiopoda-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Crustaceans-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: dichlorvos-: pesticide-; esterase-: activity-inhibition; methiocarb-: pesticide-; mevinphos-: pesticide-; pesticides-: aquatic-organism-risk, carbamate-, organophosphate-, rainwater-, toxic-potency; pirimiphos -methyl: Daphnia-EC-50, pesticide- GE Geopolitical Location: Netherlands- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 62-73-7: DICHLORVOS; 9013-79-0Q: ESTERASE; 9016-18-6Q: ESTERASE; 2032-65-7: METHIOCARB; 7786-34-7: MEVINPHOS; 132052-03-0: PESTICIDES; 29232-93-7: PIRIMIPHOS METHYL MQ Methods and Equipment: Vibrio-fischeri-microtiter-luminescence-assay: toxicity-testing-method; esterase-inhibition-assay: bioassay-method, toxicity-testing-method; open -sampler: equipment-; wet-only-sampler MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: dichlorvos-equivalents; intense-horticultural-activity; open-rainwater -samples: esterase-inhibiting-potency; rainwater-; toxic-potency: biological-analysis, chemical-analysis AN Accession Number: 200100345715 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 443 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Biologia floral e sistema de reproducao de Merostachys riedeliana (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). Floral biology and breeding system of Merostachys riedeliana (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Guilherme-Frederico-Augusto-G {a}; Ressel-Kaila AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Botanica, UNESP, Av. 24-A, 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP: fagg@rc.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Revista-Brasileira-de-Botanica. [print] 2001; 24 (2): 205-211. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0100-8404 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese AB Abstract: Merostachys riedeliana Rupr. is a long-lived monocarp species common in the understorey of tropical semideciduous forest fragments in the south of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Its floral biology and breeding system were studied and compared with others bamboos. Due to its rhizome, it occurs in clumps and has a remarkable capacity for vegetative multiplication, which ceases a few months before the emergence of the first inflorescences. The beginning of the flowering and the death of the entire population occurred respectively on October 1998 and May 1999. The peak of the blooming episode took place during the hot and rainy months of the year (December and January). Each inflorescence produces in average 29 spikelets, which have hermaphrodite florets with three stamens and two plumose stigmas that are exposed during the anthesis. The abundant pollen is easily released by the wind or visitors. Apis mellifera L. and Trigona spinipes (F.) were the commonest visitors and behave as pollen thieves. These bees occasionally act as devices for dispersion of pollen, through vibration produced in the anthers. The excess of rain during flowering and the lack of wind in the understorey of the forest constrain the effectiveness of the anemophily. However, several morphological characters of the flowers, leaf fall and dense clumps tend to expect for wind pollination. Also, the auto -incompatibility index (0.99) showed that M. riedeliana is an autocompatible bamboo. So the auto-incompatibility does not favour the formation of fruits in vegetal clones, and the autocompatibility could result in the high production of seeds. Therefore the possible occurrence of clones of M. riedeliana in the forest fragments, due to the effective vegetative growth and the 30-32 years cyclic flowering intervals, might explain the high investment on spikelets production and autocompatible fruits formation. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences); Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Gramineae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Merostachys-riedeliana (Gramineae-); Trigona -spinipes (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Monocots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Minas-Gerais (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: autocompatibility-; breeding-system; cycling-flowering; floral-biology; fruit-formation; morphology-; pollination-; wind- AN Accession Number: 200100345010 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 444 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Biologia da polinizacao e da reproducao de tres especies de Combretum Loefl. (Combretaceae). Reproductive biology and pollination of three species of Combretum Loefl. (Combretaceae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Quirino-Zelma-Glebya-Maciel; Machado-Isabel-Cristina {a} AD Author Address: {a} CCB, Departamento de Botanica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50372-970, Recife, PE: imachado@npd.ufpe.br, Brazil SO Source: Revista-Brasileira-de-Botanica. [print] 2001; 24 (2): 181-193. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0100-8404 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese AB Abstract: The reproductive biology and pollination of three species of the genus Combretum were studied in natural populations, in areas of Caatinga (C. leprosum Mart. and C. pisonioides Taub.) and Atlantic forest (C. fruticosum (Loefl.) Stuntz) in Pernambuco and Paraiba states, northeastern Brazil. All the species presented continuous flowering after the rainy season. The colors of the flowers change during the anthesis period. Sugar concentration in the nectar is about 20.9% (sd=2.08) in C. pisonioides, 21.3% (sd=2.97) in C. leprosum and 9.6% (sd=0.86) in C. fruticosum. The three species are self-incompatible. Pollen viability is higher than 95%. The flowers of C. pisonioides and C. leprosum have mellittophilous attributes. C. pisonioides is pollinated by wasps of the genus Polybia. C. leprosum is pollinated by ca. 20 species of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. Apis mellifera (Apidae) was the most frequent visitor to the flowers of this species. C. fruticosum is ornithophilous, pollinated by passerine birds (Coerebidae) and hummingbirds (Chlorostilbon aureoventris). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences); Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Apodiformes-: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Combretaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Passeriformes-: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Chlorostilbon-aureoventris (Apodiformes-): hummingbird-; Coerebidae- (Passeriformes-); Combretum -fruticosum (Combretaceae-); Combretum-leprosum (Combretaceae-); Combretum -pisonioides (Combretaceae-); Hymenoptera- (Hymenoptera-); Lepidoptera- (Lepidoptera-); passerine-birds (Passeriformes-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Birds-; Chordates-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular -Plants; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: color-change, reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nectar-; sugar- GE Geopolitical Location: Atlantic-forest-region (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region); Caatinga- (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region); Paraiba- (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region); Pernambuco- (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUGAR MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: continuous-flowering; flower-visitation; mellitophily-; ornithophily-; pollen-viability; pollination-; reproductive-biology AN Accession Number: 200100345009 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 445 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Regulation of ovary activation in worker honey-bees (Apis mellifera): Larval signal production and adult response thresholds differ between anarchistic and wild-type bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Oldroyd-B-P {a}; Wossler-T-C; Ratnieks-F-L-W AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, A12, Sydney, NSW, 2006: boldroyd@bio.usyd.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] September, 2001; 50 (4): 366 -370. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: One-day-old anarchistic (selected for successful worker reproduction) and wild-type honey-bee workers were introduced into queenright colonies of honey-bees of two treatments. In treatment 1, all eggs and larvae were offspring of queens from an anarchistic line. In treatment 2, all eggs and larvae were offspring of wild-type queens. In both treatments, adult workers were wild type. This experimental arrangement was used to test the importance of larval genotype on ovary activation in young adult workers. After 12 days, the introduced bees were dissected to determine the frequency of ovary activation. In those colonies provided with wild-type brood, 0% of introduced wild-type bees and 16% of anarchistic bees had activated ovaries. In those colonies provided with anarchistic brood, 13% of introduced wild-type bees and 41% of anarchistic bees had activated ovaries. These results strongly support the hypothesis that selection for high levels of worker reproduction in anarchistic stocks has reduced the amount or composition of brood pheromones produced by larvae that normally signal workers to refrain from reproduction. They also suggest that anarchistic workers have a higher threshold for these signals than wild -type bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Communication-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, anarchistic-, egg-, larva-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovaries-: activation-, reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: brood-pheromones MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: larval-signal-production: honest-; worker-policing AN Accession Number: 200100344769 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 446 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Frequencies of restriction fragment-length polymorphisms indicate that neotropical honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) populations have African and west European origins. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hall-H-Glenn {a}; McMichael-Margaret-A AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611: hgh@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu, USA SO Source: Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America. [print] September, 2001; 94 (5): 670-676. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8746 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Frequencies are reported for restriction fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs) at a highly polymorphic nuclear locus in Old and New World honey bee populations. The distribution of these (RFLPs) alleles (composed of MspI and DdeI variants) had been found previously to be discontinuous among groups of Old World honey bee subspecies, which included A. mellifera mellifera L. (west European), A. m. ligustica Spinola, A. m. caucasica Gorbachev (east European), and A. m. scutellata Lepeletier (African). In this study, ancestry in New World bees was inferred from allele identities and frequencies at this locus in combination with mitochondrial DNA types. In bees from the United States, collected before the invasion of African bees, east and west European alleles were found at frequencies of 83 and 17%, respectively, which is consistent with previously identified nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers. Colonies from two neotropical countries, Mexico and Honduras, had African mitochondrial DNA and high frequencies of African nuclear DNA alleles. Consistent with previous findings, east European alleles were absent or detected at low frequencies in these colonies. However, west European alleles were found at frequencies from 26 to 31%. These results suggest that queen offspring of the African queens first introduced into Brazil mated with west European drones, incorporating neutral markers that have since remained in the expanding population of feral African bees. The results point to little paternal introgression from managed east European colonies encountered by the African bees spreading through the neotropics. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Evolution-and-Adaptation; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular -Biophysics); Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-caucasica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-ligustica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera -scutellata (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Africa- (Ethiopian-region); East-Europe (Europe-, Palearctic-region); Western-Europe (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: RFLP- [restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism]: genetic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: allele-frequency; ancestry-; geographical-origins; paternal-introgression AN Accession Number: 200100344660 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 447 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Indagini sulla presenza nel lazio del dittero sarcofagide Senotainia tricuspis (Meigen), endoparassitoide delle api. Investigation on the presence in Latium of Senotainia tricuspis (Meigen) (Diptera Sarcophagidae), endoparasitoid of Apis mellifera L. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Piazza-Maria-Gioia; Marinelli-Enzo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Instituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, Sezione di Apicoltura di Roma, Via Leonida Rech, 36, 00156, Roma: isza@apicoltura.org, Italy SO Source: Redia-. [print] 2000; (83): 111-122. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0370-4327 LA Language: Italian; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Italian AB Abstract: The presence of the endoparasitoid fly of the honeybees Senotainia tricuspis (Meigen) in Latium was investigated during 1997-99. The research, carried out on the experimental apiaries, concerned all the 5 provinces with 28 stationings distributed in littoral and inland zones. The presence of S. tricuspis has been evidenced in all the apiaries situated in littoral areas with considerably higher percentages than the inland ones, in some of these the parasitoid fly has turned out absent. The results indicate that S. tricuspis prefers sunny places with sandy land, more suitable for the puping and the wintering of the larvae. The use of white cromotropic traps soaked in glue, arranged on the roof of the beehives, allows to keep the diptera population under the level of economic damage. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): host-; Senotainia-tricuspis (Diptera-): parasitoid-, pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: white-cromotropic-traps: equipment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: inland-zone; littoral-zone AN Accession Number: 200100343379 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 448 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Effects of western honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony, cell type, and larval sex on host acquisition by female Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Calderone-Nicholas-W {a}; Kuenen-L-P-S AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853: nwc4@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] October, 2001; 94 (5): 1022-1030. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Female mites of the genus Varroa reproduce on the immature stages of Apis cerana F. and A. mellifera L. Mites are found more often in drone brood than worker brood, and while evolutionary explanations for this bias are well supported, the proximate mechanisms are not known. In one experiment, we verified that the proportion of hosts with one or more mites (MPV, mite prevalence value) was significantly greater for drones (0.763 +- 0.043) (lsmean +- SE) than for workers (0.253 +- 0.043) in populations of mites and bees in the United States. Similar results were found for the average number of mites per host. In a second experiment, using a cross-fostering technique in which worker and drone larvae were reared in both worker and drone cells, we found that cell type, larval sex, colony and all interactions affected the level of mites on a host. Mite prevalence values were greatest in drone larvae reared in drone cells (0.907 +- 0.025), followed by drone larvae reared in worker cells (0.751 +- 0.025), worker larvae reared in worker cells (0.499 +- 0.025), and worker larvae reared in drone cells (0.383 +- 0.025). Similar results were found for the average number of mites per host. Our data show that mite levels are affected by environmental factors (cell type), by factors intrinsic to the host (sex), and by interactions these factors. In addition, colony-to -colony variation is important to the expression of intrinsic and environmental factors. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana (Hymenoptera-): immature-, parasite-host; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): immature-, parasite-host; Varroa- (Acarina-): female-, larva-, male-, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: cross-fostering: experimental-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cell-types; environmental-factors; host-acquisition; host-parasite -interactions; intercolony-variation; intrinsic-factors AN Accession Number: 200100343133 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 449 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Expression and characterization of soluble human parainfluenza virus type 1 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wang-Z-Michael {a}; Tong-L-Leah; Grant-Deborah; Cihlar-Tomas AD Author Address: {a} Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA, 94404: michael_wang@gilead.com, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Virological-Methods. [print] October, 2001; 98 (1): 53-61. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0166-0934 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Human parainfluenza virus types 1 (hPIV-1), 2, and 3 represent significant respiratory pathogens for which no antiviral treatment is currently available. To characterize the biochemical functions of the hPIV-1 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein, a potential target for antiviral therapy, we cloned and expressed a soluble portion of hPIV-1 HN (amino acid residues 137-575), lacking the N-terminal hydrophobic membrane anchorage region, in insect cells using the baculovirus secretion expression system. The expressed HN protein was purified through cation -exchange chromatography followed by metal affinity chromatography, using the 6 X His epitope introduced at the carboxyl terminus of the recombinant protein. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of purified HN indicated that the honeybee melittin secretion signal peptide was correctly removed during post-translational processing. Further characterization revealed that the purified HN protein was N-glycosylated and exhibited neuraminidase activity whose characteristics resembled those of the native HN protein of hPIV-1 virions. The establishment of this expression and purification system has allowed us to further explore the biochemical characteristics of paramyxovirus HN and to obtain material that could be suitable for X-ray crystallography studies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Infection-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Paramyxoviridae-: Animal-Viruses, Viruses-, Microorganisms- OR Organisms: human- (Hominidae-): host-; human-parainfluenza-virus-type-1 (Paramyxoviridae-): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animal-Viruses; Animals-; Chordates-; Humans-; Mammals-; Microorganisms-; Primates-; Vertebrates-; Viruses- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: amino-acids: analysis-; enzymes-: activities-, analysis-, assay-; proteins -: analysis-; viral-hemagglutinin-neuraminidase-glycoprotein: analysis-, expression-, functions-, molecular-characterization MQ Methods and Equipment: SDS-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis: Electrophoretic-Techniques, separation-method; Western-blotting: analytical-method, labeling-; enzyme -activity-assays: Bioassays/Physiological-Analysis, analytical-method; protein-purification-technique: Extraction-, Isolation-, Purification-and -Separation-Techniques, purification-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: methodology-; virions- AN Accession Number: 200100341594 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 450 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Varroa destructor reproduction during the winter in Apis mellifera colonies in UK. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Martin-Stephen-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Sheffield University, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN: S.J.Martin@Sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Experimental-and-Applied-Acarology. [print] 2001; 25 (4): 321-325. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0168-8162 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The reproductive behaviour of female Varroa destructor mites invading worker brood cells during the winter months (January to mid-March) was investigated in four Apis mellifera colonies in UK. The number of viable offspring produced during a reproductive cycle, per mite, was only 0.5 during winter compared with 1.0 during the summer. This was mainly due to a large increase in the population of non-reproductive mites (winter 20%, summer 8%). This increase can be explained by the high level of male offspring mortality observed in winter (42% vs. 18% in summer), which results in nearly half of the newly reared female mites being unfertilised. Since mites that do reproduce lay a similar number of eggs in winter (X=4.7) as in summer (X=4.9), and the level of mortality suffered by the first female offspring is similar in winter (7%) as in summer (6%), it is probably not the internal physiological state of the host which causes the high level of winter non-reproduction, as has been previously suspected. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): egg-, female- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: UK- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: honeybee-colonies; internal-physiological-states; mortality-; offspring -viability; reproductive-behavior; reproductive-cycles; wintering-behavior AN Accession Number: 200100334927 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 451 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The behavior of honey bees (Apis mellifera ligustica) during queen duels. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gilley-David-C {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Seeley G. Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853: dcg5@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Ethology-. [print] July, 2001; 107 (7): 601-622. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0179-1613 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Conflict is rare among the members of a highly cooperative society such as a honey bee colony. However, conflict within a colony increases drastically during colony reproduction ('swarming') when newly produced queens fight each other until only one queen remains in the nest. This study describes the behavior of queens and workers during naturally occurring queen combat. The duels of five pairs of queens were observed in three observation colonies. A typical duel is described qualitatively and the events of all five duels are described quantitatively. Several aspects of duels that are of particular interest are examined in detail, including the behavior of queens near capped queen cells, worker aggression toward queens, queen tooting, and the relation of queen and worker behavior to the outcome of the duel. The results of this investigation serve as a foundation for rigorous tests of hypotheses regarding the adaptive significance of queen and worker behavior during queen combat. The results presented suggest that: young queens patrol queen cells to kill rival queens while they are vulnerable; workers aggress queens to prevent them from destroying queen cells; queens toot to inhibit worker aggression; workers immobilize queens to make them easy targets for rival queens; and queens eject hind-gut contents to cause their rival to be immobilized by the workers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-ligustica [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): queen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-reproduction; queen-combat; queen-duels AN Accession Number: 200100334912 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 452 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Effect of honeybee pollination on the yield and fruit quality of strawberry variety 'Toyonoka' (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Chen-C-T {a}; Hsieh-F-K AD Author Address: {a} Miaoli District Agricultural Improvement Station, 261 Kuannan Village, Kungkuan, 363, Miaoli Hsien: mite01@mdais.gov.tw, Taiwan SO Source: Plant-Protection-Bulletin-Taichung. [print] June, 2001; 43 (2): 117-127. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0577-750X LA Language: Chinese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: Chinese; English AB Abstract: This experiment used screen house and net exclusion methods to measure the effect of honeybee pollination on the yield and fruit quality of strawberry variety 'Toyonoka'. During January and February, the introduction of honeybee colony into the screen house significantly increased the number of fruit sets, but significantly yield increase only occurred in February. In the open strawberry field, among the foragers on flowers, the number of Apis cerana was 4.5 fold that of Apis mellifera, indicating that A. cerana is the major pollinator on strawberries in the Tahu area of Miaoli County. The pollinating activity mainly occurred between 11:00 and 13:30. Open pollination significantly increased the rates of developed achenes and fruit weight as compared with the isolating cages. The results from December to January showed that the percentages of the super and the first grade fruits of the open plots were higher than those of the caged plots. Average daily yields of the super and the first grade fruits of the open plots were 2 times those of the caged plots. The fruit weight was linearly related to the number of developed achenes (Y=0.06X+3.06, R2=0.70), but not to the rate of developed achenes on fruit. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Fragaria-x-ananassa [strawberry-] (Rosaceae-): cultivar -Toyonoka, small-fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Taiwan- (Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: fruit-weight: achene-number; pollination-: fruit-quality, fruit-yield AN Accession Number: 200100334494 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 453 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Effect of pollination modes on yield and quality of hybrid seeds of sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Singh-G; Kashyap-R-K {a}; Khan-M-S; Sharma-S-K AD Author Address: {a} Seed Entomology Laboratory, Seed Technology Centre, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004: rkashyap2001@yahoo.com, India SO Source: Seed-Science-and-Technology. [print] 2001; 29 (3): 567-574. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0251-0952 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In a two years' field trial, seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid LSH-3 were produced either through open or hand (daily pollination as soon as ray florets start appearing, pollination on alternate and interval of two and three days) pollination. The hybrid seed so obtained from different treatments of two pollination modes/techniques were assayed for different morpho-physiological attributes of seed viz., total number and weight (g) of seeds per capitulum (filled and unfilled), 100-seed weight (g), standard germination, abnormal seedlings and seedling vigour index at 70 and 140 days after harvest. Irrespective of honeybee species (Apis dorsata and A. mellifera), their abundance on seed parent varied from 0.54 (at 14h00) to 1.43 (at 18h00) per capitulum per minute in open pollinated crop. Pollination modes had significant effects on the number and weight (g) of total, filled and unfilled seeds per capitulum and also 100-seed weight (g). Open pollination of seed parent with natural honeybee populations resulted not only in higher hybrid seed yields but also its quality was better than the hybrid seed obtained with other pollination modes. Hybrid seeds obtained with daily hand pollination had germination (66.8%) below the prescribed Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards (70%) while seeds obtained with hand pollination at three days interval had maximum germination (81.6%), minimum abnormal (3.1%) and most vigourous seedlings (1966.3). However, seeds obtained through open pollination were statistically (Pltoreq0.05) similar to hand pollination at three days interval for seed yield and quality traits. Merits and limitations of each pollination mode along with possible reasons for differential quality of so obtained hybrid seeds have been discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Methods-and-Techniques; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-dorsata (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Helianthus-annuus [sunflower-] (Compositae-): LSH-3, oilseed -crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MQ Methods and Equipment: hand-pollination: agronomic-method; open-pollination: agronomic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: hybrid-seed-production: quality-, yield- AN Accession Number: 200100334292 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 454 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Distribution and levels of dopamine and its metabolites in brains of reproductive workers in honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sasaki-K {a}; Nagao-T AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ: ks226@hermes.cam.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] September, 2001; 47 (10): 1205-1216. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: To explore the role of dopamine and its metabolites for change of reproductive states of workers in honeybees (Apis mellifera), brain levels of dopamine relative substances were measured and localized in both normal workers and queenless workers. Dopamine and two possible metabolites of dopamine, N-acetyldopamine (NADA) and norepinephrine were detected in brain extracts. The brain levels of dopamine, NADA and norepinephrine were positively correlated with ovary development. Individuals with high dopamine levels had high levels of NADA or norepinephrine, suggesting that these metabolites might be involved in the change of reproductive sates of workers. Dopamine was distributed mainly in the protocerebrum, whereas NADA was in both the optic lobes and the protocerebrum. Dopamine levels in each distinct brain regions were higher in queenless workers than in normal workers, whereas there was a higher NADA level in the optic lobes in queenless workers than in normal workers. These results suggest that dopamine might be stored and/or released around the protocerebrum and the deutocerebrum, and also diffuse to the optic lobes where dopamine secretory cells are absent, resulting in high NADA levels in the optic lobes. The different manner of level changes of dopamine and its metabolites in each brain region might cause compound behavioural modulations in reproductive workers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): normal-worker, queenless-worker, reproductive-worker TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system; deutocerebrum-: nervous-system; optic-lobe: nervous -system; ovary-: reproductive-system; protocerebrum-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: N-acetyldopamine [NADA-]: distribution-, dopamine-metabolite, levels-; dopamine-: distribution-, levels-; norepinephrine- [noradrenaline-]: distribution-, dopamine-metabolite, levels- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 2494-12-4: N-ACETYLDOPAMINE; 51-61-6: DOPAMINE; 51-41-2: NOREPINEPHRINE; 51 -41-2: NORADRENALINE AN Accession Number: 200100329424 UD Update Code: 20011017 Record 455 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Eicosanoids act in nodulation reactions to bacterial infections in newly emerged adult honey bees, Apis mellifera, but not in older foragers. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bedick-Jon-C; Tunaz-Hasan; Aliza-A-R-Nor; Putnam-Sean-M; Ellis-Marion-D; Stanley-David-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Insect Biochemical Physiology Laboratory, University of Nebraska, 311 Plant Industry Building, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0816: dstanley1@unl.edu, USA SO Source: Comparative-Biochemistry-and-Physiology-Part-C-Toxicology-and-Pharmacology. [print] September, 2001; 130C (1): 107-117. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1532-0456 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Nodulation is the first, and qualitatively predominant, cellular defense reaction to bacterial infections in insects. We tested the hypothesis that eicosanoids also mediate nodulation reactions to bacterial challenge in adults of a social insect, the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Treating newly -emerged experimental bees with the eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitor, dexamethasone, impaired nodulation reactions to bacterial infections, and the influence of dexamethasone was reversed by treating infected insects with arachidonic acid, an eicosanoid precursor. Several other eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors, including the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, and the dual cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitor, phenidone, also impaired the ability of experimental honeybees to form nodules in reaction to bacterial challenge. The influence of phenidone on nodulation was expressed in a dose-dependent manner. However, in experiments with older honey bees foragers, similar bacterial challenge did not evoke nodulation reactions. We infer from our results that while eicosanoids mediate cellular immune responses to bacterial infections in newly emerged honey bees, and more broadly, in most insect species, nodulation reactions to bacterial challenge probably do not occur in all phases of insect life cycles. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis); Infection- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): adult- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cyclooxygenase-; dexamethasone-: eicosanoid-inhibitor, pharmacodynamics-; eicosanoid-; lipoxygenase- DS Diseases: bacterial-infection: bacterial-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 39391-18-9: CYCLOOXYGENASE; 50-02-2: DEXAMETHASONE; 9029-60-1Q: LIPOXYGENASE; 63551-74-6Q: LIPOXYGENASE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cellular-defense-reaction; foraging-; immunity-; life-cycle; nodulation -reaction ALT Alternate Indexing: Bacterial-Infections-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200100325329 UD Update Code: 20011017 Record 456 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The effect of introduced honeybees on native bee visitation and fruit-set in Dillwynia juniperina (Fabaceae) in a fragmented ecosystem. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gross-C-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Ecosystem Management, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351: cgross@metz.une.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Biological-Conservation. [print] November, 2001; 102 (1): 89-95. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-3207 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The endemic shrub Dillwynia juniperina is found in fragmented woodlands on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. The species obligatorily relies on pollinators to effect fruit-set and in this study the effect of fragmentation and the presence of the introduced honeybee on fruit-set was examined at two locations. Over two seasons Dillwynia juniperina was not pollen-limited indicating that flowers were saturated with pollen and that adequate bee servicing was occurring. Two native bee species (Leioproctus sp. 1 and Lasioglossum sp.) and the introduced honeybee, Apis mellifera L., were the most common visitors to flowers. Bee abundance varied between sites with honeybees being more common than native bees at one site. Native bees were never the most dominant pollinator. Visitation data show that native bees spend more time at flowers than introduced bees, although on average honeybees visit slightly more flowers on a bush than do native bees. Visitation data also revealed that native bee presence at bushes is negatively correlated with the presence of honeybees at the same bushes. At one of the study sites, honeybees were very abundant, but very few native bees were ever recorded over the 3 years. Results show that flowers can be pollinated from a single visit by a honeybee or native bee. Extrapolation of visitation data showed that native bees could on their own adequately service flowers in some years at some sites while at other times introduced honeybees may be necessary to augment pollination services. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Wildlife-Management (Conservation-); Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): exotic-; Dillwynia-juniperina (Leguminosae -); Lasioglossum-sp. (Hymenoptera-); Leioproctus-sp. (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Northern-Tablelands (New-South-Wales, Australia-, Australasian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: competition-; fragmented-ecosystem; fruit-set; pollination-; visitation- AN Accession Number: 200100324565 UD Update Code: 20011017 Record 457 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Juvenile hormone levels in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) foragers: Foraging experience and diurnal variation. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Elekonich-Michelle-M {a}; Schulz-David-J {a}; Bloch-Guy {a}; Robinson-Gene -E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801: elekonic@life.uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] September, 2001; 47 (10): 1119-1125. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A rising blood titer of juvenile hormone (JH) in adult worker honey bees is associated with the shift from working in the hive to foraging. We determined whether the JH increase occurs in anticipation of foraging or whether it is a result of actual foraging experience and/or diurnal changes in exposure to sunlight. We recorded all foraging flights of tagged bees observed at a feeder in a large outdoor flight cage. We measured JH from bees that had taken 1, 3-5, or >100 foraging flights and foragers of indeterminate experience leaving or entering the hive. To study diurnal variation in JH, we sampled foragers every 6 h over one day. Titers of JH in foragers were high relative to nurses as in previous studies, suggesting that conditions in the flight cage had no effect on the relationship between foraging behavior and JH. Titers of JH in foragers showed no significant effects of foraging experience, but did show significant diurnal variation. Our results indicate that the high titer of JH in foragers anticipates the onset of foraging and is not affected by foraging experience, but is modulated diurnally. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Biosynchronization-; Endocrine-System (Chemical-Coordination-and -Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, forager-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: blood-: blood-and-lymphatics CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: juvenile-hormone [JH-]: blood- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: diurnal-variation; foraging-experience; sunlight- AN Accession Number: 200100322916 UD Update Code: 20011017 Record 458 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Purification and substrate specificity of honeybee, Apis mellifera L., alpha-Glucosidase III. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nishimoto-Mamoru; Kubota-Masaki; Tsuji-Masahisa; Mori-Haruhide; Kimura -Atsuo; Matsui-Hirokazu; Chiba-Seiya {a} AD Author Address: {a} Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589: schiba@abs.agr.hokudai.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Bioscience-Biotechnology-and-Biochemistry. [print] July, 2001; 65 (7): 1610 -1616. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0916-8451 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: alpha-Glucosidase III, which was different in substrate specificity from honeybee alpha-glucosidases I and II, was purified as an electrophoretically homogeneous protein from honeybees, by salting-out chromatography, DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, Bio-Gel P-150, and CM-Toyopearl 650M column chromatographies. The enzyme preparation was confirmed to be a monomeric protein and a glycoprotein containing about 7.4% of carbohydrate. The molecular weight was estimated to approximately 68,000, and the optimum pH was 5.5. The substrate specificity of alpha -glucosidase III was kinetically investigated. The enzyme did not show unusual kinetics, such as the allosteric behaviors observed in alpha -glucosidases I and II, which are monomeric proteins. The enzyme was characterized by the ability to rapidly hydrolyze sucrose, phenyl alpha -glucoside, maltose, and maltotriose, and by extremely high Km for substrates, compared with those of alpha-glucosidases I and II. Especially, maltotriose was hydrolyzed over 3 times as rapidly as maltose. However, maltooligosaccharides of four or more in the degree of polymerization were slowly degraded. The relative rates of the ko values for maltose, sucrose, p-nitrophenyl alpha-glucoside and maltotriose were estimated to be 100,527, 281 and 364, and the Km values for these substrates, 11, 30, 13, and 10 mM, respectively. The subsite affinities (Ai's) in the active site were tentatively evaluated from the rate parameters for maltooligosaccharides. In this enzyme, it was peculiar that the Ai value at subsite 3 was larger than that of subsite 1. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: alpha-glucosidases [EC-3.2.1.20]: I-, II-, III-, functions-, molecular -analysis, purification-, substrate-specificities; enzyme-substrates: hydrolysis-; enzymes-; proteins-: molecular-properties RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-42-7: ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASES; 9001-42-7: EC 3.2.1.20 MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: allosteric-behavior AN Accession Number: 200100321817 UD Update Code: 20011017 Record 459 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: 'Detergent-like' permeabilization of anionic lipid vesicles by melittin. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ladokhin-Alexey-S {a}; White-Stephen-H AD Author Address: {a} Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, 252143: ladokhin@uci.edu, Ukraine SO Source: Biochimica-et-Biophysica-Acta. [print] 1 October, 2001; 1514 (2): 253-260. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-3002 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Melittin (MLT), the 26-residue toxic peptide from the European honeybee Apis mellifera, is widely used for studying the principles of membrane permeabilization by antimicrobial and other host-defense peptides. A striking property of MLT is that its ability to permeabilize zwitterionic phospholipid vesicles is dramatically reduced upon the addition of anionic lipids. Because the mechanism of permeabilization may be fundamentally different for the two types of lipids, we examined MLT-induced release of entrapped fluorescent dextran markers of two different molecular masses (4 and 50 kDa) from anionic palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylglycerol (POPG) vesicles. Unlike release from palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) vesicles, which is highly selective for the 4 kDa marker, implying release through pores of about 25 ANG diameter (Ladokhin et al., Biophys. J. 72 (1997) 1762), release from POPG vesicles was found to be non-selective, i.e., 'detergent-like'. Oriented circular dichroism measurements of MLT in oriented POPG and POPC multilayers disclosed that alpha-helical MLT can be induced to adopt a transbilayer orientation in POPC multilayers, but not in POPG multilayers. The apparent inhibition of MLT permeabilization by anionic membranes may thus be due to suppression of translocation ability. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Membranes- (Cell-Biology); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [European-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: anion-lipid-vesicle: detergent-like-permeabilization; melittin-: detergent -like-activity, honeybee-toxin, membrane-disrupting-peptide, permeabilization-mechanism; palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine-; palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylglycerol- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 20449-79-0Q: MELITTIN; 37231-28-0Q: MELITTIN; 26662-91-9Q: PALMITOYLOLEOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; 26853-31-6Q: PALMITOYLOLEOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; 74936-61-1Q: PALMITOYLOLEOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; 81490-05-3: PALMITOYLOLEOYLPHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROL MQ Methods and Equipment: oriented-circular-dichroism: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: pore-formation; translocation-ability-suppression AN Accession Number: 200100321350 UD Update Code: 20011017 Record 460 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Ferritin in iron containing granules from the fat body of the honeybees Apis mellifera and Scaptotrigona postica. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Keim-C-N; Cruz-Landim-C; Carneiro-F-G; Farina-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Anatomia, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ: mfarina@anato.ufrj.br, Brazil SO Source: Micron-. [print] 2002; 33 (1): 53-59. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0968-4328 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: It is already known that the behaviour of the honeybee Apis mellifera is influenced by the Earth's magnetic field. Recently it has been proposed that iron-rich granules found inside the fat body cells of this honeybee had small magnetite crystals that were responsible for this behaviour. In the present work, we studied the iron containing granules from queens of two species of honeybees (A. mellifera and Scaptotrigona postica) by electron microscopy methods in order to clarify this point. The granules were found inside rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of granules from A. mellifera showed the presence of iron, phosphorus and calcium. The same analysis performed on the granules of S. postica also indicated the presence of these elements along with the additional element magnesium. The granules of A. mellifera were composed of apoferritin-like particles in the periphery while in the core, clusters of organised particles resembling holoferritin were seen. The larger and more mineralised granules of S. postica presented structures resembling ferritin cores in the periphery, and smaller electron dense particles inside the bulk. Electron spectroscopic images of the granules from A. mellifera showed that iron, oxygen and phosphorus were co-localised in the ferritin-like deposits. These results indicate that the iron-rich granules of these honeybees are formed by accumulation of ferritin and its degraded forms together with elements present inside the rough endoplasmic reticulum, such as phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. It is suggested that the high level of phosphate in the milieu would prevent the crystallisation of iron oxides in these structures, making very unlikely their participation in magnetoreception mechanisms. They are most probably involved in iron homeostasis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Scaptotrigona-postica [honeybee -] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: fat-body; rough-endoplasmic-reticulum-cisternae CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: apoferritin-like-particles; calcium-; ferritin-: accumulation-; holoferritin-; iron-; iron-containing-granules; phosphorus- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 7440-70-2: CALCIUM; 7439-89-6: IRON; 7723-14-0: PHOSPHORUS MQ Methods and Equipment: EPON-812: laboratory-equipment; Jeol-1200-EX: laboratory-equipment; Noran -Voyager-X-ray-accessory: laboratory-equipment; Zeiss-902-TEM [Zeiss-902 -transmission-electron-microscope]: laboratory-equipment; diamond-knife: laboratory-equipment; electron-microscopy: microscopy-method, microscopy-: CB-; electron-spectroscopy: Spectrum-Analysis-Techniques, analytical -method; energy-dispersive-X-ray-analysis: Histological/Cytological -Techniques, analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: magnetic-field; magnetoreception- AN Accession Number: 200100321204 UD Update Code: 20011017 Record 461 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The curious promiscuity of queen honey bees (Apis mellifera): Evolutionary and behavioral mechanisms. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Tarpy-David-R {a}; Page-Robert-E-Jr AD Author Address: {a} Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Seeley G. Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA SO Source: Annales-Zoologici-Fennici. [print] 10 September, 2001; 38 (3-4): 255-265. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-455X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Even after considerable effort and debate, it remains unclear why honey bee queens frequently mate with 10 or more males. We address both why polyandry is adaptive to queens and how queens obtain such extreme numbers of mates. We review a manipulative experiment which tested the hypothesis that multiple mating reduces the genetic load caused by the honey bee sex determination system. Our results suggest that multiple mating (i.e., mating more than once) increases a queen's fitness by lowering the probability that she produces a high proportion of inviable, diploid males within her brood. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between a queen's mating behavior and her mating number. We propose that "extreme" polyandry in honey bees (i.e., mating numbers gtoreq 10) may be inadvertent consequences of a queen's mating behavior, therefore additional adaptive arguments are not needed to explain why honey bees have some of the highest mating numbers among the social insects. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Evolution-and-Adaptation ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): queen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: adaptive-behavior; behavioral-mechanisms; evolutionary-mechanisms; genetic -loads; mating-behavior; polyandry-; promiscuity-; sex-determination AN Accession Number: 200100320642 UD Update Code: 20011017 Record 462 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Homing in the swimming crab Thalamita crenata: A mechanism based on underwater landmark memory. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Cannicci-Stefano {a}; Barelli-Claudia; Vannini-Marco AD Author Address: {a} Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e Genetica 'Leo Pardi', Universita degli Studi di Firenze, via Romana 17, I-50125, Firenze: cannicci@dbag.unifi.it, Italy SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] August, 2000; 60 (2): 203-210. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We investigated whether Thalamita crenata, a swimming crab found on the East African intertidal flats, uses landmarks to locate its refuges. We modified the visual panorama of an intertidal flat, using conspicuous movable objects, and conducted homing trials with the local population of swimming crabs. In the first set of trials, after being moved away from their dens, the crabs were immediately able to find other known dens, using direct shortcut paths. In the second set of trials we moved all the artificial landmarks surrounding a crab's den 5 m away and then displaced the crab itself. The crabs made initial navigational errors in accordance with the new position of the landmarks; this shows that they oriented themselves by remembering the landmarks. We then repositioned the landmarks and released the crabs far from the familiar area, on a similar flat. This time the crabs could rely only on the artificial landmarks; they used this information and reached the point where home should have been according to the landmarks. Thus, T. crenata showed good spatial knowledge, based on the storage of landmark memories. This orienting mechanism is much more flexible and complex than those of other crabs and is comparable to the route-based memory of honeybees, Apis mellifera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Arachnida-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Thalamia-crenata (Arachnida-): swimming-crab TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: homing-; local-populations; refuge-location; route-based-memory; spatial -knowledge; underwater-landmark-memory AN Accession Number: 200100320401 UD Update Code: 20011017 Record 463 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Untersuchungen zum Reproduktionssystem der Wegwarte (Cichorium intybus, Asteraceae): Pollenportionierung, Narbenbelegung und Pollenschlauchkonkurrenz. Investigations on the reproductive system of chicory (Chichorium intybus, Asteraceae): Pollen portioning, pollen load on the stigma, pollen tube competition. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Erbar-Claudia {a}; Enghofer-Jochen {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Systematische Botanik und Pflanzengeographie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, D-69120, Heidelberg: ERLE@urz.uni-heidelberg.de, Germany SO Source: Botanische-Jahrbuecher-fuer-Systematik-Pflanzengeschichte-und -Pflanzengeographie. [print] 31 Juli, 2001; 123 (2): 179-208. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-8152 LA Language: German; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Plant-pollinator interactions are often complex. Spatial and temporal variation in pollinator behaviour seems to preclude broad generalizations. The opportunity for pollen tube competition seems to be rather different, based on measurements of pollen deposition rate and seed set. In natural populations pollen deposition onto styles in different flowers of a single plant may range from zero to amounts far exceeding that required for full seed set. A growing number of reports demonstrates that selection on the male gametophytes can operate in the time between deposition onto the stigma and fertilization, if pollen number exceeds the number of ovules, and that the resulting sporophytic generation is positively influenced by this selection. Plants have little direct control over either number or genotypes of the pollen grains deposited onto their stigmas. This, however, does not mean, that they have no control over the genetic quality of their progeny. The quality of the offspring can be regulated by pre- and postzygotic mechanisms. The prezygotic selection includes pollen tube competition and the postzygotic, e.g., selective fruit abortion and seedling competition. In the context of possible generalizations, detailed information on quantitative aspects is needed. In Asteraceae, pollen portioning is given due to different mechanisms of secondary pollen presentation. We have chosen Cichorium intybus exemplarily to answer the following questions: How large is the pollen portion handed over, i.e., how many pollen grains are taken with by different visitors? How many pollen grains are lost by grooming or during the flight, i.e., how many pollen grains are transported by the pollinator on arrival at the capitulum? How many pollen grains have been deposited onto the stigma at the end of anthesis after several visits of insects? Is the possibility for pollen tube competition given? The course of anthesis is dependent on the weather conditions. At fine weather pollen is presented already early in the morning and anthesis of the capitulum is finished at midday (Fig. 15). At cloud cover or even rain the start of pollen presentation is delayed (Figs. 16-17) so that the pollen grains remain protected within the anther tube for some time. The most frequent visitors are the sweat bees Halictus maculatus and Halictus rubicundus and the hoverflies Episyrphus balteatus und Sphaerophoria scripta. Rare visitors are the syrphid Eristalis tenax and bees of the genera Ceratina, Colletes, Dasypoda and Bombus as well as Apis mellifera. The average number of pollen grains in one capitulum is 34300 (median number of 14 flowers). After the visit of a single capitulum, the frequent visitors Halictus maculatus and Halictus rubicundus take 652 and 1329 pollen grains, respectively, with them. Thus they carry away 2% and 4%, respectively, of the whole pollen production of a capitulum. When approaching a capitulum, the pollen load on the insects is lower (334 and 1089 pollen grains, respectively). Pollen may have been lost by grooming and during the flight. Due to the high visit activity of the pollinators the pollen load at the end of anthesis is high: 47,8 (+-26,5) pollen grains are deposited onto the stigmata of an individual flower; on average 670 pollen grains are deposited onto the stigmata of a single capitulum. In the end 2% of the total pollen production reaches the stigmata of other individuals. The pollen load in a capitulum most likely comes from different plants (fathers). The pollen/ovule-ratio of cross-pollinated Cichorium intybus is 2451 (+-626) and thus distinctly smaller than that of 5959 postulated by Cruden (1976) for plants with a xenogamous breeding system. We introduce another ratio, the P-S/O-ratio which relates the total number of pollen grains (P) that are deposited onto the stigmata (S) at the end of female anthesis to the number of ovules (O). This P-S/O-ratio (48 in Cichorium intybus) provides information on the dimension of pollen tube competition, which is the basis of a prezygotic selection. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Cichorium-intybus [chicory-] (Compositae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Dicots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: load-, portioning-, reproductive-system; pollen-tube: competition -, reproductive-system; reproductive-system: reproductive-system; stigma-: reproductive-system AN Accession Number: 200100318017 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 464 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Limits to the salience of ultraviolet: Lessons from colour vision in bees and birds. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kevan-Peter-G; Chittka-Lars; Dyer-Adrian-G SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] July, 2001; 204 (14): 2571-2580. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Ultraviolet is an important component of the photic environment. It is used by a wide variety of animals and plants in mutualistic communication, especially in insect and flower inter-relationships. Ultraviolet reflections and sensitivity are also becoming well considered in the relationships between vertebrates and their environment. The relative importance of ultraviolet vis a vis other primary colours in trichromatic or tetrachromatic colour spaces is discussed, and it is concluded that ultraviolet is, in most cases, no more important that blue, green or red reflections. Some animals may use specific wavebands of light for specific reactions, such as ultraviolet in escape or in the detection of polarised light, and other wavebands in stimulating feeding, oviposition or mating. When colour vision and, thus, the input from more than a single spectral receptor type are concerned, we point out that even basic predictions of signal conspicuousness require knowledge of the neuronal wiring used to evaluate the signals from all receptor types, including the ultraviolet. Evolutionary analyses suggest that, at least in arthropods, ultraviolet sensitivity is phylogenetically ancient and undergoes comparatively little evolutionary fine-tuning. Increasing amounts of ultraviolet in the photic environment, as caused by the decline of ozone in the atmosphere, are not likely to affect colour vision. However, a case for which ultraviolet is possibly unique is in the colour constancy of bees. Theoretical models predict that bees will perform poorly at identifying pure ultraviolet signals under conditions of changing illumination, which may explain the near absence of pure ultraviolet-reflecting flowers in nature. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Evolution-and-Adaptation; Radiation-Biology; Sense-Organs (Sensory -Reception) ST Super Taxa: Aves-: Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Malacostraca-: Crustacea-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Merostomata-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Orthoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata -, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Camponotus-abdominalis (Hymenoptera-); Drosophila-melanogaster (Diptera-); Hemigrapsus-sanguineus (Malacostraca -); Limulus-polyphemus (Merostomata-); Manduca-sexta (Lepidoptera-); Papilio-spp. (Lepidoptera-); Procambarus-milleri (Malacostraca-); Schistocerca-gregaria (Orthoptera-); Sphodromantis- (Orthoptera-); bee- (Hymenoptera-); bird- (Aves-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Birds-; Chelicerates-; Chordates-; Crustaceans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: color-, reproductive-system; neuron-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: ozone- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 10028-15-6: OZONE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: UV-vision; color-constancy; color-vision; evolution-; illumination-; photic -environment; phylogenetics-; polarization-vision; spectral-sensitivity AN Accession Number: 200100317962 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 465 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: A comparison of the hygienic response of Africanized and European (Apis mellifera carnica) honey bees to Varroa-infested brood in tropical Brazil. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Aumeier-Pia {a}; Rosenkranz-Peter; Goncalves-Lionel-Segui AD Author Address: {a} Zoologisches Institut, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076, Tuebingen: bieneau@uni-hohenheim.de, Germany SO Source: Genetics-and-Molecular-Biology. [print] December, 2000; 23 (4): 787-791. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1415-4757 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese AB Abstract: In order to examine the significance of hygienic behavior for the tolerance to varroosis of Africanized honey bees, they were compared with non -tolerant Carniolans in tropical Brazil. Capped worker brood cells were artificially infested with living Varroa mites, and inspected some days later. Uncapping, disappearance of the introduced mite and removal of the pupa were recorded in a total of manipulated 3,096 cells during three summer seasons. The hygienic response varied between Africanized and Carniolan colonies, but this difference was significant only in one year, during which Africanized honey bees removed a significantly greater proportion of Varroa mites than European honey bees. A high proportion of the mites disappeared from artificially infested brood cells without damage to the pupae. The opening of the cell and the removal of the bee brood are independent traits of a graded response by adult workers towards mite-infested brood cells. We found a higher between-colony variation in the reaction towards Varroa-infested brood of Africanized honey bees compared to Carniolans. The overall similar response of the two bee types indicates that hygienic behavior is not a key factor in the tolerance to varroosis of Africanized bees in Brazil. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Varroa- (Acarina-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: hygienic-response; varroosis-tolerance AN Accession Number: 200100317885 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 466 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Acaricidal effect of oxalic acid in honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gregorc-Ales {a}; Planinc-Ivo AD Author Address: {a} Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbiceva 60, 1000, Ljubljana: GregorAl@mail.vf.uni-lj.si, Slovenia SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] July-August, 2001; 32 (4): 333-340. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: Three oxalic acid (OA) solutions were applied to 24 honeybee colonies to test acaricidal effects on Varroa destructor. Daily natural mite drop per colony averaged 0.52. Higher mite mortality (18.33) was found after three August OA treatments. The mean efficacy's of the three water solutions of OA/sucrose (w/w), 3.4%/47.6%, 3.7%/26.1%, and 2.9%/31.9% applied in the presence of brood, was 52.28%, 40.66% and 39.16% respectively. A significantly higher efficacy was recorded when 3.4%/47.6% was applied in comparison to 2.9%/31.9% solution. There was no difference in efficacy between OA solutions administered during a broodless period on October 28. The average efficacy in all colonies was 99.44%. The results suggest that OA has limited acaricidal effect in colonies with brood, but it is highly effective in a broodless period. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxalic-acid: acaricide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 144-62-7: OXALIC ACID MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: broodless-period; mite-mortality AN Accession Number: 200100316400 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 467 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Improved flight and rearing room design for honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pernal-S-F {a}; Currie-R-W AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnbay, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] August, 2001; 94 (4): 793-805. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A detailed technical description of a flight and rearing room for bees is provided, highlighting improvements made relative to other facilities. A primary innovation was the development of a draft-free air handling system capable of circulating large volumes of air with high rates of fresh air exchange and continuous electrostatic cleaning. This design has lead to a dramatic improvement in the quality of air recirculated in the flight room, and has prevented the recurrence of asthmatic symptoms in researchers to bee-produced aeroallergens. Other improvements include the incorporation of high-frequency fluorescent lamp ballasts and the choice of lamp types that provide a greater proportion of long-wavelength energy. Improvements in control system technology also have permitted more precise regulation of environmental conditions and the maintenance of a simulated diurnal cycle. Honey bees foraged in a manner similar to outdoor conditions and were free of behaviors associated with design problems seen in earlier flight rooms. Observations on bee behavior and colony performance are provided, and the utility of studying chemically based foraging attractants indoors is discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: aeroallergens-; air-circulation; diurnal-cycles: simulated-; environmental -conditions; flight-room; foraging-behavior; long-wavelength-energy; rearing-room-design; vision- AN Accession Number: 200100315233 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 468 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Resistance to the parasitic mite Varroa destructor in honey bees from far -eastern Russia. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Rinderer-Thomas-E {a}; de-Guzman-Lilia-I; Delatte-G-T; Stelzer-J-A; Lancaster-V-A; Kuznetsov-V; Beaman-L; Watts-R; Harris-J-W AD Author Address: {a} ARS Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, USDA, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70820-5502: trinderer@ars.usda.gov, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] July-August, 2001; 32 (4): 381-394. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: Varroa destructor is a parasitic mite of the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana. Owing to host range expansion, it now plagues Apis mellifera, the world's principal crop pollinator and honey producer. Evidence from A. mellifera in far-eastern Russia, Primorsky (P) originating from honey bees imported in the mid 1800's, suggested that many colonies were resistant to V. destructor. A controlled field study of the development of populations of V. destructor shows that P colonies have a strong, genetically based resistance to the parasite. As control colonies (D) were dying with infestations of ca. 10 000 mites, P colonies were surviving with infestations of ca. 4000 mites. Several characteristics of the P bees contributed to suppressing the number of mites parasitizing their colonies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana [Asian-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Russian-Far-East (Russia-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: disease-resistance AN Accession Number: 200100311399 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 469 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Development of a fast and reliable diagnostic method for American foulbrood disease (Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae) using a 16S rRNA gene based PCR. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Dobbelaere-Wim {a}; de-Graaf-Dirk-C; Peeters-Johan-E; Jacobs-Frans-J AD Author Address: {a} Veterinary and Agrochemical Research centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Brussels: widob@var.fgov.be, Belgium SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] July-August, 2001; 32 (4): 363-370. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: Paenibacillus larvae larvae is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), a serious honeybee disease. The ability to detect and identify this organism promptly is important to allow effective sanitary measures in case of AFB. P. larvae larvae is a fastidious and slow-growing bacterium and primary isolation and presumptive identification can be difficult and time-consuming. In this study the use of PCR is described for a rapid and reliable diagnosis. The developed PCR assay is specific for P. larvae as no amplicons were produced from 13 related or hive-related species. Only with P. larvae larvae and P. larvae pulvifaciens DNA as template, an amplicon was formed. A positive reaction was also observed when DNA was extracted directly from remains of an AFB diseased larva. Thus this PCR assay provides a reliable diagnosis for AFB in only 4 hours. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Paenibacillus-larvae-ssp.-larvae (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): pathogen-; Paenibacillus-larvae-ssp.-pulvifaciens (Endospore-forming-Gram -Positives): pathogen-; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA- DS Diseases: American-foulbrood-disease: bacterial-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: polymerase-chain-reaction: DNA-amplification AN Accession Number: 200100311397 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 470 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Mitochondrial DNA characterization of five species of Plebeia (Apidae: Meliponini): RFLP and restriction maps. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Francisco-Flavio-de-Oliveira; Silvestre-Daniela; Arias-Maria-Cristina {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias, USP, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900: mcarias@ib.usp.br, Brazil SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] July-August, 2001; 32 (4): 323-332. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: The present work characterized the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of five species of Plebeia (Plebeia droryana, P. emerina, P. remota, P. saiqui and P. sp.) and generate a data set to be used in further populational, phylogenetic, and biogeographic studies. The mtDNA of each species was analyzed using 17 restriction enzymes and restriction maps were built. A high level of interspecific variability was found. The total size of the mtDNA was estimated to be 18500 bp. Through a combination of PCR and examination of restriction fragment length polymorphism, the locations of 14 of the main mitochondrial genes were located on restriction maps. We verified a gene order identical to Apis mellifera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Population -Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Plebeia-droryana (Hymenoptera-); Plebeia -emerina (Hymenoptera-); Plebeia-remota (Hymenoptera-); Plebeia-saiqui (Hymenoptera-); Plebeia-sp. (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: mitochondrial-DNA; restriction-enzymes RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9075-08-5: RESTRICTION ENZYMES MQ Methods and Equipment: restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism: genetic-method; restriction -mapping: genetic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: interspecific-variability AN Accession Number: 200100309553 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 471 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Molecular and pharmacological properties of insect biogenic amine receptors: Lessons from Drosophila melanogaster and Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Blenau-Wolfgang {a}; Baumann-Arnd AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Biochemie und Biologie, Universitaet Potsdam, D-14415, Potsdam: blenau@rz.uni-potsdam.de, Germany SO Source: Archives-of-Insect-Biochemistry-and-Physiology. [print] September, 2001; 48 (1): 13-38. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0739-4462 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In the central nervous system (CNS) of both vertebrates and invertebrates, biogenic amines are important neuroactive molecules. Physiologically, they can act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, or neurohormones. Biogenic amines control and regulate various vital functions including circadian rhythms, endocrine secretion, cardiovascular control, emotions, as well as learning and memory. In insects, amines like dopamine, tyramine, octopamine, serotonin, and histamine exert their effects by binding to specific membrane proteins that primarily belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Especially in Drosophila melanogaster and Apis mellifera considerable progress has been achieved during the last few years towards the understanding of the functional role of these receptors and their intracellular signaling systems. In this review, the present knowledge on the biochemical, molecular, and pharmacological properties of biogenic amine receptors from Drosophila and Apis will be summarized. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Insecta-: Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Drosophila-melanogaster (Diptera-); insect- (Insecta-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: central-nervous-system [CNS-]: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: G-protein-coupled-receptors; biogenic-amine-receptors; biogenic-amines: neurohormone-, neuromodulator-, neurotransmitter-; dopamine-; histamine-; octopamine-; serotonin-; tyramine- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 51-61-6: DOPAMINE; 51-45-6: HISTAMINE; 104-14-3: OCTOPAMINE; 50-67-9: SEROTONIN; 51-67-2: TYRAMINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cardiovascular-control; circadian-rhythms; emotions-; endocrine-secretion; intracellular-signaling-systems; learning-; memory-; molecular-properties; pharmacological-properties AN Accession Number: 200100308648 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 472 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Worker policing in the bee Apis florea. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Halling-Luke-A; Oldroyd-Benjamin-P {a}; Wattanachaiyingcharoen-Wandee; Barron-Andrew-B; Nanork-Piyamas; Wongsiri-Siriwat AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences A12, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006: boldroyd@bio.usyd.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] May, 2001; 49 (6): 509-513. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Apis florea is a single-combed, open-nesting, dwarf honeybee indigenous to Asia. In common with other species of this genus, A. florea is highly polyandrous, and is therefore predicted to curtail worker reproduction by mutual policing mechanisms that keep worker reproduction at an extremely low level. Policing mechanisms could involve destruction of workers' eggs or offspring, or aggression toward those workers that are reproductively active. We show that in A. florea, worker-laid eggs are eliminated approximately twice as fast as queen-laid eggs, indicating that A. florea uses oophagy of worker-laid eggs as a mechanism of worker policing. Genetic analysis of four colonies indicated that all males produced were sons of queens, not workers. Dissections of 800 workers, from four colonies, did not reveal any significant levels of ovary activation. These results suggest that worker policing is an effective component of the mechanisms that maintain worker sterility in this species. Furthermore, they suggest that worker policing via oophagy of worker-laid eggs is pleisiomorphic for the genus. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-florea (Hymenoptera-): male-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Asia- (Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: egg-destruction; oophagy-; plesiomorphy-; polyandry-; worker-policing; worker-sterility AN Accession Number: 200100308298 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 473 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Massed and spaced learning in honeybees: The role of CS, US, the intertrial interval, and the test interval. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Menzel-Randolf {a}; Manz-Gisela; Menzel-Rebecca; Greggers-Uwe AD Author Address: {a} Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie/Pharmazie-Neurobiologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195, Berlin: menzel@neurobiologie.fu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Learning-and-Memory-Cold-Spring-Harbor. [print] July-August, 2001; 8 (4): 198-208. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1072-0502 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Conditioning the proboscis extension reflex of harnessed honeybees (Apis mellifera) is used to study the effect temporal spacing between successive conditioning trials has on memory. Retention is monitored at two long-term intervals corresponding to early (1 and 2 d after conditioning) and late long-term memory (3 and 4 d). The acquisition level is varied by using different conditioned stimuli (odors, mechanical stimulation, and temperature increase at the antenna), varying strengths of the unconditioned stimulus (sucrose), and various numbers of conditioning trials. How learning trials are spaced is the dominant factor both for acquisition and retention, and although longer intertrial intervals lead to better acquisition and higher retention, the level of acquisition per se does not determine the spacing effect on retention. Rather, spaced conditioning leads to higher memory consolidation both during acquisition and later, between the early and long-term memory phases. These consolidation processes can be selectively inhibited by blocking protein synthesis during acquisition. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: conditioned-stimulus [CS-]; learning-; memory-; spaced-conditioning; unconditioned-stimulus [US] AN Accession Number: 200100308189 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 474 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Effects of transgene products on honey bees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus sp.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Malone-Louise-A {a}; Pham-Delegue-Minh-Ha AD Author Address: {a} Mt Albert Research Centre, Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd, Auckland: LMalone@hortresearch.co.nz, New Zealand SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] July-August, 2001; 32 (4): 287-304. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: As more transgenic crop plants become commercialised, there is an increasing need for information on their impacts on honey bees and bumblebees. Direct effects on bees may arise upon ingestion of proteins encoded by transgenes, if they are expressed in pollen, nectar or resin. Indirect effects may occur if plant transformation inadvertently changes flower phenotype. This review summarises current findings on effects of purified transgene product ingestion on adult bee gut physiology, food consumption, olfactory learning behaviour and longevity. Bt, protease inhibitor, chitinase, glucanase and biotin-binding protein genes are discussed. Results from tests conducted in the laboratory with individual adult bees and with colonies in the field are presented. Observations of bee foraging on transgenic plants kept under containment are also summarised. Results so far suggest that transgenic plant impacts on pollinators will depend on a case-by-case analysis of the gene concerned and its expression in the parts of the plant ingested by bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agriculture-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): nontarget-organism; Bombus-sp. [bumblebee-] (Hymenoptera-): nontarget-organism; plant- (Plantae-): crop-, transgenic- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: gut-: digestive-system, physiology- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Bt-genes; biotin-binding-protein-genes; chitinase-genes; glucanase-genes; protease-inhibitor-genes MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: direct-effects; flower-phenotype; food-consumption; indirect-effects; longevity-; nectar-; olfactory-learning-behavior; pollen-; resin-; transgene-products AN Accession Number: 200100307387 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 475 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Enantioselectivity of odor perception in honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Laska-Matthias {a}; Galizia-C-Giovanni AD Author Address: {a} Department of Medical Psychology, University of Munich Medical School, Goethestrasse 31, D-80336, Munich: Laska@imp.med.uni-muenchen.de, Germany SO Source: Behavioral-Neuroscience. [print] June, 2001; 115 (3): 632-639. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0735-7044 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The authors tested the ability of 60 free-flying honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica) to discriminate a conditioning odor from an array of 26 simultaneously presented substances. The stimuli included 10 pairs of enantiomers and 6 essential oils. The bees (a) significantly distinguished between 98% of the 540 odor pairs tested, thus showing an excellent overall discrimination performance, and (b) were able to discriminate between the optical isomers of limonene, alpha-pinene, beta-citronellol, menthol, and carvone but failed to distinguish between the (+)- and (-)- forms of alpha-terpineol, camphor, rose oxide, fenchone, and 2-butanol. The findings support the assumptions that enantioselective molecular odor receptors may exist only for some volatile enantiomers and that insects and mammals may share common principles of odor quality perception, irrespective of their completely differing repertoires of olfactory receptors. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Cebidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-); squirrel-monkey (Cebidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Primates; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Primates-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: alpha-pinene: optical-isomers; beta-citronellol: optical-isomers; carvone-: optical-isomers; enantioselective-molecular-odor-receptors; limonene-: optical-isomers; menthol-: optical-isomers RN CAS Registry Number (R): 80-56-8: ALPHA-PINENE; 106-22-9: BETA-CITRONELLOL; 99-49-0: CARVONE; 138-86 -3: LIMONENE; 89-78-1Q: MENTHOL; 1490-04-6Q: MENTHOL MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: odor-discrimination; odor-perception: enantioselectivity- AN Accession Number: 200100305914 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 476 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Contrasting effects of Imidacloprid on habituation in 7- and 8-day-old honeybees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Guez-David {a}; Suchail-Severine; Gauthier-Monique; Maleszka-Ryszard; Belzunces-Luc-P {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, Unite de Zoologie, INRA, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex, 9: guez@rsbs.anu.edu.au, belzunce@avignon.inra.fr, France SO Source: Neurobiology-of-Learning-and-Memory. [print] September, 2001; 76 (2): 183 -191. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1074-7427 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We examined the effects of sublethal doses (0.1, 1, and 10 ng per animal) of a new neonicotinoid insecticide, Imidacloprid, on habituation of the proboscis extension reflex (PER) in honeybees (Apis mellifera) reared under laboratory conditions. In untreated honeybees, the habituation of the proboscis extension reflex is age-dependent and there is a significant increase in the number of trials required for habituation in older bees (8 -10 days old) as compared to very young bees (4-7 days old). Imidacloprid alters the number of trials needed to habituate the honeybee response to multiple sucrose stimulation. In 7-day-old bees, treatment with Imidacloprid leads to an increase in the number of trials necessary to abolish the response, whereas in 8-day-old bees, it leads to a reduction in the number of trials for habituation (15 min and 1 h after treatment), and to an increase 4 h after treatment. The temporal effects of Imidacloprid in both 7- and 8-day-old bees suggest that 4 h after treatment the observed effects are due to a metabolite of Imidacloprid, rather than to Imidacloprid itself. Our results suggest the existence of two distinct subtypes of nicotinic receptors in the honeybee that have different affinities to Imidacloprid and are differentially expressed in 7 - and 8-day-old individuals. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): old-, young- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: chloronicotinyl-; imidacloprid-: behavioral-effects, insecticide-, metabolite-effects, sublethal-dose; neonicotinoid-; nicotinic -acetylcholine-receptor: subtypes- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 138261-41-3: IMIDACLOPRID MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: habituation-; proboscis-extension-reflex AN Accession Number: 200100303835 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 477 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Changes in the thoracic temperature of honeybees while receiving nectar from foragers collecting at different reward rates. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Farina-Walter-M {a}; Wainselboim-Alejandro-J AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Natural, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires: walter@bg.fcen.uba.ar, Argentina SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] May, 2001; 204 (9): 1653-1658. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Mouth-to-mouth food exchange in eusocial insects (trophallaxis) contributes to the organization of complex social activities. In the case of honeybees, foragers returning from a nectar source transfer the food collected to receiver colony-mates through oral contact. Previous studies have shown that the speed of nectar transfer within each contact (unloading rate) increases when foragers return from feeding sites with higher profitability, i.e. with more concentrated sugar solutions or higher solution flow rates. However, there is no evidence that the nectar unloading rate is actually evaluated by hive-mates during food exchange. To investigate this, trophallaxis between donor bees returning from a feeder with different flow rates of sucrose solution (range 1.0-8.2 mul min-1 of 50% w/w sucrose solution) and receiver hive-mates was studied by combining behavioural and infrared thermal analysis. The results show that when foraging bees returned from a feeder delivering a higher flow rate they initiated unloading at higher thoracic temperatures and transferred the solution at higher speed. During these food exchanges, the thoraces of receiver bees warmed up faster in proportion to increasing forager temperature and unloading rate. Therefore, whatever the variable actually evaluated by receivers (mostly nectar processors, i.e. bees that handle nectar in the hive) during trophallaxis (unloading rate and/or donor thoracic temperature), they raised their activity level in proportion to that of the foragers. In this way, receiver bees will intensify their nectar processing when nectar foragers return from more profitable sites. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-behavior; information-transfer; reward-; social-activity; thoracic -temperature; trophallaxis- AN Accession Number: 200100302582 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 478 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in honeybee by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Fernandez-M; Pico-Y {a}; Girotti-S; Manes-J AD Author Address: {a} Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, Avenida Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia: pico@uv.es, Spain SO Source: Journal-of-Agricultural-and-Food-Chemistry. [print] August, 2001; 49 (8): 3540-3547. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8561 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Pesticides applied in extended agricultural fields may be controlled by means of bioindicators, such as honeybees, in which are the pesticides bioaccumulate. Liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS) experiments with positive (PI) and negative (NI) ion modes were optimized for the analysis of 22 organophosphorus pesticides in honeybee samples. The extraction required 3 g of sample, which was extracted with acetone. The extract was purified with coagulating solution and reextracted with Cl2CH2. Pesticides studied could be detected by both ionization modes except for parathion, parathion -methyl, and bromophos, which did not give signals in PI mode, and triazophos, which was not detected in NI mode. Fragmentation voltage and vaporizer temperature were optimized to achieve the highest sensitivity. The spectra profile of each pesticide in PI mode showed the (M+H)+ ion as the main signal, whereas in NI mode only fragment ions were shown. The detection limit obtained in selected ion monitoring mode ranged from 1 to 15 mug kg-1. The average recoveries from spiked honeybees at various concentration levels (0.5-5 mg kg-1) exceeded 65% with relative standard deviations of 4-15%. The method was applied to real samples, in which residues of coumaphos and dimethoate were detected. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Methods-and-Techniques; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): bioindicator- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: bromophos-: pesticide-; coumaphos-: pesticide-; dimethoate-: pesticide-; organophosphorus-pesticides; parathion-: pesticide-; parathion-methyl: pesticide-; triazophos-: pesticide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 2104-96-3: BROMOPHOS; 56-72-4: COUMAPHOS; 60-51-5: DIMETHOATE; 56-38-2: PARATHION; 298-00-0: PARATHION-METHYL; 24017-47-8: TRIAZOPHOS MQ Methods and Equipment: liquid-chromatography-atmospheric-pressure-chemical-ionization-mass -spectrometry: analytical-method AN Accession Number: 200100302135 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 479 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in honeybees after solid-phase microextraction. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Fernandez-M; Padron-C; Marconi-L; Ghini-S; Colombo-R; Sabatini-A-G; Girotti -S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Istituto di Scienze Chimiche, Universita di Bologna, Via San Donato 15, I-40127, Bologna: girotti@biocfarm.unibo.it, Italy SO Source: Journal-of-Chromatography-A. [print] 13 July, 2001; 922 (1-2): 257-265. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-9673 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A method based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection was developed for the purpose of determining 18 organophosphorus pesticide residues in honeybee samples (Apis mellifera). The extraction capacities of polyacrylate and poly(dimethylsiloxane) fibers were compared. The main factors affecting the SPME process, such as the absorption time profile, salt, and temperature, were optimized. The method involved honeybee sample homogenization, elution with an acetone:water solution (1:1) and dilution in water prior to fiber extraction. Moreover, the matrix effect on the extraction was evaluated. In samples spiked at the 0.2 mg kg-1 level, the coefficient variation was between 1 and 13% and the detection limits were below 10 mug kg-1. The SPME procedure was found to be quicker and more cost-effective than the solvent extraction method commonly used. The method was applied successfully to environmental screening. Parathion methyl was detected and confirmed in the real samples analyzed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Methods-and-Techniques; Pesticides-; Pollution-Assessment-Control-and -Management ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: acetone-: Carlo-Erba-Reagenti, solvent-; bromophos-: determination-, pesticide-; chlorpyrifos-methyl: determination-, pesticide-; coumaphos-: determination-, pesticide-; diazinon-: determination-, pesticide-; fonofos -: determination-, pesticide-; heptenophos-: determination-, pesticide-; malathion-: determination-, pesticide-; methidathion-: determination-, pesticide-; organophosphorus-pesticides: determination-; parathion-ethyl: determination-, pesticide-; parathion-methyl: determination-, pesticide-; phenthoate-: determination-, pesticide-; phosalone-: determination-, pesticide-; phosmet-: determination-, pesticide-; pirimiphos-ethyl: determination-, pesticide-; pirimiphos-methyl: determination-, pesticide-; pyrazophos-: determination-, pesticide-; quinalphos-: determination-, pesticide-; triazophos-: determination-, pesticide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 67-64-1: ACETONE; 2104-96-3: BROMOPHOS; 5598-13-0: CHLORPYRIFOS METHYL; 56 -72-4: COUMAPHOS; 333-41-5: DIAZINON; 944-22-9: FONOFOS; 23560-59-0: HEPTENOPHOS; 121-75-5: MALATHION; 950-37-8: METHIDATHION; 56-38-2: PARATHION ETHYL; 298-00-0: PARATHION METHYL; 2597-03-7: PHENTHOATE; 2310 -17-0: PHOSALONE; 732-11-6: PHOSMET; 23505-41-1: PIRIMIPHOS ETHYL; 29232 -93-7: PIRIMIPHOS METHYL; 13457-18-6: PYRAZOPHOS; 13593-03-8: QUINALPHOS; 24017-47-8: TRIAZOPHOS MQ Methods and Equipment: gas-chromatography: chromatographic-techniques, detection-method; solid -phase-microextraction: Molecular-Biology-Techniques-and-Chemical -Characterization, determination-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: environmental-screening AN Accession Number: 200100301696 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 480 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: 1H, 13C and 15N chemical shift assignment of the honeybee pheromone carrier protein ASP1. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Birlirakis-Nicolas {a}; Briand-Loic; Pernollet-Jean-Claude; Guittet-Eric AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de RMN, ICSN-CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198, Gif -sur-Yvette Cedex: nicolas.birlirakis-@icsn.cnrs-gif.fr, France SO Source: Journal-of-Biomolecular-NMR. [print] June, 2001; 20 (2): 183-184. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Letter- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0925-2738 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: sensilla-lymph CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: ASP1-protein: ligand-interaction, pheromone-binding-protein, solution -structure; partially-deuterated-proteins MQ Methods and Equipment: AVANCE-DRX-500-spectrometer: Bruker-, equipment-; NMR-: analytical-method, spectroscopic-techniques: CB- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: carbon-13-chemical-shifts; nitrogen-15-chemical-shifts; olfaction- AN Accession Number: 200100301612 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 481 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Haemolymph sugar levels in foraging honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica): Dependence on metabolic rate and in vivo measurement of maximal rates of trehalose synthesis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Blatt-Jasmina {a}; Roces-Flavio {a} AD Author Address: {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Zoologie II, Biozentrum, Theodor-Boveri-Institut der Universitaet Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Wuerzburg: fam.blatt@gmx.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] August, 2001; 204 (15): 2709-2716. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Previous investigations of haemolymph sugar levels in honeybees have reported very different results, probably because different experimental conditions affected the activity levels of the animals. The present study investigated the dependence of haemolymph sugar levels in foraging honeybees on metabolic rate and whether the haemolymph sugar level is regulated. Free-flying foraging bees were trained to collect controlled amounts of sucrose solution of different concentrations (15%, 30% or 50% sucrose w/w). Immediately after feeding, metabolic rate was measured over a given time depending on the sucrose concentration, then crop-emptying rate and haemolymph sugar levels were measured. Bees exhibiting a wide range of metabolic rates were compared to establish whether the observed differences in haemolymph sugar levels were due to limits in the supply of sugars from the crop or in the rate of trehalose synthesis in the fat bodies. Independent of the concentration of the sucrose solution supplied, haemolymph trehalose, glucose and fructose levels were constant for metabolic rates from 0 to 4.5 ml CO2 h-1. At higher metabolic rates, trehalose concentration decreased while that of glucose and fructose increased, with the exception of bees fed 15% sucrose solution. As the supply of sugar from the crop via the proventriculus was sufficient to support even the highest metabolic rates, the observed pattern must result from an upper limit in the capacity of the fat body to synthesise trehalose. The maximal rate of conversion of glucose to trehalose in the fat body was therefore calculated to average 92.4 mug glucose min-1. However, for bees fed 15% sucrose solution both the rate of conversion of glucose to trehalose and the rate of sugar transport from the crop to the ventricle were limited, together resulting in a decrease in total haemolymph sugar levels for metabolic rates higher than 5 ml CO2 h-1. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Metabolism- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: hemolymph-: blood-and-lymphatics CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: fructose-; glucose-; sucrose-; trehalose-: synthesis- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-48-7Q: FRUCTOSE; 30237-26-4Q: FRUCTOSE; 50-99-7Q: GLUCOSE; 58367-01-4Q: GLUCOSE; 57-50-1: SUCROSE; 99-20-7: TREHALOSE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-; metabolic-rate AN Accession Number: 200100301544 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 482 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Role of honey bees in seed setting of Egyptian clover. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Malaviya-D-R {a}; Pandey-K-C {a}; Roy-A-K {a}; Kaushal-P {a} AD Author Address: {a} Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, 284003, India SO Source: Crop-Improvement. [print] December, 1999; 26 (2): 204-207. PY Publication Year: 1999 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0256-0933 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Efficacy of different honey bees (apis spp.) on seed setting was studied on five genotypes of berseem. Apis mellifera was found to be better pollinator than A. florea. Differential genotypic response of seed setting in diploid and tetraploid cultivars was seen which may be due to different flower size. Drastic reduction in seed set was observed when bees' visit was completely checked indicating thereby significant role of bees in pollination of berseem. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agriculture-; Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-florea (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Apis -spp. [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Trifolium-alexandrium [Egyptian-clover, berseem-] (Leguminosae-): pollination- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: seed-: settling- AN Accession Number: 200100297194 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 483 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Development of highly nutritive culture media. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mitsuhashi-Jun {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502: junmths@nodai.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: In-Vitro-Cellular-and-Developmental-Biology-Animal. [print] June, 2001; 37 (6): 330-337. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1071-2690 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A highly nutritive culture medium (MGM-464) was developed for insect cell primary culture. The new medium consists of 6 inorganic salts, 4 organic acids, 21 amino acids, 3 sugars, 10 vitamins, and 8 other chemicals, including natural substances. The complete medium was generated by adding 20 ml fetal bovine serum to 100 ml MGM-464. The detail of the composition of the medium is given in a table, and the protocol to prepare the medium is described in the text. Among the 15 kinds of cultures made with MGM -464, embryonic cells from a walking stick and ovarian cells from the common white were subcultured more than 70 times, and embryonic cells of a chrysomelid beetle were subcultured more than 15 times. Other cultures could not be subcultured. However, embryonic cells from the commercial silkworm and a cockroach, ovarial cells from the commercial silkworm and a sphingid moth, nervous cells from the commercial silkworm and two sphingid moths, and cells from the dorsal vessel plus surrounding tissue of the commercial silkworm survived for several mo. The cells from the honeybee embryos, aphid embryos, and planthopper embryos were rather short-lived, and deteriorated after about 1 mo. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Development-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Homoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Orthoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acyrthosiphon-pisum (Homoptera-): embryo-; Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): embryo-; Bombyx-mori [silkworm-] (Lepidoptera-): embryo-; Cephonodes-hylas (Lepidoptera-): embryo-; Gastrophysa-atrocyanea [chrysomelid-beetle] (Coleoptera-): embryo-; Laodelphax-striatellus [smaller-brown-planthopper] (Homoptera-): embryo-; Megacrania-tsudai [walking-stick] (Orthoptera-): embryo-; Megoura-crassicauda (Homoptera-): embryo-; Periplaneta-fuliginosa [cockroach-] (Orthoptera-): embryo-; Pieris-rapae-ssp.-crucivora [common-white] (Lepidoptera-): embryo-; Smerinthus-planus (Lepidoptera-): embryo-; Theretra-japonica (Lepidoptera -): embryo- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: MGM-464: chemical-composition, highly-nutritive-culture-medium, laboratory -equipment; primary-cell-culture: Histological/Cytological-and-Culture -Techniques, cell-culture-method AN Accession Number: 200100297030 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 484 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The effects of genotype, foraging role, and sucrose responsiveness on the tactile learning performance of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Scheiner-Ricarda {a}; Page-Robert-E-Jr; Erber-Joachim AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Oekologie und Biologie, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Franklinstr. 28/29, 10587, Berlin: rici0734@mailszrz.zrz.tu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Neurobiology-of-Learning-and-Memory. [print] September, 2001; 76 (2): 138 -150. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1074-7427 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We analyzed sucrose responsiveness and associative tactile learning in two genetic strains of honey bees under laboratory conditions. These strains differ in their foraging behavior. Bees of the "high" strain preferentially collect pollen. "Low"-strain bees mainly forage for nectar. Responsiveness to different sucrose concentrations and tactile learning were examined using the proboscis extension reflex. Acquisition, extinction of conditioned responses, and responses to an alternative tactile stimulus were tested. High-strain bees are more responsive to sucrose than low-strain bees. Regardless of genotype, pollen foragers are more responsive to sucrose than nectar foragers. In bees of both strains we find the same relationship between responsiveness to sucrose and acquisition. Bees responding to low sucrose concentrations show more often the conditioned response during acquisition than those responding only to higher sucrose concentrations. Extinction of conditioned responses depends on the response probability during acquisition. Discrimination between the two tactile stimuli is affected by genotype but not by responsiveness to sucrose. High-strain bees discriminate better than low-strain bees. Our experiments thus establish links between division of labor, responsiveness to sucrose, and associative learning in honey bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Genetics-; Physiology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): high-strain, low-strain TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sucrose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUCROSE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: associative-learning; conditioned-response; discrimination-; foraging-role; genotype-; proboscis-extension-reflex; sucrose-responsiveness; tactile -learning-performance AN Accession Number: 200100293340 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 485 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Worker reproduction in honey-bees (Apis) and the anarchic syndrome: A review. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Barron-Andrew-B; Oldroyd-Benjamin-P {a}; Ratnieks-Francis-L-W AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Macleay Building, A12, Sydney, NSW, 2006: boldroyd@bio.usyd.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] August, 2001; 50 (3): 199-208. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honey-bees, Apis, are an important model system for investigating the evolution and maintenance of worker sterility. The queen is the main reproductive in a colony. Workers cannot mate, but they can lay unfertilized eggs, which develop into males if reared. Worker reproduction, while common in queenless colonies, is rare in queenright colonies, despite the fact that workers are more related to their own sons than to those of the queen. Evidence that worker sterility is enforced by 'worker policing' is reviewed and worker policing is shown to be widespread in Apis. We then discuss a rare behavioural syndrome, 'anarchy', in which substantial worker production of males occurs in queenright colonies. The level of worker reproduction in these anarchic colonies is far greater than in a normal queenright honey-bee colony. Anarchy is a counterstrategy against worker policing and an example of a 'cheating' strategy invading a cooperative system. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis- [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): egg-, male-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: anarchy-; sterility-; worker-reproduction AN Accession Number: 200100293227 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 486 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Camouflage of predatory crab spiders on flowers and the colour perception of bees (Aranida: Thomisidae/Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Chittka-Lars {a} AD Author Address: {a} Zoologie II, Biozentrum, Universitaet Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany SO Source: Entomologia-Generalis. [print] 2001; 25 (3): 181-187. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0171-8177 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; German AB Abstract: The crab spider species Misumena vatia (Clerck 1757) can match its colour to the flowers it preys on. It can reversibly change between the colours white and yellow. For the first time, the spectral reflectance functions (including the ultraviolet) of such spiders are measured, and compared with the flowers on which they wait for prey. The bee-subjective similarity of the predators with their flowers is assessed using a model of colour vision for bees. While spiders are well matched to white flowers, the colour similarity between spiders and yellow flowers is not perfect. The UV-absorbing spiders often present themselves on UV -reflecting yellow flowers. From longer distances or for smaller flowers, however, bees may use only their green receptors, and spiders may therefore be well camouflaged. Also, spiders do not necessarily catch insects on the very flowers on which they sit; they sometimes move rapidly within respective infloresences. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Arachnida-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Compositae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Umbelliferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): prey-; Bombus-terrestris (Hymenoptera-): prey-; Chaerophyllum-temulum (Umbelliferae-); Misumena-vatia (Arachnida-): predator-; Senecio-vernalis (Compositae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flowers-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: UV-light; camouflage-; color-perception; color-vision; crypsis-; mimicry-; predation-; spectral-reflectance-functions AN Accession Number: 200100293130 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 487 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Searching and Homing Times of displaced honeybees as affected by experience and celestial cues (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schoene-Hermann {a}; Kuehme-Wolf-Dietrich AD Author Address: {a} Kustermannstrasse 34, D-82327, Tutzing: Hermann.Schoene@t-online.de, Germany SO Source: Entomologia-Generalis. [print] 2001; 25 (3): 171-180. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0171-8177 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; German AB Abstract: Searching and Homing Times were studied in individually marked bees, which were repeatedly caught on leaving the feeder, displaced and released at an initially unknown site; under various celestial cues. On repetition, searching was reduced and homing times became shorter, differences being largest between first and second release. Homing times were longer in bees that had searched before. With overcast skies, these times were longer than with a blue sky, but only at first release. Searching, however, was not affected by celestial cues. Similarities are shown between searching and orientation flights. It is discussed that searching might not affect the vanishing bearing, but serve to fit the bee to the landmark reference system. The homing times of individuals uncover specific modes of home -finding efficiency. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: celestial-cues; experience-; home-finding-efficiency; homing-times; landmark-reference-systems; orientation-flights; overcast-skies; searching -times AN Accession Number: 200100293129 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 488 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Effect of caging on bee behaviour and pollination efficiency of Apis mellifera on seed production of hybrid sunflower. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Vaishampayan-S-Jr {a}; Sinha-S-N AD Author Address: {a} College of Agriculture, KVK, Jaswadi Road, Khandwa, MP, India SO Source: Agricultural-Science-Digest. [print] June, 2000; 20 (2): 81-83. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0253-150X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The honey bee (Apis mellifera) behaviour and its pollination efficiency on sunflower hybrid seed production under different modes of pollination were studied. Caging with nylon mosquito net affected both the bee behaviour and its activity mainly due to differential micro environmental conditions, such as light and relative humidity. There was no effect of caging on air temperature. Per cent seed setting and number of seed per capitulum were at par under open and caged bee polliation conditions when compared with hand pollination. The seed weight was however, significantly low in caged bee and hand pollinated capitula compared to open pollinated capitula. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Helianthus-annuus [sunflower-] (Compositae-): oilseed-crop, seed-production TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MQ Methods and Equipment: caging-: altered-microenvironment, bee-behavior, field-method AN Accession Number: 200100292388 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 489 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Differentiation of the worker's ovary in Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae) during life of the larvae. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Reginato-R-D; Cruz-Landim-C {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. 24-A No. 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP: cclandim@rc.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Invertebrate-Reproduction-and-Development. [print] July, 2001; 39 (2): 127 -134. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0792-4259 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The aim of the present study is to characterize the way worker and queen ovaries differentiate in Apis mellifera, a species with trophic determination of female castes. A morphological study carried out with light and transmission electron microscopy showed that the differences in ovary development between the two castes begin as soon as the differential nursing of larvae is initiated. The decrease in ovariole number in worker ovaries is due to a process of cell death occurring in germinative cells and autophagic regression of somatic cells in the ovarioles that commence in the third instar larvae and proceed until the fifth instar where the process is more intense. Germinative cell death leads to ovariole disintegration and incorporation of the remaining somatic cells of the latter into the stromatic cells in such a way that the total volume of the ovary is little affected during larval development, although the ovariole number decreases. By the end of the larval stage, loss of cells is observed among the stromatic cells of the ovary. As a result, the ovary starts to decrease in volume and takes on the adult form. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): female-, larva-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovariole-: reproductive-system; ovary-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: autophagy-; cell-death; morphology-; trophic-determination AN Accession Number: 200100290698 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 490 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Genetic diversity of the honeybee in Africa: Microsatellite and mitochondrial data. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Franck-P {a}; Garnery-L; Loiseau-A; Oldroyd-B-P; Hepburn-H-R; Solignac-M; Cornuet-J-M AD Author Address: {a} Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34980, Monferrier-sur-Lez: pfranck@bio.usyd.edu.au, France SO Source: Heredity-. [print] April, 2001; 86 (4): 420-430. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0018-067X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A total of 738 colonies from 64 localities along the African continent have been analysed using the DraI RFLP of the COI-COII mitochondrial region. Mitochondrial DNA of African honeybees appears to be composed of three highly divergent lineages. The African lineage previously reported (named A) is present in almost all the localities except those from north-eastern Africa. In this area, two newly described lineages (called O and Y), putatively originating from the Near East, are observed in high proportion. This suggests an important differentiation of Ethiopian and Egyptian honeybees from those of other African areas. The A lineage is also present in high proportion in populations from the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily. Furthermore, eight populations from Morocco, Guinea, Malawi and South Africa have been assayed with six microsatellite loci and compared to a set of eight additional populations from Europe and the Middle East. The African populations display higher genetic variability than European populations at all microsatellite loci studied thus far. This suggests that African populations have larger effective sizes than European ones. According to their microsatellite allele frequencies, the eight African populations cluster together, but are divided in two subgroups. These are the populations from Morocco and those from the other African countries. The populations from southern Europe show very low levels of 'Africanization' at nuclear microsatellite loci. Because nuclear and mitochondrial DNA often display discordant patterns of differentiation in the honeybee, the use of both kinds of markers is preferable when assessing the phylogeography of Apis mellifera and to determine the taxonomic status of the subspecies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biogeography- (Population-Studies); Population-Genetics (Population -Studies); Systematics-and-Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [African-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: mitochondrial-DNA; nuclear-DNA GE Geopolitical Location: Egypt- (Palearctic-region); Ethiopia- (Ethiopian-region); Europe- (Palearctic-region); Guinea- (Ethiopian-region); Iberian-Peninsula (Europe -, Palearctic-region); Malawi- (Ethiopian-region); Middle-East (Palearctic -region); Morocco- (Palearctic-region); Near-East (Palearctic-region); Sicily- (Italy-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); South-Africa (Ethiopian -region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: African-lineage [A-lineage]; effective-size; genetic-variability; microsatellite-loci: nuclear-; phylogeography-; population-genetics; taxonomic-status AN Accession Number: 200100290456 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 491 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Effets non intentionnels sur les abeilles. Side-effects on honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Anonymous SO Source: Bulletin-OEPP. [print] Juin, 2001; 31 (2): 323-330. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0250-8052 LA Language: English; French LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Methods-and-Techniques; Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: cage/tunnel-test: evaluation-method; field-trial: evaluation-method; laboratory-test: evaluation-method; plant-protection-product-trials: contact-toxicity, evaluation-method, oral-toxicity MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: plant-protection-products: honeybee-side-effects AN Accession Number: 200100288764 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 492 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Prospective biological control agents of Varroa destructor n. sp., an important pest of the European honeybee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Chandler-D {a}; Sunderland-K-D; Ball-B-V; Davidson-G AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomological Sciences, Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF: david.chandler@hri.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Biocontrol-Science-and-Technology. [print] August, 2001; 11 (4): 429-448. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0958-3157 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: This paper reviews prospective biological control agents of the varroa mite, Varroa destructor n. sp. (Acari, Mesostigmata). This ectoparasite has caused severe damage to populations of the European honeybee, Apis mellifera, world-wide in recent years. To date, no promising natural enemies of varroa species have been identified on A. mellifera or its original host, Apis cerana. Therefore, biological control will probably require natural enemies from other hosts. The following groups of organisms were reviewed as potential biological control agents: predatory mites, parasitoids and entomopathogens (nematodes, protozoa, viruses, Bacillus thuringiensis, rickettsiae, and fungi). The candidate groups were ranked according to their lethality to Acari, likely ability to operate under the physical conditions of honeybee colonies, ease of targeting, and ease of mass-production. Preferential consideration was given to the natural enemies of Acari that occupy taxonomic groups close to varroa. Entomopathogenic fungi, which kill a wide range of acarine species, were identified as prime candidates for screening against varroa. Bacillus thuringiensis also requires study, particularly strains producing novel toxins active against non-insect hosts. Entomopathogenic protozoa and nematodes show less potential for varroa control, but nonetheless warrant preliminary investigation. We consider predators, parasitoids, viruses and rickettsiae to have little potential to control varroa. Because the physical conditions within honeybee colonies are similar everywhere, it is very likely that a biological control agent of varroa could be used successfully throughout the world. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Endospore -forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Fungi-: Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Nematoda-: Aschelminthes-, Helminthes-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Protozoa -: Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rickettsiaceae-: Rickettsiales-, Rickettsias -and-Chlamydias, Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Viruses-: Microorganisms- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Bacillus-thuringiensis (Endospore-forming-Gram -Positives): entomopathogen-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): description-, new-species, pest-; fungi- (Fungi-): entomopathogen-; mite- (Acarina-): potential-biological-control-agent, predator-; nematode- (Nematoda-): entomopathogen-; protozoa- (Protozoa-): entomopathogen-; rickettsiae- (Rickettsiaceae-): entomopathogen-; viruses- (Viruses-): entomopathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Aschelminths-; Bacteria-; Chelicerates-; Eubacteria -; Fungi-; Helminths-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants-; Protozoans-; Viruses- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biological-control; mass-production; parasitoidism- AN Accession Number: 200100288679 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 493 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Morphometrics of developmental stages of honey bee mite, Neocypholaelaps indica Evans. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Verma-S {a}; Singh-K {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Bio-Sciences, H. P. University, Shimla, 171 005, India SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Science. [print] March, 1999; 12 (1): 51-53. PY Publication Year: 1999 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0970-3837 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Neocypholaelaps indica Evans, a phoretic honey bee mite, infested colonies of both Apis mellifera Linn. and Apis cerana Fab. in the Shimla hills of Himachal Pradesh. As such, it caused no apparent damage to the colonies but in case of heavy infestation harmed the colonies by consuming honey and pollen stores and also lowered the food carrying capacity of the foragers by clinging to their various body parts. The adult mites and its different developmental stages were observed in the bottom board of the bee hive. The adults showed clear sexual dimorphism. The eggs were laid singly and the larval development occurred within the egg. The first nymphal stage was the protonymph, which got transformed into the second nymph, the deutonymph. The latter metamorphosed to adult mite. The phenomenon of sexual dimorphism was not exhibited by any of the nymphal stages. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana (Hymenoptera-): host-; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): host-; Neocypholaelaps-indica (Acarina-): adult-, ectoparasite-, egg-, larva-, nymph- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Shimla-Hills (India-, Asia-, Oriental-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: food-carrying-capacity; honey-; parasite-infestation; pollen-stores; sexual -dimorphism AN Accession Number: 200100288230 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 494 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Structure and response patterns of olfactory interneurons in the honeybee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Abel-Regina; Rybak-Juergen {a}; Menzel-Randolf AD Author Address: {a} Department of Behavioural Physiology and Sociobiology, Zoology II, Theodor-Boveri-Institut, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Wuerzburg: jrybak@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Neurology. [print] August 27, 2001; 437 (3): 363-383. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-9967 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: To analyze morphologic and physiological properties of olfactory interneurons in the honeybee, Apis mellifera, antennal lobe (AL) neurons were intracellularly recorded and subsequently labeled with Neurobiotin. Additional focal injections were carried out with cobalt hexamine chloride and dextran fluorescent markers. Olfactory interneurons (projection neurons, PNs) project by means of five tracts, the lateral, the median, and three mediolateral antennocerebral tracts (l-, m-, and ml-ACT, respectively) to the mushroom bodies (MBs) and the protocerebral lobe (PL) of the ipsilateral protocerebrum. Uniglomerular PNs of the m- and l-ACT receiving input from a single glomerulus of the AL also arborize in different regions of the AL. The vast majority of l-ACT innervate the T1 region, whereas m-ACT neurons arborize exclusively in the T2, T3, and T4 regions (T1-4: AL projection area of sensory cells from the antennae). In the calyces of the MB, uniglomerular PNs form varicosities in the basal ring and the lip region. Individual neurons of both types exhibit unequal innervation within and between the two calyces. In addition, m-ACT fibers ramify more densely within the lip neuropil and show a higher incidence of spine-like processes than l-ACTs. In the PL, l-ACTs arborize exclusively within the lateral horn, whereas some m-ACT neurons innervate a broader region. Multiglomerular neurons of the ml-ACT leave the AL by means of three subtracts (ml-ACT 1-3). Two different types can be distinguished according to their protocerebral target areas: ml-ACTs projecting to the lateral PL (LPL) and to the neuropil around the alpha-lobe (tracts 2 and 3) and neurons projecting only to the LPL (tract 1). Intracellular recordings indicate that both l- and m-ACT neurons respond to general odors but with different response properties, indicating that odor information is processed in parallel pathways with different functional characteristics. Just like m-ACT neurons, ml-ACT neurons respond to odors with complex activity patterns. Bilateral interneurons, originating in the suboesophageal ganglion, connect glomeruli of both AL, and send an axon through the m-ACT in each hemisphere of the brain, terminating in the lip region of the calyces. These neurons respond to contact chemical stimuli. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system; olfactory-interneurons: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: neurobiotin-: label- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 111822-45-8: NEUROBIOTIN AN Accession Number: 200100287480 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 495 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the mushroom bodies of the honeybee: An electron microscopic study. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ganeshina-Olga {a}; Menzel-Randolf AD Author Address: {a} Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Neurology. [print] August 27, 2001; 437 (3): 335-349. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-9967 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Synaptic contacts of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-immunoreactive neurons in honeybee mushroom bodies were studied by using electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. In the lip region of the calyx neuropil, GABA -immunoreactive profiles formed synapses onto both small postsynaptic profiles (76%) and large immunonegative boutons (4%), which were likely to belong to the intrinsic and extrinsic mushroom body neurons, respectively. Three morphologic types of the large immunonegative boutons were distinguished: "light," "dark," and "dense core"; all of them received synaptic inputs from the GABA-immunoreactive profiles. A significant proportion of the synapses formed by the GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the lip region (20%) were input synapses from immunonegative neurons. Analysis of thin serial sections showed that the output and input synapses formed microcircuits in which both large immunonegative boutons and small postsynaptic profiles were involved. We interpret these findings to show that negative feedforward and feedback loops exist within the microcircuits of the lip region. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Membranes- (Cell-Biology); Methods-and-Techniques; Nervous-System (Neural -Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: mushroom-body-neurons: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: gamma-aminobutyric-acid: immunoreactivity- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 56-12-2: GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID MQ Methods and Equipment: electron-microscopy: microscopy-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: synaptic-profiles AN Accession Number: 200100287478 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 496 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: A mezelo meh (Apis mellifera L.) Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans fertozottsegevel kapcsolatos kerdoives vizsgalat hazai meheszetekben. Questionnaire examination for the infection of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) with Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans in domestic apiaries. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Farkas-Robert {a}; Bakonyi-Tamas; Borzsonyi-Laszlo; Rusvai-Miklos AD Author Address: {a} Parazitologiai es Allattani Tanszek, SZIE-AOTK, Istvan u. 2, H-1078, Budapest: rfarkas@univet.hu, Hungary SO Source: Magyar-Allatorvosok-Lapja. [print] Junius, 2001; 123 (6): 348-353. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0025-004X LA Language: Hungarian; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Hungarian AB Abstract: The authors examined with questionnaires the importance of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans infection in Hungarian apiaries, the control of this parasitosis and the judgement of its effectiveness by the bee-keepers themselves. The 141 answerers corresponded to 39.1% of those asked. On the basis of answers coming from all regions of the country the mite infection is present in all apiaries. Most of the answerers consider varroosis as the most important disease because it causes not rarely the rapid collapse and destruction of wintering colonies. Others consider the control very expensive without experiencing the necessary effectiveness. In each apiaries treatment is carried out at least once a year with different acaricide products. Most of them use Bayvarol and Antivar A. U. V. products and besides Perizin, Varroacid, Apivar, Api-life-var, Gabon PA 92 and Apistan was mentioned. 88.6% of the bee-keepers carry out the checks after the treatment but 23.4% of the answerers do not consider the control of mites effective. On the basis of these data the authors discuss the importance of mite infection and the difficulties in control with chemicals. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina -): Oudemans-, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: acaricides- GE Geopolitical Location: Hungary- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) DS Diseases: Varroa-jacobsoni-infection: parasitic-disease, treatment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: questionnaires- AN Accession Number: 200100281368 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 497 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Comportamento higienico de Apis Mellifera Iberica em celulas de criacao de obreiras artificialmente infestadas com o parasita varroa. Hygienic behaviour of Apis Mellifera Iberica in broad cells artificially infested with varroa mites. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Flores-Serrano-J-M {a}; Afonso-Pires-S-M; Puerta-Puerta-F {a} AD Author Address: {a} Centro Andaluz de Apicultura Ecologica, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba - Espana: ba1pupuf@lucano.uco.es, spires@ipb.pt, Spain SO Source: Revista-Portuguesa-de-Ciencias-Veterinarias. [print] Abr.-Jun., 2001; 96 (538): 71-74. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0035-0389 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese AB Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the response of colonies of Apis mellifera iberica, relatively to worker brood cells artificially infested with the varroa mite, with the aim of applying the obtained results in the development of techniques directed to the detection and selection of bees tolerant to the mite. Cells with worker brood, 7 days after operculation were artificially infested with varroa mites. The hygienic behaviour of the bees, relatively to these cells was measured after a period of 24 h. The honeybees demonstrated two different behaviours. In the first, cleaned completely the cells, removing both brood and mites from the cells. In the second, bees uncapped and recapped the cells, removing the mites, but not the brood. The first of these behaviours was more constant than the second and assures a larger success relatively to the removal of the mites reproducing in the brood cells. The results were analysed with the propose of future techniques to localise and select bees tolerant to the mite. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-iberica [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; varroa-mite (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: hygienic-behavior; mite-tolerance; worker-brood-cell-infestation: artificial- AN Accession Number: 200100281367 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 498 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Real and potential possibilities of orchard pollination by bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pidek-Andrzej {a}; Brzozowski-Piotr {a} AD Author Address: {a} Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, Skierniewice, Poland SO Source: Journal-of-Fruit-and-Ornamental-Plant-Research. [print] 2000; 8 (2): 51-58. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1231-0948 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The commercial use of bees for pollination of entomophilous crops in Poland was investigated in a survey of 694 apiaries during 1991-1999. It has been found that on average 10.6% of apiaries rent bees for commercial pollination, but only half of that (6.1%) for orchards. During the period of a survey a tendency was observed to decrease bee renting rate, especially for orchard pollination. Bigger apiaries consisting of more than 50 bee colonies, rented their bees for pollination more frequently than those smaller. The income from renting bees is not attractive for a beekeeper. Since the potential honey production from an orchard can cover only the sustentation of bee colonies required for its pollination, the government should subsidize the bee renting. This especially applies to those regions where a population of honeybee is low in relation to the acreage of entomophilous crops. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Angiospermae-: Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: bees- (Hymenoptera-): colonies-, commercial-use; crops- (Angiospermae-): entomophilous- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Poland- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiaries-; apiculture-; bee-renting-rate; potential-honey-production AN Accession Number: 200100281322 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 499 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Artificial cavities enhance breeding bird densities in managed cottonwood forests. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Twedt-Daniel-J {a}; Henne-Kerr-Jackie-L AD Author Address: {a} United States Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 2524 South Frontage Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180: dan_twedt@usgs.gov, USA SO Source: Wildlife-Society-Bulletin. [print] Summer, 2001; 29 (2): 680-687. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0091-7648 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The paucity of natural cavities within short-rotation hardwood agroforests restricts occupancy by cavity-nesting birds. However, providing 1.6 artificial nesting cavities (nest boxes)/ha within 3- to 10-year-old managed cottonwood forests in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley increased territory density of cavity-nesting birds. Differences in territory densities between forests with and without nest boxes increased as stands aged. Seven bird species initiated 38 nests in 173 boxes during 1997 and 39 nests in 172 boxes during 1998. Prothonotary warblers (Protonotaria citrea) and eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) accounted for 67% of nests; nearly all warbler nests were in 1.8-L, plastic-coated cardboard (paper) boxes, whereas bluebird nests were divided between paper boxes and 3.5-L wooden boxes. Larger-volume (16.5-L) wooden nest boxes were used by eastern screech owls (Otus asio) and great crested flycatchers (Myiarchus crinitus), but this box type often was usurped by honey bees (Apis mellifera). To enhance territory densities of cavity-nesting birds in cottonwood agroforests, we recommend placement of plastic-coated paper nest boxes, at a density of 0.5/ha, after trees are >4 years old but at least 2 years before anticipated timber harvest. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Wildlife-Management (Conservation-); Forestry- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Passeriformes-: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Strigiformes-: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Myiarchus-crinitus [great -crested-flycatcher] (Passeriformes-); Otus-asio [eastern-screech-owl] (Strigiformes-); Protonotaria-citrea [prothonotary-warbler] (Passeriformes -); Sialia-sialis [eastern-bluebird] (Passeriformes-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Birds-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Mississippi-Alluvial-Valley (Mississippi-, USA-, North-America, Nearctic -region) MQ Methods and Equipment: nest-boxes: equipment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: artificial-cavities; breeding-bird-densities; breeding-ecology; managed -cottonwood-forests: habitat-; short-rotation-hardwood-agroforests: habitat-; territory-densities AN Accession Number: 200100281063 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 500 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Size differences in the Dufour gland of Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera, Apidae) between and within the female castes. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Abdalla-Fabio-Camargo {a}; da-Cruz-Landim-Carminda {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24A, 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP: fabdalla@rc.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Revista-Brasileira-de-Zoologia. [print] Junho, 2001; 18 (Supl. 1): 119-123. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0101-8175 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The Dufour gland is found closely associated with the sting apparatus of all hymenopteran females, playing multiple roles among bees. In Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 the gland is connected to the dorsal vaginal wall and, in queens, it produces egg-marking pheromones. In workers the function of this gland is unknown, except by its capacity to mimic the queen secretion in egg-laying workers. In an attempt to understand the development and to substantiate the present knowledge about the Dufour gland in A. mellifera, a morphometric study of the gland between and within the female castes was made. Glands of workers and queens with different ages and life stages were dissected and measured with an ocular micrometer adapted to a stereoscope. The results showed that the Dufour gland is larger in queens than in workers, and that among workers, the gland is larger in egg-laying and foragers than it is in newly emerged and nurse workers. The larger size of the gland in egg-laying queens and workers is in accordance with its role in reproduction. In forager workers the larger size of the gland suggest that, as happens in some species of bees, the gland may participate in pheromone production for nest-mate or nest-entrance recognition. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Endocrine-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): egg-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: Dufour-gland: exocrine-gland, function-, size- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: egg-marking-pheromones MQ Methods and Equipment: dissection-: examination-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: caste-differences AN Accession Number: 200100280104 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 501 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Hierarchy of attractants for honey bee swarms. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schmidt-Justin-O {a} AD Author Address: {a} Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ, 85719: joschmid@u.arizona.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Behavior. [print] July, 2001; 14 (4): 469-477. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0892-7553 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Chemical signals influence the selection of potential nest cavities by honey bee reproductive swarms. Attractants for swarms include the odors of old dark honey bee brood combs, odors from noncomb hive materials and propolis, and Nasonov pheromone, the odor released from the Nasonov glands of worker bees. Based on crossover and choice test experiments, swarms were shown to prefer, among otherwise identical cavities, those cavities containing Nasonov pheromone over cavities with only comb or other hive odors, cavities containing old comb over those with only noncomb odors or propolis, and cavities containing noncomb odors or propolis over those without bee or hive odor. Synergy between odors was not observed; that is, comb and/or noncomb hive odors did not enhance the attractiveness of Nasonov pheromone. The data support a model based on a hierarchy of olfactory attractants used by honey bee swarms, in order of highest to lowest: Nasonov pheromone, comb odor, noncomb and propolis odors, and, finally, absence of bee- or hive-produced odor. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: Nasonov-glands CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Nasonov-pheromone; attractants- MQ Methods and Equipment: crossover-experiments MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: chemical-signals; choice-test-experiments; comb-odor; non-comb-odor; potential-nest-cavities; propolis-odor; swarms- AN Accession Number: 200100277184 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 502 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The use of conspecific and interspecific scent marks by foraging bumblebees and honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stout-Jane-Catherine {a}; Goulson-Dave AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, SO16 7PX: jcs3@soton.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] July, 2001; 62 (1): 183-189. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Bumblebees (Bombus spp.) and honeybees, Apis mellifera, both use odour cues deposited on flowers by previous visitors to improve their foraging efficiency. Short-lived repellent scents are used to avoid probing flowers that have recently been depleted of nectar and/or pollen, and longer-term attractant scents to indicate particularly rewarding flowers. Previous research has indicated that bumblebees avoid flowers recently visited by themselves, conspecifics and congeners, while honeybees avoid flowers visited by themselves or conspecifics only. We found that both bumblebees and honeybees also avoided flowers previously visited by each other when foraging on Melilotus officinalis, that is, bumblebees avoided flowers recently visited by honeybees and vice versa. Twenty-four hours after a visit, this effect had worn off. Honeybees visited flowers that had been visited 24 h previously more often than flowers that had never been visited. The same was not true for bumblebees, suggesting that foraging honeybees were also using long-term attractant scent marks, whilst bumblebees were not. Flowers previously visited by conspecifics were repellent to bumblebees and honeybees for ca. 40 min. During this time, nectar replenished in flowers. Honeybees were previously thought to use a volatile chemical (2-heptanone) as a repellent forage-marking scent. We suggest that they may be using a less volatile chemical odour to detect whether flowers have recently been visited, possibly in addition to 2 -heptanone. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental -Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): congener-, conspecific-; Bombus -spp. (Hymenoptera-): bumblebee-, congener-, conspecific-; Melilotus -officinalis (Leguminosae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system; nectar-; pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 2-heptanone: repellent- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 110-43-0: 2-HEPTANONE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-efficiency; odor-communication; scent-marking AN Accession Number: 200100277025 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 503 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Influence of colony genotypic composition on the performance of hygienic behaviour in the honeybee, Apis mellifera L. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Arathi-H-S; Spivak-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, 219 Hodson Hall, Saint Paul, MN, 55108: spiva001@tc.umn.edu, USA SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] July, 2001; 62 (1): 57-66. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Hygienic behaviour, an intranidal task performed by middle-aged worker bees is an important behavioural mechanism of resistance to disease and to attack by Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic mite. We studied the effect of a colony's genotypic composition on the expression of this behaviour among worker bees by creating normal age-structured colonies with different proportions of bees belonging to hygienic and nonhygienic lines. We established four colonies with 0, 25, 50 or 100% of worker bees belonging to the hygienic line. Analyses of the behaviour of hygienic bees in these colonies indicated that the performance of hygienic behaviour depended on the proportion of hygienic bees in the colony. Hygienic bees in the 25% hygienic colony performed the behaviour well beyond middle age and were more persistent at the task compared with bees from the same genetic line in the other colonies. However, the colony with all worker bees from the hygienic line was more efficient in achieving the task despite a lack of persistence. We also observed that in the colony with 50 and 100% hygienic bees, the behaviour was partitioned into subtasks, and some bees performed the subtask of uncapping cells at higher frequencies than the subtask of removing cell contents. These results suggest that a colony's genotypic composition influences the performance and partitioning of hygienic behaviour. We propose that the performance of hygienic behaviour and its partitioning into subtasks could be determined by response thresholds of individual worker bees and that the rate of behavioural ontogeny may be controlled by the demand for specific tasks. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): middle-age, worker-; Varroa -destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- DS Diseases: Varroa-destructor-infestation: parasitic-disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-genotypic-composition; hygienic-behavior AN Accession Number: 200100277010 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 504 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Polinizadores de Rubus idaeus L., en la X Region, Chile. Pollinators of Rubus idaeus L. in the X Region of Chile. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Neira-Miguel-A {a}; Viscarra-R-Cecilia {a}; Riveros-Magaly AD Author Address: {a} Instituto de Produccion y Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, X Region, Chile SO Source: Phyton-Buenos-Aires. [print] 2000; 67: 43-51. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0031-9457 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Spanish AB Abstract: Pollination entomofauna associated to raspberry cultivation was determined by direct observation and insect capture. Four pollinating agents were recorded; two of them, Apis mellifera L. and Corynura chloris Spin. were the most significant. Pollen grains carried on the insects body and pollen present in the digestive tract were counted. The bee carries a bigger pollen load, mainly in the thorax and did not show significant difference between morning and afternoon visits. C chloris is more active during the morning and carries similar quantities of pollen grains from several other species, including R. idaeus. Corynura chloris has pollen all over its body, and it lingers longer in the flowers than the bee. A. mellifera is a faithful and efficient pollinator of R. idaeus. Using the methods presented here, pollen load in pollinating insects can be determined qualitative and quantitatively. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Corynura-chloris (Hymenoptera -): pollinator-; Rubus-idaeus [raspberry-] (Rosaceae-): small-fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Chile- (South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: pollen-load AN Accession Number: 200100276413 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 505 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Floral biology of Macroptilium erythroloma (Bentli.) Urban (Phaseoleae, Papilionoideae, Fabaceae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Etcheverry-Angela-V; Perez-de-Bianchi-Stella-M; Martin-de-Lopez-Dinca; Protomastro-Jorge-J SO Source: Beitraege-zur-Biologie-der-Pflanzen. [print] 16 Mai, 1999; 71 (3): 403-418. PY Publication Year: 1999 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0005-8041 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; German AB Abstract: We studied floral morphology and phenology of Macroptilium erythroloma, tested for self compatibility and examined the role of visitors. Flowers pass through three phases: a) wings brick colored (11 a.m. to 5 p.m.), when nectar and pollen are abundant, and stigmas are receptive; b) wings salmon pink (5 p.m. to 7 p.m.), when nectar is present, but pollinators may have already removed most pollen grains; and c) wings lilac (7 p.m. to 11 a. m. the following day) where the stigmas are not receptive, there are no rewards and the left wing is inclined 300 to the left. The visitors reject these flowers, which are retained for a period of 16 hours. Bombus morio, Apis mellifera and Pseudocentrort sp. trigger the pollinaton mechanism (brush type). The P/O ratio and the pollination treatments suggest that this species is facultatively xenogamous. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences); Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): flower-visitor; Bombus-morio (Hymenoptera-): flower-visitor; Macroptilium-erythroloma (Leguminosae-): Fabaceae-, Papilionoideae-, Phaseoleae-; Pseudocentron-sp. (Hymenoptera-): flower -visitor TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system; pollen-: reproductive-system; stigma-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nectar- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: floral-biology; floral-morphology; phenology-; pollination-; self -incompatibility AN Accession Number: 200100274161 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 506 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Partial seasonal isolation of African and European-derived Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) drones at congregation areas from subtropical Mexico. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Quezada-Euan-Jose-Javier-G {a}; De-Jesus-May-Itza-William {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Apicultura, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merrida, YUC, 97100, Mexico SO Source: Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America. [print] July, 2001; 94 (4): 540-544. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8746 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The genetic interactions between European and African-derived honey bees in the Neotropics are unclear. To study the abundance of males of each type, two apiaries with colonies of African-derived honey bee and European honey bee origin were established in the surroundings of one drone congregation area. The frequencies of African-derived honey bee and European honey bee males in the mating area were studied by taking samples of drones at the drone congregation area twice a month for 5 mo. Drones from each type of colony were identified by the use of two allozyme polymorphic systems: malate dehydrogenase (Mdh), hexokinase (Hk), and by haplotype using the EcoRI site of the mitochondrial DNA. The results of a Fisher exact test showed that, although Mdh alleles had similar frequencies across the time of study (P=0.095), the frequency of Hk alleles and haplotypes in drones varied between months (P=0.0001). Early in March, the frequencies of African-derived honey bee-typical alleles were significantly higher compared with European honey bee-typical alleles. However, at the end of the season of drone production in July, European honey bee-typical alleles were significantly more frequent in drones than those of the African -derived honey bee type. The results mirror the findings of an early peak of drone brood production reported for African-derived honey bee colonies compared with a peak later in the year in European honey bee ones. It is concluded that the seasonal frequencies of African-derived honey bee and European honey bee drones in the mating areas are not static. They vary in accordance with the different peaks of male production in their respective colonies. This behavior may act as a partial genetic barrier between bee types. The implications of these findings with respect to current levels of Africanization in this region of Mexico and for queen rearing in Africanized areas are discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): African-derived, European-derived, drone- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: hexokinase-; malate-dehydrogenase; mitochondrial-DNA GE Geopolitical Location: Mexico- (North-America, Nearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-51-8: HEXOKINASE; 9001-64-3: MALATE DEHYDROGENASE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: congregation-areas; genetic-barrier; partial-seasonal-isolation AN Accession Number: 200100274024 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 507 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Genetic structure and distinctness of Apis mellifera L. populations from the Canary Islands. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: De-la-Rua-P {a}; Galian-J; Serrano-J; Moritz-R-F-A AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad de Murcia, 30071, Murcia: pdelarua@um.es, Spain SO Source: Molecular-Ecology. [print] July, 2001; 10 (7): 1733-1742. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-1083 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The genetic structure of Apis mellifera populations from the Canary Islands has been assessed by mitochondrial (restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the intergenic transfer RNAIeu-COII region) and nuclear (microsatellites) studies. These populations show a low level of genetic variation in terms of average number of alleles and degree of heterozygosity. Significant differences in the distribution of alleles were found in both data sets, confirming the genetic differentiation among some of the islands but not within them. Two mitochondrial haplotypes characteristic of the Canary Islands are found at high frequencies, although populations are introgressed by imported honeybees of eastern European C lineage. This introgression is rather high on Tenerife and El Hierro and low on Gran Canaria and La Gomera, whereas on La Palma it has not been recorded. The finding of microsatellite alleles characteristic of the eastern European lineage corroborates the genetic introgression. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the Canarian honeybees are differentiated from other lineages and provide genetic evidence of their African origin. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Evolution-and -Adaptation; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: RNA-leucine-cytochrome-oxidase-II-region; microsatellite-alleles; mtDNA- [mitochondrial-DNA] GE Geopolitical Location: Canary-Islands (North-Atlantic, Atlantic-Ocean) MQ Methods and Equipment: restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism: genetic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: evolutionary-origins; genetic-differentiation; genetic-structure; genetic -variation; haplotype-frequency; heterozygosity-; intergenic-transfer; phylogenetics-; population-distinctness AN Accession Number: 200100274014 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 508 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Pollen grains and vegetative structures in propolis as indicators of potential drugs in Chilean plants. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Montenegro-Gloria {a}; Timmermann-Barbara-N; Pena-Raul-C; Mujica-Ana-M; Avila-Guacolda AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Ecologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica, Casilla 114 D, Santiago, 6513677, Chile SO Source: Phyton-Buenos-Aires. [print] 2000; 66: 15-23. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0031-9457 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Propolis is a complex product of the beehive. In Chile, propolis is only recently being submitted to systematic studies, particularly chemical analysis and scanning of pollen grains. We report the botanical origin of Chilean propolis from three Mediterranean type climate sites, Santa Cruz, Tanguao and Paine. We show that honey bees, Apis mellifera, visit the introduced species of Eucalyptus and Ricinus and five native Chilean species viz. Baccharis linearis, Buddleja globosa, Peumus boldus, Quillaja saponaria and Salix humboldtiana. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Buddlejaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Euphorbiaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Monimiaceae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Myrtaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Salicaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollination-behavior; Baccharis-linearis (Compositae-); Buddleia-globosa (Buddlejaceae-); Eucalyptus- (Myrtaceae-); Peumus-boldus (Monimiaceae-); Quillaja-saponaria (Rosaceae-); Ricinus- (Euphorbiaceae-); Salix-humboldtiana (Salicaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system; propolis- GE Geopolitical Location: Chile- (South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: potential-medicinal-plant-indicators AN Accession Number: 200100273396 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 509 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Worker genetic diversity and infection by Nosema apis in honey bee colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Woyciechowski-Michal {a}; Krol-Elzbieta {a} AD Author Address: {a} Bee Research Department, Agricultural University, 29 Listopada 52, 31 -425, Krakow: rowoycie@cyf-kr.edu.pl, Poland SO Source: Folia-Biologica-Cracow. [print] 2001; 49 (1-2): 107-112. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0015-5497 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The hypothesis that parasites and pathogens select for polyandry in eusocial Hymenoptera was tested, using the honey bee Apis mellifera and its microsporidian parasite Nosema apis. Five honey bee colonies with low and five with high worker genetic diversity were infected with N. apis spores. At 54-56 days after inoculation, parasite spores in the workers' midguts were counted to determine whether there was a greater variation of infection intensity (spore counts per worker) in high-diversity colonies than in low-diversity ones. In all colonies there were two discrete sets of workers, with few or many parasite spores. To compare the variations of infection intensity between two colony groups, coefficients of variation were calculated for all workers examined, and for the slightly infected and strongly infected workers. The percentages of slightly infected workers in the low- and high-diversity groups were also compared. None of the comparisons between low- and high-diversity colonies showed significant differences, therefore no relation was found between honey bee workers' genetic diversity and their infection with N. apis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Cnidosporidea-: Protozoa-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta -, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Nosema-apis (Cnidosporidea-): parasite-, pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Protozoans- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: coefficients-of-variation; infection-intensity; worker-genetic-diversity AN Accession Number: 200100272276 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 510 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Utilization of bee (Apis mellifera) honey for vinegar production at laboratory scale. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ilha-Eunice-Cassanego {a}; Sant'-Anna-Ernani {a}; Torres-Regina-Coeli {a}; Porto-Anna-Claudia {a}; Meinert-Elza-Maria AD Author Address: {a} Laboratorio de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil SO Source: Acta-Cientifica-Venezolana. [print] 2000; 51 (4): 231-235. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0001-5504 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; Spanish AB Abstract: Vinegar was obtained from bee (Apis mellifera) honey. The wort was prepared by diluting honey in distilled water to 21% total solids and by adding ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphate. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was inoculated to the wort (4 g/L). Ethanol production was carried out at room temperature during 84 hours. In this study, 1 Kg of honey yielded about 5 L of wine, containing 8% alcohol (v/v), from a wort with 17.11% total sugars (w/v). The efficiency of the alcoholic fermentation was 81.34%. The acetic fermentation with an inoculum of mixed acetic microorganisms was performed by quick process in a 15 L vertical fermenter. This resulted in a vinegar containing up to 9% of acetic acid (w/v) and about 1% of alcohol (v/v). The acetic fermentation yielded between 91.24 and 97.21%. Approximately 5 L of honey vinegar with 9% acetic acid (w/v) were obtained from 1 Kg of bee honey. All attributes of honey vinegar showed acceptabililty index over 70%:95.37% for appearance, 94.81% for color, 79.07% for odor and 75.56% for flavor, indicating it would show good consumer acceptability. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Foods- ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [bee-] (Hymenoptera-); Saccharomyces-cerevisiae (Ascomycetes -) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: alcohol-: production- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 64-17-5: ALCOHOL MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: food-processing; honey-: sugar-product, utilization-; vinegar-: analysis-, color-, consumer-acceptability, flavor-, laboratory-scale-production -study, preparation-, sauces-and-condiments; wort-: ingredients-, preparation- AN Accession Number: 200100266007 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 511 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Pollination ecology of Campanula species on Mt Olympos, Greece. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Blionis-George-J; Vokou-Despina {a} AD Author Address: {a} Dept of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki, GR -540 06, Thessaloniki: vokou@bio.auth.gr, Greece SO Source: Ecography-. [print] June, 2001; 24 (3): 287-297. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0906-7590 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Nine Campanula species occurring along the elevation gradient of Mt Olympos were studied regarding their pollination ecology. The main issues considered were 1) the relative importance of various insect taxa as Campanula pollinators, 2) the patterns of pollinators' size and activity as a function of altitude, 3) the effect of pollinator exclusion on floral longevity, and 4) the extent to which the morphological difference of C. versicolor from the other Campanula species on Mt Olympos is expressed in its pollinating fauna. The vast majority of Campanula pollinators were solitary bees. Andrenidae and Megachilidae bees (mainly Chelostoma campanulorum) dominated the pollinating fauna of most species. Melittidae and bumblebees were the commonest pollinators of high altitude species. Campanula versicolor differs from the other Campanula species in that its corolla is not bell-shaped but flat. Mainly Apis mellifera, syrphid flies, and carpenter bees, unlike all other Campanula species on Mt Olympos pollinated it. At the species level, rather large altitudinal differences of Campanula populations did not result into large diversification of their pollinating fauna. The insect visitation rate to flowers decreased with altitude. When pollinators were excluded, the floral longevity of the species examined increased three to five times. Neither flower phase (male of female) was consistently favoured in the absence of pollinators. The pollen loads of the different insect taxa (Apis mellifera included) were of variable purity. The majority of Megachilidae bees carried pollen loads of high purity. Pollen loads from insects visiting Campanula species at high altitudes did not differ significantly in their purity from those visiting lowland species. The distribution of Campanula pollinators' body size along the altitudinal gradient exhibited a U-shaped pattern. No relationship was found between insect-pollinator body size and corolla size of Campanula species. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Campanulaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Campanula- (Campanulaceae-); Chelostoma-campanulorum (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; bee- (Hymenoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Mt.-Olympos (Greece-, Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: body-size; elevation-gradient; floral-longevity; morphological-difference; pollination-; pollinator-exclusion AN Accession Number: 200100265685 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 512 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Mispatterning in the ommatidia of Apis mellifera pupae treated with a juvenile hormone analogue. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Boleli-Isabel-Cristina; Bitondi-Marcia-Maria-Gentile {a}; Figueiredo-Vera -Lucia-Castelo; Simoes-Zila-Luz-Paulino AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040 -901, Ribeirao Preto, SP: mmgbit@usp.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Morphology. [print] August, 2001; 249 (2): 89-99. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0362-2525 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: To further understand the function of morphogenetic hormones in honeybee eye differentiation, the alterations in ommatidial patterning induced by pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone (JH) analogue, were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Prepupae of prospective honeybee workers were treated with pyriproxyfen and the effects on ommatidial differentiation were described at the end of the pupal development. The results show that the entire ommatidia, i.e., the dioptric as well as the receptor systems, were affected by the JH analogue. The wave of ommatidial differentiation, which progresses from the posterior to the anterior region of the pupal eyes, was arrested. In treated pupae, the rhabdomeres only differentiated at the apical axis of the retinula, the secondary and tertiary pigment cells did not develop their cytoplasm protrusions, and the cone cell quartet did not pattern correctly. Simultaneously, an intense vacuolization was observed in cells forming ommatidia. In a previous study we showed that pyriproxyfen exerts an inhibition on pupal ecdysteroid secretion. In this sense, the arrested ommatidial differentiation in pyriproxyfen-treated pupae could be due to a secondary effect resulting from an alteration in pupal ecdysteroid titers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Endocrine-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis); Development-; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): prepupae- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: eye-: differentiation-, sensory-system; ommatidia-: sensory-system; tertiary-pigment-cells CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: pyriproxyfen-: juvenile-hormone-analogue RN CAS Registry Number (R): 95737-68-1: PYRIPROXYFEN MQ Methods and Equipment: scanning-electron-microscopy: analytical-method, electron-microscopy: CB-, electron-microscopy: CT-, microscopy-method; transmission-electron -microscopy: analytical-method, electron-microscopy: CB-, electron -microscopy: CT-, microscopy-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mispatterning-; ommatidial-patterning AN Accession Number: 200100265345 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 513 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Electrophoretic study of non-specific esterases during ontogenetic development of the domestic bee (Apis mellifera L. Hymenoptera; Apidae) in Bulgaria. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ivanova-E {a}; Popov-P {a} AD Author Address: {a} University of Plovdiv, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria SO Source: Genetics-and-Breeding. [print] 1996-1997; 28 (1-2): 13-16. PY Publication Year: 1996 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1310-4292 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Electrophoretic analysis of non-specific esterases was performed in polyacrylamide gel of 1100 bees from 15 families and 3 populations inhabiting the Central Sredna Gora, West Rhodopes and Yambol region in different periods of ontogenesis. It was found that the synthesis of non -specific esterases in Apis mellifera L. is controlled by six independent gene loci, operating selectively during the separate stages of the ontogenesis. No interpopulation polymorphism of the studied esterase loci is observed. Sex-linked, sex-restricted or sex-dependent differences in the non-specific esterase loci were not investigated. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Development- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: esterase-: activity-, gene-expression RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9013-79-0Q: ESTERASE; 9016-18-6Q: ESTERASE MQ Methods and Equipment: electrophoresis-: electrophoretic-techniques, separation-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: ontogenetic-development AN Accession Number: 200100265304 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 514 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Experience- and age-related outgrowth of intrinsic neurons in the mushroom bodies of the adult worker honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Farris-Sarah-M {a}; Robinson-Gene-E; Fahrbach-Susan-E AD Author Address: {a} Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, 611 Gould-Simpson Building, Tucson, AZ, 85721: farris@neurobio.arizona.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Neuroscience. [print] August 15, 2001; 21 (16): 6395-6404. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0270-6474 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A worker honeybee performs tasks within the hive for approximately the first 3 weeks of adult life. After this time, it becomes a forager, flying repeatedly to collect food outside of the hive for the remainder of its 5 -6 week life. Previous studies have shown that foragers have an increased volume of neuropil associated with the mushroom bodies, a brain region involved in learning, memory, and sensory integration. We report here that growth of the mushroom body neuropil in adult bees occurs throughout adult life and continues after bees begin to forage. Studies using Golgi impregnation asked whether the growth of the collar region of the mushroom body neuropil was a result of growth of the dendritic processes of the mushroom body intrinsic neurons, the Kenyon cells. Branching and length of dendrites in the collar region of the calyces were strongly correlated with worker age, but when age-matched bees were directly compared, those with foraging experience had longer, more branched dendrites than bees that had foraged less or not at all. The density of Kenyon cell dendritic spines remained constant regardless of age or behavioral state. Older and more experienced foragers therefore have a greater total number of dendritic spines in the mushroom body neuropil. Our findings indicate that, under natural conditions, the cytoarchitectural complexity of neurons in the mushroom bodies of adult honeybees increases as a function of increasing age, but that foraging experience promotes additional dendritic branching and growth. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Cell-Biology; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: Kenyon-cell: nervous-system; dendrite-: nervous-system, spines-; mushroom -bodies: collar-region, nervous-system; neurons-: nervous-system; neuropil -: nervous-system MQ Methods and Equipment: Golgi-impregnation-studies: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-related-outgrowth; experience-related-outgrowth; foraging-experience AN Accession Number: 200100264002 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 515 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Honeybees and their products as potential bioindicators of heavy metals contamination. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Conti-Marcelo-Enrique {a}; Botre-Francesco AD Author Address: {a} Dipartimento di Controllo e Gestione dell Merci e del loro Impatto sull'Ambiente, Universita 'La Sapienza', Roma: contim@uniroma1.it, Italy SO Source: Environmental-Monitoring-and-Assessment. [print] July, 2001; 69 (3): 267 -282. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0167-6369 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The concentrations of three representative heavy metals (cadmium, chromium and lead) were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy in honeybees and in apiary's products (honey, pollen, propolis, and wax). Samples were collected from five different sampling points: four from areas surrounding the city of Rome, and the fifth in the city center which receives intense vehicular traffic. All apiaries employed for this study were specifically constructed without any metal part in order to avoid the risk of contamination of the assayed materials. Sample collection was conducted over a 3-month period (6 samplings for honey and pollen, 3 sampling for propolis and wax, 2 samplings for honeybees, all of which were collected in duplicate). Experimental data revealed, in general, statistically significant differences between the background levels of heavy metals recorded from the reference sites and the levels measured in the site located in the center of the city of Rome. These results indicate that honeybees and, to a lesser extent, some of their products (pollen, propolis, wax, but not honey), can be considered representative bioindicators of environmental pollution. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Pollution-Assessment-Control-and -Management ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): bioindicator- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cadmium-: environmental-contaminant, heavy-metal, pollutant-; chromium-: environmental-contaminant, heavy-metal, pollutant-; heavy-metals: environmental-contaminants, pollutants-; honeybee-products; lead-: environmental-contaminant, heavy-metal, pollutant-; pollen-; propolis-; wax- GE Geopolitical Location: Rome- (Italy-, Europe-, Palearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 7440-43-9: CADMIUM; 7440-47-3: CHROMIUM; 7439-92-1: LEAD MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: environmental-pollution; intense-vehicular-traffic AN Accession Number: 200100261726 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 516 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Modulation of sucrose response thresholds in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.): Influence of genotype, feeding, and foraging experience. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pankiw-Tanya {a}; Waddington-Keith-D; Page-Robert-E-Jr AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475: t-pankiw@tamu.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] May, 2001; 187 (4): 293-301. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The perception of sugar is important to honey bees for making foraging decisions. We measured bees' perception by determining what concentration of sucrose touched to the antennae elicited the proboscis extension response (response threshold). A low response threshold (extension at low concentration) suggests a high perceptual value of sucrose, and vice versa. Perception of sucrose solutions differed between two artificially selected genotypic strains and was modulated by the bees' recent feeding experiences. Bees offered 10%, 30%, or 50% sucrose solutions in small cages overnight, and in large flight-cages or free-flying in the field for several days, had subsequent response thresholds positively correlated to the concentration offered. Empty bees, whether they were nectar, water or pollen foragers, dancers or non-dancers, had a significantly lower threshold than loaded bees. Crop volume affected response thresholds directly and independently of sucrose concentration. We interpret these findings as multiple mechanisms that operate in different time scales, modulating perception of sucrose. Changes occurred in the time scale of evolutionary processes as demonstrated by genotypic differences. Changes with foraging experience occur in hours or minutes while effects of crop filling are instantaneous. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: feeding-; foraging-; genotype-; neuroethology-; sucrose-response -thresholds: modulation- AN Accession Number: 200100260698 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 517 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Memory impairment induced by cholinergic antagonists injected into the mushroom bodies of the honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lozano-Valerie-Cano; Armengaud-Catherine; Gauthier-Monique {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire Neurobiologie de l'Insecte-EA3037, Universite de Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex: gauthiem@cict.fr, France SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] May, 2001; 187 (4): 249-254. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The role of honeybee central brain structures, suspected to be cholinergic, has been studied in learning and memory. The nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine and the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine were locally injected into the calyces and the alpha-lobes of mushroom bodies, and their effects on memory acquisition and retrieval were investigated using one-trial olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex. A strong impairment of the olfactory learning was noticed following mecamylamine injection into the mushroom body calyces. Mecamylamine and scopolamine disturbed retrieval processes when injected into the alpha -lobes of mushroom bodies but remain without effect on these processes when injected into the mushroom body calyces. These results emphasise the role of the cholinergic networks of the mushroom bodies in the formation and recall of memory in the honeybee. They suggest that the role of the brain structures in these processes is sequential. Mushroom body calyces involved in the associative process of olfactory learning could be relayed by the alpha-lobes for information retrieval. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory -Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: mushroom-bodies CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cholinergic-antagonists; mecamylamine-: nicotinic-antagonist RN CAS Registry Number (R): 60-40-2: MECAMYLAMINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cholinergic-system; information-retrieval; learning-; memory-impairment; olfactory-conditioning AN Accession Number: 200100260693 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 518 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Influence of honey bee (Apis mellifera) on kiwifruit pollination and fruit quality under Australian conditions. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Howpage-D {a}; Spooner-Hart-R-N {a} AD Author Address: {a} Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, Richmond, NSW, 2753: d.howpage@uws.edu.au, Australia SO Source: New-Zealand-Journal-of-Crop-and-Horticultural-Science. [print] March, 2001; 29 (1): 51-59. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0114-0671 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The influence of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) pollination of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A.Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson) under different pollination regimes (viz. honey bee supplementation, honey bee saturation in a cage with a single male cultivar, and honey bee exclusion) was investigated under Australian conditions during 1993/94 and 1995/96 seasons. Vines that had no access to honey bees had significantly (Pltoreq0.01) lower fruit set (24%) compared to honey bee supplementation (91%) and bee saturation (89%). The mean yield (kg/vine) and the mean number of fruit/vine in bee-supplemented and bee-saturated treatments did not differ significantly, although vines that were excluded from honey bees produced significantly (Pltoreq0.01) lower yields. However, individual fruit weight in the bee-saturated treatments was affected. There were significantly more small fruit in bee-saturated vines than in vines that were supplementary pollinated by honey bees. Bee activity as assessed by the number of bee visits on flowers (bees/vine per min) was significantly higher on male vines than female vines during the first 2 weeks of the flowering period. Honey bees were the main contributor to pollination and fruit set, although low numbers of other potential insect pollinators such as ladybird beetles and hover flies were also observed. The mean seed numbers in comparable fruit from higher weight groupings (i.e., 70-89, 90-109, and gtoreq110 g) in bee-supplemented and bee -saturated vines did not differ significantly, suggesting adequate pollination and fertilisation of ovules in these two treatments. Vines that were caged with a single male cultivar produced fruit with significantly higher (Pltoreq0.01) total soluble solids concentration than did those that were honey bee supplemented. Possible reasons for the reduced mean fruit weight under honey bee saturation are discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Actinidiaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Actinidia-deliciosa [kiwifruit-] (Actinidiaceae-): tropical/subtropical -fruit-crop; Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Australia- (Australasian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: fruit-quality; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200100260294 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 519 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Honeybees discriminate cuticular waxes based on esters and polar components. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Froehlich-Birgit; Riederer-Markus; Tautz-Juergen {a} AD Author Address: {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Zoologie II, Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Theodor-Boveri-Institut fuer Biowissenschaften, Universitaet Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg: tautz@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2001; 32 (3): 265-274. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: Quantitative chemical analyses of cuticular waxes of the honeybee Apis mellifera with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry showed significant differences in the chemical composition of cuticular waxes from drones and workers performing different tasks. We used the proboscis extension reflex to test the ability of bees to discriminate between these cuticular waxes. Differentially conditioned bees significantly discriminated between cuticular waxes of drones, food storers, foragers and queen attenders. We found that the esters and polar components in the cuticular waxes provide the discriminative cues for the insects. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cuticular-waxes: chemical-composition, discrimination-, esters-, polar -components MQ Methods and Equipment: gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry: biochemical-method, quantification -method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: differential-conditioning; proboscis-extension-reflex; task-performance AN Accession Number: 200100258286 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 520 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Timing of production of winter bees in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mattila-H-R {a}; Harris-J-L; Otis-G-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1: hmattila@uoguelph.ca, gotis@evb.uoguelph.ca, Canada SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2001; 48 (2): 88-93. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Little is known about the development of the overwintering population of honey bees (Apis mellifera) colonies in temperate climates. Colonies were subjected to one of four requeening treatments: requeened in mid-summer with a mated, virgin or colony-reared queen, or left with the original queen (control). Worker survival in cohorts of newly emerged bees introduced to colonies in late summer and fall was followed until all marked bees had died. Winter bees were reared over a relatively similar length of time in all treatments, but they appeared earlier in control colonies compared to requeened colonies. The gradual increase in proportion of winter bees over time was similar among treatments, but requeened colonies lagged behind control colonies. The bulk of winter bees appeared much earlier in control colonies than in colonies that were requeened. This response demonstrates that cues within the colony (i.e., differences due to requeening) are perceived by workers as part of the conditions that influence summer bee or winter bee status. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Population-Studies ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: overwintering-population; requeening-; temperate-climates; winter-bees; worker-survival AN Accession Number: 200100257366 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 521 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Suppression of cell transformation and induction of apoptosis by caffeic acid phenethyl ester. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nomura-Masaaki; Kaji-Akira; Ma-Wei-ya; Miyamoto-Ken-ichi; Dong-Zigang {a} AD Author Address: {a} Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN, 55912, USA SO Source: Molecular-Carcinogenesis. [print] June, 2001; 31 (2): 83-89. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0899-1987 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), which is derived from the propolis of honeybee hives, has been shown to block tumor promotion and to have toxic effects on several cancer cells. The mechanism of the anti-tumor promotion activity of CAPE is unclear, however. In this study, we found that CAPE suppressed 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced cell transformation and induced apoptosis in mouse epidermal JB6 Cl 41 cells. No difference in induction of apoptosis was observed between normal lymphoblasts and sphingomyelinase-deficient cell lines. Although CAPE treatment of two p53 mutant tumor cell lines, NCl-H358 and SK-OV-3, and p53-deficient (p53-/-) cells caused the cleavage of caspase-3 as well as DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 cleavage was seen early (at 6 h) only in cells expressing wild-type p53 (p53+/+) and Cl 41 cells. These results suggested that p53 may be involved in the early stage of CAPE-induced apoptosis. The p53-dependent transcription activation occurred 2 h after treatment with CAPE and reached a maximum at 6 h in Cl 41 p53 DNA-binding sequence stable transfectant cells. In addition, phosphorylation of p53 at serine 15 and serine 392 was induced in Cl 41 cells within 6 h after treatment with CAPE. Therefore, CAPE may induce apoptosis through p53 -dependent and p53-independent pathways and its anti-tumor promotion activity may have occurred through the induction of apoptosis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pharmacology-; Tumor-Biology ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: JB6-C-141-cell-line (Muridae-): carcinogen-induced-transformation, drug -induced-apoptosis, drug-induced-transformation-suppression, in-vitro -model-system, mouse-epidermal-cell-line; NCI-H358-cell-line (Hominidae-): drug-induced-apoptosis, human-lung-cancer-cell-line, in-vitro-model -system; SK-OV-3-cell-line (Hominidae-): drug-induced-apoptosis, human -ovarian-cancer-cell-line, in-vitro-model-system TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Chordates-; Humans-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman -Vertebrates; Primates-; Rodents-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate: carcinogen-; caffeic-acid-phenethyl -ester: antineoplastic-drug RN CAS Registry Number (R): 16561-29-8: 12-O-TETRADECANOYLPHORBOL-13-ACETATE; 104594-70-9: CAFFEIC ACID PHENETHYL ESTER AN Accession Number: 200100256923 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 522 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Toxicity and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor interaction of imidacloprid and its metabolites in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nauen-Ralf {a}; Ebbinghaus-Kintscher-Ulrich; Schmuck-Richard AD Author Address: {a} Agrochemicals Division, Research Insecticides, Bayer AG, Building 6220, D-51368, Leverkusen: ralf.nauen.rn@bayer-ag.de, Germany SO Source: Pest-Management-Science. [print] July, 2001; 57 (7): 577-586. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1526-498X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Acute oral and contact toxicity tests of imidacloprid, an insecticide acting agonistically on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), to adult honeybees, Apis mellifera L var carnica, were carried out by seven different European research facilities. Results indicated that the 48-h oral LD50 of imidacloprid is between 41 and >81 ng per bee, and the contact LD50 between 49 and 102 ng per bee. The ingested amount of imidacloprid-containing sucrose solution decreased with increasing imidacloprid concentrations and may be attributed to dose-related sub -lethal intoxication symptoms or to antifeedant responses. Some previously reported imidacloprid metabolites occuring at low levels in planta after seed dressing, ie olefine-, 5-OH- and 4,5-OH-imidacloprid, showed lower oral LD50 values (>36, >49 and 159 ng per bee, respectively) compared with the concurrently tested parent molecule (41 ng per bee). The urea metabolite and 6-chloronicotinic acid (6-CNA) exhibited LD50 values of >99 500 and >121 500 ng per bee, respectively. The pharmacological profile of the (3H)imidacloprid binding site in honeybee head membrane preparations is consistent with that anticipated for a nAChR. IC50 values for the displacement of (3H)imidacloprid by several metabolites such as olefine, 5 -OH-, 4,5-OH-imidacloprid, urea and 6-CNA were 0.45, 24, 6600, >100 000, and >100 000 nM, respectively. Displacement of (3H)imidacloprid by imidacloprid revealed an IC50 value of 2.9 nM, thus correlating well with the observed acute oral toxicity of the compounds in honeybees. Neurons isolated from the antennal lobe of A mellifera and subjected to whole-cell voltage clamp electrophysiology responded to the application of 100 muM acetylcholine with a fast inward current of between 30 and 1600 pA at -70 mV clamp potential. Imidacloprid and two of the metabolites (olefine- and 5-OH-imidacloprid) acted agonistically on these neurons, whereas the others did not induce currents at test conencentrations up to 3 mM. The electrophysiological data revealed Hill coefficients of approximately 1, indicating a single binding site responsible for an activation of the receptor and no direct cooperativity or allosteric interaction with a second binding site. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe; neurons-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 4,5-dihydroxy-imidacloprid; 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid; 6-chloronicotinic-acid: urea-metabolite; imidacloprid-: LC-50, acute-oral-toxicity, antifeedant -responses, binding-site-pharmacological-profile, contact-toxicity, insecticide-, metabolites-, nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor-interaction, sub-lethal-intoxication-symptoms; nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor; olefine-imidacloprid GE Geopolitical Location: Europe- (Palearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 5326-23-8: 6-CHLORONICOTINIC ACID; 138261-41-3: IMIDACLOPRID MQ Methods and Equipment: whole-cell-voltage-clamp-electrophysiology: miscellaneous-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Hill-coefficients AN Accession Number: 200100256213 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 523 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The effect of Africanized honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on the pet population of Tucson: A case study. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Johnston-Andrea-N {a}; Schmidt-Justin-O AD Author Address: {a} Undergraduate Biology Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721: ponerine@dakotacom.net, USA SO Source: American-Entomologist. [print] Summer, 2001; 47 (2): 98-103. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1046-2821 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera L. near scutellata Lepeltier) arrived in southern Arizona in 1993. Since their first appearance, much attention has been focused on these "killer bees." Although the initial excitement has decreased, questions about their impact remain. Attacks on domestic animals have captured the attention of the local media, causing increasing concern among pet owners and veterinarians. Are attacks becoming more common with the increase in the Africanized honey bee population, or are the attacks simply drawing excessive attention due to their dramatic nature? To answer these and related questions, veterinary clinics/hospitals in and around Tucson were surveyed. A questionnaire was designed to elicit information about the number and type of animal attacks that veterinarians see most frequently. The data derived from more than 5,000 animal attacks provide the first record of the true extent and severity of bee attacks relative to attacks by other animals. Cats and dogs accounted for the greatest number of attacks on pets. Dog attacks led to the most severe injuries, resulting in the majority of reported deaths. Snakes followed a distant third place in frequency of injury on pets. Honey bee attacks placed sixth in attack frequency and produced no permanent injuries and few deaths among the pet population. Perhaps the most remarkable finding is the relationship vis-a-vis perception and reality held by the public; that is, bee attack frequency and severity is much less than perceived. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Veterinary-Medicine (Medical-Sciences); Pest-Assessment-Control-and -Management ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Tucson- (Arizona-, USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: africanized-honey-bees; bee-attacks; pet-population AN Accession Number: 200100256189 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 524 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Efficacy of ground-applied ultra-low-volume malathion on honey bee survival and productivity in open and forest areas. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hester-Philip-G {a}; Shaffer-Kenneth-R {a}; Tietze-Noor-S; Zhong-He {a}; Griggs-Norman-L-Jr {a} AD Author Address: {a} Inq.: John A. Mulrennan, Sr. Arthropod Research Laboratory, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, 4000 Frankford Avenue, Panama City, FL, 32405, USA SO Source: Journal-of-the-American-Mosquito-Control-Association. [print] March, 2001; 17 (1): 2-7. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 8756-971X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of ground ultra-low-volume malathion sprays on honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) apiaries in open and forested areas downwind from the spray route. Impact on colonies 7.6, 15.2, 47.7, and 91.4 m downwind from sprays was assessed by recording individual bee mortality 12 and 36 h after treatment. In addition, hives were weighed before as well as during the study and cluster counts were conducted at each hive to determine colony strength before and after treatment. Spray drift was monitored by the use of caged mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus Say) mortality and deposition on filter paper. During the study, significant bee mortality in the open area occurred on 2 occasions at 7.6 m (16.8 +- 4.3 bees, 11.8 +- 7.0 bees) and at 15.2 m (6.5 +- 1.7 bees, 5.3 +- 1.5 bees). Significant mortality in the forested area was observed only once and consisted of 2 bees at 7.6 m. In each case where bee mortality occurred, spray deposits on filter papers had exceeded 400 ng/cm2. Although mortality of caged mosquitoes indicated that malathion drifted through the study areas, little correlation was apparent between mortality and spray deposition on filter paper. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Culex-quinoquefasciatus (Diptera -) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: malathion-: efficacy-, ground-applied, pesticide-, ultra-low-volume -application RN CAS Registry Number (R): 121-75-5: MALATHION MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-strength AN Accession Number: 200100256075 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 525 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Entomofauna visitante de Stenolobium stans (Juss.) Seem (Bignoniaceae), durante seu periodo de floracao. Flowering entomofauna in Stenolobium stans (Juss.) Seem (Bignoniaceae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Dutra-Joao-C-S {a}; Machado-Vera-L-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP: vllm@ms.rc.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Neotropical-Entomology. [print] 2001, 2001; 30 (1): 43-53. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese AB Abstract: Studies on the different ways of reproduction of Stenolobium stans (Juss.) Seem and on the diversity, frequency and constancy of flower-visiting insects at different hours were carried out during four years. The S. stans flowers open between 5 and 6 am during 3 to 8h, with 90% pollen viability. Besides the pollen, the flower has other features that are attractive to the visiting insects, like osmophores responsible for a sweet odor, ultra-violet reflected light and nectar at 25% of sugar. The plant is autocompatible and reproduces by autogamy, geitonogamy or xenogamy. This behavior demands external pollination and justifies the species to be a serious invasor of grounds and pastures. Large diversity of insects were observed visiting the flowers, with predominance of bees. The pollinators species were Centris collaris Lepeletier, Bombus morio (Swederus), Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier and Epicharis sp. The incidence of native species was lower at the rural area than at the urban one, with predominance of the exotic Apis mellifera L. The environmental factors, mainly temperature, light, relative humidity and wind speed, influenced the foraging activity of the insects. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Bignoniaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Insecta-: Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Bombus-morio (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Centris-collaris (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Epicharis-sp. (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Eulaema-nigrita (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Stenolobium-stans (Bignoniaceae-); bee- (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; insect- (Insecta-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system; pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: osmophores- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: autogamy-; external-pollination; foraging-activity; geitonogamy-; reproduction-; xenogamy- AN Accession Number: 200100249051 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 526 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Damaged Varroa mites in the debris of different honey bee subspecies under semiarid mediterranean conditions. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Al-Ghzawi-Abdul-Majed-Ahmed {a}; Zaitoun-Shahera-Talat; Shannag-Hail-Kamel {a} AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Production, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan SO Source: Bulletin-de-la-Societe-Entomologique-de-France. [print] Juin, 2001; 106 (2): 193-198. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0037-928X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French AB Abstract: The response of worker bees of Apis mellifera ligustica, A. mellifera carnica and A. mellifera syriaca to Varroa jacobsoni was investigated using a total of seven colonies for each honey bee race at the Jordan University of Science and Technology campus in Irbid, Jordan. The defense behavior of bees was measured by the degree of damaged mites that dropped from naturally infested colonies on to inserts placed under the brood nest. Results revealed that worker bees in A. mellifera syriaca colonies amputated on average 25.7% of all dropping mites, while the average percentage of injured mites in the colonies of A. m. ligustica and A. m. carnica were 11.2% and 13.5%, respectively. A significant difference in the grooming activity was detected in A. mellifera syriaca colonies as compared to that in other honey bee subspecies. Pigmented mites were significantly more damaged than less pigmented mites among all races. Amputation to the first three pairs of legs was most observable. Grooming by worker bees of three races provide evidence for active mechanisms of resistance against the parasitic mite, Varroa jacobsoni. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-ligustica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-syriaca (Hymenoptera-); Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Irbid- (Jordan-, Asia-, Palearctic-region) NC Institutions and Organizations: Jordan-University-of-Science-and-Technology: educational-institution MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: amputation-; defense-behavior; grooming-; semiarid-mediterranean-conditions AN Accession Number: 200100248729 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 527 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Foraging behaviour of Apis spp. in semi-arid sub-tropical climate. 3. On flowers of mustard, onion, carrot, berseem and sunflower. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sharma-S-K {a}; Singh-J-R {a}; Mahla-J-C {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004, India SO Source: Crop-Research-Hisar. [print] May, 2001; 21 (3): 332-334. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0970-4884 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Foraging behaviour of Apis spp. on the flowers of Brassica campestris var. sarson, Allium cepa L., Daucus carota L., Tripolium alexandrinum L. and Helianthus annuus L. was observed at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during November (mustard), April (onion and carrot) and May (berseem and sunflower), respectively. Apis florea spent maximum time per flower (3.54, 7.43, 37.09 and 15.24 sec.) and visited least number of flowers/umbels (6.7, 2.6, 2.2 and 3.6) per minute on mustard, onion, carrot and Egyptian clover, respectively. However, A. mellifera spent least time (1.64, 8.58 and 128.47 sec.) per flower/head and tripped highest number of flowers/head (15.2, 8.2 and 1.2) per minute or 5 min on mustard, Egyptian clover and sunflower followed by A. dorsata who spent 2.18, 2.48, 11.46 and 186.73 sec. per flower and visited 12.0, 3.7 and 1.5 flowers/head per minute except sunflower where the observation time was 5 min. All the bees foraged as top workers on all the crops except A. florea which foraged as side worker on Brassica flowers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Behavior-; Economic -Entomology ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Cruciferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Liliaceae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Umbelliferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Allium-cepa [onion-] (Liliaceae-): vegetable-crop; Apis-dorsata (Hymenoptera-): flower-foraging-behavior, pollinator-; Apis-florea (Hymenoptera-): flower-foraging-behavior, pollinator-; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): flower-foraging-behavior, pollinator-; Brassica-campestris [mustard-] (Cruciferae-): oilseed-crop; Daucus-carota [carrot-] (Umbelliferae-): vegetable-crop; Helianthus-annuus [mustard-] (Compositae -): oilseed-crop; Trifolium-alexandrinum [berseem-] (Leguminosae-): forage -crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Monocots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Haryana- (India-, Asia-, Oriental-region) AN Accession Number: 200100248725 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 528 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Effects of time, temperature, and honey on Nosema apis (Microsporidia: Nosematidae), a parasite of the honeybee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Malone-Louise-A {a}; Gatehouse-Heather-S; Tregidga-Emma-L AD Author Address: {a} Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland: LMalone@HORT.CRI.NZ, New Zealand SO Source: Journal-of-Invertebrate-Pathology. [print] May, 2001; 77 (4): 258-268. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-2011 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Newly emerged adult bees were fed with Nosema apis spores subjected to various treatments, and their longevity, proportions of bees infected, and spores per bee recorded. Spores lost viability after 1, 3, or 6 months in active manuka or multifloral honey, after 3 days in multifloral honey, and after 21 days in water or sugar syrup at 33degreeC. Air-dried spores lost viability after 3 or 5 days at 40degree, 45degree, or 49degreeC. Increasing numbers of bees became infected with increasing doses of spores, regardless of their subsequent food (active manuka honey, thyme honey, or sugar syrup). Final spore loads were similar among bees receiving the same food, regardless of dose. Bees fed with either honey had lighter infections than those fed with syrup, but this may have been due to reductions in their longevity. Bees fed with manuka honey were significantly shorter lived, whether infected or not. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Cnidosporidea-: Protozoa-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta -, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): adult-, host-; Nosema-apis (Cnidosporidea-): parasite-, spore- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Protozoans- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: honey-; temperature- AN Accession Number: 200100248711 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 529 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Adult honeybee's resistance against Paenibacillus larvae larvae, the causative agent of the American foulbrood. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Riessberger-Galle-U {a}; von-der-Ohe-W; Crailsheim-K {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institut fur Zoologie an der Karl-Franzens Universitat Graz, Universitatsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz: karl.crailsheim@kfunigraz.ac.at, Austria SO Source: Journal-of-Invertebrate-Pathology. [print] May, 2001; 77 (4): 231-236. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-2011 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: American foulbrood is a widespread disease of honeybee larvae caused by the spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae. Spores represent the infectious stage; when ingested by a larva they germinate in the midgut. The rod-shaped vegetative forms penetrate the larva's intestinal tissue and start multiplying rapidly, which finally kills the larva. Spores fed to adult honeybees, however, do not harm the bees. We investigated this phenomenon. Specifically, we studied the influence of the adult honeybee midgut on the vegetative growth and on the germination of spores of P. larvae larvae. We focused on two groups of adult workers that are likely to have large numbers of spores in their gastrointestinal tracts infected colonies: middle-aged bees, which are known remove or cannibalize dead larvae and clean brood cells, and winterbees, which do not have frequent chances to defecate. We found that midgut extract from winterbees and worker-aged bees of different colonies almost completely inhibited the growth of the vegetative stage of P. larvae larvae and suppressed the germination of spores. The inhibiting substance or substances from the adult midgut are very temperature stable: they still show about 60% of their growth-inhibiting capacity against this bacterium after 15 min at 125degreeC. We established a method to test growth -inhibiting factors against P. larvae larvae in vitro. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Bacteria-: Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Paenibacillus-larvae-ssp.-larvae (Bacteria-): spore-; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- DS Diseases: American-foulbrood: bacterial-disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cannibalism-; growth-inhibiting-capacity; vegetative-growth AN Accession Number: 200100248710 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 530 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Changes with age in olfactory conditioning performance of worker honey bees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Laloi-David; Gallois-Marie; Roger-Bernard; Pham-Delegue-Minh-Ha {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, INRA, 91440, Bures-sur-Yvette: pham@jouy.inra.fr, France SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2001; 32 (3): 231-242. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: Proboscis extension reflex conditioning has often been used to study olfactory learning in the honey bee. However, only a few studies have explored the variability of this response relative to the age of the bees, and these studies have yielded different conclusions. We aimed to document the effect of age on the proboscis extension response by measuring three parameters in the experimental procedure: the level of spontaneous responses, the acquisition rate, and the resistance to extinction. The performance of the youngest bees (2-day and 4-day-old) differed from those of older individuals for the three parameters, which may be related to the ontogeny of the olfactory system. In older age-groups, only the resistance to extinction was found to vary with age. We discuss the possible relationships between age-dependent variations in the odour learning abilities and the division of labour in the colony. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Development-; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): old-, worker-, young- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: olfactory-system: sensory-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: acquisition-rates; age-effects; division-of-labor; extinction-resistance; odor-learning-ability; olfactory-conditioning-performance; ontogeny-; proboscis-extension-reflex; spontaneous-responses AN Accession Number: 200100248635 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 531 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The ontogenetic pattern of mandibular gland components in queenless worker bees (Apis mellifera capensis Esch.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Simon-Ute-E; Moritz-Robin-F-A {a}; Crewe-Robin-M AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Zoologie, Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg, D -06099, Halle: r.moritz@zoologie.uni-halle.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] 1 July, 2001; 47 (7): 735-738. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The quantity and composition of the six major mandibular gland components of young queenless workers of the Cape honeybee (Apis mellifera capensis) were determined. The total amount of the six components increased with age. The relative quantities in the mandibular gland secretion of queenless caged workers were found to change rapidly during the first 4 days after emergence and to become dominated by the queen substance, 9 -keto-2(E)-decenoic acid. Also the relative amounts of 9-hydroxy-decenoic acid, a precursor of the queen substance, showed an increase of an order of magnitude within the first 4 days of imaginal life. The relative amounts of the aromatic compounds typical to the queen pheromone remained similar in this developmental time window. The increase of queenlike compounds is particularly strong between days two and three after emergence. These queen-like pheromones play a major role in the development of reproductive hierarchies among workers under queenless conditions. This may be an important factor in the socio-parasitic pathway of A. m. capensis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Endocrine-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [Cape-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): queenless-worker TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: mandibular-gland: endocrine-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 9-hydroxy-decenoic-acid: pheromone-; 9-keto-2(E)-decenoic-acid: pheromone-, queen-substance MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-differences; ontogeny-; reproductive-hierarchy AN Accession Number: 200100247466 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 532 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Honey bee circadian clocks: Behavioral control from individual workers to whole-colony rhythms. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Moore-D {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614-1710: moored@etsu.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] 15 July, 2001; 47 (8): 843-857. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In the field of insect circadian rhythms, the honey bee is best known for its foraging time-sense, or Zeitgedachtnis, which permits the forager bee to make precise associations between the presence of food and the time of day. A number of studies, now considered classics, established that bees could be trained to collect food at virtually any time of the circadian cycle and that this timekeeping ability was controlled by an endogenous circadian clock. Recently, behavioral rhythms in bees have been examined using a variety of approaches, in both laboratory and field studies. The following areas of new research are reviewed: (a) the ontogeny of behavioral rhythmicity in newly emerged worker bees; (b) the integration of behavioral rhythmicity with the colony's division of labor; (c) the evidence for social entrainment of behavioral rhythms and for a 'clock of the colony'; (d) the potential linkage between circadian rhythms of general locomotor activity and the foraging time-sense; (e) learning and entrainment hypotheses proposed to explain the mechanism underlying the time-sense; (f) the interplay between extinction and persistence of the time-memory as revealed from the differential behavior of individuals within the foraging group; and (g) comparisons of the Zeitgedachtnis with food-anticipatory rhythms in other animals. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Biosynchronization- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Zeitgedachtnis-; behavioral-control; behavioral-rhythmicity: integration-, ontogeny-; circadian-clocks; division-of-labor; food-anticipation; social -entrainment; time-memory: extinction-, persistence-; timekeeping-ability; whole-colony-rhythms AN Accession Number: 200100247021 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 533 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Cannabinoid receptors are absent in insects. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: McPartland-John {a}; Di-Marzo-Vincenzo; De-Petrocellis-Luciano; Mercer -Alison; Glass-Michelle AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, UNITEC, Auckland: jmcpartland@unitec.ac.nz, New Zealand SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Neurology. [print] August 6, 2001; 436 (4): 423-429. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-9967 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The endocannabinoid system exerts an important neuromodulatory role in mammals. Knockout mice lacking cannabinoid (CB) receptors exhibit significant morbidity. The endocannabinoid system also appears to be phylogenetically ancient-it occurs in mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, sea urchins, leeches, mussels, and even the most primitive animal with a nerve network, the Hydra. The presence of CB receptors, however, has not been examined in terrestrial invertebrates (or any member of the Ecdysozoa). Surprisingly, we found no specific binding of the synthetic CB ligands (3H)CP55,940 and (3H)SR141716A in a panel of insects: Apis mellifera, Drosophila melanogaster, Gerris marginatus, Spodoptera frugiperda, and Zophobas atratus. A lack of functional CB receptors was confirmed by the inability of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and HU210 to activate G-proteins in insect tissues, utilizing a guanosine-5'-O-(3 -(35)thio)-triphosphate (GTPgammaS) assay. No orthologs of human CB receptors were located in the Drosophila genome, nor did we find orthologs of fatty acid amide hydrolase. This loss of CB receptors appears to be unique in the field of comparative neurobiology. No other known mammalian neuroreceptor is understood to be missing in insects. We hypothesized that CB receptors were lost in insects because of a dearth of ligands; endogenous CB ligands are metabolites of arachidonic acid, and insects produce little or no arachidonic acid or endocannabinoid ligands, such as anandamide. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Heteroptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Drosophila-melanogaster (Diptera-); Gerris -marginatus (Heteroptera-); Spodoptera-frugiperda (Lepidoptera-); Zophobas -atratus (Coleoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: G-proteins; GTP-; HU210-; amide-hydrolase; anandamide-; arachidonic-acid; cannabinoid-receptors; endocannabinoid-ligands; tetrahydrocannabinol- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 86-01-1: GTP; 112830-95-2: HU210; 94421-68-8: ANANDAMIDE; 506-32-1: ARACHIDONIC ACID; 1972-08-3: TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL AN Accession Number: 200100245103 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 534 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Task-related chemical analysis of labial gland volatile secretion in worker honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Katzav-Gozansky-Tamar {a}; Soroker-Victoria; Ionescu-Armin; Robinson-Gene -E; Hefetz-Abraham AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv: katzavt@post.tau.ac.il, Israel SO Source: Journal-of-Chemical-Ecology. [print] May, 2001; 27 (5): 919-926. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0098-0331 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Chemical analyses revealed that the labial gland complex of worker honeybees possesses a series of hydrocarbons dominated by odd-numbered carbon chain alkanes along with minor amounts of alkenes and branched alkanes. Foragers contained significantly more secretion than nurse bees. Experiments with bees from colonies induced to have a division of labor independent of age revealed that the differences in the amount of secretion were task, but not age dependent. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Endocrine-System (Chemical -Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-ligustica [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: labial-gland CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: hydrocarbons-; labial-gland-volatile-secretion MQ Methods and Equipment: task-related-chemical-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: task-specificity AN Accession Number: 200100245093 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 535 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Isolation of a peptide fraction from honeybee royal jelly as a potential antifoulbrood factor. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bilikova-Katarina {a}; Wu-Gusui; Simuth-Jozef AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84238, Bratislava: chembili@savba.sk, Slovakia SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2001; 32 (3): 275-283. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: A peptide fraction was isolated from honeybee royal jelly (RJ) using dual dialysis under acidic conditions. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the major peptide within the fraction was V-T-C-D-L-L-S-F-K-G. This sequence corresponds to the honeybee defensin royalisin of MW 5523 Da which has been shown to exert antibacterial activity against some Gram -positive bacteria. Diffusion tests on agar plates showed that the peptide fraction had an inhibitory effect against the honeybee pathogen Paenibacillus larvae larvae, the primary pathogen of American foulbrood disease, as well as against other Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and Sarcina lutea. Moreover, the peptide fraction was shown also to have antifungal effect against the model fungus Botrytis cinerea. It is the first evidence of an antibiotic effect of royalisin against a honeybee pathogen. The procedure described is very simple and does not require application of complicated separation techniques. It is based on dialysis of RJ using membranes with different pore sizes, which enable to separate the compounds having molecular weight below 2 kDa, between 2 kDa and 10 kDa, and over 10 kDa. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination -and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae-; Gram-Positive-Cocci: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Bacillus-subtilis (Endospore -forming-Gram-Positives): entomopathogen-; Botrytis-cinerea (Fungi -Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): entomopathogen-; Paenibacillus-larva-larva (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): entomopathogen-; Sarcina-lutea (Gram -Positive-Cocci): entomopathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: royal-jelly [RJ-]: peptide-fraction; royalisin-: defensin- DS Diseases: American-foulbrood [AFB-]: bacterial-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 128906-89-8: ROYALISIN MQ Methods and Equipment: dual-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: antibacterial-activity AN Accession Number: 200100244856 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 536 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Attraction and repellence of workers by the honeybee queen. (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Moritz-Robin-F-A {a}; Crewe-Robin-M; Hepburn-H-Randall AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Zoologie, Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg, Kroellwitzerstr. 44, D-06099, Halle/Saale: r.moritz@zoologie.uni-halle.de, Germany SO Source: Ethology-. [print] June, 2001; 107 (6): 465-477. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0179-1613 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The spatial distribution of worker honeybees in colonies of two African subspecies (Apis mellifera capensis and Apis mellifera scutellata), as well as their natural hybrids, was determined in five observation colonies, each containing one frame. The queens were allowed to roam freely throughout the hive during the initial phase of the experiment, and were observed on both sides of the frame in all colonies. In the second phase of the experiment the queen was caged on one side of the frame in three of the observation colonies, the other two colonies serving as controls. Queen caging significantly affected the distribution of worker bees, with more A. m. scutellata workers being attracted to the queen and more A. m. capensis worker bees being repelled by the presence of the queen. The hybrid workers were also repelled, but to a lesser extent. Queens thus not only attract workers to form a retinue or during swarming but also repel workers in the nest. Evasion of the reproductive suppression by the queen pheromones may be a typical behavior for workers with a high reproductive potential. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Endocrine-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): African-, queen-, worker-; Apis-mellifera-capensis-x-Apis-mellifera-scutellata (Hymenoptera -); Apis-mellifera-scutellata [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): African-, queen -, worker-; Apis-mellifera-scutellata-x-Apis-mellifera-capensis (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: pheromones- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: attraction-; repellence-; reproductive-potential; spatial-distribution; swarming- AN Accession Number: 200100243923 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 537 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Scent or movement of Varroa destructor mites does not elicit hygienic behaviour by Africanized and Carniolan honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Aumeier-Pia {a}; Rosenkranz-Peter AD Author Address: {a} Zoologisches Institut, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tuebingen: bieneau@uni-hohenheim.de, Germany SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2001; 32 (3): 253-263. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: Hygienic behaviour of mite-tolerant Africanized and susceptible Carniolan colonies was evaluated in Brazil by sham-manipulating or artificially inoculating 4175 capped worker brood cells with dead Varroa destructor mites or ants, or their odour extracts. Both bee types expressed the hygienic components 'uncapping', 'removal of introduced mite/ant' and 'removal of brood' to the same extent and pattern. The similar response to dead mites of different origins and solvent-extracted mites indicates a minor role of scent or of movement of mites within sealed brood cells as releasers of hygienic behaviour. However, application of dichlormethane -extract of mites increased the hygienic response compared to pure solvent alone. Hygienic reactions to mite infested brood cells must, therefore, be elicited by other signals, possibly by the detection of specific reactions or odours of the infested larvae or pupae. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Africanized-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Apis -mellifera-carnica [Carniolan-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite-; ants- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: dichloromethane- GE Geopolitical Location: Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 75-09-2: DICHLOROMETHANE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: animal-movements; brood-cell-infestations; brood-removal; hygienic -behavior; odor-detection; scent-cues; varroosis- AN Accession Number: 200100243901 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 538 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Mortality of Varroa destructor in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies during winter. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Fries-Ingemar {a}; Perez-Escala-Silvia AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007, Uppsala: ingemar.fries@entom.slu.se, Sweden SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2001; 32 (3): 223-229. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: The change in infestation levels of the mite Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman on adult bees during periods with little or no brood rearing (late October/early November to early February) was investigated in 10 colonies for two consecutive years in a Swedish climate (N57degree06'E18degree16'). The results do not support the hypothesis that mites become concentrated on the remaining bees as bees die off from the winter cluster. When the number of all mites recovered from dead bees or from debris was used to calculate mites per dead bee, the level of infestation per bee was not significantly different between samples of live bee and dead bees. For modelling purposes, we presently find no reason to differentiate the mortality rates of bees and mites during periods when there is no or limited amounts of brood in the colonies, although the connection between bee mortality and mite mortality may not be as direct as previously assumed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): adult-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Sweden- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-rearing; colony-infestations; population-dynamics; winter-mortality AN Accession Number: 200100243900 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 539 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The role of the vibration signal during queen competition in colonies of the honeybee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schneider-S-S {a}; Painter-Kurt-S; Degrandi-Hoffman-G AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, 28223: sschnedr@email.uncc.edu, USA SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] June, 2001; 61 (6): 1173-1180. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Temporary polygyny (the presence of multiple queens) occurs in honeybee colonies when virgin queens (VQs) are reared for reproductive swarming or queen replacement. During these events, workers perform vibration signals on queen cells and emerged queens, and these signals may influence which VQ becomes the new laying queen of a colony. We examined the role of vibration signals during queen competition in two African and six European honeybee colonies. There was pronounced variability in vibration activity between colonies and among queens reared within the same colony. Despite this variation, all colonies showed similar trends in the relationships between the vibration signal and queen replacement. Vibration signals performed on queen cells were not associated with emergence success. Likewise, the signal was not associated with queen emergence order. Early emerging and late-emerging queens were vibrated at similar rates, and there was no clear relationship between emergence order and VQ survival. However, the signals performed on VQs after they emerged were associated with their behaviour and success during the queen elimination period. Emerged VQs that were vibrated at higher rates survived longer, performed more bouts of piping (a characteristic sound produced by queens), eliminated more rivals and were more likely to become the new queens of the colonies. The vibration signal may therefore allow workers a degree of control over the behaviour of emerged VQs, and may influence the outcome of queen competition in honeybees. Differences in vibration activity within and among colonies may reflect differences in the extent to which workers and queens conflict over the timing and outcome of polygyny reduction. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): African-, European-, queen-, virgin-queen, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: queen-competition; queen-replacement; reproductive-swarming; survival-; temporary-polygyny; vibration-signal AN Accession Number: 200100243880 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 540 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Honeybee (Apis mellifera ligustica) use of color and pattern in making foraging choices. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wells-Harrington {a}; Cakmak-Ibrahim; Coburn-Philip; Athens-Michael; Hill -Peggy-S-M AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104: harrington-wells@utulsa.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-the-Kansas-Entomological-Society. [print] October, 2000; 73 (4): 195-207. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-8567 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honeybees can use various kinds of information, including color and pattern, in choosing flowers during foraging. We offered free-flying bees a dimorphic artificial patch of radial and bilateral blue/white flowers in order to examine three hypotheses to explain the noted increase in visitation to the flower type offering a lower caloric reward, i.e., optical resolution, dyslectic interpretation, and cognition related to pattern colors. When bees were offered a color pattern rather than a simple color difference to differentiate flower types, they did not always make choices predicted by theory. Honeybees foraged randomly on both flower morphs when rewards were equal and chose the higher caloric reward more often when rewards were different. However, they visited the less rewarding choice more than 33% of the time. Increasing the size of the flower surface by doubling the dimensions did not decrease visitation to the less rewarding flower type, suggesting that visual acuity is not the limiting factor in flower sizes used. When flower colors that increased contrast (yellow vs. blue) were used in the dimorphic patch, visitation rate to the less rewarding flower type did not decline, nor did this 'error rate' decrease when identical patterns were used with only partial color differences. Adding an orientation reference on each flower decreased the frequency with which the less rewarding flower type was chosen from 36 to 26%, possibly because foragers were induced to switch from a global cue (e.g., patch) to a local cue (e.g., flower). The rate with which the less rewarding flower type is chosen appears to be a function of honeybee use of cognitive and sensory modalities, rather than limited memory and correlative abilities. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-ligustica [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: color-, pattern-, reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flower-type; foraging-choice; orientation-reference; visitation-rate; visual-acuity AN Accession Number: 200100243709 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 541 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The timing of worker reproduction and breakdown of policing behaviour in queenless honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) societies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Miller-D-G-III {a}; Ratnieks-F-L-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, Division of Insect Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720: dmiller@trinity.edu, F.Ratnieks@sheffield.ac.uk, USA SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2001; 48 (2): 178-184. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Worker bees eventually begin laying eggs in honey bee colonies that have lost their queen and have failed to rear a replacement. In contrast, workers tend to lack developed ovaries and tend to suppress drone production by worker nestmates in colonies with queens. We measured changes in worker egg-removal behaviour, ovary development, and egg-laying rate in hives following the removal of their queens. We carried out weekly assays of worker removal of experimentally transferred eggs, dissection and inspection of worker bee ovaries, and daily checks of worker oviposition. Following queen removal, the egg-removal rate by workers generally first increased, then decreased or levelled off over the four -week time course of the experiment; this behaviour was closely synchronized with the increase in worker ovary development and egg-laying. We discuss our results in the context of theoretically predicted worker -worker conflict over the onset of reproduction in queenless honey bee societies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovary-: development-, reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: egg-laying-rate; policing-behavior; queen-removal; worker-reproduction AN Accession Number: 200100243697 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 542 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: One-year dog toxicity study of D-002, a mixture of aliphatic alcohols. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Aleman-Celia {a}; Rodeiro-Idania; Noa-Miriam; Menendez-Roberto; Gamez -Rafael; Hernandez-Caridad; Mas-Rosa AD Author Address: {a} Department of Toxicology, Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba SO Source: Journal-of-Applied-Toxicology. [print] May-June, 2001; 21 (3): 179-184. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0260-437X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: D-002 is a mixture of high-molecular-weight aliphatic alcohols, obtained from bees wax (Apis mellifera), with mild anti-inflammatory properties and effective anti-ulcer activities demonstrated in experimental models. This study investigated the oral toxicity of D-002 administered for 1 year to beagle dogs. Twenty-four beagle dogs (12 males and 12 females) were distributed randomly in three experimental groups (four animals per group): a control and two treated groups received D-002 at 50 and 250 mg kg-1 (7 days/week) by gastric gavage. Overall, D-002 was well tolerated throughout the study. No signs or symptoms of toxicity were observed, and no mortality occurred during the study. All groups showed similar weight gain and food consumption. No hematological, blood biochemical or histopathological disturbances attributable to treatment were observed. This study shows no drug-related toxicity induced by long-term administration of up to 250 mg kg-1 D-002 to beagle dogs. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Canidae-: Carnivora-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); beagle-dog [dog-] (Canidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Carnivores-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: D-002: antiinflammatory-effects, antiulcerative-activities, toxic-effects; aliphatic-alcohols MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: one-year-dg-toxicity-study AN Accession Number: 200100241567 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 543 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Detection of coloured patterns by honeybees through chromatic and achromatic cues. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-Ibarra-Natalie-Hempel {a}; Giurfa-Martin; Vorobyev-Misha AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Biologie - Neurobiologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 28/30, 14195, Berlin: nhempel@neurobiologie.fu -berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] April, 2001; 187 (3): 215-224. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We asked whether the detection range of two-coloured centre-surround patterns differs from that of single-coloured targets. Honeybees Apis mellifera were trained to distinguish between the presence and absence of a single-coloured disc or a coloured pattern at different visual angles. The patterns presented colours which were either different in chromatic and L-receptor contrasts to the background, equal in chromatic but different in L-receptor contrasts, or vice-versa. Patterns with colours presenting only chromatic contrast were also tested. Patterns with higher L-receptor contrast in its outer than in its inner element were better detected than patterns with a reversed L-contrast distribution. However, both were detected worse than single-coloured discs of the respective colours. When the L-receptor contrast was the same for both elements, the detection range of the two-coloured and single-coloured targets was the same. Patterns whose colours lacked L-receptor contrast were detected just as single-coloured targets of the same colours. These results demonstrate that both chromatic and L-receptor contrasts mediate the detection of coloured patterns and that particular distributions of L-receptor contrast within a target are better detected than others. This finding is consistent with the intervention of neurons with centre-surround receptive fields in the detection of coloured patterns. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: neuron-: nervous-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: achromatic-cues; chromatic-cues; color-vision; detection-; pattern-vision AN Accession Number: 200100240930 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 544 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Mite not make it home: Tracheal mites reduce the safety margin for oxygen delivery of flying honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Harrison-Jon-F {a}; Camazine-Scott; Marden-James-H; Kirkton-Scott-D {a}; Rozo-Albert; Yang-Xiaolong AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1501: j.harrison@asu.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] February, 2001; 204 (4): 805-814. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Many physiological systems appear to have safety margins, with excess capacity relative to normal functional needs, but the significance of such excess capacity remains controversial. In this study, we investigate the effects of parasitic tracheal mites (Acarapis woodi) on the safety margin for oxygen delivery and flight performance of honeybees. Tracheal mites did not affect the flight metabolic rate of honeybees in normoxic (21% oxygen) or hyperoxic (40% oxygen) air, but did reduce their metabolic rate relative to uninfected bees when flying in hypoxic air (5 or 10% oxygen), demonstrating that mites reduced the safety margin for tracheal oxygen delivery. The negative effects of mites on flight metabolic rate in hypoxic atmospheres were graded with the number of mites per trachea. For example, in 10% oxygen atmospheres, flight metabolic rate was reduced by 20% by moderate mite infection and by 40% by severe mite infection. Thus, the safety margin for oxygen delivery in honeybees allows them to retain normal flight metabolic rate and behavior despite tracheal mite infection under most conditions. However, the reduction in tracheal gas-exchange capacity may constrain activities requiring the highest metabolic rates, such as flying in cool weather. In support of this hypothesis, bees that were unable to return to the hive during late-winter flights showed significantly higher levels of mite infection than bees that returned safely. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Metabolism-; Parasitology-; Respiratory-System (Respiration-) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acarapis-woodi [mite-] (Acarina-): parasite-; Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: trachea-: respiratory-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxygen- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 7782-44-7: OXYGEN MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flight-performance; gas-exchange-capacity; metabolic-rate; oxygen-delivery; safety-margin AN Accession Number: 200100240808 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 545 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Origin of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) from the Yucatan peninsula inferred from mitochondrial DNA analysis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Clarke-Kylea-E {a}; Oldroyd-Benjamin-P; Javier-J; Quezada-Euan-G; Rinderer -Thomas-E AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences A12, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006: kclark@bio.usyd.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Molecular-Ecology. [print] June, 2001; 10 (6): 1347-1355. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-1083 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) sampled at sites in Europe, Africa and South America were analysed using a mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) marker. These samples were used to provide baseline information for a detailed analysis of the process of Africanization of bees from the neotropical Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. Radical changes in mitochondrial haplotype (mitotype) frequencies were found to have occurred in the 13-year period studied. Prior to the arrival of Africanized bees (1986) the original inhabitants of the Yucatan peninsula appear to have been essentially of southeastern European origin with a smaller proportion having northwestern European ancestry. Three years after the migration of Africanized bees into the area (1989), only very low levels of maternal gene flow from Africanized populations into the resident European populations had occurred. By 1998, however, there was a sizeable increase in the proportion of African mitotypes in domestic populations (61%) with feral populations having 87% of mitotypes classified as African derived. The results suggest that the early stages of Africanization did not involve a rapid replacement of European with African mitotypes and that earlier studies probably overestimated the prevalence of African mitotypes. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Africa- (Ethiopian-region); Europe- (Palearctic-region); South-America (Neotropical-region); Yucatan-Peninsula (Nearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: mitochondrial-DNA-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Africanization-; gene-flow; mitochondrial-haplotype-frequency AN Accession Number: 200100240380 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 546 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Do morphometrics and allozymes reliably distinguish Africanized and European Apis mellifera drones in subtropical Mexico? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-J-May-Itza-W; Quezada-Euan-J-J-G {a}; Iuit-L; Echazarreta-C-M AD Author Address: {a} Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, YUC: qeuan@tunku.uady.mx, Mexico SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2001; 40 (1): 17-23. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Drones reared in colonies of honey bees (Apis mellifera) of European (EHB) and Africanized (AHB) origin were characterized using morphometrics and allozyme analyses. 17 characters of the forewing were compared at the univariate and multivariate level using principal component analysis (PCA). Additionally, Mdh and Hk allozyme frequencies were compared between both drone types. Only 5 forewing characters were statistically different between the two drone types and PCA failed to separate clearly AHB from EHB drones. The Hk allele 1 was more frequent in EHB drones compared with AHB (P < 0.01). However, the frequencies of the Mdh1 allele in EHB drones from Yucatan was intermediate between AHB and EHB drones from an Africanized-free zone (P < 0.01). These results suggest that, for Yucatecan populations, Hk is more informative concerning the African or European origin of drones than Mdh. Evidence of undetected levels of africanization with morphometrics alone and the non-neutrality and high within-population variation of the Mdh loci make the use of these techniques questionable as a diagnostic of africanization in drones from the Yucatan. The use of Hk in combination with mitochondrial and/or nuclear DNA markers would be of more value to analyse the dynamics of male production, seasonal abundance and male releases in drone congregation areas in Yucatan. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): Africanized-, European-, drone- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: allozymes-; hexokinase-; malate-dehydrogenase GE Geopolitical Location: Mexico- (North-America, Nearctic-region); Yucatan- (Mexico-, North-America, Nearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-51-8: HEXOKINASE; 9001-64-3: MALATE DEHYDROGENASE MQ Methods and Equipment: principal-component-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: morphometrics-; within-population-variation AN Accession Number: 200100240366 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 547 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Social encapsulation of beetle parasites by Cape honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera capensis Esch.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Neumann-P {a}; Pirk-C-W-W; Hepburn-H-R; Solbrig-A-J; Ratnieks-F-L-W; Elzen -P-J; Baxter-J-R AD Author Address: {a} Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg, Institut fuer Zoologie/Molekulare Oekologie, Kroellwitzerstrasse 44, 06099, Halle/Saale: p.neumann@zoologie.uni-halle.de, Germany SO Source: Naturwissenschaften-. [print] May, 2001; 88 (5): 214-216. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-1042 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Worker honeybees (Apis mellifera capensis) encapsulate the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida), a nest parasite, in propolis (tree resin collected by the bees). The encapsulation process lasts 1-4 days and the bees have a sophisticated guarding strategy for limiting the escape of beetles during encapsulation. Some encapsulated beetles died (4.9%) and a few escaped (1.6%). Encapsulation has probably evolved because the small hive beetle cannot easily be killed by the bees due to its hard exoskeleton and defensive behaviour. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Aethina-tumida [hive-beetle] (Coleoptera-): parasite-; Apis-mellifera -capensis [Cape-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: exoskeleton- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: defensive-behavior; guarding-strategy; social-encapsulation AN Accession Number: 200100238030 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 548 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Disruption of actin filaments causes redistribution of ryanodine receptor Ca2+ channels in honeybee photoreceptor cells. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Baumann-Otto {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Biochemie und Biologie, Tierphysiologie, Universitaet Potsdam, Lennestrasse 7a, 14471, Potsdam: obaumann@rz.uni-potsdam.de, Germany SO Source: Neuroscience-Letters. [print] June 29, 2001; 306 (3): 181-184. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0304-3940 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Ca2+ channels often have a restricted distribution over the elaborate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in neuronal cells; however, the mechanisms maintaining Ca2+ channel position within the ER membrane are elusive. By means of confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ channels were localized in honeybee photoreceptors, and the role of actin filaments in RyR positioning was examined. In control cells, RyRs were enriched at distinct microdomains of the ER next to the photoreceptive microvilli. After incubation with cytochalasin B or cytochalasin D, which results in a disruption of F-actin, RyRs were distributed through the entire ER, suggesting that RyRs are positioned within honeybee visual cells by interaction with the F-actin system. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Nervous-System (Neural -Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: actin-filaments: disruption-, nervous-system; photoreceptor-cell: sensory -system; visual-cell: nervous-system, sensory-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: ryanodine-receptor-calcium-channel: redistribution- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: F-actin-system: interaction- AN Accession Number: 200100237272 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 549 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Metabolic rate and thermal stability during honeybee foraging at different reward rates. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Moffatt-Luciano {a} AD Author Address: {a} Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, 4477 Randall Laboratory Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1120: lmoffatt@umich.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] February, 2001; 204 (4): 759-766. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: During honeybee foraging, the stabilization of thoracic temperature (Tth) at elevated values is necessary to meet the power requirements of flight at different air temperatures (Ta). To understand how the bee achieves thermal stability at different reward rates, the metabolic rates of undisturbed foraging bees were measured at different Ta values and different sucrose solution flow rates. Metabolic heat production, calculated from the rate of carbon dioxide production, decreased linearly from 49.7 to 23.4 mW as Ta increased from 19 to 29degreeC (sucrose flow rate 1.75 mul min-1, 50% w/w). In contrast, crop load and inspection rate remained constant. Metabolic rate displayed a linear relationship with both Ta and the logarithm of the flow rate of sucrose solution (range analyzed 0.44-13.1 mul min-1, 50% w/w). Metabolic rate decreased by 3.13+ -0.52 mW (mean+-S.E.M., N=37) for every 1degreeC increase in Ta and increased by 4.36+-1.13 mW for a doubling in flow rate. These changes in metabolic power output might be used to achieve thermal stability during foraging. It is suggested that the foraging bee might increase its Tth in accordance with the reward rate. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis; Metabolism- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-ligustica [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: carbon-dioxide; sucrose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 124-38-9: CARBON DIOXIDE; 57-50-1: SUCROSE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flight-energetics; foraging-; metabolic-rate; reward-rates; thermal -stability; thermoregulation- AN Accession Number: 200100235591 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 550 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Producao de Geleia Real e Desenvolvimento da Larva de Abelhas Apis mellifera, na Regiao Semi-Arida de Pernambuco. Royal jelly production and larval development of bees Apis mellifera in semi-arid region of Pernambuco, Brazil. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-Queiroz-Maria-de-Lourdes {a}; Barbosa-Severino-Benone-Paes {a}; de -Azevedo-Marcilio {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Zootecnia, UFRPE, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, Dois Irmaos, Recife, PE: baid@uol.com.br, baid@uol.com.br, baid@uol.com.br, Brazil SO Source: Revista-Brasileira-de-Zootecnia. [print] March-April, 2001; 30 (2): 449-453. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese AB Abstract: In order to evaluate the best period to collect royal jelly (RJ) from queen cells and study the larval development of Apis mellifera, RJ production and larval weight (LW) were analyzed in Ibimirim and Petrolandia, counties of the semi-arid region of Pernambuco, Brazil. The study was performed in May and June, 1995 and the experimental design was randomized blocks. The RJ collected and the LW after 24, 32, 48, 58 and 72 h in relation to larval transfer period were significantly different (P<0.01) in both locations. Regression equations showed that maximum productions of RJ, 157.57 mg in (Ibimirim) and 183.69 mg in (Petrolandia) were achieved, respectively at 59 and 54 h after larval transference. The results show the best production could be obtained by collecting RJ between 48 and 56 h after larval transfer in both locations. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Development-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [bee-] (Hymenoptera-): larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Pernambuco- (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; larval-development; royal-jelly-production; semi-arad -environment AN Accession Number: 200100230252 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 551 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae): An alternative to Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) for lowbush blueberry pollination. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stubbs-Constance-S {a}; Drummond-Francis-A {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469-5722, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] June, 2001; 94 (3): 609-616. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The pollination effectiveness of the commercially reared bumble bee Bombus impatiens Cresson, was compared in field studies to the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., for lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. A preliminary study indicated that B. impatiens had potential as an alternative pollinator. In a 3-yr study, percentage fruit set, percentage harvested berries, berry weight, and seeds per berry were compared in blueberry fields stocked at 7.5 A. mellifera hives per hectare to 5, 7.5, or 10 B. impatiens colonies per hectare. Percentage of harvested berries (yield) was significantly higher in fields stocked with B. impatiens at 10 colonies per hectare. No other parameters measuring pollinator effectiveness were significantly different at 5, 7.5, or 10 colonies per hectare. Flower handling time was significantly faster for B. impatiens and it more frequently collected blueberry pollen. All parameters of pollinator effectiveness were similar for B. impatiens, A. mellifera, and native wild bees in a follow-up study. Overall, B. impatiens was a suitable alternative to A. mellifera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Ericaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Bombus-impatiens (Hymenoptera -): pollinator-; Vaccinium-angustifolium [lowbush-blueberry] (Ericaceae-): fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: percentage-harvested-berries; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200100230226 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 552 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Reward frequency: Effects on flower choices made by different honeybee races in Turkey. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Cakmak-Ibrahim {a}; Wells-Harrington AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag University, Gorukle, 16059, Bursa, Turkey SO Source: Turkish-Journal-of-Zoology. [print] 2001; 25 (3): 169-176. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1300-0179 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; Turkish AB Abstract: We compared the European honeybee races Apis mellifera armeniaca, A.m. caucasica, A.m. cypria, and A.m. syriaca. These subspecies are endemic to very different habitats. Additionally, they are exposed to very different levels of predation. A.m. caucasica exists where honeybee predators typically are rare, while the remaining subspecies have ranges that coincide with areas where honeybee predators are abundant. Foraging decisions of workers visiting artificial flower patches containing blue, white, and yellow flowers were recorded. We tested whether foragers responded to differences in rewarding flower frequency among flower color morphs. Division of labor occurred among foragers of each race; some bees frequented yellow flowers while other bees from the same hive visited blue and white flowers. A.m. caucasica foragers ignored differences in reward frequency among flower colors. Even bees that frequented blue and white flowers did not base flower choice on reward frequency differences between just these two color morphs. In contrast, A.m. armeniaca, A.m. cypria, and A.m. syriaca, however, did respond to differences in reward frequencies, tending to avoid the less frequently rewarding flower color morph. A.m. armeniaca forager division of labor (foragers committed to yellow or to blue and white flowers) was dominant to energy maximization. The reverse was true for A.m. cypria. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-armeniaca [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera -caucasica [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-cypria [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-syriaca [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: energy-maximization; flower-choices; flower-color; predation-; reward -frequency AN Accession Number: 200100230220 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 553 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Easy ways to determine honey bee mortality using dead-bee traps. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Perez-Jose-Luis; Higes-Mariano; Suarez-Miguel; Llorente-Jesus; Meana -Aranzazu {a} AD Author Address: {a} Dpto. Patologia Animal I (Sanidad Animal), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid: ameana@eucmax.sim.ucm.es, Spain SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2001; 40 (1): 25-28. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Two different hive entrance dead-bee traps designed using standard beekeeping materials were compared to assess their usefulness in determining honey bee (Apis mellifera) mortality. Two trials were carried out on 10 modified Langstroth hives in February and April, 1998, with two simple traps distributed randomly among colonies. In trial 1, five hives were tested with a modified pollen collector trap and the other five with an 'underbasket' trap. In trial 2, the same hives were used but with different traps. The strength of each colony was measured by counting the spaces between frames occupied by bees. On day 0, 100 dead marked bees were introduced into each hive and trapped bees were counted periodically. More than 91% of the dead bees were collected in both traps with similar results. No relationship was established between efficacy and the strength of the colony, but there was a relationship between efficacy and collection time. There was a direct relationship between the number of spaces between frames full of bees and the time of recovering dead bees. Both traps tested seem to provide an economical and simple way to assess bee mortality in a short-term test. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: Langstroth-hives: equipment-; dead-bee-traps: equipment-; modified-pollen -collector: equipment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-strength; mortality- AN Accession Number: 200100230205 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 554 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Effects of comb age on honey bee colony growth and brood survivorship. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Berry-Jennifer-A {a}; Delaplane-Keith-S AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602: jbee@bugs.ent.uga.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2001; 40 (1): 3-8. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: This research examined the effects of comb age on honey bee colony growth and brood survivorship. Experimental old combs were of an unknown age, but were dark and heavy as typical of combs one or more years old. New combs were produced just prior to the beginning of the experiment and had never had brood previously reared in them. Either old or new combs were installed into each of 21-24 nucleus colonies each year over a three-year period. On average, colonies with new comb produced a greater area (cm2) of brood, a greater area (cm2) of sealed brood, and a higher weight of individual young bees (mg). Brood survivorship was the only variable significantly higher in old comb. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-survivorship; colony-growth; comb-age; comb-production AN Accession Number: 200100230204 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 555 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Do competing honey bees matter? Dynamics and abundance of native bees before and after honey bee invasion. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Roubik-David-W {a}; Wolda-Henk AD Author Address: {a} Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20560-0580: roubikd@tivoli.si.edu, USA SO Source: Population-Ecology. [print] April, 2001; 43 (1): 53-62. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1438-3896 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: To provide replicate samples of local bee populations in a nature preserve, light traps operated continuously on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, collected bees for 17 years, including 10 years following invasion by African Apis mellifera. Honey bees appeared in light traps as the first swarms colonized the Panama Canal area. Their numbers followed seasonal trends shown in independent studies, thus indicating bee abundance and activity in a large area. No measurable population-level impact of competition between this invading honey bee and native bees, despite many demonstrations of resource competition at flower patch and colony levels, changed annual abundances of all 15 native bee species. Native bee abundance did not decrease, nor did native bees show substantial reciprocal yearly change with honey bee abundance. One strong negative correlation of bee catches with an extremely rainy year was found. However, multiple regression using rainfall and honey bee abundance as the independent variables showed that neither was responsible for bee population change over 17 years. Nearly half the native species declined during a year that displayed peak honey bee number. That competition from honey bees on an island the size of BCI was necessarily reduced below impact levels expected on the mainland is discussed using a model of resource and consumer density, foraging range, and island size. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biodiversity-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): African-, competitor-; Centris -flavilabris (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Megalopta-ecuadoria (Hymenoptera -): competitor-; Megalopta-genalis (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Oxytrigona -mellicolor (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Partamona-peckolti (Hymenoptera -): competitor-; Plebeia-franki (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Plebeia -frontinalis (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Plebeia-jatiformis (Hymenoptera -): competitor-; Ptiloglossa-sp. (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Rhinetula -dentricus (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Scaptotrigona-barrocoloradensis (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Scaptotrigona-luteipennis (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Trigona-corvina (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Trigona -fulviventris (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Trigona-nigerrima (Hymenoptera -): competitor- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Barro-Colorado-Island (Panama-, Central-America, Neotropical-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: light-trapping: sampling-method; multiple-regression: statistical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biological-invasions; colony-levels; environmental-impact; flower-patches; foraging-ranges; island-size; neotropical-ecology; rainfall-; resource -competition; seasonal-trends; species-abundance; species-density AN Accession Number: 200100228203 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 556 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Behaviour of African and European subspecies of Apis mellifera toward the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Elzen-P-J {a}; Baxter-J-R; Neumann-P; Solbrig-A; Pirk-C; Hepburn-H-R; Westervelt-D; Randall-C AD Author Address: {a} USDA-ARS, 2413 E. Highway 83, Weslaco, TX, 78596: pelzen@weslaco.ars.usda.gov, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2001; 40 (1): 40-41. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Aethina-tumida [small-hive-beetle] (Coleoptera-): pest-; Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-capensis [cape-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: defensive-behavior AN Accession Number: 200100225392 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 557 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Hygienic behaviour of Apis mellifera iberica against brood cells artificially infested with varroa. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Flores-Jose-M {a}; Ruiz-Jose-A; Ruz-Jose-M; Puerta-Francisco; Bustos-Manuel AD Author Address: {a} Centro Andaluz de Apicultura Ecologica, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba: ba1pupuf@uco.es, Spain SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2001; 40 (1): 29-34. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Hygienic behaviour forms one of the bases of tolerance of the Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) to varroa. This behaviour can also play an important role in the tolerance of the European honey bee (A. mellifera) towards the mite. The hygienic behavioural response of bees over a period of 24 h towards worker brood cells of A. mellifera iberica artificially infested with varroa was studied. When bees detected cells containing mites, in some instances both brood and mites were removed, whereas in others only the mite was removed. When a single mite was placed in each cell, hygienic behaviour was not induced, only 0.74% of infested cells had mites removed. Using two or three mites per cell, this response increased significantly, with 8.01% and 16.62% of infested cells with mites removed, respectively. A positive correlation (P < 0.05, r = 0.49) was found in hygienic behaviour towards cells artificially infested with two or three mites. A second experiment was conducted to compare the response of bees to live or dead mites inoculated into the cells. When three mites were placed in each cell, no difference in response to dead or live mites was observed (P = 0.686). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-iberica (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa- (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: artificial-infestation; brood-cells; hygienic-behavior; infestation -resistance; infestation-tolerance AN Accession Number: 200100225391 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 558 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Distribution of nonmuscle myosin-II in honeybee photoreceptors and its possible role in maintaining compound eye architecture. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Baumann-Otto {a} AD Author Address: {a} Tierphysiologie, Institut fuer Biochemie und Biologie, Universitaet Potsdam, Lennestrasse 7a, 14471, Potsdam: obaumann@rz.uni-potsdam.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Neurology. [print] July 2, 2001; 435 (3): 364-378. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-9967 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Photoreceptor and accessory cells in the insect compound eye exhibit a characteristic architecture, probably established and maintained by the contribution of membrane-associated cytoskeletal elements. The present study identifies and localizes nonmuscle myosin-II in honeybee photoreceptors by use of an affinity-purified antibody against scallop muscle myosin-II heavy chain (MHC). Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining confirmed cross-reactivity of the antibody with honeybee muscle MHC. In the compound eye, the antibody identified a protein that comigrated with muscle MHC on sodium dodecylsulfate -polyacrylamide gels. Association with the cytoskeleton, ATP-dependent binding to exogenous actin filaments, and cross-reactivity with several other antibodies against MHC, including an antibody to Drosophila nonmuscle MHC, support the conclusion that the cross-reacting protein represents nonmuscle MHC. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy on honeybee eyes showed that the motor protein was highly enriched at distinct regions of the photoreceptor surface next to the light-receptive compartment, the rhabdom. To determine the function of myosin-II in these cells, retinal tissue was incubated with 2,3-butanedione 2-monoxime (BDM), an inhibitor of myosin activity. BDM treatment resulted in an increase in surface curvature at precisely those membrane areas that exhibited intense immunoreactivity for MHC. Moreover, the positioning and alignment of the rhabdoms was altered after exposure to BDM. These results suggest that the activity of nonmuscle myosin-II in the visual cells exerts tension on a distinct surface region next to the rhabdom, contributes to the positioning of the rhabdom, and, thus, plays a role in maintaining the cellular architecture within the compound eye. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: accessory-cells; actin-filaments; compound-eye: architecture-, sensory -system; cytoskeleton-; photoreceptors-: sensory-system; rhabdom-: positioning- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: myosin-II: nonmuscle-; myosin-II-heavy-chain MQ Methods and Equipment: SDS-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis [SDS-PAGE]: analytical-method; Western-blot: analytical-method, detection/labeling-techniques, gene -mapping; confocal-immunofluorescence-microscopy: analytical-method, microscopy-method; immunofluorescence-staining: analytical-method, staining-method AN Accession Number: 200100222724 UD Update Code: 20010628 Record 559 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Structural differences in the drone olfactory system of two phylogenetically distant Apis species, A. florea and A. mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Brockmann-Axel {a}; Brueckner-Dorothea AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Theodor-Boveri -Institut fuer Biowissenschaften, Universitaet Wuerzburg, 97074, Wuerzburg: brockmann@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Naturwissenschaften-. [print] February, 2001; 88 (2): 78-81. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-1042 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Communication-; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-florea (Hymenoptera-): drone-, female-, male-, queen-; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): drone-, female-, male-, queen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennae-: sensory-system; macroglomeruli- [MG-]; olfactory-system: sensory -system, structure-; receptor-neurons: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sex-pheromones MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: chemical-communication; interspecific-differences: anatomical-, morphological- AN Accession Number: 200100222642 UD Update Code: 20010628 Record 560 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Free fatty acids digested from pollen and triolein in the honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica Pollmann) midgut. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Loidl-A; Crailsheim-K {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institut fur Zoologie, Karl-Franzens-Universitaet Graz, Universitatsplatz 2, 8010, Graz: karl.crailsheim@kfunigraz.ac.at, Austria SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-B-Biochemical-Systemic-and-Environmental -Physiology. [print] May, 2001; 171 (4): 313-319. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0174-1578 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honey bees satisfy their lipid requirement by consuming pollen. The free fatty acid content of the midgut was used to quantify fat digestion. Midguts extracted from younger workers of known ages and from foragers were divided into three components: endoperitrophic region (peritrophic membrane with gut contents), extraperitrophic region and intestinal wall. Both the total amount of pollen and the amount of free fatty acids in the endoperitrophic region and in the intestinal wall depend on the bee's age. The amounts increase within the 1st 3 days of a honey bee's life, reach maxima around the age of 8 days and then decrease continuously to the lowest values, measured in forager bees. Forced feeding with triacylglycerol results in significantly higher levels of free fatty acids, especially in the endoperitrophic region, in 8-day-old bees and foragers. This indicates that lipolytic activity depends on age and that the free fatty acid content in 8-day-old bees is primarily limited by the amount and availability of lipids ingested. The results show further that fat digestion depends on the functional status of honey bees, as is the case for pollen consumption, speed of transport of pollen bolus through the alimentary canal and protein digestion. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation); Nutrition- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica (Hymenoptera-): forager-, honeybee-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: midgut-: digestive-system; pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: free-fatty-acids: digestion-; lipids-; triacylglycerol-: dietary-; triolein- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 122-32-7: TRIOLEIN MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-differences AN Accession Number: 200100220081 UD Update Code: 20010628 Record 561 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands differently affect cytochrome oxidase in the honeybee brain. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Armengaud-Catherine {a}; Ait-Oubah-Jamila; Causse-Nicolas; Gauthier-Monique AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Insecte, Universite de Toulouse III, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex: carmenga@cict.fr, France SO Source: Neuroscience-Letters. [print] May 18, 2001; 304 (1-2): 97-101. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0304-3940 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine if nicotinic receptor antagonists known for their ability to impair memory in the honeybee could induce changes in brain metabolism. We tested the effect of antagonists (hexamethonium, mecamylamine, alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX)) and agonist (nicotine) brain injections on cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry. Within as little as 30 min following nicotine injection, an increase of the staining was observed in almost all the structures analyzed. The increase was limited to the alpha-lobe after alpha-BTX injection. In contrast, the antagonists hexamethonium and mecamylamine reduced CO staining in this structure that seems to be involved in information retrieval. These results suggest that the decrease of metabolism in the alpha-lobe obtained with hexamethonium and mecamylamine injections could be related to the impairment of retrieval-processes previously observed with these drugs. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Nervous-System (Neural -Coordination); Pharmacology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: alpha-bungarotoxin; cytochrome-oxidase; hexamethonium-; mecamylamine-; nicotine-; nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor RN CAS Registry Number (R): 11032-79-4: ALPHA-BUNGAROTOXIN; 9001-16-5: CYTOCHROME OXIDASE; 60-26-4: HEXAMETHONIUM; 60-40-2: MECAMYLAMINE; 54-11-5: NICOTINE AN Accession Number: 200100219206 UD Update Code: 20010628 Record 562 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Biomechanics of the movable pretarsal adhesive organ in ants and bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Federle-Walter; Brainerd-Elizabeth-L; Mcmahon-Thomas-A; Hoelldobler-Bert {a} AD Author Address: {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Zoologie II, Theodor-Boveri Institut fuer Biowissenschaften der Universitaet, University of Wuerzburg, D-97074, Wuerzburg: bertholl@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-National-Academy-of-Sciences-of-the-United-States-of -America. [print] May 22, 2001; 98 (11): 6215-6220. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0027-8424 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Hymenoptera attach to smooth surfaces with a flexible pad, the arolium, between the claws. Here we investigate its movement in Asian weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) and honeybees (Apis mellifera). When ants run upside down on a smooth surface, the arolium is unfolded and folded back with each step. Its extension is strictly coupled with the retraction of the claws. Experimental pull on the claw-flexor tendon revealed that the claw-flexor muscle not only retracts the claws, but also moves the arolium. The elicited arolium movement comprises (i) about a 90degree rotation (extension) mediated by the interaction of the two rigid pretarsal sclerites arcus and manubrium and (ii) a lateral expansion and increase in volume. In severed legs of O. smaragdina ants, an increase in hemolymph pressure of 15 kPa was sufficient to inflate the arolium to its full size. Apart from being actively extended, an arolium in contact also can unfold passively when the leg is subject to a pull toward the body. We propose a combined mechanical-hydraulic model for arolium movement: (i) the arolium is engaged by the action of the unguitractor, which mechanically extends the arolium; (ii) compression of the arolium gland reservoir pumps liquid into the arolium; (iii) arolia partly in contact with the surface are unfolded passively when the legs are pulled toward the body; and (iv) the arolium deflates and moves back to its default position by elastic recoil of the cuticle. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Movement-and-Support ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Oecophylla-smaragdina (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: arolium-; claw-flexor-muscle: muscular-system; claw-flexor-tendon: skeletal -system; leg-; pretarsal-adhesive-organ MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biomechanics-; mechanical-hydraulic-model AN Accession Number: 200100218852 UD Update Code: 20010628 Record 563 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Social parasitism by honeybee workers (Apis mellifera capensis Escholtz): Host finding and resistance of hybrid host colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Neumann-Peter {a}; Radloff-Sarah-E; Moritz-Robin-F-A; Hepburn-H-Randall; Reece-Sacha-L AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Zoologie, Martin-Luther-Universitaet, Kroellwitzer Str. 44, 06099, Halle/Saale: p.neumann@zoologie.uni-halle.de, Germany SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology. [print] July-Aug., 2001; 12 (4): 419-428. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1045-2249 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We studied possible host finding and resistance mechanisms of host colonies in the context of social parasitism by Cape honeybee (Apis mellifera capensis) workers. Workers often join neighboring colonies by drifting, but long-range drifting (dispersal) to colonies far away from the maternal nests also rarely occurs. We tested the impact of queenstate and taxon of mother and host colonies on drifting and dispersing of workers and on the hosting of these workers in A. m. capensis, A. m. scutellata, and their natural hybrids. Workers were paint-marked according to colony and reintroduced into their queenright or queenless mother colonies. After 10 days, 579 out of 12,034 labeled workers were recaptured in foreign colonies. We found that drifting and dispersing represent different behaviors, which were differently affected by taxon and queenstate of both mother and host colonies. Hybrid workers drifted more often than A. m. capensis and A. m. scutellata. However, A. m. capensis workers dispersed more often than A. m. scutellata and the hybrids combined, and A. m. scutellata workers also dispersed more frequently than the hybrids. Dispersers from queenright A. m. capensis colonies were more often found in queenless host colonies and vice versa, indicating active host searching and/or a queenstate-discriminating guarding mechanism. Our data show that A. m. capensis workers disperse significantly more often than other races of A. mellifera, suggesting that dispersing represents a host finding mechanism. The lack of dispersal in hybrids and different hosting mechanisms of foreign workers by hybrid colonies may also be responsible for the stability of the natural hybrid zone between A. m. capensis and A. m. scutellata. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [Cape-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): workers-; Apis -mellifera-scutellata (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-taxon; dispersal-; drifting-; honeybee-hybrid-colonies; host-colony -resistance; queenstate-; social-parasitism AN Accession Number: 200100214638 UD Update Code: 20010628 Record 564 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Suppression of allergic reactions by royal jelly in association with the restoration of macrophage function and the improvement of Th1/Th2 cell responses. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Oka-Hideki {a}; Emori-Yutaka; Kobayashi-Naomi; Hayashi-Yoshiro; Nomoto-Kikuo AD Author Address: {a} Central Research Laboratories, Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2512-1 Oshikiri, Kohnan-machi, Ohsato-gun, Saitama, 360-0111: ken -yakuri@zeria.co.jp, Japan SO Source: International-Immunopharmacology. [print] March, 2001; 1 (3): 521-532. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1567-5769 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We studied the immunomodulatory effects of royal jelly (RJ), the principal food source of the queen honeybee. In this study, suppression of allergic reactions by RJ was investigated in DNP-KLH immunized mice (DNP-KLH mice). Oral administration of RJ (1 g/kg) to DNP-KLH mice significantly decreased the serum levels of antigen-specific Ig E and significantly inhibited DNP -KLH mediated-histamine release from mast cells, resulting in the suppression of immediate hypersensitivity reactions of ear skin. In DNP -KLH mice, IFN-gamma (Th1 cytokine) production from CD4+ T cells was suppressed and IL-4 (Th2 cytokine) production from CD4+ T cells was increased as compared to normal mice. On the other hand, RJ improved the balance of Th1/Th2 cell responses from Th2-dominant to Th1-dominant. RJ significantly increased GSH levels in macrophages from DNP-KLH mice. In addition, the administration of RJ to DNP-KLH mice increased IL-12 p40 mRNA expression and NO production, and decreased PG E2 production from macrophages as compared to untreated DNP-KLH mice. These results suggested that RJ suppressed antigen-specific Ig E production and histamine release from mast cells in association with the restoration of macrophage function and improvement of Th1/Th2 cell responses in DNP-KLH mice. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: mouse- (Muridae-): strain-DNP-KLH TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Chordates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: T-helper-1/T-helper-2-cell-responses; T-helper-cell-1: immune-system; T -helper-cell-2: immune-system; macrophage-: blood-and-lymphatics, function -, immune-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: interleukin-12; interleukin-4 DS Diseases: allergy-: immune-system-disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: allergic-reactions: suppression-; royal-jelly ALT Alternate Indexing: Hypersensitivity-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200100213389 UD Update Code: 20010628 Record 565 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Detection of acute bee paralysis virus and black queen cell virus from honeybees by reverse transcriptase PCR. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Benjeddou-Mongi; Leat-Neil; Allsopp-Mike; Davison-Sean {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Microbiology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town: sdavison@uwc.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: Applied-and-Environmental-Microbiology. [print] May, 2001; 67 (5): 2384 -2387. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0099-2240 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay was developed for the detection of acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) and black queen cell virus (BQCV), two honeybee viruses. Complete genome sequences were used to design unique PCR primers within a 1-kb region from the 3' end of both genomes to amplify a fragment of 900 bp from ABPV and 700 bp from BQCV. The combined guanidinium thiocyanate and silica membrane method was used to extract total RNA from samples of healthy and laboratory-infected bee pupae. In a blind test, RT-PCR successfully identified the samples containing ABPV and BQCV. Sensitivities were approximately 1,600 genome equivalents of purified ABPV and 130 genome equivalents of BQCV. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Infection-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Viruses-: Microorganisms- OR Organisms: acute-bee-paralysis-virus (Viruses-): pathogen-; bee- (Hymenoptera-): host -, pupae-; black-queen-cell-virus (Viruses-): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Viruses- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: RNA-; genome- MQ Methods and Equipment: RT-pCR [reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction]: detection-method, polymerase-chain-reaction AN Accession Number: 200100211504 UD Update Code: 20010628 Record 566 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The role of nonreinforcement in the learning of honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Couvillon-P-A; Ablan-C-D; Ferreira-T-P; Bitterman-M-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Bekesy Laboratory of Neurobiology, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822: jeffb@pbrc.hawaii.edu, USA SO Source: Quarterly-Journal-of-Experimental-Psychology-Section-B-Comparative-and -Physiological-Psychology. [print] May, 2001; 54B (2): 127-144. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0272-4995 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Two series of experiments with honeybees were designed to test the assumption that inhibition is generated by nonreinforcement as a function of the excitatory value of the context. In the first series (Experiments 1 -3), summation tests with B were made after A+/C-/AB-as compared to A+/C -/CB-training, with precautions taken to minimize the possibility of a masking effect of excitatory within-compound conditioning on AB trials; responding to B did not vary with training procedure. In the second series (Experiments 4-5), retardation tests rather than summation tests were used, in the belief that they might be more sensitive; after A+/AB-/CD- training, acquisition in a B+/D -problem was found to be no less rapid than in a D+/B- problem. A third series of experiments (Experiments 6-9) was designed to test the more general assumption that the effectiveness of nonreinforcement increases with the excitatory value of the context; response to B was found to be no different after A+/B+/C- training followed by A+/AB- training than after A+/B+/C- training followed by A+/CB - training. The results are compatible with the view that the role of nonreinforcement in honeybees is not to generate inhibition, but only to reduce excitation in a manner independent of the excitatory value of the context. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: learning-; nonreinforcement- AN Accession Number: 200100210152 UD Update Code: 20010628 Record 567 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The effect of diet breadth and nesting ecology on body size variation in bees (Apiformes). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Roulston-T'-ai-H; Cane-James-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} USDA-ARS Bee Biology and Systematics Lab, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5310, USA SO Source: Journal-of-the-Kansas-Entomological-Society. [print] July, 2000; 73 (3): 129-142. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-8567 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Body size in animals influences survival, fecundity, and mating opportunity. For bees, parental provisioning behavior largely controls offspring body size. Because larger offspring of many bee species have fitness advantages, selection on body size should act through selection on parental provisioning behavior and restrict body size variation of each species. Many bee species show great variability in body size, however, which may indicate that adult females are often constrained in their ability to consistently produce large offspring. We compared body size variation within bee species for two life history traits that could influence offspring body size: dietary breadth (specialist or generalist) and nesting habit (ground-nesting or cavity-nesting). We determined the head width (a reliable correlate of body size) of 2276 bees belonging to 31 bee species from five families and calculated the body size variation for each species. Body size variation, measured as the coefficient of variation in head size, did not differ between pollen specialists (oligoleges) and pollen generalists (polyleges) across 13 pairs of closely -related, sympatric bee species of similar body size. Cavity-nesting species showed significantly greater variation in body size than ground -nesting species, which suggests that the choice of nest cavities utilized may be a more important predictor of offspring body size than parental body size. The cleptoparasite Coelioxys sayi had similar body size variation to one of its hosts, Megachile brevis. The European honey bee, Apis mellifera, showed the least body size variation of any species measured. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Evolution-and-Adaptation; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Coelioxys-sayi (Hymenoptera-): kleptoparasite-; Megachile-brevis (Hymenoptera-): kleptoparasite-host TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: body-size; diet-breadth; fitness-; head-width; interspecific-variation; life-history-traits; natural-selection; nesting-ecology; parental -provisioning-behavior AN Accession Number: 200100210126 UD Update Code: 20010628 Record 568 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Seasonal migration and colony behavior of the tropical honeybee Apis dorsata F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kahono-Sih {a}; Nakamura-Koji; Amir-Moh {a} AD Author Address: {a} Division of Zoology, Research and Development Centre for Biology, LIPI, Jl. Raya Bogor Km.46, Cibinong, 16911: mzb@indo.net.id, Indonesia SO Source: Treubia-. [print] December, 1999; 31 (3): 283-297. PY Publication Year: 1999 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0082-6340 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A study on seasonal migration of the tropical honeybee, Apis dorsata was conducted in the protected habitat of the Bogor Botanic Garden, West Jawa, Indonesia by monitoring the arrivals and departures of colonies of the honeybee. The colonies arrived in the garden during both the higher mean monthly rainfall and the lower number of rainy days per month and departed during the time of increasing the number of both total monthly rainfall and monthly rainy days. During their stay in the garden, the colonies occupied a certain location and host plant patches. Their duration of stay in the garden was variable. It was 77%, 9% and 4% of the colonies developed, stable and decreased their colony member, respectively. The colonies (23%) performed reproduction by reproducing new queens. Early arriving colonies stayed in very long periods and reproduced colony fission. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-dorsata [tropical-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Bogor-Botanic-Garden (Indonesia-, Asia-, Oriental-region): West-Jawa MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-behavior; colony-fission; rainfall-; reproduction-; seasonal -migration AN Accession Number: 200100210051 UD Update Code: 20010628 Record 569 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Improving pollination of almond (Amygdalus communis L., Rosaceae) using electrostatic techniques. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Vaknin-Yiftach {a}; Gan-Mor-Samuel; Bechar-Avital; Ronen-Beni; Eisikowitch -Dan AD Author Address: {a} Department of Pomology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616: yvaknin@ucdavis.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Horticultural-Science-and-Biotechnology. [print] March, 2001; 76 (2): 208-212. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1462-0316 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Supplementary pollination of almond using electrostatic techniques was tested in a three year study (1996-1998) in Northern Israel. We used an electrostatic pollination device and tested its effects on fruitlet set, fruit set, yield weight and nut weight. We also tested its ability to pollinate flowers on the tree from the distal to the proximal part of the branches. We found that when individual branches were pollinated, fruitlet set was in accordance with the expected deposition rate of pollen grains on the stigma: electrostatic + open pollination > non-electrostatic + open pollination > open pollination > electrostatic pollination > non -electrostatic pollination > spontaneous self pollination. Fruit set results showed the same pattern but were not as precise. Electrostatic pollination of individual trees resulted in an insignificant increase in pollen germinability on the stigma. The highest germinability was on the distal part of the branch and the lowest was on the proximal part of the branch, in all pollination treatments. Electrostatic pollination increased yield as compared with non-electrostatic and open pollination. Nut weight, however, decreased slightly with increased yield. We suggest that electrostatic pollination can be an important method for pollen supplementation in almond orchards when honeybee pollination is insufficient and when the trees can withstand the added portion of nuts, resulting from improved pollination. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Methods-and-Techniques; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Amygdalus-communis [almond-] (Rosaceae-): temperate-nut-crop; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Israel- (Palearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: electrostatic-pollination: horticultural-method, pollen-supplementation MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: fruit-set; nut-yield AN Accession Number: 200100209679 UD Update Code: 20010628 Record 570 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Pollination requirement in sunflower hybrid seed production: III: Effect of methods of pollination on seed setting and yield. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sinha-S-N {a}; Atwal-S-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Regional Station, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001, India SO Source: Seed-Research-New-Delhi. [print] December, 2000; 28 (2): 113-118. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0379-5594 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Studies on three hybrids (APSH-11, KBSH-1, LSH-3) with three dates of sowing (December, January, February) showed significant effect of methods of pollination viz. hand pollination and open pollination on seed set and seed yield in all the three months of sowing under north western condition of India. Around 50% increase in seed set was obtained in February sowing over December. Similarly, 25% increase in seed yield was obtained in February sown hybrids over December. Open pollination gave significantly higher yield of seed in sunflower hybrid LSH-3 sown in February over supplementary pollination suggesting that the available honeybee population is adequate to pollinate the hybrid seed plots. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: sunflower- (Compositae-): hybrid-APSH-11, hybrid-KBSH-1, hybrid-LSH-3, hybrid-seed-production, oilseed-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Dicots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MQ Methods and Equipment: hand-pollination: agronomic-method; open-pollination: agronomic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: pollination-: seed-set, seed-yield AN Accession Number: 200100209426 UD Update Code: 20010628 Record 571 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The presence of pharmacological substances myoglobin and histamine in venoms. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lipps-B-V {a}; Khan-A-A AD Author Address: {a} Ophidia Products, Inc., Houston, TX, 77035, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Venomous-Animals-and-Toxins. [online] 2001; 7 (1 CITED APRIL 27, 2001): 1-11. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.scielo.br/cgi-bin/fbpe/fball?got=all&pid=0104 -7930&usr=fbpe&lng=en&nrm=iso&sss=1&aut=71981947 PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0104-7930 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: It is well documented that several pharmacological substances are released within the victim's body after snakebite. These substances are also believed to be endogenously present in animals, specifically levels of myoglobin and histamine that are reported to rise after envenomation. However, there is no published data regarding the presence of these substances in venoms per se.This research reports the detection of myoglobin and histamine in snake, scorpion, honeybee, and toad venoms by immunological test. It is unlikely that the rise in levels of myoglobin and histamine is due to that added from the bite, since a single toxin devoid of such components is capable of elevating levels of these substances. Nonetheless, it is likely that the rise in levels of myoglobin and histamine after envenomation is due to the venom or toxin reacting with cells of various organs of the victim. Therefore, this phenomenon can be compared to cancer markers, which are endogenously present in humans at low levels and elevated in cancerous states. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination -and-Homeostasis); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Arachnida-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Holothuroidea-: Echinodermata-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Salientia-: Amphibia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Serpentes-: Reptilia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Actinopyga-agassizi (Holothuroidea-); Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Bufo -arenarum (Salientia-); Crotalus-atrox (Serpentes-); Crotalus-polystictus (Serpentes-); Naja-kaouthia (Serpentes-); Ophiophagus-hannah (Serpentes-); Oxyuranus-s.-scutellatus (Serpentes-); honeybee- (Hymenoptera-); mouse- (Muridae-); scorpion- (Arachnida-); snake- (Serpentes-); toad- (Salientia-) TN Taxa Notes: Amphibians-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Chordates-; Echinoderms -; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman -Vertebrates; Reptiles-; Rodents-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: histamine-: pharmacological-substance, venom-content; honeybee-venom; immunoglobulin-G; myoglobin-: pharmacological-substance, venom-content; scorpion-venom; snake-venom; toad-venom RN CAS Registry Number (R): 51-45-6: HISTAMINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: envenomation- AN Accession Number: 200100207770 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 572 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Honeybee dances communicate distances measured by optic flow. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Esch-Harald-E {a}; Zhang-Shaowu; Srinivasan-Mandyan-V; Tautz-Juergen AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556: harald.e.esch.1@nd.edu, USA SO Source: Nature-London. [print] 31 May, 2001; 411 (6837): 581-583. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-0836 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In honeybees, employed foragers recruit unemployed hive mates to food sources by dances from which a human observer can read the distance and direction of the food source. When foragers collect food in a short, narrow tunnel, they dance as if the food source were much farther away. Dancers gauge distance by retinal image flow on the way to their destination. Their visually driven odometer misreads distance because the close tunnel walls increase optic flow. We examined how hive mates interpret these dances. Here we show that recruited bees search outside in the direction of the tunnel at exaggerated distances and not inside the tunnel where the foragers come from. Thus, dances must convey information about the direction of the food source and the total amount of image motion en route to the food source, but they do not convey information about absolute distances. We also found that perceived distances on various outdoor routes from the same hive could be considerably different. Navigational errors are avoided as recruits and dancers tend to fly in the same direction. Reported racial differences in honeybee dances could have arisen merely from differences in the environments in which these bees flew. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): hive-mates TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: absolute-distance; communication-; direction-; food-source; honeybee-dance -interpretation; image-motion; optic-flow; perceived-distance AN Accession Number: 200100207129 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 573 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Relating individual behaviour to population dynamics. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sumpter-D-J-T {a}; Broomhead-D-S AD Author Address: {a} Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, M60 1QD: sumpter@maths.ox.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-Royal-Society-Biological-Sciences-Series-B. [print] 7 May, 2001; 268 (1470): 925-932. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-8452 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: How do the behavioural interactions between individuals in an ecological system produce the global population dynamics of that system? We present a stochastic individual-based model of the reproductive cycle of the mite Varroa jacobsoni, a parasite of honeybees. The model has the interesting property in that its population level behaviour is approximated extremely accurately by the exponential logistic equation or Ricker map. We demonstrated how this approximation is obtained mathematically and how the parameters of the exponential logistic equation can be written in terms of the parameters of the individual-based model. Our procedure demonstrates, in at least one case, how study of animal ecology at an individual level can be used to derive global models which predict population change over time. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Parasitology-; Population-Studies ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): parasite-; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): parasite -host TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Ricker-map; behavioral-interactions; global-models; individual-behavior; population-dynamics AN Accession Number: 200100205904 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 574 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Seasonal effect of Brazilian propolis on Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sforcin-J-M {a}; Fernandes-Junior-A; Lopes-C-A-M; Funari-S-R-C; Bankova-V AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Venomous-Animals-and-Toxins. [online] 2001; 7 (1 CITED APRIL 27, 2001): 1-7. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.scielo.br/cgi-bin/fbpe/fball?got=all&pid=0104 -7930&usr=fbpe&lng=en&nrm=iso&sss=1&aut=71981947 PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0104-7930 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Recently, propolis has been attracting the attention of researchers due to various biological activities and therapeutic properties. In Brazil, propolis is produced all year long, so there may be some seasonal variations. This work was carried out in order to compare propolis collected during the four seasons by its in vitro antimicrobial activity on yeast pathogens isolated from human infections. Propolis was produced by africanized honeybees in Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, collected throughout a year and pooled by season. Hydroalcoholic solutions of propolis were prepared with each pool and diluted in agar, using serial concentrations of propolis from each pool. A determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was performed. The results show that Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans were susceptible to low concentrations of propolis, the latter showing a higher susceptibility. No differences were seen in relation to seasonal effects in the minimal inhibitory concentration of propolis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biosynchronization-; Infection-; Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hominidae-: Primates -, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [africanized-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-); Candida-albicans (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): pathogen-; Candida-tropicalis (Fungi -Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): pathogen-; human- (Hominidae-): patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Fungi-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates -; Mammals-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants-; Primates-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Brazilian-propolis: antifungal-agent, antimicrobial-activity, minimal -inhibitory-concentration, seasonal-effect GE Geopolitical Location: Botucatu- (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) AN Accession Number: 200100205278 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 575 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Comparative laboratory toxicity of neem pesticides to honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae), their mite parasites Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) and Acarapis woodi (Acari: Tarsonemidae), and brood pathogens Paenibacillus larvae and Ascophaera apis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Melathopoulos-Adony-P {a}; Winston-Mark-L {a}; Whittington-Robin {a}; Smith -Tasha {a}; Lindberg-Chris {a}; Mukai-Amy {a}; Moore-Margo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] April, 2000; 93 (2): 199-209. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate neem oil and neem extract for the management of key honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) pests. Neem pesticides inhibited the growth of Paenibacillus larvae (Ash, Priest & Collins) in vitro but had no effect on the growth of Ascophaera apis (Olive & Spiltoir). Azadirachtin-rich extract (neem-aza) was 10 times more potent than crude neem oil (neem oil) against P. larvae suggesting that azadirachtin is a main antibiotic component in neem. Neem-aza, however, was ineffective at controlling the honey bee mite parasites Varroa jacobsoni (Ouduemans) and Acarapis woodi (Rennie). Honey bees also were deterred from feeding on sucrose syrup containing >0.01 mg/ml of neem-aza. However, neem oil applied topically to infested bees in the laboratory proved highly effective against both mite species. Approximately 50-90% V. jacobsoni mortality was observed 48 h after treatment with associated bee mortality lower than 10%. Although topically applied neem oil did not result in direct A. woodi mortality, it offered significant protection of bees from infestation by A. woodi. Other vegetable and petroleum-based oils also offered selective control of honey bee mites, suggesting neem oil has both a physical and a toxicological mode of action. Although oils are not as selective as the V. jacobsoni acaricide tau-fluvalinate, they nonetheless hold promise for the simultaneous management of several honey bee pests. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Endospore -forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Fungi-: Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acarapis-woodi (Acarina-): agricultural-pest, parasite-; Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Ascophaera-apis (Fungi-): agricultural-pest, entomopathogen-; Paenibacillus-larvae (Endospore -forming-Gram-Positives): agricultural-pest, entomopathogen-; Varroa -jacobsoni (Acarina-): agricultural-pest, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Chelicerates-; Eubacteria-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: azadirachtin-: pesticide-; neem-oil: antibiotic-, pesticide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 11141-17-6: AZADIRACHTIN MQ Methods and Equipment: laboratory-bioassays: evaluation-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: comparative-toxicity; parasitism- AN Accession Number: 200100203979 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 576 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Laboratory evaluation of miticides to control Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae), a honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) parasite. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lindberg-Christopher-M {a}; Melathopoulos-Adony-P {a}; Winston-Mark-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] April, 2000; 93 (2): 189-198. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A laboratory bioassay was developed to evaluate miticides to control Varroa jacobsoni (Oudemans), an important parasite of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. Bees and mites were exposed to applications of essential oil constituents in petri dishes (60 by 20 mm). The registered mite control agents tau-fluvalinate (Apistan) and formic acid also were evaluated as positive controls. Treatments that caused high mite mortality (>70%) at doses that produced low bee mortality (<30%) were considered mite selective. The six most selective of the 22 treatments tested (clove oil, benzyl acetate, thymol, carvacrol, methyl salicylate, and Magic3) were further evaluated to estimate LD50 values and selectivity ratios (A. mellifera LD50/V. jacobsoni LD50) at 24, 43, and 67 h after exposure. Tau -fluvalinate was the most selective treatment, but thymol, clove oil, Magic3, and methyl salicylate demonstrated selectivity equal to or greater than formic acid. The effect of mode of application (complete exposure versus vapor only) on bee and mite mortality was assessed for thymol, clove oil, and Magic3 by using a 2-chambered dish design. Estimated V. jacobsoni LD50 values were significantly lower for complete exposure applications of thymol amd Magic3, suggesting that both vapor and topical exposure influenced mite mortality, whereas estimated values for clove oil suggested that topical exposure had little or no influence on mite mortality. These results indicate that essential oil constituents alone may not be selective enough to control Varroa under all conditions, but could be a useful component of an integrated pest management approach to parasitic mite management in honey bee colonies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Methods-and-Techniques; Pest-Assessment-Control-and -Management; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): agricultural-pest, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Magic-3: acaricide-, essential-oil; benzyl-acetate: acaricide-, essential -oil; carvacrol-: acaricide-, essential-oil; clove-oil: acaricide-, essential-oil; formic-acid: acaricide-; methyl-salicylate: acaricide-, essential-oil; tau-fluvalinate: acaricide-; thymol-: acaricide-, essential -oil RN CAS Registry Number (R): 140-11-4: BENZYL ACETATE; 499-75-2: CARVACROL; 64-18-6: FORMIC ACID; 119-36 -8: METHYL SALICYLATE; 89-83-8: THYMOL MQ Methods and Equipment: integrated-pest-management: pest-control-method; laboratory-bioassays: evaluation-method; topical-exposure: administration-method; vapor -exposure: administration-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mortality-; parasitism- AN Accession Number: 200100203978 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 577 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Aethina tumida pasozyt pszczoly miodnej i jej produktow. Aethina tumida: Parasite and scavenger of the honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Glinski-Zdzislaw {a}; Kostro-Krzysztof; Klimek-Ewa AD Author Address: {a} ul. Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin: glinski@agros.ar.lublin.pl, Poland SO Source: Medycyna-Weterynaryjna. [print] 2001; 57 (5): 315-317. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0025-8628 LA Language: Polish; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The small hive beetle Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) is a new pest which has attacked honeybees (Apis mellifera) in the USA since 1998. A. tumida is a native of tropical and subtropical Africa where it attacks weakened colonies and A. m. scutellata and A. m. capensis storage combs. The beetles invade bee colonies and lay eggs inside them. Both larvae and adults feed on brood, pollen, wax, honey, and damage both the brood and honeycomb. When small hive beetle infestations are heavy and even if the colony is strong, queens will stop laying eggs and the bees often leave the hive. Mature larvae enter soil to pupate. The duration from egg to adult is about 38-81 days. Ensuring sanitary conditions in the hives and bee colony is the first line of defence against the small hive beetle. Coumaphos bee strips have been approved for use in hives in order to control the A. tumida. Fumigation of stored combs with p -dichlorobenzene is recommended and provides sufficient control. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Aethina-tumida [small-hive-beetle] (Coleoptera-): adult-, larva-, pest-, scavenger-; Apis-mellifera-capensis [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Apis-mellifera-scutellata [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: coumaphos-: insecticide-, strip-formulation; p-dichlorobenzene: insecticide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 56-72-4: COUMAPHOS; 106-46-7: P-DICHLOROBENZENE AN Accession Number: 200100203602 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 578 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Control of varroa and its effect on honey production by Apis mellifera in Venezuela. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Manrique-Antonio-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department de Genetica, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP: manrique@rgm.fmrp.usp.br, Brazil SO Source: Interciencia-. [print] January, 2001; 26 (1): 25-28. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-1844 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese; Spanish AB Abstract: Varroosis has not been widely studied in Venezuela, despite the damage that it causes for local beekeeping. Most beekeepers are not informed about management techniques for control and quite often they use incorrect methodologies, including appliation of organophosphate pesticides. The object of this research was to determine if Africanized bees were tolerant of this pest, and if with good management they could produce honey, despite the presence of Varroa jacobsoni. Chemical treatments were also tested. Four treatments (T1 = control, T2 = Bayvarol(R), T3 = Apistan(R) and T4 = Formic Acid) were applied during 10 weeks. Annual honey production yields were statistically similar for the four treatments (50.4, 49.8, 51.7 and 52.5 kg/colony, respectively for T1-4). The number of mites found dead on the bottom board was significantly higher for treatments 2-4, than in the control. Africanized honey bees appear to be tolerant of varroa, and can produce normal honey crops without the costs and risks of chemical treatments. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina -): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Apistan-: pesticide-; Bayvarol-: pesticide-; formic-acid: pesticide- GE Geopolitical Location: Venezuela- (South-America, Neotropical-region) DS Diseases: varroosis-: control-, parasitic-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 69409-94-5: APISTAN; 64-18-6: FORMIC ACID MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: honey-production AN Accession Number: 200100203551 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 579 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Solution structure of BSTI: A new trypsin inhibitor from skin secretions of Bombina bombina. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Rosengren-K-Johan; Daly-Norelle-L; Scanlon-Martin-J; Craik-David-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072: d.craik@imb.uq.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Biochemistry-. [print] April 17, 2001; 40 (15): 4601-4609. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-2960 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The three-dimensional solution structure of BSTI, a trypsin inhibitor from the European frog Bombina bombina, has been solved using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The 60 amino acid protein contains five disulfide bonds, which were unambiguously determined to be Cys (4-38), Cys (13-34), Cys (17 -30), Cys (21-60), and Cys (40-54) by experimental restraints and subsequent structure calculations. The main elements of secondary structure are four beta-strands, arranged as two small antiparallel beta -sheets. The overall fold of BSTI is disk shaped and is characterized by the lack of a hydrophobic core. The presumed active site is located on a loop comprising residues 21-34, which is a relatively disordered region similar to that seen in many other protease inhibitors. However, the overall fold is different to other known protease inhibitors with the exception of a small family of inhibitors isolated from nematodes of the family Ascaris and recently also from the haemolymph of Apis mellifera. BSTI may thus be classified as a new member of this recently discovered family of protease inhibitors. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Nematoda-: Aschelminthes-, Helminthes-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Salientia-: Amphibia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Ascaris- (Nematoda-); Bombina-bombina [European-frog] (Salientia-) TN Taxa Notes: Amphibians-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Aschelminths-; Chordates-; Helminths-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: hemolymph-: blood-and-lymphatics; skin-: integumentary-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: BSTI-: solution-structure, trypsin-inhibitor; protease-inhibitors; skin -secretions RN CAS Registry Number (R): 37205-61-1: PROTEASE INHIBITORS MQ Methods and Equipment: Bruker-DRX-750-spectrometer: Bruker-, laboratory-equipment; proton-NMR -spectroscopy: analytical-method, spectroscopic-techniques: CB- AN Accession Number: 200100201145 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 580 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Insecticidal mortality, foraging behaviour and pollination role of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) on Brassica (Brassica campestris L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sabir-Arshed-Makhdoom {a}; Suhail-Anjum; Hussain-Ashiq; Saeed-Asif AD Author Address: {a} Beekeeping and Hill Fruit Pests Research Station, University of Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan SO Source: Pakistan-Journal-of-Zoology. [print] 2000; 32 (4): 369-372. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0030-9923 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The experiment was planned to study the insecticidal mortality, foraging behaviour and role of honeybees, Brassica campestris L. on Brassica, Apis mellifera L. during 1996-97. The application of insecticides (Polo 500 EC Primor 50 W) each @ 617.50 ml/ha was done only once under caged plot environment of 4X5X6 feet area. Twenty five individuals of honey bees were released in each treatment at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after insecticide application. For foraging behaviour, number of honeybees' visits per 10 minutes per flower on alternate days during January and February were recorded. Role of honeybees towards pollination was observed by recording seed yield, 1000 grain weight and by testing germination percentage of the seed of Brassica. For these studies, 1st caged plot was meant to be pollinated only by honey bees, 2nd caged plot to be pollinated only by wind and 3rd was kept open, as control (Honeybees + Wind + Other pollinators). Polo proved as a safer insecticide showing minimum mortality of honeybees as compared to Primor at all the post treatment intervals. The mortality, however, ranged from 4.00 to 9.00 as against 9.67-24.67 per 25 individuals in case of Polo and Primor, respectively. The maximum average number of visits of worker honeybees was recorded during 1000-1100 hours (25.21/flower/10 minutes) followed by the rest of the individuals in a day. The honeybees proved a good source of pollination, resulting a maximum seed yield (19.90 Q/ha.), maximum 1000 grain seed yield (3.813 gm) and maximum germination percentage (95.80%). Thus seed pollinated by honeybees was found to be healthy and of good quality. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology; Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Cruciferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): nontarget-organism, pollinator-; Brassica-campestris [brassica-] (Cruciferae-): oilseed-crop, seed- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Polo-500-EC: insecticide-; Primor-50W: insecticide- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: caged-plot-environments; flower-visitation; foraging-behavior; germination -; grain-seed-yield; grain-weight; mortality-; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200100195497 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 581 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Inventaire des plantes melliferes de Bukavu et ses environs (Sud-Kivu, Est de la Republique Democratique du Congo). Inventory of honeybees plants growing in Bukavu and surroundings (south-Kivu, eastern of Democratic Republic of the Congo). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bakenga-M {a}; Bahati-M; Balagizi-K AD Author Address: {a} Bukavu, Congo SO Source: Tropicultura-. [print] Mars-Juin-Septembre-Decembre, 2000; 18 (2): 89-93. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0771-3312 LA Language: French; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; French AB Abstract: This study has been carried out in order to make the inventory on honeybee plants of Bukavu and its surroundings. Results showed that bees usually visit 147 species of plants. Bees collect nectar on 71% of these plants. Blue, violet, yellow, red and pink flower colours seem to be the best for bees attracting. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Tracheophyta -: Plantae- OR Organisms: higher-plants (Tracheophyta-): growing-areas, inventory-; honeybees- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: bee-attractiveness, color-, reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Bakavu- (Congo-, Africa-, Ethiopian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: nectar-: bee-collection; Note- AN Accession Number: 200100195467 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 582 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Resistance to Acarapis woodi by honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Divergent selection and evaluation of selection progress. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nasr-Medhat-E {a}; Otis-Gard-W; Scott-Dupree-Cynthia-D AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental Biology, Ontario Beekeepers' Association, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] April, 2001; 94 (2): 332-338. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Two generations of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., selected for resistance to tracheal mites, Acarapis woodi (Rennie), were produced from a foundation stock. The mite resistant lines had significantly low mite abundances and prevalences in each selected generation. The high mite -resistant lines of the first selected generation showed resistance equal to that of bees that had undergone natural selection from tracheal mite infestations for 3 yr in New York. Additionally, the high mite-resistant lines of the second selected generation and Buckfast bees had significantly lower mite abundances and prevalences than honey bees from control colonies which had never been exposed to tracheal mite infestation in Ontario. These results corroborate studies that have shown that honey bees possess genetic components for tracheal mite resistance that can be readily enhanced in a breeding program. The two methods used for evaluating relative resistance of honey bees to tracheal mites, a short -term bioassay and evaluation in field colonies, were positively correlated (rs = 0.64, P < 0.001). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acarapis-woodi (Acarina-): parasite-; Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: New-York (USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region); Ontario- (Canada-, North -America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: divergent-selection; mite-resistance; relative-resistance AN Accession Number: 200100195447 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 583 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Varroa destructor infestation in untreated honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies selected for hygienic behavior. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Spivak-Marla {a}; Reuter-Gary-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, 219 Hodson Hall, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] April, 2001; 94 (2): 326-331. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies bred for hygienic behavior were tested in a large field trial to determine if they were able to resist the parasitic mite Varroa destructor better than unselected colonies of "Starline" stock. Colonies bred for hygienic behavior are able to detect, uncap, and remove experimentally infested brood from the nest, although the extent to which the behavior actually reduces the overall mite-load in untreated, naturally infested colonies needed further verification. The results indicate that hygienic colonies with queens mated naturally to unselected drones had significantly fewer mites on adult bees and within worker brood cells than Starline colonies for up to 1 yr without treatment in a commercial, migratory beekeeping operation. Hygienic colonies actively defended themselves against the mites when mite levels were relatively low. At high mite infestations (>15% of worker brood and of adult bees), the majority of hygienic colonies required treatment to prevent collapse. Overall, the hygienic colonies had similar adult populations and brood areas, produced as much honey, and had less brood disease than the Starline colonies. Thus, honey bees bred for hygienic behavior performed as well if not better than other commercial lines of bees and maintained lower mite loads for up to one year without treatment. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-disease; commercial-beekeeping-operation; hygienic-behavior; mite-load AN Accession Number: 200100195446 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 584 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Effect of bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) pollination intensity on the quality of greenhouse tomatoes. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Morandin-L-A {a}; Laverty-T-M; Kevan-P-G AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] February, 2001; 94 (1): 172-179. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Laboratory studies were conducted to assess tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Solanaceae), quality in relation to the level of buzz-pollination by bumble bees. Studies were conducted in commercial tomato greenhouses in the Leamington, Ontario, area to categorize bruising of tomato anther cones by bumble bees into five levels of bruising. The number of pollen grains per stigma was determined for each bruising level, and the bruising level was found to be a good predictor of stigmatic pollen load. Experimental flowers were pollinated by bumble bees and assigned to bruising levels based on the degree of anther cone discoloration. Fruit set, tomato weight, minimum diameter, the number of days until ripe, roundness, weight, percentage sugars, and number of seeds were assessed and compared among bruising level. Fruit set in flowers receiving no pollination visits was 30.2%, whereas, 83.3, 84.4, 81.2, and 100% of the flowers set fruit in bruising levels 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Minimum diameter, number of seeds, and tomato weight all increased from no bruising to different levels of bruising. There was no increase in weight or diameter above a bruising level of 1, and no increase in the number of seeds per fruit after a bruising level of 2. We found that pollination of tomato flowers greater than a bruising level of 2 (corresponding to approximately one to two bee visits) did not result in a significant increase in quality. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Reproductive -System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Solanaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [bumble-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Lycopersicon -esculentum [tomato-] (Solanaceae-): seed-, vegetable-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: anther-cone: discoloration-, reproductive-system; fruit-: reproductive -system; pollen-: reproductive-system; stigma-: pollen-load, reproductive -system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sugars- GE Geopolitical Location: Leamington- (Ontario-, Canada-, North-America, Nearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUGARS MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bruising-levels; buzz-pollination-intensity; crop-quality; fruit-set; greenhouse-experiments AN Accession Number: 200100195444 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 585 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Africanized honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) have a greater fidelity to sunflowers than European bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Basualdo-Marina {a}; Bedascarrasbure-Enrique {a}; De-Jong-David AD Author Address: {a} Area de Produccion Apicola, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pinto, Tandil, 399 -7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] April, 2000; 93 (2): 304-307. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A study of sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., pollen collection by Africanized and European honey bees, Apis mellifera L., was conducted in a hybrid seed production field in Argentina. Africanized honey bees collected significantly larger proportions of sunflower pollen than did European honey bees. The result suggests that Africanized bees would be more efficient for commercial sunflower seed production. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): Africanized-, European-, pollinator-; Helianthus-annuus [sunflower-] (Compositae-): oilseed-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Argentina- (South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flower-fidelity; hybrid-seed-production; pollen-collection; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200100195427 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 586 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: How spike synchronization among olfactory neurons can contribute to sensory discrimination. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Linster-Christiane {a}; Cleland-Thomas-A {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853: cl243@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Computational-Neuroscience. [print] March-April, 2001; 10 (2): 187-193. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0929-5313 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Recent studies in honeybees have demonstrated that, when odor-evoked action potentials in antennal lobe neurons are pharmacologically desynchronized, the bees are impaired in their ability to discriminate chemically similar odor stimuli. Using a reduced computational model of the honeybee antennal lobe, we show how changes in spike-synchronization properties alone, independent of changes in overall spike-discharge rate or differences in activity levels among responsive neurons, can produce changes in associative learning similar to those observed experimentally. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Mathematical-Biology (Computational-Biology); Nervous-System (Neural -Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honey-bee (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe; olfactory-neurons: nervous-system, sensory-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: odor-evoked-action-potentials; olfaction-; sensory-discrimination; spike -synchronization AN Accession Number: 200100194815 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 587 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Melittin exerts multiple effects on the release of free fatty acids from L1210 cells: Lack of selective activation of phospholipase A2 by melittin. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lee-Sang-Yoon; Park-Heung-Soon; Lee-Soo-Jae; Choi-Myung-Un {a} AD Author Address: {a} School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Center for Molecular Catalysis, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747: muchoi@snu.ac.kr, South Korea SO Source: Archives-of-Biochemistry-and-Biophysics. [print] May 1, 2001; 389 (1): 57 -67. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-9861 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Melittin is known as a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activator, but the selectivity of its effect on PLA2 is uncertain. We examined the selectivity of melittin effect on the release of free fatty acids (FFAs) from L1210 cells using various inhibitors. A systemic lipid analysis by HPLC and GLC revealed that melittin induced release of various FFAs including saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FFAs. Various PLA2 inhibitors examined exerted only minimal effects on the melittin -induced arachidonic acid (AA) and palmitic acid (PAL) releases. Specific inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C (U73122) and diacylglycerol lipase (RHC80267) exerted significant inhibitory effects on both AA and PAL releases. These results suggest that melittin-induced FFA release is most likely due to multiple participations of various types of lipases. Since BAPTA/AM, an intracellular Ca2+ chelator, did not influence the FFA release, the Ca2+ influxed by melittin appeared not to be a key factor for the FFA release. The mimicking of the melittin-induced FFA release by digitonin, a membrane-permeabilizing agent, implies that the membrane-perturbing action of melittin is likely the cause of the FFA release. Melittin also induced release of multiple FFAs from other cell lines including P388D1 and HL60. The rapid melittin-stimulated phospholipase D (PLD) observed in L1210 cells appeared not directly related to the steady release of FFA, as indicated by the fact that the PLD was not blocked by RHC80267. In view of melittin's multiple effects on the composition of cellular lipids, we conclude that melittin does neither exclusively release any single FFA nor selectively activate PLA2 in L1210 cells. The problem of using melittin as a PLA2 activator is discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Cell-Biology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); L1210-cell-line (Muridae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: cell- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: arachidonic-acid; free-fatty-acid; melittin-; palmitic-acid; phospholipase -A-2; phospholipase-D RN CAS Registry Number (R): 506-32-1: ARACHIDONIC ACID; 20449-79-0Q: MELITTIN; 37231-28-0Q: MELITTIN; 57-10-3: PALMITIC ACID; 9001-84-7: PHOSPHOLIPASE A-2; 9001-87-0: PHOSPHOLIPASE D MQ Methods and Equipment: GLC-: analytical-method; HPLC- [high-performance-liquid-chromatography]: analytical-method AN Accession Number: 200100191781 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 588 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: A comparative study on hypertrehalosaemic hormones in the Hymenoptera: Sequence determination, physiological actions and biological significance. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lorenz-Matthias-W {a}; Kellner-Roland; Voelkl-Wolfgang; Hoffmann-Klaus-H; Woodring-Joseph AD Author Address: {a} Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth: matthias.lorenz@uni-bayreuth.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] June, 2001; 47 (6): 563-571. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A new hypertrehalosaemic peptide (Tea-HrTH; pQLNFSTGWGG-NH2) was isolated from the corpora cardiaca (CC) of the sawfly Tenthredo arcuata. The hypertrehalosaemic peptides found in the CC of five Bombus species and the paper wasp Polistes fuscata were identical to the adipokinetic hormone II of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Scg-AKH-II). The hypertrehalosaemic peptides found in the yellowjacket Vespula vulgaris and the hornet Vespa crabro were identical to the adipokinetic hormone of the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus (Grb-AKH). All species examined had a large storage crop which, when filled with honey, held up to one-third of their total body weight. Overwintering queens of P. fuscata had large stores of carbohydrates and lipids in the abdomen, and were able to survive months of fasting. Workers of Bombus hortorum (bumble-bee), Apis mellifera (honey -bee) and V. vulgaris had little or no fat body. These species could fly as long as sugar was present in' their crops, but they stopped flying as the carbohydrates in the crop disappeared. There was no significant increase in the haemolymph carbohydrate titres after injections of CC extracts or corresponding synthetic peptides into workers of B. hortorum or into males and females of T. arcuata. There was a moderate increase in haemolymph carbohydrate titres when these peptides were injected into overwintering queens of P. fuscata and into workers of V. crabro, both with significant amounts of fat body. However, well-fed V. vulgaris workers, with very little fat body, also responded to their own hypertrehalosaemic peptide. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Orthoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Bombus-hortorum (Hymenoptera-); Gryllus -bimaculatus (Orthoptera-); Vespa-crabro (Hymenoptera-); Vespula-vulgaris (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: hypertrehalosaemic-hormones MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biological-significances; physiological-actions; sequence-determinations AN Accession Number: 200100190442 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 589 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Nest-site selection in honey bees: How well do swarms implement the "best -of-N" decision rule? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Seeley-Thomas-D {a}; Buhrman-Susannah-C AD Author Address: {a} Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Seeley G. Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853: tds5@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] April, 2001; 49 (5): 416-427. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: This study views a honey bee swarm as a supraorganismal entity which has been shaped by natural selection to be skilled at choosing a future home site. Prior studies of this decision-making process indicate that swarms attempt to use the best-of-N decision rule: sample some number (N) of alternatives and then select the best one. We tested how well swarms implement this decision rule by presenting them with an array of five nest boxes, only one of which was a high-quality (desirable) nest site; the other four were medium-quality (acceptable) sites. We found that swarms are reasonably good at carrying out the best-of-N decision rule: in four out of five trials, swarms selected the best site. In addition, we gained insights into how a swarm implements this decision rule. We found that when a scout bee returns to the swarm cluster and advertises a potential nest site with a waggle dance, she tunes the strength of her dance in relation to the quality of her site: the better the site, the stronger the dance. A dancing bee tunes her dance strength by adjusting the number of waggle-runs/dance, and she adjusts the number of waggle-runs/dance by changing both the duration and the rate of her waggle-run production. Moreover, we found that a dancing bee changes the rate of her waggle-run production by changing the mean duration of the return-phase portion of her dance circuits. Differences in return-phase duration underlie the impression that dances differ in liveliness. Although a honey bee swarm has bounded rationality (e.g., it lacks complete knowledge of the possible nesting sites), through its capacity for parallel processing it can choose a nest site without greatly reducing either the breadth or depth of its consideration of the alternative sites. Such thoroughness of information gathering and processing no doubt helps a swarm implement the best-of-N decision rule. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): scout- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: best-of-N-decision-rule; communication-; decision-making; nest-site -selection; swarming-; waggle-dance AN Accession Number: 200100190239 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 590 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Yield and quality of hybrid seeds: Influence of honeybee visitations on various sterile male rows in sunflower. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Singh-G; Kashyap-R-K {a}; Kumar-P; Khan-M-S AD Author Address: {a} Seed Technology Centre, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004, India SO Source: Seed-Science-and-Technology. [print] 2001; 29 (1): 163-170. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0251-0952 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Investigations were carried out in Indo-Gangetic Plains to determine the influence of honeybees (Apis dorsata and A. mellifera) visitations on yield and quality of hybrid seed harvested from the eight sterile male rows individually in 1:8 (R:A) planting ratio in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) during the crop period of February to May, 1994 and 1995. The parental lines (R:MRH-1 and A:207A) of sunflower hybrid LSH-3 were maintained at a distance of 60 and 30 cm between and within rows, respectively. A significant (P<0.05) variation was observed among the eight sterile male rows for the abundance of both the honeybee species, loose sunflower pollen grains/bee, pollination efficiency index (PEI) per bee, hybrid seed yield as well as its quality. Rows of sterile male parent which were in proximity (up to 5th row) to the male parent gave higher total hybrid seed yield/capitulum due to greater flow of pollens (r = 0.94) - as a result of higher bee abundance and increased PEI (r = 0.93). The number of unfilled seeds were also higher in capitulum harvested from these sterile male rows. In contrast, hybrid seed harvested from 6th, 7th and 8th row though produced less number of seeds/capitulum, due to poor bee abundance and lower PEI, yet had maximum number of filled and least unfilled seeds besides having maximum 100 seed weight. The quality of such seeds was also significantly better than those seeds harvested from sterile male rows raised adjacent to the fertile male parent. Utilization of hybrid seed harvested from various sterile male rows is discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Development-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-dorata [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Helianthus-annuus [sunflower-] (Compositae-): oilseed-crop, steril-male-rows TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: hybrid-seed-quality; insect-visitation-impact; yield- AN Accession Number: 200100189195 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 591 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Pollination biology and breeding system of Acacia senegal. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Tandon-Rajesh; Shivanna-K-R {a}; Mohan-Ram-H-Y AD Author Address: {a} Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007: shvetank@bol.net.in, India SO Source: Botanical-Journal-of-the-Linnean-Society. [print] March, 2001; 135 (3): 251 -262. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0024-4074 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Phenology, pollination biology and breeding system were investigated in three populations of Acacia senegal located in Delhi and Rajasthan. Flowers emit a mild fragrance and produce a minute quantity of nectar. The stigma is wet non-papillate, cup-shaped and generally accommodates one polyad with 16 pollen grains. The style is solid. The mass effect created by the brush type of blossoms attracts a wide variety of insects, of which the giant Asian honeybee, Apis dorsata, is the effective pollinator. Manual in vivo pollination studies have shown that the species is self -incompatible. Self-incompatibility appears to operate inside the embryo sac. Under natural conditions fruit set is as low as 0.36%. Insufficient pollination is the main cause of low fruit set. Manual xenogamous pollinations substantially improve fruit set to 30%. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Population-Studies; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Acacia-senegal (Leguminosae-): breeding-system, pollination-biology; Apis -dorsata [giant-Asian-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: fragrance-, nectar-production, reproductive-system; pollen-: reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Delhi- (India-, Asia-, Oriental-region); Rajasthan- (India-, Asia-, Oriental-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: fruit-set: self-incompatibility AN Accession Number: 200100187997 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 592 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Effective fall treatment of Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) with a new formulation of formic acid in colonies of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the northeastern United States. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Calderone-Nicholas-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] August, 2000; 93 (4): 1065-1075. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: New formulations of formic acid and thymol, both individually and in combination with various essential oils, were compared with Apistan to determine their efficacy as fall treatments for control of Varroa jacobsoni (Oudemans), a parasitic mite of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. Percent mite mortality in colonies treated with 300 ml of 65% formic acid averaged 94.2 +- 1.41% (least square means +- SE, n = 24), equivalent to those receiving four, 10% strips of Apistan (92.6 +- 1.79%, n = 6). Treatment with thymol (n = 24) resulted in an average mite mortality of 75.4 +- 5.79%, significantly less than that attained with Apistan or formic acid. The addition of essential oils did not affect treatment efficacy of either formic acid or thymol. The ratio of the coefficients of variation for percentage mortality for the formic acid (CVFA) and Apistan (CVA) groups was CVFA/CVA = 0.66. This indicates that the formic acid treatment was as consistent as the Apistan treatment. Thymol treatments did not provide as consistent results as Apistan or formic acid. Coefficient variation ratios for percentage mortality for the thymol group (CVT) with the Apistan and formic acid groups were CVT/CVA = 4.47 and CVT/CVFA = 6.76, respectively. In a second experiment, colonies received a 4-wk fall treatment of either 300 ml of 65% formic acid (n = 24) or four, 10% strips of Apistan (n = 6). The next spring, mite levels in the formic acid group (554.3 +- 150.20 mites) were similar to those in the Apistan treatment group (571.3 +- 145.05 mites) (P = 0.93). Additionally, the quantities of bees, brood, pollen, and nectar/honey in the two treatment groups were not significantly different (P gtoreq 0.50 each variable). These results suggest that formic acid is an effective alternative to Apistan as a fall treatment for varroa mites in temperate climates. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): agricultural-pest, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Apistan-: insecticide-; essential-oils; formic-acid: insecticide-; honey-; nectar-; thymol-: insecticide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 69409-94-5: APISTAN; 64-18-6: FORMIC ACID; 89-83-8: THYMOL MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-size; fall-treatment-efficacy; mortality-; temperate-climates AN Accession Number: 200100186771 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 593 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Influence of insegar juvenoid on honeybee and Varroa jacobsoni mites. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Moskalenko-P-G; Piletskaja-I-V SO Source: Vestnik-Zoologii. [print] July-October, 2000; 34 (4-5): 103-105. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0084-5604 LA Language: Russian; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Russian AB Abstract: Bees, infected by Varroa mites were treated the two doses of juvenoid insegar. Insegar caused the insecticidal and acaricidal effect in dose 200 mcg a. i. per bee. The dose 20 mcg a. i. per bee led up to Varroa mortality on bees and in sealed cells (near 41%), mortality of offsprings and decrease of fertility. Moreover, this dose caused of bee sterilization effect. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): parasite-; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): parasite -host TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: juvenoid-insegar: acaricide- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: fertility-; mortality-; sterilization- AN Accession Number: 200100186537 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 594 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Modifications of the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of Apis mellifera worker bees in the presence of the ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni in brood cells. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Salvy-M {a}; Martin-C; Bagneres-A-G; Provost-E; Roux-M; Le-Conte-Y; Clement -J-L AD Author Address: {a} Unite de Zoologie et d'Apidologie, INRA, Domaine St-Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9: salvy@avignon.inra.fr, France SO Source: Parasitology-. [print] February, 2001; 122 (2): 145-159. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0031-1820 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Varroa jacobsoni is an ectoparasite of Apis mellifera which invades brood cells, on 8-day-old larvae several hours before cell capping. Reproduction of the parasite takes place in the capped brood cells during the nymphose of the bee. Cuticular hydrocarbons of unparasitized bees and of bees parasitized by Varroa jacobsoni were extracted and analysed by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Three developmental stages of worker honey bees were studied: larvae, pupae and emergent adults. The comparison between unparasitized and parasitized hosts was performed with Principal Components Analysis coupled with a multivariate variance analysis. The cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of honey bees were qualitatively similar, for the 3 developmental stages and regardless of the presence of Varroa in the cells. Nevertheless, comparison of the relative proportions of hydrocarbons showed that the cuticular profiles of pupae and emergent adults parasitized by 1 mite and of larvae parasitized by 2 mites were significantly different from the corresponding unparasitized individuals. Such modifications could be regarded (i) as a cause of the multi-infestation in larvae during invasion of brood and (ii) as a consequence of stress and/or removal of proteins contained in the haemolymph of the host during its development. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): ectoparasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brood-cells CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: hydrocarbon-: cuticular-profile MQ Methods and Equipment: gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry: analytical-method; principal -components-analysis: detection-method AN Accession Number: 200100186523 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 595 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: New developments in the diagnosis and treatment of hymenoptera venom allergy. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Muller-Ulrich-R {a} AD Author Address: {a} Medizinische Klinik, Zieglerspital, Morillonstrasse 75-91, CH-3007, Bern: ulrich.mueller@zieglerspital.ch, Switzerland SO Source: International-Archives-of-Allergy-and-Immunology. [print] April, 2001; 124 (4): 447-453. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1018-2438 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: According to most textbooks, diagnostic tests with Hymenoptera venoms are reliable, and immunotherapy with these venoms in Hymenoptera-venom -allergic patients leads in near to 100% to full protection. Careful analysis of the literature shows however that the specificity of diagnostic tests is far from perfect and that both efficacy and tolerance, especially in patients receiving honeybee venom immunotherapy, are still suboptimal. The major allergens of honeybee and vespid venoms are now available in recombinant form. Preliminary trials analyzing diagnostic tests with recombinant allergens in honeybee venom allergy are promising: the specificity is clearly increased in both skin testing and in determining venom-specific IgE antibodies when compared to natural venom allergens. An important recent finding is the frequent association of severe Hymenoptera venom allergy and elevated basal serum levels of the mast-cell-specific enzyme tryptase. Elevated levels are found in up to 30% of the patients with a history of severe shock reactions following Hymenoptera stings. The current findings indicate that basal tryptase levels indicating an increased mast cell load are much more frequent than previously thought and are a risk factor for severe or even fatal sting reactions. Premedication with antihistamines in the initial phase of venom immunotherapy reduced both local and systemic allergic side effects in several controlled studies. In a retrospective analysis of one of these trials it was found that reexposure during immunotherapy resulted in significantly more systemic allergic reactions in patients on placebo than on antihistamine premedication, suggesting that initial antihistamine premedication might increase the efficacy of venom immunotherapy. Different ways of allergen modification for venom immunotherapy have been proposed. While the results with chemical modifications were not convincing, recent studies with T-cell epitope peptides from the major bee venom allergen phospholipase A2 look promising. Patient-tailored cocktails of recombinant venom allergens or isoforms thereof may be another possibility in the future. A number of prospective studies analyzing the duration of venom immunotherapy required for long-term protection have been published in the last decade. While most patients are still fully protected 1 year after discontinuation of therapy, relapses may occur in up to 20% of patients reexposed many years after treatment. Various risk factors for such relapses have been identified. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Hymenoptera- (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-): patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: mast-cell: immune-system; serum-: blood-and-lymphatics; venom- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: IgE- [immunoglobulin-E]; antihistamines-: antiallergic-effect; phospholipase-A-2: allergen-; recombinant-venom-allergens: antiallergic -effect; tryptase- DS Diseases: Hymenoptera-venom-allergy: immune-system-disease; honeybee-venom-allergy: immune-system-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-84-7: PHOSPHOLIPASE A-2; 97501-93-4: TRYPTASE MQ Methods and Equipment: immunotherapy-: therapeutic-method; skin-testing: diagnostic-method AN Accession Number: 200100184211 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 596 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Pollination efficiencies of three bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) species visiting rabbiteye blueberry. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sampson-Blair-J {a}; Cane-James-H AD Author Address: {a} Small Fruit Research Station, USDA-ARS, Poplarville, MS, 39470, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] December, 2000; 93 (6): 1726-1731. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Inadequate bee pollination limits rabbiteye blueberry, Vaccinium ashei Reade, production in the some areas of the southeastern United States. Honey bees, Apis mellifera L., are currently the only manageable pollinators available for pollinating V. ashei. However, a new adaptable pollinator for rabbiteye blueberry, Osmia ribifloris Cockerell, was successfully reared and flown in captivity. The bee nested successfully in wooden shelters and conferred superior fruit set to 2-yr-old potted, rabbiteye blueberry bushes. Pollination efficiency or the percentage of blueberry flowers to set fruit after being visited once by a female O. ribifloris was comparable to that of the female blueberry bee Habropoda laboriosa (F.) and worker honey bees. Interestingly, honey bees once thought to be inefficient pollinators of rabbiteye blueberry were found to be very efficient, especially for 'Climax' and 'Premier' flowers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Ericaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Habropoda-laboriosa [blueberry-bee] (Hymenoptera-): female-, pollinator-; Osmia-ribifloris (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Vaccinium-ashei [rabbiteye-blueberry] (Ericaceae-): fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: USA- (North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: pollination-efficiencies AN Accession Number: 200100182877 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 597 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Application of a modified selection index for honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: van-Engelsdorp-Dennis {a}; Otis-Gard-W AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] December, 2000; 93 (6): 1606-1612. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Nine different genetic families of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) were compared using summed z-scores (phenotypic values) and a modified selection index (Imod). Imod values incorporated both the phenotypic scores of the different traits and the economic weightings of these traits, as determined by a survey of commercial Ontario beekeepers. Largely because of the high weight all beekeepers place on honey production, a distinct difference between line rankings based on phenotypic scores and Imod scores was apparent, thereby emphasizing the need to properly weight the traits being evaluated to select bee stocks most valuable for beekeepers. Furthermore, when beekeepers who made >10% of their income from queen and nucleus colony sales assigned relative values to the traits used in the Imod calculations, the results differed from those based on weightings assigned by honey producers. Our results underscore the difficulties the North American beekeeping industry must overcome to devise effective methods of evaluating colonies for breeding purposes. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Ontario- (Canada-, North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: North-American-beekeeping; honey-production; modified-selection-index; phenotypic-scores; summed-z-scores AN Accession Number: 200100182866 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 598 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Inheritance of resistance to Acarapis woodi (Acari: Tarsonemidae) in first -generation crosses of honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Danka-Robert-G {a}; Villa-Jose-D {a} AD Author Address: {a} Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70820, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] December, 2000; 93 (6): 1602-1605. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The tendency of honey bees, Apis mellifera L, to become infested with tracheal mites, Acarapis woodi (Rennie), was measured in six different types of F1 colonies. The colonies were produced by mating a stock (Buckfast) known to resist mite infestation to each of five commercially available stocks and to a stock known to be susceptible to mites. Young uninfested bees from progeny and parent colonies were simultaneously exposed to mites in infested colonies, then retrieved and dissected to determine resultant mite infestations. Reduced infestations similar to but numerically greater than those of the resistant parent bees occurred in each of the six crosses made with resistant bees regardless of the relative susceptibility of the other parental stock. Reciprocal crosses between resistant and susceptible queens and drones proved equally effective in improving resistance. Therefore, allowing resistant stock queens to mate naturally with unselected drones, or nonresistant queens to mate with drones produced by pure or outcrossed resistant queens, can be used for improving resistance of production queens. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Population -Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acarapis-woodi (Acarina-): parasite-; Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: commercial-stock; first-generation-crosses; genetic-resistance; parental -stock; reciprocal-crosses; resistance-inheritance AN Accession Number: 200100182865 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 599 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Live Varroa jacobsoni (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) fallen from honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Webster-Thomas-C {a}; Thacker-Etta-M {a}; Vorisek-Fritz-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Community Research Service, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY, 40601, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] December, 2000; 93 (6): 1596-1601. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The proportion of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans that were alive and mobile when they fell from honey bees, Apis mellifera L., in hives was measured during a 20-wk period to determine the potential use of systems that prevent these mites from returning to the bees. Traps designed to discriminate between the live, fallen mites and those that are dead or immobile were used on hive bottom boards. A large fraction of the fallen mites was alive when acaricide was not in use and also when fluvalinate or coumaphos treatments were in the hives. The live proportion of mitefall increased during very hot weather. The proportion of mitefall that was alive was higher at the rear and sides of the hive compared with that falling from center frames near the hive entrance. More sclerotized than callow mites were alive when they fell. A screen-covered trap that covers the entire hive bottom board requires a sticky barrier to retain all live mites. This trap or another method that prevents fallen, viable mites from returning to the hive is recommended as a part of an integrated control program. It also may slow the development of acaricide resistance in V. jacobsoni and allow the substitution of less hazardous chemicals for the acaricides currently in use. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina -): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: coumaphos-: acaricide-; fluvalinate-: acaricide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 56-72-4: COUMAPHOS; 69409-94-5: FLUVALINATE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: acaricide-resistance; bee-hives; hive-entrance; integrated-control-program; mitefall- AN Accession Number: 200100182864 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 600 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Effect of nectar composition and nectar concentration on honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) visitations to hybrid onion flowers. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Silva-E-M {a}; Dean-Bill-B {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Washington State University Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, 24106 N. Bunn Road, Prosser, WA, 99350, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] August, 2000; 93 (4): 1216-1221. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Floral nectar characteristics of nine inbred lines of onion (Allium cepa L.) were examined to determine their influence on the attractiveness of the onion flowers to honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Potassium concentrations and sugar concentrations of the nectar did not significantly correlate with the number of bee visits received by an umbel. The average amount of nectar produced by both the umbels and the individual florets was significantly positively correlated with the number of bee visits. Our results suggest that selection for flowers with high nectar production may lead to a higher rate of pollination of the onion seed crop. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Liliaceae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Allium-cepa [onion-] (Liliaceae-): seed-crop; Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Monocots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flowers-: attractiveness-, reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nectar-: composition-, concentration-, production- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flower-visitation; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200100182860 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 601 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Relative effect of four characteristics that restrain the population growth of the mite Varroa destructor in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Arechavaleta-Velasco-Miguel-E {a}; Guzman-Novoa-Ernesto AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907: miguel@entm.purdue.edu, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] March-April, 2001; 32 (2): 157-174. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the existence of phenotypic and genotypic variation in the ability of honey bee colonies to restrain the population growth of the mite Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman, and to assess the relative effect of four characteristics that may confer tolerance to honey bees toward the mite. Fifty-eight colonies infested with an equal number of mites were sampled monthly during six months to determine their levels of infestation on adult bees and in worker brood. At the end of this period, 16 colonies were selected to study the effect of grooming behavior, hygienic behavior, brood attractiveness, and host -induced non-reproduction. The infestation-levels in adult bees varied significantly between colonies (range: 6.6-44.7%), but no differences were found in the brood infestation levels. The variation between colonies was partially genetic in origin. Grooming behavior explained most of the variation (r2 = 0.38). Negative correlations were found between the mite population growth and both the total number of mites and the number of injured mites collected from the bottom-boards (r = -0.65 and r = -0.76, respectively). Differences were found for hygienic behavior but the effect of this mechanism was not clear. No differences were found among colonies for brood attractiveness, or for the effect of the brood on the mite's reproduction. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and -Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): mite-, parasite-, pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- IN Industry: beekeeping-industry MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-attractiveness; colony-; genotype-; grooming-behavior; hygienic -behavior; phenotype-; population-growth AN Accession Number: 200100182849 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 602 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Why do honey-bee (Apis mellifera) foragers transfer nectar to several receivers? Information improvement through multiple sampling in a biological system. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hart-Adam-G {a}; Ratnieks-Francis-L-W AD Author Address: {a} Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN: bop98agh@sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] March, 2001; 49 (4): 244-250. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The task of nectar foraging in honey-bees is partitioned between foragers and receivers. Foragers typically transfer a nectar load in the nest as sub-loads to several receivers rather than as a single transfer. Foragers experience delays in finding receivers and use these delays to balance the number of foragers and receivers. A short delay results in the forager -recruiting waggle dance whereas a long delay results in the receiver -recruiting tremble dance. Several nectar transfers increase the cost of this system by introducing additional delays in finding extra receivers. We tested four hypotheses to explain the occurrence of multiple transfer. We found no evidence that multiple transfer is due to different crop capacities of foragers and receivers or that it results from extensive trophallactic interactions with nest-mates. Receiver bees frequently evaporate nectar in their mouthparts to hasten the production of honey. The suggestion has been made that multiple transfer is driven by receivers who take partial loads from foragers to enhance nectar evaporation. An alternative suggestion is that foragers drive multiple transfer to gain better information on the balance of foragers and receivers. Multiple sampling of the delay in finding a receiver reduces the standard deviation of the delay mean and so provides foragers with better information than is provided by a single delay. The enhanced-evaporation hypothesis predicts that receivers break foragers' first transfer whereas the information improvement hypothesis predicts foragers break their first transfers. Furthermore, only the information improvement hypothesis predicts a high level of multiple receptions. Data on transfer break-off and receiver behaviour strongly support the information improvement hypothesis and reject the enhanced-evaporation hypothesis. We suggest that multiple transfer is an adaptive sampling mechanism, which improves foragers' information on colony work allocation, and that multiple sampling is a common feature of social insect societies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: multiple-sampling: sampling-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-work-allocation; enhanced-evaporation-hypothesis; forager-recruiting -waggle-dance; information-improvement-hypothesis; nectar-load AN Accession Number: 200100180414 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 603 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Aging and development in social insects with emphasis on the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Page-Robert-E-Jr {a}; Peng-Christine-Y-S AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616: repage@ucdavis.edu, USA SO Source: Experimental-Gerontology. [print] April, 2001; 36 (4-6): 695-711. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0531-5565 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honey bee co'lonies typically consist of about 20-40 thousand workers, zero to few thousand males (drones), depending on the time of year, and a single queen, the mother of the colony. Workers typically live 3-6 weeks during the spring and summer and can live about 4 months during the winter. Queens are longer lived. Anecdotes of queens living 2-3 years are not unusual, though they normally live less than a year in commercial hives. Little is known about the life span of drones. Queens develop from fertilized eggs that are not different from the eggs that develop into workers. Queens are, however, twice as large, have specialized anatomy, live much longer, and develop faster from egg to adult. All of these differences are derived from differences in larval rearing environment, primarily nutrition. The developmental trajectory of a female larva from worker into a queen can be determined as late as the third day of larval development, after this time the developmental pathway is fixed for a worker phenotype. The total time of larval development is only 5-6 days, therefore, just 2-3 days of differential feeding can lead to profound differences in development, and longevity. Workers undergo age development after they become adults. Workers usually initiate foraging behavior when they are 2-3 weeks old. The age at which a worker initiates foraging is a strong determinant of her length of life. This is presumed to be a result of the hazards of foraging, but natural senescence also occurs. Some bees remain in the nest and are never observed to forage, thereby outliving their forager sisters. Corresponding to this behavioral development are changes in the sizes of glands and the production of glandular products, increases in biogenic amine titers within the brain, an increase in the volume of specific regions of the brain, and changes in the neural system that affect perception of stimuli, and learning and memory. These age -related changes in behavior are regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Genetic variation has been demonstrated for many of these life history and behavioral traits. Selection and genome mapping studies have demonstrated relationships between the neural system, behavior, and life history traits. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Aging-; Development- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-development; genetic-variation; life-history AN Accession Number: 200100179726 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 604 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Ultrastructure of follicle cells and yolk uptake of oocytes in vitellogenic follicles of the cotton bug Dysdercus intermedius (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae) and the honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Fleig-Richard {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Zoologie, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 13, D-01062, Dresden, Germany SO Source: Entomologia-Generalis. [print] 2001; 25 (2): 121-129. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0171-8177 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; German AB Abstract: Vitellogenic follicles of two insect species have been investigated in the electron microscope and with fluorescence technique. In the cotton bug Dysdercus intermedius (Distant 1902) broad intercellular spaces are present between the follicle cells, and these keep close contact among each other with a thick protuberance towards each neighbour. Long protrusions of the follicle cells reach through the broad perivitelline space and touch the surface of the oocyte. Between the microvilli on the surface of the oocyte an electron-dense material is found, which is taken up into the oocyte by endocytosis on the membrane of the microvilli, in between of them, and in infoldings of the oocyte membrane; in the interior of the oocyte this material is accumulated in big yolk spheres. In the honey bee Apis mellifera (Linnaeus 1758) only pore-like canals are found in the triangular corners formed by three follicle cells. Inside the cells these canals are associated with F-actin filaments. Apically the follicle cells protrude numerous, finger-like protrusions deep into the oocyte, which are densely filled with F-actin filaments. Endocytosis is seen on the surface of the oocyte between the short microvilli and along the surface pockets enclosing the follicle cell fingers. The two exampels show that in insects very different structures and mechanisms exist which may improve yolk uptake. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Heteroptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-; Dysdercus-intermedius [cotton-bug] (Heteroptera-): Pyrrhocoridae- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: microvilli-; oocyte-: reproductive-system; perivitelline-space; vitellogenic-follicle-cells: reproductive-system, ultrastructure-; yolk-: embryonic-structure, uptake- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: F-actin: filaments- MQ Methods and Equipment: electron-microscope-analysis: analytical-method; fluorescent-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: endocytosis- AN Accession Number: 200100177712 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 605 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: The rarity of multiple mating by females in the social Hymenoptera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Strassmann-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, MS 170, Houston, TX, 77251: strassm@rice.edu, USA SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2001; 48 (1): 1-13. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Interest in how often female social insects mate is particularly intense because of its impact on sociality and because of the well-known extreme multiple mating in honeybees. With multiple mating, worker to brood relatedness decreases but worker versus queen interests often converge. The overwhelming majority of species of social ants, bees, and wasps mate only once. Even those species where some females mate multiply typically have effective mate numbers close to one. Ants have effective mate numbers of 1.43, which drops to 1.15 if the advanced fungus growers (2.14) and harvester ants (6.76) are excluded. Honeybees have effective mate numbers of 12.48. Stingless bees and bumblebees have effective mate numbers of only 1.06 and 1.02 respectively. Polistine wasps have effective mate numbers of 1.01. Vespine wasps have effective mate numbers of 1.12 excluding only Vespula which has effective mate numbers of 3.68. Favoring the very low mate numbers we observe for nearly all female social insects is the narrow time window for mating, lack of material gain from males, lack of male ability to harass females (who must move their sting aside to mate in most species), and lack of paternal care. Single mating may be further favored by the apparent lack of any post-copulatory sperm discrimination mechanisms. Leks and male territories, which are common in social insects, make it easier for females to choose the single best mate, further contributing to low mate numbers. Multiple mating is a rare, derived trait in a generally single-mating group. Single mating may have facilitated the origins of sociality in the Hymenoptera because it confers higher relatedness among potential workers and the brood they care for. The rare exceptions to low mate numbers all come from highly social species with single queens, morphological castes, and many workers. Multiple mating might be stable in highly social species because their highly specialized workers have few selfish responses to lowered relatedness. The unusual cases of multiple mating are most likely to be selected for because they increase genetic diversity in the brood, though empirical support for specific genetic diversity hypotheses has proved to be elusive. What is clear is that single mating is predominant in this large, evolutionarily and ecologically successful group. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Evolution-and-Adaptation; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Hymenoptera- (Hymenoptera-): female-, male-; harvester-ant (Hymenoptera-): female-, male-; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): female-, male-; wasp- (Hymenoptera-): female-, male- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: genetic-diversity; multiple-mating; parental-care; polyandry-; post -copulatory-sperm-discrimination; relatedness- AN Accession Number: 200100177565 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 606 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Zur Bedeutung der invasiven Kreuzbluetler-Art Bunias orientalis (Brassicaceae) als Nektarquelle fuer mitteleuropaeische Insekten. The significance of the invasive crucifer species Bunias orientalis (Brassicaceae) as a nectar source for central European insects. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schuerkens-Steffen {a}; Chittka-Lars {a} AD Author Address: {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Verhaltensphysiologie and Soziobiologie, Zoologie II, Biozentrum, Universitaet Wuerzburg, D-97074, Wuerzburg, Germany SO Source: Entomologia-Generalis. [print] 2001; 25 (2): 115-120. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0171-8177 LA Language: German; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; German AB Abstract: The Turkish warty cabbage (or Russian old man) Bunias orientalis (Linnaeus 1753) is an extremely succcesful invasive plant species, which has firmly established itself in many central European habitats, and is rapidly expanding. For the first time, the nectar production and pollinators of this plant species are described, in order to predict its value as a food source for native insects. In addition, this study aims to predict possible competitive interactions with native plants in the context of pollination. It was found that nectar production per flower in B orientalis is relatively low. However, because of the extremely high number of flowers per plant and per area, this plant is a valuable food source for energetically demanding visitors such as bumble bees and honeybees. These are the most common visitors to B orientalis, even though classical pollination syndromes would categorise this flower as fly -pollinated. Since B orientalis is an attractive nectar source, it is conceivable that there is a negative impact of its presence on the fitness of native species, simply by depressing visitation frequencies to other species. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Nutrition-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Heteroptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Bunia-orientalis [Turkish-warty-cabbage] (Heteroptera-): nectar-source; bumble-bee (Hymenoptera-): native-insect; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): native -insect TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Central-Europe (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: competitive-interactions; nectar-: food-, production-; pollination-; visitation-frequency AN Accession Number: 200100174596 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 607 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Searching for the memory trace in a mini-brain, the honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Menzel-Randolf {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Biologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195, Berlin: menzel@neurobiologie.fu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Learning-and-Memory-Cold-Spring-Harbor. [print] March-April, 2001; 8 (2): 53-62. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1072-0502 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: To determine general or species-specific properties in neural systems, it is necessary to use comparative data in evaluating experimental findings. Presented here are data on associative learning and memory formation in honeybees, emphasizing a comparative approach. We focus on four aspects: (1) the role of an identified neuron, VUMmx1, as a neural substrate of appetitive reinforcement; (2) the sequences of molecular events as they correlate with five forms of memory stages; (3) the localization of the memory traces following appetitive olfactory learning; and (4) the brief description of several forms of complex learning in bees (configuration in olfactory conditioning, categorization in visual feature learning, delayed matching-to-sample learning, and latent learning in navigation). VUMmx1 activity following the conditioned stimulus odor is sufficient to replace the unconditioned stimulus, and VUMmx1 changes its response properties during learning similarly to what is known from dopamine neurons in the basal ganglia of the mammalian brain. The transition from short- to mid- and long-term forms of memory can be related to specific activation of second messenger cascades (involving NOS, PKA, PKC, and PKM) resembling general features of neural plasticity at the cellular level. The particular time course of the various memory traces may be adapted to the behavioral context in which they are used; here, the foraging cycle of the bee. Memory traces for even such a simple form of learning as olfactory conditioning are multiple and distributed, involving first- and second -order sensory neuropils (antennal lobe and mushroom bodies), but with distinctly different properties. The wealth of complex forms of learning in the context of foraging indicates basic cognitive capacities based on rule extraction and context-dependent learning. It is believed that bees might be a useful model for studying cognitive faculties at a middle level of complexity. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: VUM-mx1-neuron: nervous-system; basal-ganglia: nervous-system; dopamine -neuron: nervous-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: appetitive-olfactory-learning; appetitive-reinforcement; associative -learning; memory-; neural-plasticity AN Accession Number: 200100174125 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 608 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: The concepts of 'sameness' and 'difference' in an insect. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Giurfa-Martin {a}; Zhang-Shaowu; Jenett-Arnim; Menzel-Randolf; Srinivasan -Mandyam-V AD Author Address: {a} Neurobiologie, Institut fuer Biologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 28/30, 14195, Berlin: giurfa@cict.fr, swzhang@rsbs.anu.edu.au, Germany SO Source: Nature-London. [print] 19 April, 2001; 410 (6831): 930-933. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-0836 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Insects process and learn information flexibly to adapt to their environment. The honeybee Apis mellifera constitutes a traditional model for studying learning and memory at behavioural, cellular and molecular levels. Earlier studies focused on elementary associative and non -associative forms of learning determined by either olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex or the learning of visual stimuli in an operant context. However, research has indicated that bees are capable of cognitive performances that were thought to occur only in some vertebrate species. For example, honeybees can interpolate visual information, exhibit associative recall, categorize visual information and learn contextual information. Here we show that honeybees can form 'sameness' and 'difference' concepts. They learn to solve 'delayed matching-to -sample' tasks, in which they are required to respond to a matching stimulus, and 'delayed non-matching-to-sample' tasks, in which they are required to respond to a different stimulus; they can also transfer the learned rules to new stimuli of the same or a different sensory modality. Thus, not only can bees learn specific objects and their physical parameters, but they can also master abstract inter-relationships, such as sameness and difference. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: delayed-matching-to-sample-task; delayed-non-matching-to-sample-task; difference-; learning-; memory-; sameness- AN Accession Number: 200100173688 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 609 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Configural olfactory learning in honeybees: Negative and positive patterning discrimination. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Deisig-Nina; Lachnit-Harald {a}; Giurfa-Martin; Hellstern-Frank AD Author Address: {a} Department of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, D-35032, Marburg: Lachnit@mailer.uni-marburg.de, Germany SO Source: Learning-and-Memory-Cold-Spring-Harbor. [print] March-April, 2001; 8 (2): 70-78. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1072-0502 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In an appetitive context, honeybees (Apis mellifera) learn to associate odors with a reward of sucrose solution. If an odor is presented immediately before the sucrose, an elemental association is formed that enables the odor to release the proboscis extension response (PER). Olfactory conditioning of PER was used to study whether, beyond elemental associations, honeybees are able to process configural associations. Bees were trained in a positive and anegative patterning discrimination problem. In the first problem, single odorants were nonreinforced whereas the compound was reinforced. In the second problem, single odorants were reinforced whereas the compound was nonreinforced. We studied whether bees can solve these problems and whether the ratio between the number of presentations of the reinforced stimuli and the number of presentations of the nonreinforced stimuli affects discrimination. Honeybees differentiated reinforced and nonreinforced stimuli in positive and negative patterning discriminations. They thus can process configural associations. The variation of the ratio of reinforced to nonreinforced stimuli modulated the amount of differentiation. The assignment of singular codes to complex odor blends could be implemented at the neural level: When bees are stimulated with odor mixtures, the activation patterns evoked at the primary olfactory neuropile, the antennal lobe, may be combinations of the single odorant responses that are not necessarily fully additive. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe; proboscis- MQ Methods and Equipment: olfactory-conditioning: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: configural-olfactory-learning; negative-patterning-discrimination; positive -patterning-discrimination; proboscis-extension-response AN Accession Number: 200100173674 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 610 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Phylogenetic position of Apis nuluensis of northern Borneo and phylogeography of A. cerana as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Tanaka-H {a}; Roubik-D-W; Kato-M; Liew-F; Gunsalam-G AD Author Address: {a} Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Kamitanokami, Otsu, 520-2113, Shiga: htanaka@ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp, roubikd@tivoli.si.edu, kato@gaia.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2001; 48 (1): 44-51. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The montane honeybee, Apis nuluensis, is adapted to the Mt. Kinabalu highlands of Borneo. We analyzed the phylogenetic position of this bee using three mitochondrial genes, 16S ribosomal RNA (16S) and cytochrome oxidases subunit 1 and 2 (CO1 and CO2). The earlier suggestion that A. nuluensis is closely related to A. cerana was supported. We showed that this honeybee may derive from an isolated population of honeybees that colonized Borneo during Plio-Pleistocene glaciations. Based on the divergence rate for silent sites of mtDNA (2.3% per Ma), the population division between A. nuluensis and A. cerana in Borneo occurred between 0.5 Ma (from 16S) and 2.4 Ma (from CO1). Large inconsistencies in the application of CO2 in the phylogenetic analysis of Apis were found. Geographic radiation of the eastern hive bee, Apis cerana, occurred in unison with divergence, which led to the speciation of Apis nuluensis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Evolution-and-Adaptation; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana (Hymenoptera-); Apis-nuluensis (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: mitochondrial-DNA-sequences GE Geopolitical Location: Borneo- (Malaysia-, Asia-, Oriental-region) TM Time: Pleistocene-; Pliocene- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: geographic-radiation; glaciation-; phylogenetic-position; phylogeography- AN Accession Number: 200100167837 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 611 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Queen and pheromonal factors influencing comb construction by simulated honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) swarms. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ledoux-M-N; Winston-M-L {a}; Higo-H; Keeling-C-I; Slessor-K-N; LeConte-Y AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B.C., V5A 1S6: winston@sfu.ca, Canada SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2001; 48 (1): 14-20. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The influence of the queen and her pheromonal signal on comb construction was examined. We tested four treatments with newly hived packages of bees containing: 1) a mated queen, 2) a virgin queen, 3) no queen but with a dispenser containing synthetic queen mandibular pheromone (QMP), and 4) no queen and no pheromone. After 10 days, the comb produced by each colony was removed, comb measurements made, bees from the comb-building area collected, the size of the scales on the wax mirrors of the collected bees ranked on a scale of 0-4 and the queens removed and analyzed for QMP components. Queenless workers built substantially less comb and the comb they did build had significantly larger, drone-sized cells than for the other 3 treatments, indicating that both cell size and the quantity of comb built are mediated through the queen, particularly QMP. The observations of wax scale size suggested that QMP influenced comb building behaviour rather than wax scale production. These results support the idea that queenless honey bees can adopt a strategy of constructing drone-sized cells in order to increase reproductive fitness through male production following queen loss. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: queen-mandibular-pheromone MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cell-size; comb-building-behavior; comb-construction; male-production; pheromonal-factors; queen-influence; queen-loss; reproductive-fitness AN Accession Number: 200100167626 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 612 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Colour similarity to rewarding model plants affects pollination in a food deceptive orchid, Orchis boryi. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gumbert-A {a}; Kunze-J AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Neurobiologie, Heinrich Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, D-40225, Duesseldorf: andreas.gumbert@uni -duesseldorf.de, Germany SO Source: Biological-Journal-of-the-Linnean-Society. [print] March, 2001; 72 (3): 419 -433. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0024-4066 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We studied the pollination of Orchis boryi at five different locations on the Greek mainland. Orchis boryi is food deceptive and obligatorily insect pollinated. Primary pollinators were Apis mellifera and Bombus spp, which foraged on rewarding plant species nearby and visited O. boryi in between. To analyse floral colour similarity among rewarding plants and O. boryi as perceived by bees, a model of bee colour vision was employed. For each food plant an index was calculated that described the probability of a bee foraging on it to subsequently choose an orchid flower. This choice probability correlated to colour distance according to the model of bee colour vision, indicating that bees chose the deceptive orchid more frequently if they foraged on more similarly coloured species. At different sites different plant species served as models. Bees foraging on food plants from which a high choice rate to the orchid was observed visited the orchid less often after approaching it than other bees, which is likely to reflect avoidance learning. In general, the pollination syndrome appears to be a generalized form of Batesian mimicry, in which similarity to rewarding plants determines reproductive success. As expected by negative density-dependent selection, individual fruit set and pollinia export rate correlated negatively with orchid density, but were unaffected by food plant density, orchid frequency, individual variation of labellum colour, labellum size, or mouth width of the flowers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Orchidaceae -: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Bombus-spp. (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Orchis-boryi (Orchidaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Monocots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Greece- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Batesian-mimicry; color-similarity; color-vision; food-plant-density; pollination-; rewarding-plants AN Accession Number: 200100167619 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 613 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Pollinator genetics and pollination: Do honey bee colonies selected for pollen-hoarding field better pollinators of cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Cane-James-H {a}; Schiffhauer-Daniel AD Author Address: {a} USDA-ARS Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5310: jcane@biology.usu.edu, USA SO Source: Ecological-Entomology. [print] April, 2001; 26 (2): 117-123. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0307-6946 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: 1. Genetic polymorphisms of flowering plants can influence pollinator foraging but it is not known whether heritable foraging polymorphisms of pollinators influence their pollination efficacies. Honey bees Apis mellifera L. visit cranberry flowers for nectar but rarely for pollen when alternative preferred flowers grow nearby. 2. Cranberry flowers visited once by pollen-foraging honey bees received four-fold more stigmatic pollen than flowers visited by mere nectar-foragers (excluding nectar thieves). Manual greenhouse pollinations with fixed numbers of pollen tetrads (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32) achieved maximal fruit set with just eight pollen tetrads. Pollen-foraging honey bees yielded a calculated 63% more berries than equal numbers of non-thieving nectar-foragers, even though both classes of forager made stigmatic contact. 3. Colonies headed by queens of a pollen-hoarding genotype fielded significantly more pollen -foraging trips than standard commercial genotypes, as did hives fitted with permanently engaged pollen traps or colonies containing more larvae. Pollen-hoarding colonies together brought back twice as many cranberry pollen loads as control colonies, which was marginally significant despite marked daily variation in the proportion of collected pollen that was cranberry. 4. Caloric supplementation of matched, paired colonies failed to enhance pollen foraging despite the meagre nectar yields of individual cranberry flowers. 5. Heritable behavioural polymorphisms of the honey bee, such as pollen-hoarding, can enhance fruit and seed set by a floral host (e.g. cranberry), but only if more preferred pollen hosts are absent or rare. Otherwise, honey bees' broad polylecty, flight range, and daily idiosyncrasies in floral fidelity will obscure specific pollen-foraging differences at a given floral host, even among paired colonies in a seemingly uniform agricultural setting. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Genetics- ST Super Taxa: Ericaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Vaccinium -macrocarpon [cranberry-] (Ericaceae-): commercial-genotypes, fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flowers-: reproductive-system; pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nectar- MQ Methods and Equipment: caloric-supplementation: experimental-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-genetics; daily-variation; flight-range; floral-fidelity; fruit -set; genetic-polymorphisms; heritability-; pollen-hoarding; pollination-; pollinator-efficiency; polylecty- AN Accession Number: 200100167102 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 614 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Grooming behaviour of Apis mellifera syriaca towards Varroa jacobsoni in Jordan. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Zaitoun-S-T; Al-Ghzawi-A-M-A {a}; Shannag-H-K AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Production, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid: ghzawi@just.edu.jo, Jordan SO Source: Journal-of-Applied-Entomology. [print] March, 2001; 125 (1-2): 85-87. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0931-2048 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Eight Apis mellifera syriaca colonies at the Jordan University of Science and Technology campus in Jordan were used in the experiments to detect defence behaviour of worker bees against Varroa jacobsoni. This defence mechanism was determined by the degree of damaged mites that dropped from naturally infested colonies on inserts placed under the brood nest from June to October 1998. The average percentage of all dropping mites that were injured was 22.8%. A total of 86.5% of amputated mites were pigmented and 13.5% were less pigmented. Amputation to the first pair of legs was more often seen. Most of the phoretic mites were concealed between sclerites laterally on the abdomen, with distinct preference between second and third tergites. The grooming activity of A. mellifera syriaca provides evidence of active mechanisms of resistance toward the parasitic Varroa-mite. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-syriaca (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Jordan- (Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-infestations; defense-mechanisms; grooming-behavior; parasite -resistance AN Accession Number: 200100167098 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 615 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Appropriate time and strength for Apis mellifera L. colony division and subsequent build up in Hisar (Haryana). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sharma-S-K {a}; Kumar-Yogesh {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004, India SO Source: Annals-of-Biology-Hissar. [print] June, 2001; 17 (1): 87-90. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0970-0153 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: An experiment on appropriate time of colony division and strength of divides in Apis mellifera L. bees was carried out at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during autumn and spring seasons. On the basis of queen mating success and subsequent colony build up, it was concluded that the appropriate time for colony division during spring season is February/March and during autumn season November/December under agro-ecological conditions of Hisar (Haryana). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Hisar- (India-, Asia-, Oriental-region): Haryana- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-keeping: colony-division-timing AN Accession Number: 200100167076 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 616 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Ultrasonic signal competition between male wax moths. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Jia-Feng-You {a}; Greenfield-Michael-D; Collins-Robert-D AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506: fjia@oz.oznet.ksu.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Behavior. [print] January, 2001; 14 (1): 19-33. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0892-7553 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Pair formation in the lesser wax moth, Achroia grisella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is effected by male ultrasonic signals that are attractive to receptive females within 1-2 m. The males typically aggregate in the vicinity of the larval food resource, honeybee colonies, and signal for 6 -10 h each night. Females are known to choose males on a relative basis and evaluate primarily three signal characters: signal rate (SR), loudness (peak amplitude; PA), and asynchrony interval (AI), a temporal feature reflecting the time interval between signals produced by the left and right tymbals. We conducted a series of experiments to investigate whether and how A. grisella males modify their signals in the presence of neighboring signalers. When separated by <40 cm, males increase their SRs by 3-6% upon perceiving a neighbor's signals, but they do not alter their PAs or Als. Increased SRs continue for 5-10 min and are more pronounced in males that are silent at the time they perceive their neighbor. By increasing its SR, a male improves the likelihood of matching or exceeding its neighbor's SR and may thereby compete more effectively for local females. SR increases are energetically demanding, though, and their brief duration and occurrence primarily at the beginning of signaling bouts may be the most prudent allocation of a male's limited energy reserves. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication- ST Super Taxa: Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Achroia-grisella [lesser-wax-moth] (Lepidoptera-): competitor-, female-, male- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: acoustic-communication; acoustic-perception; competition-; energy -allocation; food-resources; honeybee-colonies; male-attraction; pair -formation; sexual-selection; ultrasonic-signals: asynchrony-interval, energetics-, loudness-, rate- AN Accession Number: 200100166608 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 617 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Evaluation of polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds in honeybee-collected pollen produced in Spain. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Serra-Bonvehi-J {a}; Soliva-Torrento-M; Centelles-Lorente-E AD Author Address: {a} Agricultural and Food Laboratory, Generalitat of Catalonia, 08348, Cabrils, Barcelona: aapuica@correu.gencat.es, Spain SO Source: Journal-of-Agricultural-and-Food-Chemistry. [print] April, 2001; 49 (4): 1848-1853. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8561 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Polyphenolic content, flavonoid content, and free flavonoid aglycon compounds were determined in 11 samples of Spanish honeybee-collected pollen. Adequate extraction was obtained with ethyl acetate in the determination of free flavonoid aglycon. Recovery (>83.6%), within-run repeatability (<6.67%), between-run reproducibility (<8.73%), and detection limits (1.4-1.9 mg/kg) were satisfactory. A total of 15 compounds were separated with gradient reversed phase HPLC, and 13 were identified and quantified using diode array detector. The most predominant compounds were flavonoid glycosides, mainly flavonols. Eighty-two percent of the samples contained at least 14 of the phenolic components, primarily rutin, quercetin, myricetin, and trans-cinnamic acid as free aglycons. Total phenols were present, at levels of >0.85 g/100 g in the form of non -tannins, and flavonoids of >0.35 g/100 g, using spectrophotometric procedures. Rutin is the best identifier of free flavonoid aglycon compounds. A minimum quantity of 200 mg/kg of rutin is suggested to guarantee the nutritional and biological properties required in the European market. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Foods- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: flavonoid-compounds; flavonoid-glycosides; flavonols-; myricetin-; polyphenolic-compounds; quercetin-; rutin-; trans-cinnamic-acid RN CAS Registry Number (R): 577-85-5: FLAVONOLS; 529-44-2: MYRICETIN; 117-39-5: QUERCETIN; 153-18-4: RUTIN; 140-10-3: TRANS-CINNAMIC ACID MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Spanish-honeybee-collected-pollen: health-food AN Accession Number: 200100162997 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 618 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Females of the European beewolf preserve their honeybee prey against competing fungi. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Strohm-Erhard {a}; Linsenmair-K-Eduard AD Author Address: {a} Zoologie III, Biozentrum, Theodor-Boveri-Institut fuer Biowissenschaften, Am Hubland, D-97074, Wuerzburg: strohm@biozentrum.uni -wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Ecological-Entomology. [print] April, 2001; 26 (2): 198-203. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0307-6946 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: 1. Females of the European beewolf Philanthus triangulum (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) provision brood cells with paralysed honeybees as larval food. Because brood cells are located in warm, humid locations there is a high risk of microbial decomposition of the provisions. Low incidence of fungus infestation (Aspergillus sp.) in nests in the field suggested the presence of an anti-fungal adaptation. 2. To test whether the paralysis caused the protection from fungus infestation, the timing of fungus growth on bees that were freeze-killed, paralysed but not provisioned, and provisioned regularly by beewolf females was determined. Fungus growth was first detected on freeze-killed bees, followed by paralysed but not provisioned bees. By contrast, fungus growth on provisioned bees was delayed greatly or even absent. Thus, paralysis alone is much less efficient in delaying fungus growth than is regular provisioning. 3. Observations of beewolves in their nests revealed that females lick the body surface of their prey very thoroughly during the period of excavation of the brood cell. 4. To separate the effect of a possible anti-fungal property of the brood cell and the licking of the bees, a second experiment was conducted. Timing of fungus growth on paralysed bees did not differ between artificial and original brood cells. By contrast, fungus growth on bees that had been provisioned by a female but were transferred to artificial brood cells was delayed significantly. Thus, the treatment of the bees by the female wasp but not the brood cell caused the delay in fungus growth. 5. Beewolf females most probably apply anti-fungal chemicals to the cuticle of their prey. This is the first demonstration of the mechanism involved in the preservation of provisions in a hunting wasp. Some kind of preservation of prey as a component of parental care is probably widespread among hunting wasps and might have been a prerequisite for the evolution of mass provisioning. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta -, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Aspergillus-sp. (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): entomopathogen-; Philanthus-triangulum (Hymenoptera-): female-, predator-; honeybees- (Hymenoptera-): prey- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- MQ Methods and Equipment: freeze-killing: experimental-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-cells: excavation-; chemical-preservation; evolutionary-implications; food-provisioning; fungal-growth; fungal-infestations; microbial -decomposition AN Accession Number: 200100162141 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 619 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Intracolonial kin discrimination in honeybees: Do bees dance with their supersisters? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kirchner-Wolfgang-H {a}; Arnold-Gerard AD Author Address: {a} Fakultaet fuer Biologie, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, 44780, Bochum: Wolfgang.H.Kirchner@ruhr-uni-bochum.de, Germany SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] March, 2001; 61 (3): 597-600. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Although kinship discrimination and nepotism have been extensively investigated in honeybees, Apis mellifera L., the significance of kin discrimination among worker bees is still unclear. One of the behavioural contexts in which nepotistic behaviour of worker bees has been described is the dance communication system: bees were reported to have a strong tendency to dance with their supersisters in colonies consisting of only two subfamilies. Using molecular markers, we reinvestigated this apparent case of nepotism. We found no evidence for subfamily discrimination among dancers and their followers in a colony consisting of only two subfamilies or in a colony consisting of 17 subfamilies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): female-, supersister- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: molecular-marker MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-dance; dance-communication-system; intracolonial-kin-discrimination; nepotistic-behavior AN Accession Number: 200100161978 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 620 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Sensitivity to a change in reward is heritable in the honeybee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ferguson-Holly-J; Cobey-Susan; Smith-Brian-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1220: smith.210@osu.edu, USA SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] March, 2001; 61 (3): 527-534. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honeybees must track changing distributions of food resources in their environment. We evaluated the genetic basis for interindividual differences in this ability by selecting lines of honeybees that differed in their tendency to reverse a learned discrimination between two odours. We show that individual variation in reversal learning performance, which is an analogue of natural foraging problems such as risk sensitivity, has a heritable component. Selection on drones, which are haploid, was sufficient to obtain a significant selection response after a single generation. In addition, worker age and/or task specialization, in terms of performance of housekeeping versus outside duties, is a source of environmental control over expression of reversal performance. Finally, we identified a correlated response in latent inhibition, in which pre -exposure to a conditioned stimulus (CS) retards learning about that CS when it is subsequently paired with reinforcement. From an ecological standpoint, our results suggest that colonies that contain a variety of genetic lineages may be able to target foragers to learning tasks in which they are genetically predisposed to do well. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: conditioned-stimulus; distribution-changes; food-resources; genetic -lineage; heritable-rewards; reversal-performance; reward-change -sensitivity AN Accession Number: 200100161972 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 621 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Hepatoprotective and anti-Helicobacter pylori activities of constituents from Brazilian propolis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Banskota-A-H; Tezuka-Y; Adnyana-I-K; Ishii-E; Midorikawa-K; Matsushige-K; Kadota-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194: kadota@ms.toyama-mpu.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Phytomedicine-Jena. [print] January, 2001; 8 (1): 16-23. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0944-7113 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from various plant sources. It is extensively used in food, beverage and in folk medicine for treating various ailments and reported to have broad spectrum of biological activities. The hepatoprotective activity of propolis and constituents from its MeOH extract belonging to various classes were tested on D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) -induced cell death in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes. The result indicated that hepatoprotective activity of alcoholic extract of tropical Brazilian propolis is mainly due to phenolic compounds including flavonoids. All the four isolated flavonoids possessed stronger inhibitory activity (IC50, < 25 muM) than silibinin (IC50, 39.6 muM) on TNF-alpha -induced cell death. The labdane-type diterpenes isolated from the MeOH extract also exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity in the same experimental model. Moreover, the labdane-type diterpenes and some of the prenylated phenolic compounds possessed antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Aerobic-Helical-or-Vibrioid-Gram-Negatives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Helicobacter-pylori (Aerobic-Helical-or-Vibrioid-Gram-Negatives): pathogen -; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-); mouse- (Muridae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Chordates-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Microorganisms-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman -Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: hepatocyte-: digestive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: D-galactosamine; labdane-diterpenes; propolis-: antibacterial-drug, hepatoprotectant-drug; tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha [TNF-alpha] RN CAS Registry Number (R): 7535-00-4: D-GALACTOSAMINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-hive AN Accession Number: 200100158351 UD Update Code: 20010430 Record 622 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: The cardiotoxic action of the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin, the azole fungicide prochloraz, and their synergy on the semi-isolated heart of the bee Apis mellifera macedonica. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Papaefthimiou-Chrisovalantis {a}; Theophilidis-George {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greek Macedonia, 54006, Greece SO Source: Pesticide-Biochemistry-and-Physiology. [print] February, 2001; 69 (2): 77 -91. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0048-3575 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The contraction of the isolated heart of the bee in physiological solution can be monitored for hours, making this preparation suitable for the investigation of the cardiotoxic action of certain compounds. The results of this study have shown that exposure of the semi-isolated heart of the bee to 1, 0.1, and 0.01 muM deltamethrin causes a temporal increase in the frequency and the force of spontaneously generated contractions, which is followed by a decrease in both parameters. The decrease is dose dependent. The action of deltamethrin was not reversible. The fungicide prochloraz applied at the same concentration levels as deltamethrin has an immediate chronotropic and inotropic effect on the semi-isolated heart of the bee, but its effects are more intense than those caused by deltamethrin. Comparison of the dose-response curves clearly shows that prochloraz is more cardiotoxic than deltamethrin. When prochloraz and deltamethrin are combine there is an increase of over 100 times in the cardiotoxicity of deltamethrin and an increase of 10 times in the toxicity of prochloraz. Our suggestion is that this synergistic action could be caused by the action of the two compounds on the same target site, which in the heart of the bee may be gap junctional intercellular communication, a vital physiological mechanism for the functioning of the heart in both vertebrates and invertebrates. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pesticides-; Cardiovascular-System (Transport-and-Circulation) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-macedonica (Hymenoptera-): nontarget-organism TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: heart-: circulatory-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: deltamethrin-: cardiotoxic-action, insecticide-; prochloraz-: cardiotoxic -action, fungicide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 52918-63-5: DELTAMETHRIN; 67747-09-5: PROCHLORAZ MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cardiotoxicity-; gap-junctional-intercellular-communication; synergy- AN Accession Number: 200100157293 UD Update Code: 20010430 Record 623 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Control of Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) on the honey bee by using some natural materials in Egypt. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mourad-A-K {a}; Mohanna-N-F; Zaghloul-O-A {a}; Abdel-Hamid-K-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Agriculture, Saba-Basha, Department of Plant Protection, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt SO Source: Mededelingen-Faculteit-Landbouwkundige-en-Toegepaste-Biologische -Wetenschappen-Universiteit-Gent. [print] 2000; 65 (2a): 401-421. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Three-years of study on the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans attacking the honey bee was performed in Egypt. The objectives of this study were to: (1) estimate the level of mites infestation by using four diagnostic methods, i.e. analysis of hive debris, chemical diagnosis using Apistan strips, inspection of the sealed worker brood as well as mites attached to adult bees, and (2) evaluate the varrocidal effect of some natural products such as spearmint (dry matter and water extract), wormseed (dry matter, water extract and oil), camphor, lemon juice, sugar solution, and Apilife/Var (Italian mixture), in comparison to Apistan and formic acid (65 & 83 %) as chemical products. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina -): Varroidae-, pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Apilife/Var-: miticide-; Apistan-: miticide-; spearmint-extract: miticide-; wormseed-extract: miticide- GE Geopolitical Location: Egypt- (Palearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 69409-94-5: APISTAN AN Accession Number: 200100157225 UD Update Code: 20010430 Record 624 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Observations sur des acariens (Acari) infestant les ruches de Apis mellifera race carnica (Insecta Apidae) de Belgique. Observations of mites (Acari) infesting the beehives of Apis mellifera carnica (Insecta Apidae) in Belgium. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Fain-Alex {a}; Hosseinian-Seyed-Hossein AD Author Address: {a} Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 29, Rue Vautier, 1000, Bruxelles, Belgium SO Source: Bulletin-de-la-Societe-Royale-Belge-d'Entomologie. [print] Javier-Juin, 2000; 136 (1-6): 32-33. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- LA Language: French; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Four species of mites (Acari) are recorded for the first time from beehives of Apis mellifera carnica, from Belgium, i.e. 1) Neocypholaelaps apicola Delfinado-Baker & Baker (1983) (Mesostigmata: Ameroseiidae); this species was, so far, only known from its typical host (Apus cerana) and locality (Pakistan). 2) Parasitellus fucorum (De Geer, 1778) (Mesostigmata : Parasitidae); this species had already been recorded from Bombus sp. from Belgium. 3) Hypoaspis sp. (Mesostigmata : Laelapidae). 4) Glycyphagus domesticus (De Geer, 1778) (Astigmata : Glycyphagidae). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Parasitology-; Biogeography- (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Apodiformes -: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica (Hymenoptera-): host-; Apus-cerana (Apodiformes-): host-; Bombus-sp. (Hymenoptera-): host-; Glycyphagus-domesticus (Acarina -): parasite-; Hypoaspis-sp. (Acarina-): parasite-; Neocypholaelaps -apicola (Acarina-): parasite-; Parasitellus-fucorum (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Birds-; Chelicerates-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Belgium- (Europe-, Palearctic-region); Pakistan- (Oriental-region) AN Accession Number: 200100157020 UD Update Code: 20010430 Record 625 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Cloning of a catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase from the honeybee (Apis mellifera) and its localization in the brain. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Eisenhardt-D {a}; Fiala-A; Braun-P; Rosenboom-H; Kress-H; Ebert-P-R; Menzel -R AD Author Address: {a} Neurobiologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 28/30, 14195, Berlin: theodora@zedat.fu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Insect-Molecular-Biology. [print] April, 2001; 10 (2): 173-181. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-1075 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In the honeybee the cAMP-dependent signal transduction cascade has been implicated in processes underlying learning and memory. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is the major mediator of cAMP action. To characterize the PKA system in the honeybee brain we cloned a homologue of a PKA catalytic subunit from the honeybee. The deduced amino acid sequence shows 80-94% identity with catalytic subunits of PKA from Drosophila melanogaster, Aplysia californica and mammals. The corresponding gene is predominantly expressed in the mushroom bodies, a structure that is involved in learning and memory processes. However, expression can also be found in the antennal and optic lobes. The level of expression varies within all three neuropiles. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system; mushroom-body: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cAMP- [cyclic-AMP]; cAMP-dependent-protein-kinase [PKA-]: catalytic-subunit RN CAS Registry Number (R): 60-92-4: CYCLIC AMP; 142008-29-5: CAMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE MQ Methods and Equipment: molecular-cloning: cloning-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: learning-; protein-localizations AN Accession Number: 200100156686 UD Update Code: 20010430 Record 626 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Octopamine influences division of labor in honey bee colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schulz-David-J; Robinson-Gene-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology/Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801: generobi@life.uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] February, 2001; 187 (1): 53-61. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Forager honey bees have higher brain levels of octopamine than do bees tending larvae in the hive. To test the hypothesis that octopamine influences honey bee division of labor we treated bees orally with octopamine or its immediate precursor tyramine and determined whether these treatments increased the probability of initiating foraging. Octopamine treatment significantly elevated levels of octopamine in the brain and caused a significant dose-dependent increase in the number of new foragers. This effect was seen for precocious foragers in single -cohort colonies and foragers in larger colonies with more typical age demographies. Tyramine treatment did not increase the number of new foragers, suggesting that octopamine was exerting a specific effect. Octopamine treatment was effective only when given to bees old enough to forage, i.e., older than 4 days of age. Treatment when bees were 1-3 days of age did not cause a significant increase in the number of new foragers when the bees reached the minimal foraging age. These results demonstrate that octopamine influences division of labor in honey bee colonies. We speculate that octopamine is acting in this context as a neuromodulator. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): forager-, larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: octopamine-; tyramine- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 104-14-3: OCTOPAMINE; 51-67-2: TYRAMINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: division-of-labor; foraging-; neuromodulation- AN Accession Number: 200100156422 UD Update Code: 20010430 Record 627 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: An automated apparatus for conditioning proboscis extension in honey bees, Apis mellifera L. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Abramson-Charles-I {a}; Boyd-B-J AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Comparative Psychology and Behavioral Biology, Departments of Psychology and Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078: charles@okstate.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Entomological-Science. [print] January, 2001; 36 (1): 78-92. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0749-8004 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: An apparatus is described for the study of classical conditioning of proboscis extension in harnessed honey bees, Apis mellifera L., that permits automatic programming of events and recording of data. The apparatus is easy to use, accommodates a wide range of stimuli and can be used to study both associative and nonassociative learning. The technique was evaluated in a series of experiments in which the performance of bees was compared under automated and traditional methods of conditioning. The results indicated that the automated apparatus can successfully be used to study Pavlovian conditioning, discrimination learning, and habituation. A unique finding was that the odor of honeycomb can serve as an unconditioned stimulus to support Pavlovian conditioning. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: proboscis- MQ Methods and Equipment: automated-apparatus: equipment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Pavlovian-conditioning; associative-learning; discrimination-learning; habituation-; honeycomb-color; nonassociative-learning; proboscis-extension AN Accession Number: 200100156098 UD Update Code: 20010430 Record 628 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Diagnose und Therapie der Bienen- und Wespengiftallergie: Positionspapier der Arbeitsgruppe Insektengiftallergie der Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Allergologie und klinische Immunologie (DGAI). Diagnosis and therapy of bee and yellow jacket venom allergy. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Rueeff-Franziska {a}; Przybilla-B; Fuchs-T; Gall-H; Rakoski-J; Stolz-W; Vieluf-D AD Author Address: {a} Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Dermatologie und Allergologie, Ludwig -Maximilians-Universitaet, Frauenlobstrasse 9 - 11, D-80337, Muenchen, Germany SO Source: Allergologie-. [print] Februar, 2001; 24 (2): 78-92. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0344-5062 LA Language: German; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Vespula-germanica (Hymenoptera-); Vespula -vulgaris (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- DS Diseases: bee-sting-allergy: diagnosis-, immune-system-disease, treatment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: clinical-immunology AN Accession Number: 200100153048 UD Update Code: 20010430 Record 629 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Thermoregulation of dancing bees: Thoracic temperature of pollen and nectar foragers in relation to profitability of foraging and colony need. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stabentheiner-Anton {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Zoologie, Karl-Franzens-Universitaet Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz: anton.stabentheiner@kfunigraz.ac.at, Austria SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] April-May, 2001; 47 (4-5): 385-392. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The thorax surface temperature of dancing honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica) recruiting nestmates to natural sources of nectar and pollen around Graz (Austria) was measured by real-time infrared thermography without touching them or disturbing social interactions. Thorax temperature during dancing was quite variable (31.4-43degreeC). In the course of a foraging season it varied considerably and was always lower than in bees foraging from a highly profitable food source (2 molar sucrose 120 m from the hive). It averaged 38.0degreeC (SD=2.24, n=224 dances) in the nectar foragers and 37.4degreeC (SD=1.64, n=171) in the pollen foragers, resembling that of dancers foraging 0.5 molar sucrose from feeders with unlimited flow. Hive air temperature accounted only for about 3-8% of total variation. Foraging distance modulated dancing temperature in a way that, according to the decrease of the profitability of foraging with distance, maximum temperatures decreased and, in accordance with the increase of the dancing threshold with distance, minumum temperatures increased with distance, this way providing new support for the hypothesis that the dancing temperature is modulated by the profitability of foraging and the dancing and foraging motivation of the bees. Dancing temperature of both nectar and pollen dancers correlated with several parameters of the hive status, increasing with the amount of brood and decreasing with the amount of honey and pollen. These correlations are discussed with respect to literature reports on a colony's need for pollen and nectar, in particular the effect of brood and the amount of pollen on pollen foraging, and the effect of honey stores and demand for nectar on nectar foraging. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica [dancing-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: thermography-: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-needs; foraging-profitability; nectar-forager; pollen-forager; thermoregulation-; thoracic-temperature AN Accession Number: 200100149771 UD Update Code: 20010430 Record 630 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Effects of ingestion of a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin and a trypsin inhibitor on honey bee flight activity and longevity. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Malone-Louise-A {a}; Burgess-Elisabeth-P-J; Gatehouse-Heather-S; Voisey -Christine-R; Tregidga-Emma-L; Philip-Bruce-A AD Author Address: {a} Mt Albert Research Centre, Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Limited, Auckland: LMalone@hortresearch.co.nz, New Zealand SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] January-February, 2001; 32 (1): 57-68. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: To assess potential impacts of transgenic pest-resistant plants, newly -emerged adult honey bees from ten colonies were tagged, placed in cages at 33 degreeC, and fed with 625 mug/g CrylBa Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin or 2.5 mg/g aprotinin proteinase inhibitor in pollen-food (equivalent to 0.25% or 1% of total soluble protein). Control bees were given similar food without additive. All foods were consumed at similar rates. After seven days, all bees were returned to their hives. Subsequent observations showed that CrylBa-fed bees did not differ significantly from control bees in the timing of their first flight, the period during which flights took place or in estimated longevity. However, aprotinin-fed bees began to fly and also died about three days sooner than CrylBa-fed or control bees. Their flight periods were similar to those of the other bees. The effects of transgenic aprotinin-plants on honey bees will thus depend on gene expression levels in pollen. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): nontarget-organism; Bacillus -thuringiensis (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): biocontrol-agent, entomopathogen-; plant- (Plantae-): transgenic- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Plants- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Bacillus-thuringiensis-toxin; Cry1Ba-toxin; aprotinin-: proteinase -inhibitor; total-soluble-protein RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9087-70-1: APROTININ MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flight-activity; gene-expression AN Accession Number: 200100145075 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 631 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Pollination of Tricyrtis dilatata Nakai (Liliaceae) in Korea. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hong-Suk-Pyo {a}; Sohn-Jea-Cheon AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Dept. of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701: sphong@khu.ac.kr, South Korea SO Source: Korean-Journal-of-Plant-Taxonomy. [print] September, 2000; 30 (3): 251-266. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1225-8318 LA Language: Korean; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Korean AB Abstract: The pollination system of Tricyrtis dilatata Nakai was investigated in the natural population of Anmyon Island (in the middle of the peninsular), Korea and the data from the natural population were compared with those of transplanted population in the Forest Research Institute located in Seoul. The various insects of 18 species, 7 families, 4 orders (mainly Hymeonoptera and Diptera) visited on the flowers of T. dilatata, and captured during the visitation. The most dominant and effective pollinators are Bumblebee (Bombus opulentus Smith), Leaf-cutter bees (Megachile spp.) and solitary mining bee (Amegilla florea Smith) and hover -fly (e.g., Allograpta balteata (de Geer)). In Anmyon Island population, the visitation frequency had a peak at 11-12 AM. The flowers of T. dilatata last for two days and they are protandrous. It is also confirmed that the flower of T. dilatata is autogamous (self-compatible), if no pollinator visit the flower, but the autogamy seems to be usually avoided by the pronounced protandry. It is confirmed that the pouch-like spur of each flower is well developed during the blooming, but the entrance of spur is so narrow that inefficient visitors can presumably be filtered effectively. The floral structures (pollen, microstructure of tepal, anther) of T. dilatata were described and discussed in connection with the pollination system. The conservation strategies (e.g., neighboring plants, the breeding place of pollinators, vegetation structure, etc.) of T. dilatata in the Korean population (in situ) were also briefly proposed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Systematics-and-Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Heteroptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Adelphocoris-suturalis (Heteroptera-): pollinator-; Allograpta-balteata (Diptera-): pollinator-; Amegilla-florea (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Andrena-spp. (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Bombus-opulentus (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Daimio-tethys (Lepidoptera-): pollinator-; Episyrphus-balteata (Diptera-): pollinator-; Megachile-spp. (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Parnara-guttata (Lepidoptera -): pollinator-; Rhopalus-sapporensis (Coleoptera-): pollinator-; Sphaerophoria-menthastri (Diptera-): pollinator-; Tricyrtus-dilatata (Coleoptera-): pollination- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Korea- (Palearctic-region) AN Accession Number: 200100144788 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 632 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Analysis of fatty acids, proteins and ethereal extract in honeybee pollen: Considerations of their floral origin. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Saa-Otero-M-Pilar {a}; Diaz-Losada-Emilia {a}; Fernandez-Gomez-Esperanza AD Author Address: {a} Laboratorio de Palinoloxia e Viticultura, Departamento de Bioloxia Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004, Orense: bv4@uvigo.es, bv4@uvigo.es, Spain SO Source: Grana-. [print] 2000; 39 (4): 175-181. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0017-3134 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Chemical analysis was made of the ethereal extract, fatty acids, protein and sugars of corbicula pollen as these are specific characters selected by the honeybee from plant species as a source of pollen for the hive. This group of analyses was carried out using balls of monospecific pollen of the following individual taxa which represent more than 5% of the total pollen collected by the honeybee: Castanea sativa, Erica, Eucalyptus, Halimium alyssoides, Quercus robur, Raphanus raphanistrum, Rubus and Cytisus scoparius-type. The ethereal extract content was similar for the total pollen in all the hives. The percentage composition of fatty acids, both saturated and unsaturated and their diversity allowed the relationship between fatty acids and plant species to be found, which contributed to the final content in the hives. In this way tridecanoic acid was related with Cytisus scoparius-type; palmitoleic acid with Castanea sativa, Erica, Eucalyptus and Quercus robur; behenic acid with Rubus and Raphanus raphanistrum; and isopalmitic acid with Rubus. Until now isopalmitic acid has not been cited in other studies as a component of honeybee pollen. The fatty acid content of pollen has also proved to be useful in determining geographical origin of this product. The pollen was found to be rich in essential fatty acids of interest for human nourishment. The protein content was high in hives and in the pollen of the individual taxa, varied between the 29.6% and 14%. The fructose content was higher than glucose. It was noticeable that pollen of Rubus was highest in glucose (21%) and Castanea sativa in fructose (26.3%). Water content of corbicula pollen was below 10%. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Biogeography- (Population-Studies); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Cistaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Cruciferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Ericaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Fagaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Leguminosae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Castanea-sativa (Fagaceae-); Cytisus-scoparius (Leguminosae-); Erica-sp. (Ericaceae-); Halimium-alyssoides (Cistaceae-); Quercus-robur (Fagaceae-); Raphanus-raphanistrum (Cruciferae-); Rubus-sp. (Rosaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Dicots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: chemical-components, floral-origin, geographic-distribution, reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: ethereal-extract; fatty-acids; protein-; sugars- GE Geopolitical Location: Iberian-Peninsula (Europe-, Palearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUGARS AN Accession Number: 200100144049 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 633 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Les abeilles tueuses. Killer bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gouillard-Jean {a} AD Author Address: {a} 38, rue Condorcet, F 75009, Paris, France SO Source: Entomologiste-Paris. [print] Decembre, 2000; 56 (6): 225-228. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8886 LA Language: French; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Biogeography- (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-scutellata [killer-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Arizona- (USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region); Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region); California- (USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region); New-Mexico (USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region); Texas- (USA-, North -America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: aggressiveness-; biological-invasions; geographic-distribution; hybridization- AN Accession Number: 200100143688 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 634 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: A new product with formic acid for Varroa jacobsoni Oud. control in Argentina. I. Efficacy. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Eguaras-M {a}; Del-Hoyo-M; Palacio-M-A; Ruffinengo-S; Bedascarrasbure-E-L AD Author Address: {a} Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNMdP, PROAPI, Funes 3350, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina SO Source: Journal-of-Veterinary-Medicine-Series-B. [print] February, 2001; 48 (1): 11 -14. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0931-1793 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: An organic product based on formic acid in a gel matrix was evaluated for use in Varroa control under autumnal climatic conditions in Argentina. Twenty colonies each received two gel packets with formic acid in two applications and numbers of falling mites were registered. After this treatment colonies received two other acaricides in order to compare efficacy. Average final efficacy in colonies treated with the organic product was 92% with a low variability. The gel matrix kept an adequate formic acid concentration inside the colonies with only two applications. This product is, therefore, a good alternative for Varroa control because it is organic, easy to use and presents a low variability in final efficacy between colonies. No queen, brood, or adult honeybee mortality was registered. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): pest-; honey-bee (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: formic-acid-product: efficacy-, pesticide- GE Geopolitical Location: Argentina- (South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: autumnal-climatic-conditions; mortality-; pest-control-measures AN Accession Number: 200100142302 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 635 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Distribucion del acaro ectoparasito Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) sobre el cuerpo de la abeja Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) distribution on honeybees workers, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Marcangeli-Jorge-A {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratorio de Artropodos. Fac. Cs. Ex. y Nat., Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, 7600, Mar del Plata: jamarca@mdp.edu.ar, Argentina SO Source: Revista-de-la-Sociedad-Entomologica-Argentina. [print] 2000; 59 (1-4): 53 -57. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0373-5680 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Spanish AB Abstract: Ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni (Oud.) distribution on Apis mellifera (L.) workers was studied. The mites demonstrated a significant preference for the left side of the 3rd and 4th ventro lateral abdominal tergites of the bees. Increased parasitic prevalence was recorded towards the end of the winter. During these months, a higher number of bees carrying 2 or more mites were observed. The position adopted by the mites allows them to reach the central portion of the intestine and thus have access to higher concentrations of nutrients. The results obtained emphasize the importance of applying effective control measures towards the end of the winter season. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host, worker-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): ectoparasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ventro-lateral-abdominal-tergites CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nutrients- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: parasitic-prevalence; species-distribution AN Accession Number: 200100142107 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 636 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Risk posed to honeybees (Apis mellifera L, Hymenoptera) by an imidacloprid seed dressing of sunflowers. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schmuck-Richard {a}; Schoening-Ralf; Stork-Andreas; Schramel-Oliver AD Author Address: {a} Agricultural Centre, Bayer AG, D-51368, Leverkusen: richard.schmuck.rs@bayer-ag.de, Germany SO Source: Pest-Management-Science. [print] March, 2001; 57 (3): 225-238. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1526-498X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In a greenhouse metabolism study, sunflowers were seed-treated with radiolabelled imidacloprid in a 700 g kg-1 WS formulation (Gaucho(R) WS 70) at 0.7 mg AI per seed, and the nature of the resulting residues in nectar and pollen was determined. Only the parent compound and no metabolites were detected in nectar and pollen of these seed-treated sunflower plants (limit of detection <0.001 mg kg-1). In standard LD50 laboratory tests, imidacloprid showed high oral toxicity to honeybees (Apis mellifera), with LD50 values between 3.7 and 40.9 ng per bee, corresponding to a lethal food concentration between 0.14 and 1.57 mg kg -1. The residue level of imidacloprid in nectar and pollen of seed-treated sunflower plants in the field was negligible. Under field-growing conditions no residues were detected (limit of detection: 0.0015 mg kg-1) in either nectar or pollen. There were also no detectable residues in nectar and pollen of sunflowers planted as a succeeding crop in soils which previously had been cropped with imidacloprid seed-treated plants. Chronic feeding experiments with sunflower honey fortified with 0.002, 0.005, 0.010 and 0.020 mg kg-1 imidacloprid were conducted to assess potential long-term adverse effects on honeybee colonies. Testing end -points in this 39-day feeding study were mortality, feeding activity, wax/comb production, breeding performance and colony vitality. Even at the highest test concentration, imidacloprid showed no adverse effects on the development of the exposed bee colonies. This no-adverse-effect concentration of 0.020 mg kg-1 compares with a field residue level of less than 0.0015 mg kg-1 (= limit of detection in the field residue studies) which clearly shows that a sunflower seed dressing with imidacloprid poses no risk to honeybees. This conclusion is confirmed by observations made in more than 10 field studies and several tunnel tests. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): nontarget-organism; Helianthus -annuus [sunflower-] (Compositae-): cultivar-Fleury, oil-crop, seedling- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: nectar-; pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: imidacloprid- [Gaucho-WS-70]: insecticide-, seed-dressing RN CAS Registry Number (R): 138261-41-3: IMIDACLOPRID MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: breeding-performance; colony-vitality; feeding-activity; wax/comb-production AN Accession Number: 200100135298 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 637 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Effects of temperature, relative humidity and pH on germination of chalkbrood fungus, Ascosphaera apis spore. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Liang-Qin {a}; Chen-Dafu {a}; Wang-Jianding {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Apiculture, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China SO Source: Yingyong-Shengtai-Xuebao. [print] December, 2000; 11 (6): 869-872. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1001-9332 LA Language: Chinese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: Chinese; English AB Abstract: Studies on the effects of environmental temperature, relative humidity and pH-value on the germination of Ascosphaera apis spore at the stages of activation, enlargement and germ-tube production showed that the germination was found to be independent of temperature within the range of 15-40degreeC was and 25-40degreeC, respectively at the stage of activation and enlargement, but closely correlated with the temperature within the range of 25-37degreeC at the stage of germ-tube production, with the optimum range of 31-35degreeC. Relative humidity below 80% inhibited spore germination. pH value within the range of 5-7.8 did not affect the spore germination significantly, but pH<5 reduced the enlargement and germ-tube production drastically. The results indicated that A. apis is a highly specialized pathogen for the life in honeybee larvae. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Development-; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Ascosphaera-apis (Ascomycetes-): bee-pathogen, pathogen-; honey-bee (Hymenoptera-): host-, larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: spores- DS Diseases: bee-chalkbrood-disease: fungal-disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: applied-ecology; spore-germination: analysis-, pH-effects, relative -humidity-effects, temperature-effects AN Accession Number: 200100135270 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 638 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Honey bee age-dependent resistance against American foulbrood. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Crailsheim-Karl {a}; Riessberger-Galle-Ulrike AD Author Address: {a} Institut fur Zoologie, Karl-Franzens Universitat Graz, Universitatsplatz 2, 8010, Graz: karl.crailsheim@kfunigraz.ac.at, Austria SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] January-February, 2001; 32 (1): 91-103. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: American foulbrood is a fatal disease of honeybee larvae. Larvae become infected by swallowing spores of P. larvae larvae that contaminate their food. Adult bees who transfer the spores and have close contact with larvae never become infected. Resistance to this bacterium was investigated in various larval stages and in adults of different ages. Substances inhibiting the growth of P. larvae larvae could be demonstrated in 4 day old larvae and, to a lesser extent, in 1 day old larvae. No such substances could be shown in 6 day old larvae. Extracts of midguts of adult bees generally showed a stronger ability to inhibit growth of the bacteria than did extracts of larvae. It was discovered that the midguts of 8 day old adult bees show a higher growth-inhibiting potential against P. larvae larvae than midguts of freshly emerged adult bees or foragers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Development-; Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, host-, larva-; Paenibacillus-larvae-larvae [Bacillus-larvae] (Endospore-forming-Gram -Positives): entomopathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- DS Diseases: American-foulbrood: bacterial-disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-dependent-resistance; apiculture-; food-contamination; growth-inhibition AN Accession Number: 200100135239 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 639 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Genetic, ontogenetic, and tissue-specific variation of aminopeptidases of Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Del-Lama-Marco-Antonio {a}; Bezerra-Renata-Maria; Egea-Soares-Ademilson -Espencer; Ruvolo-Takasusuki-Maria-Claudia-Colla AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Genetica e Evolucao, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565.905, Sao Carlos, SP: dmdl@power.ufscar.br, Brazil SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] January-February, 2001; 32 (1): 25-35. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Four aminopeptidases were detected in Apis mellifera by starch gel electrophoresis. These enzymes were characterized on the basis of their substrate preference, effect of inhibitors, tissue and ontogenetic developmental distribution. Lap-A activity was present at all tissues and developmental stages. Lap-P was characterized by a more intense activity during the pupal stage. Lap-G activity was concentrated in the midgut and was detected in association with the presence of food inside the digestive tract. Lap-D was more proeminent in the reproductive tract of adult drones, where its activity appeared to be concentrated in the mucus. Four electrophoretic variants of Lap-D were observed, with an uncommonly high intralocus heterozygosity level. Segregational analyses demonstrated the absence of close linkage between Lap-D and Est-1a, Est-2, Est-5, Est-6, Mdh-1, Hk-1 and Pgm-1 loci of Apis mellifera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): adult- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: digestive-tract: digestive-system; midgut-: digestive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Lap-A: aminopeptidase-; Lap-D: aminopeptidase-; Lap-G: aminopeptidase-; Lap -P: aminopeptidase-; aminopeptidases- [EC-3.4.11]: tissue-distribution RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9031-94-1: AMINOPEPTIDASES MQ Methods and Equipment: starch-gel-electrophoresis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: genetic-variation; intralocus-heterozygosity; ontogeny-; reproduction- AN Accession Number: 200100132871 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 640 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Variations in chemical mimicry by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni according to the developmental stage of the host honey-bee Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Martin-Caroline {a}; Salvy-Marine; Provost-Eric; Bagneres-Anne-Genevieve; Roux-Maurice; Crauser-Didier; Clement-Jean-Luc; Le-Conte-Yves AD Author Address: {a} Unite de Zoologie-Apidologie, Laboratoire de biologie et de protection de l'abeille, INRA, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon: cmartin@avignon.inra.fr, France SO Source: Insect-Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biology. [print] 15 March, 2001; 31 (4 -5): 365-379. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0965-1748 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni poses a major threat to the survival of European honey-bee populations. Development of effective control methods is therefore much needed. Study of interspecific chemical communication between the parasite and host is a particularly promising avenue of research. Previous study has shown that the cuticular hydrocarbons of the parasite mite Varroa jacobsoni are qualitatively identical to those of its honey-bee host Apis mellifera (Nation J.L., Sanford M.T., Milne K., 1992. Cuticular hydrocarbons from Varroa jacobsoni. Experimental and Applied Acarology 16, 331-344). The purpose of the present study was to compare the cuticular hydrocarbon patterns of the two species at different stages of bee development. Cuticular components were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The proportion of each component was calculated at three stages of bee development (larvae, pupa, emerging bee). The degree of chemical mimicry between the parasite and host was evaluated by multivariate analyses using the resulting proportions for each category of individuals. There were four main findings. The first was that the proportions of some components are different at the larval, pupal and imago stage of bee development. Second, Varroa profiles vary depending on the developmental stage of the host. Third, the cuticular profile of adult mites is more similar to that of the stage of the host than that of later and/or earlier stages except for parasites collected from emerging adult bees. Fourth, the degree of mimicry by Varroa is greater during larval and pupal stages than during the emerging adult bee stages. The role of chemical mimicry - although it is not perfect - in enabling parasites to infest bee colonies by the parasite is discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): ectoparasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: gas-chromatography: analytical-method, chromatographic-techniques; mass -spectrometry: analytical-method, spectroscopic-techniques: CB-, spectroscopic-techniques: CT- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: chemical-mimicry; chemical-signature; developmental-stages; mimicry -variations AN Accession Number: 200100132167 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 641 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Some properties of the main protein of honeybee (Apis mellifera) royal jelly. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Simuth-Jozef {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84238, Bratislava: chemsim@savba.sk, Slovakia SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] January-February, 2001; 32 (1): 69-80. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Royal jelly (RJ) was separated by ultracentrifugation (245000 X g for 5 h at 6 degreeC) into three physically distinct fractions with different distribution of its components (proteins, sugars and fatty acids): yellowish fluid supernatant (61% w/w of RJ), yellowish-brown gelatinous sediment (32% w/w) and white nearly solid sediment (7%, w/w). Ultracentrifugation of the solvated gelatinous fraction was a suitable method for preparation of MRJP1, the most abundant protein of RJ in the form of gel. MRJP1 was present in RJ in different forms: a monomer (55 kDa), oligomeric subunit (ca. 420 kDa), and water-insoluble aggregates in sediment after its interaction with fatty acids. The oligomeric MRJP1 was well soluble in water and at concentrations of 30 to 50% (w/w) formed a stiff gel. It is suggested that MRJP1 is albumin-like protein. An interesting feature of the oligomeric form of MRJP1 is its ability for self-assembly in water solutions. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: royal-jelly CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: fatty-acids; oligomeric-albumin-like-protein; proteins-; sugars- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUGARS MQ Methods and Equipment: ultracentrifugation-: separation-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; gel-formation AN Accession Number: 200100132160 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 642 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Blocking in landmark-based search in honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Cheng-Ken {a}; Spetch-Marcia-L AD Author Address: {a} Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109: kcheng@axon.bhs.mq.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Animal-Learning-and-Behavior. [print] February, 2001; 29 (1): 1-9. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0090-4996 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Two experiments tested blocking in landmark-based search in honeybees. Honeybees in the experimental group were trained in Phase 1 with a single landmark in a constant spatial relation to the target (sugar water). In the compound training second phase, the landmark used in Phase 1 (blocking landmark) and a new landmark (blocked landmark) were presented at constant spatial relations to the target. The blocking and blocked landmarks differed from each other in color and position, and the blocking landmark retained the same spatial relationship to the target as in Phase 1. In Experiment 1, the control group experienced only Phase 2 training with two landmarks. In Experiment 2, the control group was trained with a different landmark in a different position in Phase 1. Blocking was found in both cases. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: blocking-; landmark-color; landmark-position; landmark-based-search; spatial-relations AN Accession Number: 200100131614 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 643 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: A scientific note on the natural merger of two honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera capensis). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Neumann-Peter {a}; Pirk-Christian-W-W; Hepburn-Randall; Radloff-Sarah-E AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, 6140, Grahamstown: p.neumann@ru.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] January-February, 2001; 32 (1): 113-114. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): queens-, workers- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-merger; labor-division; organizational-structure; social -integration; spatial-distribution AN Accession Number: 200100131521 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 644 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Bioassay for grooming effectiveness towards Varroa destructor mites in Africanized and Carniolan honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Aumeier-Pia {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institute of Zoology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tuebingen: bieneau@uni-hohenheim.de, Germany SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] January-February, 2001; 32 (1): 81-90. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Grooming behavior is considered a varroosis tolerance factor of Africanized honey bees, but this behavior is difficult to evaluate directly within the honey bee colony. A laboratory bioassay was developed to measure the intensity and effectiveness of grooming responses by worker bees artificially infested with one Varroa mite. At a study site in tropical Brazil, the sequence of seven well-defined grooming reactions towards mites of different colonial origin was compared. In a total of 226 assays, Africanized bees responded significantly faster and more intensively than Carniolan workers. But there were no statistical differences in the removal of mites according to the bee types. Even extensive grooming behavior never resulted in damage or death of the mites. The possible use of the bioassay as a screening for the extent of the grooming behavior is discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Africanized-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Apis -mellifera-carnica [Carniolan-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region) DS Diseases: varroosis-: parasitic-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: bioassay-: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; behavioral-traits; grooming- AN Accession Number: 200100131519 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 645 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Blocking and the detection of odor components in blends. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hosler-Jay-S; Smith-Brian-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1220: smith.210@osu.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] September, 2000; 203 (18): 2797 -2806. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Recent studies of olfactory blocking have revealed that binary odorant mixtures are not always processed as though they give rise to mixture -unique configural properties. When animals are conditioned to one odorant (A) and then conditioned to a mixture of that odorant with a second (X), the ability to learn or express the association of X with reinforcement appears to be reduced relative to animals that were not preconditioned to A. A recent model of odor-based response patterns in the insect antennal lobe predicts that the strength of the blocking effect will be related to the perceptual similarity between the two odorants, i.e. greater similarity should increase the blocking effect. Here, we test that model in the honeybee Apis mellifera by first establishing a generalization matrix for three odorants and then testing for blocking between all possible combinations of them. We confirm earlier findings demonstrating the occurrence of the blocking effect in olfactory learning of compound stimuli. We show that the occurrence and the strength of the blocking effect depend on the odorants used in the experiment. In addition, we find very good agreement between our results and the model, and less agreement between our results and an alternative model recently proposed to explain the effect. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 1-hexanol: odorant-; 1-octanol: odorant-; 2-octanone: odorant-; geraniol-: odorant- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 111-27-3: 1-HEXANOL; 111-87-5: 1-OCTANOL; 111-13-7: 2-OCTANONE; 106-24-1: GERANIOL MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: compound-stimuli; conditioning-; generalization-matrix; learning-; memory-; odor-blends; odor-components: blocking-, detection-; olfaction- AN Accession Number: 200100128601 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 646 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Colour thresholds and receptor noise: Behaviour and physiology compared. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Vorobyev-Misha {a}; Brandt-Robert; Peitsch-Dagmar; Laughlin-Simon-B; Menzel -Randolf AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250: vorobyev@umbc.edu, USA SO Source: Vision-Research. [print] March, 2001; 41 (5): 639-653. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0042-6989 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Photoreceptor noise sets an absolute limit for the accuracy of colour discrimination. We compared colour thresholds in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) with this limit. Bees were trained to discriminate an achromatic stimulus from monochromatic lights of various wavelengths as a function of their intensity. Signal-to-noise ratios were measured by intracellular recordings in the three spectral types of photoreceptor cells. To model thresholds we assumed that discrimination was mediated by opponent mechanisms whose performance was limited by receptor noise. Most of the behavioural thresholds were close to those predicted from receptor signal-to-noise ratios, suggesting that colour discrimination in honeybees is affected by photoreceptor noise. Some of the thresholds were lower than this theoretical limit, which indicates summation of photoreceptor cell signals. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavior-: comparison-; color-discrimination: accuracy-; color-threshold; photoreceptor-cell-signals; photoreceptor-noise; physiology-: comparison-; receptor-noise; signal-to-noise-ratio AN Accession Number: 200100128597 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 647 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Biologia floral e sistema de reproducao de Jacquemontia multiflora (Choisy) Hallier f. (Convolvulaceae). Floral biology and reproductive system of Jacquemontia multiflora (Choisy) Hallier f. (Convolvulaceae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Piedade-Kiill-Lucia-Helena; Taroda-Ranga-Neusa {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Botanica, Instituto de Biociencias, Letras e Ciencias Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho", 15054 -020, Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, SP: neusar@bot.ibilce.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Revista-Brasileira-de-Botanica. [print] 2000; 23 (1): 37-43. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0100-8404 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese AB Abstract: The present study deals with the aspects of phenology, floral biology and reproductive system of Jacquemontia multiflora, a caatinga species at the Fazenda Catalunha, Santa Maria da Boa Vista - PE. The species is an annual liana, with cornucopia pattern of flowering. The peak of flowering occurs between the end of March beginning of April at the end of the wet season. Its cymose inflorescences have the main axes elongated, exposing the flowers well out the foliage leaves. The blue flowers are shallow campanulate, scentless and producing a very low quantity of nectar. Anthesis is diurnal, the flowers begin to open at around 5:30 h, are ephemeral, lasting for about nine hours. The most frequent visitors are bees (Apidae and Halictidae). Apis mellifera and Trigona spinipes were considered the main pollinators of this species. J. multifora is facultatively autogamous, producing fruits either after self (30%) and cross (60%) manual pollination. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences); Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Convolvulaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Jacquemontia-multiflora (Convolvulaceae-); Trigona-spinipes (Hymenoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: cymose-inflorescence; reproductive-system: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: anthesis-; floral-biology; flowering-; phenology-; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200100128312 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 648 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Social regulation of ovary activation in 'anarchistic' honey-bees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Barron-Andrew-B {a}; Oldroyd-Benjamin-P AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Macleay Building, A12, Sydney, NSW, 2006: abarron@bio.usyd.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] January, 2001; 49 (2-3): 214 -219. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honey-bee (Apis mellifera) colonies exhibit extreme reproductive division of labour. Workers almost always have inactive ovaries and the queen monopolises egg laying. Although extremely rare, 'anarchistic' colonies exist in which workers produce male offspring despite the presence of the queen. By comparing the rates of ovary activation in anarchistic and wild -type bees fostered to host colonies of different genotype (i.e. anarchist and non-anarchist) and queen status (i.e. queenless and queenright), we investigated the factors involved in inhibiting ovary activation. Fostered anarchist workers always had a higher level of ovary development than fostered wild-type bees in both anarchist and non-anarchist host colonies. Fostered workers of both genotypes had more active ovaries in anarchistic than in wild-type hosts. Fostered workers of both strains also had more active ovaries in queenless than in queenright hosts. The results suggest that selection for worker reproduction in the anarchistic line has both reduced the effects of brood and queen pheromones on worker ovary inhibition and increased the likelihood that workers of the anarchistic line will develop ovaries compared to wild-type workers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): female-, male-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovary-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: anarchy-; ovary-activation; queen-status; reproductive-division-of-labor; social-regulation; worker-egg-laying AN Accession Number: 200100128203 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 649 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Electron paramagnetic resonance study of honeybee Apis mellifera abdomens. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: El-Jaick-Lea-Jaccoud {a}; Acosta-Avalos-Daniel; Motta-de-Souza-Esquivel -Darci; Wajnberg-Eliane; Paixao-Linhares-Marilia AD Author Address: {a} Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud 150, 180, Rio de Janeiro: leajj@cbpf.br, Brazil SO Source: European-Biophysics-Journal. [print] 2001; 29 (8): 579-586. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0175-7571 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Although ferromagnetic material has been detected in Apis mellifera abdomens and identified as suitable for magnetic reception, physical and magnetic properties of these particles are still lacking. Electron paramagnetic resonance is used to study different magnetic materials in these abdomens. At least four iron structures are identified: isolated Fe3+ ions, amorphous FeOOH, isolated magnetite nanoparticles of about 3 X 102 nm3 and 103 nm3 volumes, depending on the hydration degree of the sample, and aggregates of these particles. A low-temperature transition (52-91 K) was observed and the temperature dependence of the magnetic anisotropy constant of those particles was determined. These results imply that biomineralized magnetites are distinct from inorganic particles and the parameters presented are relevant for the refinement of magnetoreception models in honeybees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation); Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: abdomen- MQ Methods and Equipment: EPR-: analytical-method, imaging-techniques, study-; X-band-EPR -spectrometer: Bruker-, laboratory-equipment MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: magnetoreception-models: refinement- AN Accession Number: 200100123955 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 650 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Hybrid seed production in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.): Abundance and diurnal rhythms of insect visitors on restorer and male sterile lines. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Singh-G {a}; Kashyap-R-K; Dahiya-B-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Seed Technology Centre, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004, India SO Source: Seed-Science-and-Technology. [print] 2000; 28 (3): 715-722. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0251-0952 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Abundance and diurnal rhythms of various insect visitors on 'A' and 'R' lines were studied in hybrid seed production field of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) for two years at Hisar, India. Insects belonging to 41 genera of 23 families from six orders visited the capitula of 'A' and 'R' lines. Honey bees (Apis melliferra, A. dorsata and A. florea) constituted 42.2% of the total insects visiting the capitula. Abundance of natural populations of Magachile cephalotes and Xylocopa fenestrata were relatively low. Honey bees tends to visit 'R' than 'A' lines more frequently. The bee activity was highest at 06h00 and 18h00 followed by 10h00. Possible factors for rhythms in bee populations and augmentation of natural weak pollinators to obtain higher seed set have been discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Behavior-; Biosynchronization-; Terrestrial -Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences); Genetics-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Diptera-: Insecta -, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hemiptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Neuroptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata -, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-dorsata [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): visitor-; Apis-florea [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): visitor-; Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): visitor-; Coleoptera- (Coleoptera-): visitor-; Diptera- (Diptera-): visitor-; Helianthus-annuus [sunflower-] (Compositae-): male-sterile -lines, seed-; Hemiptera- (Hemiptera-): visitor-; Hymenoptera- (Hymenoptera-): visitor-; Lepidoptera- (Lepidoptera-): visitor-; Neuroptera- (Neuroptera-): visitor- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: hybrid-seed-production; line-restoration; pollination-; reproductive -ecology; visitor-abundance; visitor-diurnal-rhythm AN Accession Number: 200100119274 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 651 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Adaptive radiation of pollination mechanisms in Ixia (Iridaceae: Crocoideae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Goldblatt-Peter {a}; Bernhardt-Peter; Manning-John-C AD Author Address: {a} Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, 63166, USA SO Source: Annals-of-the-Missouri-Botanical-Garden. [print] Fall, 2000; 87 (4): 564 -577. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0026-6493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Field observations, floral dissections, and pollen load analyses of insects captured on 20 species of Ixia (Iridaceae), representing examples of the four major floral types in the genus, indicate that this southern African genus of 52 species is cross pollinated by a wide variety of insects. The pollination ecology of Ixia species can be divided into several distinct systems exploiting insects of four insect orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera). Ixia atrandra, I. curta, I. lutea, I. maculata, I. metelerkampiae, and I. versicolor have salver-shaped, nectarless flowers, in bright colors contrasting with dark "beetle marks" and are pollinated exclusively by hopliine scarab beetles. Four Ixia species with narrowly tubular flowers, spreading tepals, and ample nectar are pollinated by long-proboscid flies (Moegistorhynchus longirostris and Philoliche species). Three additional species with tubular flowers, and modest nectar volumes, appear to be pollinated by the pieriid butterfly, Colias electo (Ixia orientalis), or by a combination of hopliine beetles and tabanid flies with short probosces (I. aurea, I. esterhuyseniae, I. tenuifolia). The remaining species are largely pollinated by anthophorine bees or Apis mellifera, but bee pollination comprises three discrete systems. Species pollinated by Anthophora and Pachymelus species (I. capillaris, I. latifolia, I. odorata, I. rapunculoides, I. thomasiae) have cup-shaped flowers that secrete nectar. Salver-shaped flowers of I. flexuosa secrete no nectar, but are pollinated by pollen-collecting Apis mellifera. Buzz pollination by Amegilla fallax in I. scillaris is associated with vertical floral presentation, nectarless flowers, unusual in having a short, closed perianth tube, short, stubby filaments, and anthers dehiscing incompletely from the base. Outgroup comparison suggests that the ancestral pollination system in Ixia is the one in which flowers are cup-shaped, produce nectar, and are pollinated by large anthophorine bees. Exaggeration of the perianth into an elongate tube containing ample nectar, or the closure of the perianth tube and absence of nectar, or the development of basal anther dehiscense must be regarded as specialized adaptations related to their derived pollination strategies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences); Evolution-and-Adaptation; Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Iridaceae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apidae- (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Coleoptera- (Coleoptera-): pollinator-; Diptera- (Diptera-): pollinator-; Hopliini- (Coleoptera-): pollinator-; Hymenoptera- (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Ixia-atrandra (Iridaceae-); Ixia-aurea (Iridaceae-); Ixia-capillaris (Iridaceae-); Ixia-curta (Iridaceae-); Ixia -esterhuyseniae (Iridaceae-); Ixia-flexuosa (Iridaceae-); Ixia-latifolia (Iridaceae-); Ixia-longituba (Iridaceae-); Ixia-lutea (Iridaceae-); Ixia -maculata (Iridaceae-); Ixia-meterlerkampiae (Iridaceae-); Ixia-odorata (Iridaceae-); Ixia-orientalis (Iridaceae-); Ixia-paucifolia (Iridaceae-); Ixia-rapunculoides (Iridaceae-); Ixia-scillaris (Iridaceae-); Ixia -tenuifolia (Iridaceae-); Ixia-thomasiae (Iridaceae-); Ixia-versicolor (Iridaceae-); Lepidoptera- (Lepidoptera-): pollinator-; Moegistorhynchus -longirostris (Diptera-): pollinator-; Philoliche-spp. (Diptera-): pollinator-; Pieriidae- (Lepidoptera-): pollinator-; Tabanidae- (Diptera -): pollinator-; anthophorine-bees (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; beetles- (Coleoptera-): pollinator-; butterflies- (Lepidoptera-): pollinator-; scarab-beetles (Coleoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Monocots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nectar- GE Geopolitical Location: Africa- (Ethiopian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: adaptive-radiation; buzz-pollination; floral-life-span; floral-morphology; floral-phenology; floral-presentation; floral-types; flower-visitation; insect-morphology; plasticity-; pollen-load; pollination-ecology; pollination-mechanisms; pollinator-attraction; specialization- AN Accession Number: 200100118832 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 652 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Pollination of a core flowering shrub species in Mediterranean phrygana: Variation in pollinator diversity, abundance and effectiveness in response to fire. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Potts-Simon-G {a}; Dafni-Amots; Ne'-eman-Gidi AD Author Address: {a} School of Biology, Univ. of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9TS: sgp@st -and.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Oikos-. [print] January, 2001; 92 (1): 71-80. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0030-1299 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Fire in Mediterranean-type ecosystems produces catastrophic changes in plant-pollinator systems; the recovery of which has been studied by comparing an unburnt mature forest habitat with that of an adjacent recently burnt area (eight years post-fire). The composition, visitation profiles, and effectiveness of the taxonomically diverse pollinator assemblages found on a core nectar providing species (Satureja thymbra: Lamiaceae) were examined in these two contrasting habitats. S. thymbra in the freshly burnt area had low nectar standing crop and relatively less diverse bee community than an unburnt area which had twice the nectar standing crop and a higher bee diversity and abundance. Both sites supported bee assemblages dominated by the non-native bumblebee Bombus terrestris. Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of nectar standing crops and microclimatic conditions were sufficient to explain the form and magnitude of the diurnal foraging profiles at each site in relation to species specific foraging and flight abilities. B. terrestris, Apis mellifera and native solitary bees were the three primary guilds visiting S. thymbra and varied in the efficiency with which they delivered conspecific pollen grains to receptive stigmas. A pollinator effectiveness index for these three guilds was calculated based on floral visitation rates and pollen delivery efficiency and reflected the actual levels of effectiveness of each guild within and across the two habitat types. There was no overall inter-community difference in pollination effectiveness as the bee assemblages in both habitats were sufficient to produce maximum fruit set in S. thymbra, though the relative contribution of each guild varied intra -communally. Pollen limitation was not found to occur in either habitat. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Labiatae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Bombus-terrestris (Hymenoptera -): pollinator-; Satureja-thymbra (Labiatae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nectar-: standing-crop MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Mediterranean-phrygana: habitat-; community-composition; diurnal-foraging -behavior; fire-responses; flight-ability; flower-visitation; forest -habitats; habitat-differences; intra-communal-variation; plant-pollinator -systems; pollen-limitation; pollination-; species-abundance; species -diversity AN Accession Number: 200100118714 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 653 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Caracterizacion palinologica de las mieles de la llanura del rio Senguerr (Chubut-Argentina). Palynological characterization of honeys from the plain of the Senguerr river (Chubut-Argentina). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Forcone-Alicia {a}; Telleria-Maria-C AD Author Address: {a} Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Julio A. Roca 115, U 9100AQC, Trelew: aforcone@satlink.com, telleria@netverk.com.ar, Argentina SO Source: Darwiniana-San-Isidro. [print] 2000; 38 (3-4): 267-271. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0011-6793 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Spanish AB Abstract: In order to know the plants used by honeybees in the Senguerr river plains, a palynological analysis of 19 samples of honey was made. Most samples had less than 2000 grains/g. Fifty-seven types of pollen were identified. Main sources of nectar belong to the following families: Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Brassicaceae and Asteraceae. Honeys were classified as monofloral Melilotus sp. (8 samples), monofloral Rosaceae (wild and cultivated, 2 samples) or of mixed floral origin (9 samples). The analized honeys may be distinguished by a pollen association of Trifolieae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Acaena sp., Glycyrrhiza astragalina Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. and Cyperaceae. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Cruciferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Cyperaceae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Acaena- (Rosaceae-); Brassicaceae- (Cruciferae-); Cyperaceae- (Cyperaceae -); Fabaceae- (Leguminosae-); Glycyrrhiza- (Leguminosae-); Melilotus- (Leguminosae-); Rosaceae- (Rosaceae-); honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Monocots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Senguerr-River-plains (Argentina-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: honey-: sugar-product; palynology- AN Accession Number: 200100118342 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 654 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Analise do polen encontrado em amostras de mel de Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae) em uma area de savana de Roraima, Brasil. Analyses of pollen found in honey samples of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in a savanna area in Roraima, Brazil. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: da-Silva-Silvio-Jose-Reis {a}; Absy-Maria-Lucia AD Author Address: {a} Museu Integrado de Roraima, Av. Brigadeiro Eduardo Gomes s/n - Parque Anaua, Boa Vista, RR: silviorr@mandic.com.br, luciabsy@inpa.gov.br, Brazil SO Source: Acta-Amazonica. [print] Dezembro, 2000; 30 (4): 579-588. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-5967 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese AB Abstract: Honey samples of one apiary located in Contao village, north of Roraima State, Brazil were analyzed. The samples originated from crops of October and December, 1996 and January, February and March, 1997. A total of 20 pollen types were identified; they were distributed among 18 genera and 13 families. The families: Mimosaceae (4 species), Anacardiaceae (3 species), Sterculiaceae (2 species), Caesalpiniaceae (2 species) and Amaranthaceae (2 species) were the most represented. The other families were represented by a single species. The most frequent pollen types were: Mimosa polydactyla (October and December, 1996) and Curatella americana (January,February and March, 1997).Three significant correlations among the frequencies of pollen types were found; Curatella americana L. X Mimosa polydactyla G.B.K. (r = -0,99), Curatella americana L. X Astronium sp (r = 0,95) e Mimosa polydactyla H.B.K e Astronium sp (r = -0,91). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Foods- ST Super Taxa: Anacardiaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Dilleniaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-; Astronium-sp. (Anacardiaceae-); Curatella-americana (Dilleniaceae-); Mimosa-polydactyla (Leguminosae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Roraima- (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: honey-: pollen-identification, sugar-product; palynology- AN Accession Number: 200100118341 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 655 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Purification and characterization of Beauveria bassiana proteinases. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Chrzanowska-J {a}; Banas-J; Kolaczkowska-M AD Author Address: {a} Department of Animal Products Technology, Agricultural University, Norwida 25/27, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland SO Source: Acta-Biotechnologica. [print] 2001; 21 (1): 73-81. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0138-4988 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Two chymotrypsin-like serine proteinases are produced by B. bassiana 278 when grown on different carbon and nitrogen sources. By employing acetone precipitation, gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatographies, the enzymes were separated from the culture filtrate after propagation of the fungus on medium enriched either with ground larvae of Apis mellifera (Proteinase I) or porcine blood plasma (Proteinase II). The purified enzymes with a molecular mass of approximately 32 kDa hydrolyzed natural protein substrates: casein, hide powder azure (HPA), azocoll and much less elastin Congo Red and collagen. They differ from each other in the optimum pH value, amino acid composition, MICHAELIS constant and susceptibility to natural chymotrypsin inhibitors. Both proteinases hydrolyze suc-Ala-Ala -Pro-Phe-p-NA with an apparent Km of 2.03 X 10-3 M and 1.04 X 10-4 M, respectively. The turkey ovomukoid (OMTKY) and cathepsin G/chymotrypsin inhibitor inhibit only Proteinase II from the larvae hemolymph of Apis mellifera (AMCI). The association constant of the interaction of this enzyme with AMCI was estimated to be very high (4.11 X 109 M-1). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Beauveria-bassiana (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): strain-278 TN Taxa Notes: Fungi-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: azocoll-; casein-; collagen-; elastin-Congo-Red; hide-powder-azure; proteinases-: characterization-, purification-, separation- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 53092-90-3: AZOCOLL; 37340-54-8: HIDE POWDER AZURE; 9001-92-7: PROTEINASES MQ Methods and Equipment: acetone-precipitation: organic-solvent-precipitation, separation-method; gel-filtration: filtration-techniques, purification-method; ion-exchange -chromatography: liquid-chromatography, purification-method AN Accession Number: 200100115208 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 656 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Ligand binding and physico-chemical properties of ASP2, a recombinant odorant-binding protein from honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Briand-Loic; Nespoulous-Claude; Huet-Jean-Claude; Takahashi-Masayuki; Pernollet-Jean-Claude {a} AD Author Address: {a} Biochimie et Structure des Proteines, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, Batiment 526, F-78352, Jouy-en-Josas Cedex: pernolle@jouy.inra.fr, France SO Source: European-Journal-of-Biochemistry. [print] February, 2001; 268 (3): 752-760. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0014-2956 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In insects, the transport of airborne, hydrophobic odorants and pheromones through the sensillum lymph is generally thought to be accomplished by odorant-binding proteins (OBPs). We report the structural and functional properties of a honeybee OBP called ASP2, heterologously expressed by the yeast Pichia pastoris. ASP2 disulfide bonds were assigned after classic trypsinolysis followed by ion-spray mass spectrometry combined with microsequencing. The pairing (Cys(I)-Cys(III), Cys(II)-Cys(V), Cys(IV) -Cys(VI)) was found to be identical to that of Bombyx mori OBP, suggesting that this pattern occurs commonly throughout the highly divergent insect OBPs. CD measurements revealed that ASP2 is mainly constituted of alpha helices, like other insect OBPs, but different from lipocalin-like vertebrate OBPs. Gel filtration analysis showed that ASP2 is homodimeric at neutral pH, but monomerizes upon acidification or addition of a chaotropic agent. A general volatile-odorant binding assay allowed us to examine the uptake of some odorants and pheromones by ASP2. Recombinant ASP2 bound all tested molecules, except beta-ionone, which could not interact with it at all. The affinity constants of ASP2 for these ligands, determined at neutral pH by isothermal titration calorimetry, are in the micromolar range, as observed for vertebrate OBP. These results suggest that odorants occupy three binding sites per dimer, probably one in the core of each monomer and another whose location and biological role are questionable. At acidic pH, no binding was observed, in correlation with monomerization and a local conformational change supported by CD experiments. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Vertebrata-: Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Bombyx-mori (Lepidoptera-); Pichia-pastoris (Ascomycetes-); vertebrate- (Vertebrata-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: ASP2-: odorant-binding-protein; odorant-; pheromone- MQ Methods and Equipment: circular-dichroism: analytical-method; gel-filtration: analytical-method; ion-spray-mass-spectrometry-microsequencing: analytical-method; isothermal -titration-calorimetry: analytical-method; volatile-odorant-binding-assay: analytical-method; yeast-expression-system: synthetic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: protein-ligand-interaction AN Accession Number: 200100113936 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 657 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Brood pheromone modulates honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) sucrose response thresholds. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pankiw-Tanya {a}; Page-Robert-E-Jr AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616: tpankiw@ucdavis.edu, USA SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] January, 2001; 49 (2-3): 206 -213. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Foraging behavior and the mechanisms that regulate foraging activity are important components of social organization. Here we test the hypothesis that brood pheromone modulates the sucrose response threshold of bees. Recently the honeybee proboscis extension response to sucrose has been identified as a "window" into a bee's perception of sugar. The sucrose response threshold measured in the first week of adult life, prior to foraging age, predicts forage choice. Bees with low response thresholds are more likely to be pollen foragers and bees with high response thresholds are more likely to forage for nectar. There is an associated genetic component to sucrose response thresholds and forage choice such that bees selected to hoard high quantities of pollen have low response thresholds and bees selected to hoard low quantities of pollen have higher response thresholds. The number of larvae in colonies affects the number of bees foraging for pollen. Hexane-extractable compounds from the surface of larvae (brood pheromone) significantly increase the number of pollen foragers. We tested the hypothesis that brood pheromone decreases the sucrose response threshold of bees, to suggest a pheromone-modulated sensory-physiological mechanism for regulating foraging division of labor. Brood pheromone significantly decreased response thresholds as measured in the proboscis extension response assay, a response associated with pollen foraging. A synthetic blend of honeybee brood pheromone stimulated and released pollen foraging in foraging bioassays. Synthetic brood pheromone had dose-dependent effects on the modulation of sucrose response thresholds. We discuss how brood pheromone may act as a releaser of pollen foraging in older bees and a primer pheromone on the development of response thresholds and foraging ontogeny of young bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: brood-pheromone; sucrose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUCROSE MQ Methods and Equipment: extension-response-assay: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: activity-regulation-mechanisms; foraging-behavior; foraging-ontogeny; hoard -quantities; neuroethology-; response-threshold-modulation AN Accession Number: 200100113752 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 658 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Sandwich-ELISA detection of venom antigens in envenoming by Phoneutria nigriventer spider. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Chavez-Olortegui-C {a}; Bohorquez-K; Alvarenga-L-M; Kalapothakis-E; Campolina-D; Maria-W-S; Diniz-C-R AD Author Address: {a} Fundacao Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Gameleira, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG: olortegi@funed.mg.gov.br, Brazil SO Source: Toxicon-. [print] June, 2001; 39 (6): 909-911. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0041-0101 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were developed to detect antigens from Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom. Horse anti-P. nigriventer immunoglobulins were prepared by immunoaffinity chromatography and used to set up a sandwich-type ELISA. The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by its capacity to correctly discriminate between the circulating antigens in mice that were experimentally inoculated with P. nigriventer venom from those in mice inoculated with Lycosa sp. and Loxosceles intermedia spider venoms, Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom and Apis mellifera bee venom. Measurable absorbance signals were obtained with 0.8 ng of venom per assay. The ELISA was used to follow the kinetic distribution of antigens in experimentally envenomed mice and to detect antigens in the sera of patients envenomed by P. nigriventer. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis); Methods-and -Techniques; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Arachnida-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Equidae-: Perissodactyla-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Phoneutria-nigriventer [spider-] (Arachnida-); horse- (Equidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Chordates-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Perissodactyls-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: venom- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: anti-Phoneutria-nigriventer-immunoglobulins; venom-antigens MQ Methods and Equipment: Sandwich-ELISA: detection-method AN Accession Number: 200100111447 UD Update Code: 20010315 Record 659 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Convergent evolution of worker policing by egg eating in the honeybee and common wasp. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Foster-Kevin-R {a}; Ratnieks-Francis-L-W AD Author Address: {a} Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield University, Sheffield, S10 2TN: bop97krf@sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-Royal-Society-Biological-Sciences-Series-B. [print] 22 January, 2001; 268 (1463): 169-174. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-8452 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Mutual policing, where group members suppress each others' reproduction, is hypothesized to be important in the origin and stabilization of biological complexity. Mutual policing among workers in social insects can reduce within-colony conflict. However, there are few examples. We tested for worker policing in the common wasp Vespula vulgaris. Workers rapidly removed worker-laid eggs but left most queen-laid eggs (four out of 120 worker eggs versus 106 out of 120 queen eggs remained after 1 h). Ovary dissection (1150 workers from six colonies) revealed that a small but significant number of workers have active ovaries (4%) equivalent to approximately five to 25 workers per colony. Consistent with effective policing of worker reproduction, microsatellite analysis of males (270 individuals from nine colonies) detected no workers' sons. Worker policing by egg eating has convergently evolved in the common wasp and the honeybee suggesting that worker policing may have broad significance in social evolution. Unlike the honeybee, relatedness patterns in V. vulgaris do not explain selection for policing. Genetic analysis (340 workers in 17 nests) revealed that workers are equally related to the queen's and other workers' sons (worker-worker relatedness was 0.51 +- 0.04, 95% confidence interval). Worker policing in V. vulgaris may be selected due to the colony-level benefit of conflict suppression. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Vespula-vulgaris [common-wasp] (Hymenoptera-): egg- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovary-: reproductive-system MQ Methods and Equipment: microsatellite-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: conflict-suppression; convergent-evolution; egg-eating; relatedness -patterns; within-colony-conflict; worker-policing; worker-reproduction AN Accession Number: 200100110499 UD Update Code: 20010315 Record 660 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Toxicity of herbicides radazine-T, herbotreph and dicocide for honey bee in laboratory experiments. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Aleksenicer-M-L; Kubaichuk-V-P; Bondarchuk-L-I SO Source: Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya-Biologiya. [print] November-December, 2000; (6): 114-116. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0131-6397 LA Language: Russian; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Russian AB Abstract: The authors studied the effect of herbicides radazine-T, herbotreph and dicocide on behavior of honey bee Apis mellifera L. and estimated the toxicity of these herbicides. It was shown that herbotreph is not dangerous for insects and can be used even during plant's flower, but high concentration of radazine-T and dicocide caused the death of bees. It was established that radazine-T used in low concentration can contaminate the products of bee-keeping, therefore the use of radazine-T and dicocide near bee-garden and flower meadow should be abolish. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Plantae- OR Organisms: honey-bee (Hymenoptera-); plant- (Plantae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: dicocide-: herbicide-, toxicity-; herbotreph-: herbicide-, toxicity-; radazine-T: herbicide-, toxicity- MQ Methods and Equipment: laboratory-experiments: experimental-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mortality- AN Accession Number: 200100108443 UD Update Code: 20010315 Record 661 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Analysis of calcium imaging signals from the honeybee brain by nonlinear models. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stetter-M {a}; Greve-H {a}; Galizia-C-G; Obermayer-K {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Computer Science, Technische Universitaet Berlin, FR2-1, Franklinstrasse 28/29, D-10587, Berlin, Germany SO Source: NeuroImage-. [print] January, 2001; 13 (1): 119-128. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1053-8119 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Recent Ca2+-imaging studies on the antennal lobe of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) have shown that olfactory stimuli evoke complex spatiotemporal changes of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, in which stimulus -dependent subsets of glomeruli are highlighted. In this work we use nonlinear models for the quantitative identification of the spatial and temporal properties of the Ca2+-dependent fluorescence signal. This technique describes time series of the Ca2+ signal as a superposition of biophysically motivated model functions for photobleaching and Ca2+ dynamics and provides optimal estimates of their amplitudes (signal strengths) and time constants together with error measures. Using this method, we can reliably identify two different stimulus-dependent signal components. Their delays and rise times, deltac1 = (0.4 +- 0.3) s, tauc1 = (3.8 +- 1.2) s for the fast component and deltac2 = (2.4 +- 0.6) s, tauc2 = (10.3 +- 3.2) s for the slow component, are constant over space and across different odors and animals. In chronological experiments, the amplitude of the fast (slow) component often decreases (increases) with time. The pattern of the Ca2+ dynamics in space and time can be reliably described as a superposition of only two spatiotemporally separable patterns based on the fast and slow components. However, the distributions of both components over space turn out to differ from each other, and more work has to be done in order to specify their relationship with neuronal activity. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Methods-and-Techniques; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe: nervous-system; brain-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: calcium- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 7440-70-2: CALCIUM MQ Methods and Equipment: photobleaching-: Imaging-Techniques, imaging-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: imaging-signals; nonlinear-models; olfactory-stimuli AN Accession Number: 200100107239 UD Update Code: 20010315 Record 662 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Flexibility in a single behavioral variable of Drosophila. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Heisenberg-Martin; Wolf-Reinhard; Brembs-Bjoern {a} AD Author Address: {a} Biozentrum, Lehrstuhl fuer Genetik und Neurobiologie, D-97074, Wuerzburg: heisenberg@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Learning-and-Memory-Cold-Spring-Harbor. [print] January-February, 2001; 8 (1): 1-10. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1072-0502 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The flexibility of behavior is so rich, and its components are so exquisitely interwoven, that one may be well advised to turn to an isolated behavioral module for study. Gill withdrawal in Aplysia, the proboscis extension reflex in the honeybee, and lid closure in mammals are such examples. We have chosen yawing, a single component of flight orientation in Drosophila melanogaster, for this approach. A specialty of this preparation is that the behavioral output can be reduced beyond the single module by one further step. It can be studied in tethered animals in which all turns are blocked while the differentially beating wings still provide the momentum. These intended yaw turns are measured by a torque meter to which the fly is hooked. The fly is held horizontally as if cruising at high speed. The head is glued to the thorax. It can bend its abdomen, extend its proboscis, and move its legs but cannot shift its direction of gaze or its orientation in space. Evidently, a fly hardly ever encounters this bizarre situation in the wild. We describe here the flexibility in this single behavioral variable. It provides insights into the relation between classical and operant conditioning, the processing of and interactions between the conditioned visual stimuli, early visual memory, visual pattern recognition, selective attention, and several other experience-dependent properties of visual orientation behavior. We start with a brief summary of visual flight control at the torque meter. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Drosophila-melanogaster (Diptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: classical-conditioning: analytical-method; operant-conditioning: analytical -method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavior-flexibility; flight-orientation; selective-attention; tethered -flight; visual-memory; visual-pattern-recognition; yaw-torque AN Accession Number: 200100107173 UD Update Code: 20010315 Record 663 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Genetic dissection of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) foraging behavior. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Page-R-E-Jr {a}; Fondrk-M-K; Hunt-G-J; Guzman-Novoa-E; Humphries-M-A; Nguyen-K; Greene-A-S AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616: repage@ucdavis.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Heredity. [print] November-December, 2000; 91 (6): 474-479. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1503 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We demonstrate the effects of a new quantitative trait locus (QTL), designated pln3, that was mapped in a backcross population derived from strains of bees selected for the amount of pollen they store in combs. We independently confirmed pln3 by demonstrating its effects on individual foraging behavior, as we did previously for QTLs pln1 and pln2 (Hunt et al. 1995). QTL pln2 is very robust in its effects on foraging behavior. In this study, pln2 was again shown to affect individual foraging behavior of workers derived from a hybrid backcross of the selected strains. In addition, pln2 was shown to affect the amount of pollen stored in combs of colonies derived from a wide cross of European and Africanized honeybees. This is noteworthy because it demonstrates that we can map QTLs for behavior in interstrain crosses derived from selective breeding and study their effects in unselected, natural populations. The results we present also demonstrate the repeatability of finding QTLs with measurable effects, even after outcrossing selected strains, suggesting that there is a relatively small subset of QTLs with major effects segregating in the population from which we selected our founding breeding populations. The different QTLs, pln1, pln2, and pln3, appear to have different effects, revealing the complex genetic architecture of honeybee foraging behavior. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Genetics- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-behavior AN Accession Number: 200100101932 UD Update Code: 20010315 Record 664 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Plant-pollinator interactions: A threatened mutualism with implications for the ecology and management of rare plants. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Spira-Timothy-P {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634-0326: stimoth@clemson.edu, USA SO Source: Natural-Areas-Journal. [print] January, 2001; 21 (1): 78-88. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0885-8608 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: For the vast majority of higher plants, animal-mediated pollination is essential for reproduction by seed. Yet, plants and their pollinators currently face a variety of threats including habitat fragmentation, invasive species, and poisoning by pesticides. As land is increasingly converted to human uses, the diversity and abundance of plants and pollinators is likely to decline. Plants with small or low-density populations, including many rare species, can receive fewer pollinator visits, which could lead to fewer seeds, higher selfing rates, and more inbreeding depression. Recent research indicates that introduced honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) can competitively displace native pollinators, and because honeybees are often poor pollinators compared to native bees, the reproductive success of native plants might decline. Application of chemical pesticides can have adverse effects on pollinator populations and reduce natural pollination and subsequent seed set in wild plants. Insecticide-free buffer zones might be needed around some rare plant populations. Plant species that are most vulnerable to pollinator loss are those that depend on a single pollinator species. Many species reduce their risk of pollinator loss via compensatory mechanisms such as multiple pollinators, self-pollination, or by decreasing their dependence on seeds via vegetative reproduction or long life spans. These traits, however, are unlikely to compensate in the long term for a continuous decline in pollination services. Key to slowing the rate of species loss and keeping natural pollination systems intact is habitat preservation. For rare species that depend on pollinators, conservation managers may need to consider factors that influence the welfare of pollinators. Moreover, the size of preserves is important because pollinator nest sites, larval food plants, and foraging sites may be spatially separated and occupy different habitats. Given that pollination interactions often involve multiple species assemblages and large landscapes, a community or ecosystem-based management perspective is needed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Conservation-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): mutualist-, pollinator-; plants- (Plantae-): mutualist-, seed- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: chemical-pesticides: pesticide- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: animal-mediated-pollination; biodiversity-; biological-invasions; conservation-biology; ecological-buffer-zones; foraging-sites; habitat -fragmentation; habitat-preservation; inbreeding-depression; land -conversion; larval-food-plants; life-spans; management-implications; mutualisms-; nature-preserves: size-; nest-sites; plant-pollinator -interactions; reproductive-success; seed-set; vegetative-reproduction AN Accession Number: 200100101488 UD Update Code: 20010315 Record 665 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: The juvenile hormone analog pyriproxyfen affects ecdysteroid-dependent cuticle melanization and shifts the pupal ecdysteroid peak in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Zufelato-M-S; Bitondi-M-M-G {a}; Simoes-Z-L-P; Hartfelder-K AD Author Address: {a} Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto, SP: mmgbit@usp.br, Brazil SO Source: Arthropod-Structure-and-Development. [print] 2000; 29 (2): 111-119. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1467-8039 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The control of the pupal melanization in the honey bee by ecdysteroids, and the modulation of these processes by a juvenile hormone analog were investigated by a combination of in vivo and in vitro experiments. Injection of 1-5 mug of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) into unpigmented pupae showed a dose- and stage-dependent effect. The higher the dose and the later the injection was performed, the more pronounced was the delay in cuticle pigmentation. This inhibition of cuticular melanization by artificially elevated ecdysteroid titers was corroborated by in vitro experiments, culturing integument from unpigmented, dark-eyed pupae for 1 -4 days in the presence of 20E (2 or 5 mug/ml culture medium). Topical application (1 mug) of pyriproxyfen to unpigmented, white-eyed pupae had the opposite effect, leading to precocious and enhanced melanization of the pupal cuticle. In vitro incubation of integuments in the presence of this juvenile hormone analog (1 mug/ml) confirmed these results, showing that pyriproxyfen is apparently capable of triggering melanization. The in vivo mode of action of pyriproxyfen was further investigated by quantifying hemolymph ecdysteroids by radioimmunoassays. Topical application leads to a delay of the pupal ecdysteroid peak by 4 days. The pyriproxyfen-induced low ecdysteroid titers during early pupal development could account for precocious pigmentation by removing an inhibition on prophenoloxidase activation normally imposed by the elevated ecdysteroid titer during this phase. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Integumentary-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis); Development- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pupa- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: cuticle-: integumentary-system, pigmentation-; hemolymph-: blood-and -lymphatics CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 20-hydroxyecdysone; prophenoloxidase-; pyriproxyfen-: juvenile-hormone -analog RN CAS Registry Number (R): 5289-74-7: 20-HYDROXYECDYSONE; 9023-34-1: PROPHENOLOXIDASE; 95737-68-1: PYRIPROXYFEN MQ Methods and Equipment: radioimmunoassay-: detection-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: metamorphosis-; pupal-melanization AN Accession Number: 200100100410 UD Update Code: 20010315 Record 666 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Primer effects of a brood pheromone on honeybee behavioural development. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Le-Conte-Yves {a}; Mohammedi-Arezki; Robinson-Gene-E AD Author Address: {a} Unite de Zoologie, Laboratoire de Biologie de l'Abeille, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Site Agroparc, Domaine Saint-Paul, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9: leconte@avignon.inra.fr, France SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-Royal-Society-Biological-Sciences-Series-B. [print] 22 January, 2001; 268 (1463): 163-168. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-8452 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Primer pheromones are thought to act in a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates but only a few have been chemically identified. We report that a blend of ten fatty-acid esters found on the cuticles of honeybee larvae, already known as a kairomone, releaser pheromone and primer pheromone, also act as a primer pheromone in the regulation of division of labour among adult workers. Bees in colonies receiving brood pheromone initiated foraging at significantly older ages than did bees in control colonies in five out of five trials. Laboratory and additional field tests also showed that exposure to brood pheromone significantly depressed blood titres of juvenile hormone. Brood pheromone exerted more consistent effects on age at first foraging than on juvenile hormone, suggesting that the primer effects of this pheromone may occur via other, unknown, mechanisms besides juvenile hormone. These results bring the number of social factors known to influence honeybee division of labour to three: worker-worker interactions, queen mandibular pheromone and brood pheromone. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: brood-pheromone: primer-effects; fatty-acid-esters; juvenile-hormone; kairomone-; queen-mandibular-pheromone MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-development; foraging-; worker-worker-interactions AN Accession Number: 200100097210 UD Update Code: 20010315 Record 667 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Quantitative tests of an associative theory of risk-sensitivity in honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Shapiro-Martin-S; Couvillon-P-A; Bitterman-M-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Bekesy Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Hawaii, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822: jeffb@pbrc.hawaii.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] February, 2001; 204 (3): 565-573. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Risk-sensitivity was studied in free-flying honeybees trained individually to choose between two scented targets (A and B) with varying amounts and concentrations of sucrose solution as reward. In the first phase of experiment 1, the animals showed 'risk-aversion,' preferring A, which provided 5 mul of a 40% sucrose solution on every trial, to B, which provided 30 mul of the same solution once in every six trials (mean amount per trial 5 mul for each alternative). In the second phase, the preference reversed with reversal of the reward assignments. In experiment 2, the consistently rewarded A (5 mul of 40% sucrose solution per trial) was again preferred, although the inconsistently rewarded B now provided twice the amount of sucrose solution on average (30 mul on two of every six trials, mean amount per trial 10 mul). In experiment 3, with A providing 10 mul of a 15% sucrose solution on every trial and B providing 10 mul of a 60% sucrose solution on two of every four trials (mean concentration per trial 30%), the animals preferred B. In experiment 4, patterned after experiment 1, similar results were obtained under more natural conditions in which the animals were no longer constrained (as they were in the first three experiments) to go equally often to each alternative. The results of all four experiments were predicted quantitatively and with considerable accuracy by a simple associative theory of discriminative learning in honeybees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): free-flying TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sucrose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUCROSE MQ Methods and Equipment: quantitative-tests: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: discriminative-learning; risk-aversion; risk-sensitivity: associative -theory; scented-targets AN Accession Number: 200100096794 UD Update Code: 20010315 Record 668 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Behavioural assessment of visual acuity in bumblebees (Bombus impatiens). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Macuda-Todd; Gegear-Robert-J; Laverty-Terence-M; Timney-Brian {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C2: timney@julian.uwo.ca, Canada SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] February, 2001; 204 (3): 559-564. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The present study used previously developed techniques to measure resolution acuity in bumblebees (Bombus impatiens). Bees were required to discriminate between horizontal and vertical gratings in a Y-maze apparatus. The gratings had a mean luminance of 9 cd m-2 and a Michelson contrast of 84%. For different bees, either the horizontal or vertical grating was rewarded. Rewarded gratings were associated with a sucrose and water solution (30% sucrose by volume) and unrewarded gratings with plain water. Acuity estimates were established at several different viewing distances over several sessions using a method of constant stimuli. Visual acuity functions were generated from the performance data, and acuity thresholds were interpolated at a performance level of 65% correct. When corrected for viewing distance, best angular acuity obtained for horizontal and vertical gratings was 0.35 and 0.36 cycles degree-1, respectively. These results are compared with those of the honeybee and discussed in the context of the bumblebee's foraging behaviour. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Bombus-impatiens [bumblebee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: behavioral-assessment: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Y-maze-apparatus: equipment-; angular-acuity; foraging-behavior; horizontal -grating-discrimination; vertical-grating-discrimination; visual-acuity AN Accession Number: 200100096793 UD Update Code: 20010315 Record 669 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Sequential introduction of honeybee colonies and doubling their density increases cross-pollination, fruit-set and yield in 'Red Delicious' apple. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stern-Raphael-A {a}; Eisikowitch-Dan; Dag-Arnon AD Author Address: {a} Galilee Technology Center, Migal, Rosh Pina, 12100: Raffi@migal.co.il, Israel SO Source: Journal-of-Horticultural-Science-and-Biotechnology. [print] January, 2001; 76 (1): 17-23. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1462-0316 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The 'Red Delicious' apple exhibits full self-incompatibility, therefore its fruit production depends totally on cross pollination, especially by honeybees, which are the ultimate apple pollinators. In the present study, the technique of sequential introduction of honeybee colonies and doubling their density was applied to determine effects on yield. In three consecutive season it was found that sequentially increasing the density of colonies in the apple orchards from 2.5 colonies per ha., as recommended previously, to 5.0 colonies per ha, and introducing them sequentially (half at the 10% full bloom (FB) and half at FB), increased the number of bees per tree, their mobility among the rows, and the proportion of "topworkers" compared with "sideworkers". It seems that a large number of foragers per tree directly increases the amount of pollination, high bee mobility between rows increases the amount of cross -pollination, and a high proportion of "topworkers" increases pollination efficiency. All the above effects were expressed in higher fruit set and higher yield (50-100%) in the treatment plots. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: apple- (Rosaceae-): cultivar-red-Delicious, temperate-fruit-crop; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): forager-, pollinator-, sideworker-, topworker- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cross-pollination; fruit-set; honeybee-colony: density-doubling, sequential -introduction; yield- AN Accession Number: 200100096164 UD Update Code: 20010315 Record 670 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Multiresidual method for the gas chromatographic analysis of pesticides in honeybees cleaned by gel permeation chromatography. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Rossi-S; Dalpero-A-P; Ghini-S; Colombo-R; Sabatini-A-G; Girotti-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Istituto di Scienze Chimiche, Universita di Bologna, Via San Donato 15, I-40127, Bologna: girotti@biocfarm.unibo.it, Italy SO Source: Journal-of-Chromatography-A. [print] 5 January, 2001; 905 (1-2): 223-232. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-9673 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The analysis of several organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide residues in the bodies of honeybees using gas chromatography (GC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) clean-up is described. Freeze-dried or lyophilized insect samples were blended with diatomaceous earth (Extrelut) then underwent elution with methylene chloride. This extraction method has shown good recovery on various spike standard levels. Samples are cleaned up by GPC with a Bio Beads SX 3 column and a cyclohexane-ethylacetate (1:1) eluant. Organophosphorus and carbamate compounds are quantified using capillary gas chromatography. Good linearity ranges were observed for all compounds. The extraction process was rapid and results were good, despite the complexity of the matrix on which it was applied. It allowed a reduction both in cost and the consumption of solvents, thereby safeguarding the health of the analyst and the environment. Environmental monitoring using bees was confirmed to be a valid procedure. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Equipment-, Apparatus-, Devices-and-Instrumentation; Methods-and -Techniques; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Biobead-SX-resin: Lab-Service-Analytica, reagent-; Extrelut-: Merck-, reagent-; carbamate-pesticide: analysis-, pesticide-; cyclohexane-: reagent-; ethylacetate-: reagent-; organophosphorus-pesticide: analysis-, pesticide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 68445-07-8: EXTRELUT; 110-82-7: CYCLOHEXANE; 141-78-6: ETHYLACETATE MQ Methods and Equipment: Bio-Beads-SX-3-column: equipment-; capillary-gas-chromatography: analytical -method, gas-liquid-chromatography, measurement-method; gel-permeation -chromatography: chromatographic-techniques, isolation-method AN Accession Number: 200100090885 UD Update Code: 20010301 Record 671 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Untersuchungen zur Verlaufskontrolle der Hyposensibilisierung mit Yilfe des Zellantigenstimulationstests (CAST). Investigations on the monitoring of hyposensitization by means of the Cellular Antigen Stimulation Test (CAST). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hipler-U-Ch {a}; Bauer-A; Schlenvoigt-G; Elsner-P AD Author Address: {a} Klinik fuer Dermatologie und Allergologie, Friedrich-Schiller -Universitaet, Am Johannesfriedhof 3, D-07740, Jena, Germany SO Source: Allergologie-. [print] Januar, 2001; 24 (1): 9-13. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0344-5062 LA Language: German; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; German AB Abstract: In our study 30 patients (13 females and 17 males, age range 39 +- 16) with bee and wasp venom allergy were investigated before and during the specific immunotherapy by determination of specific IgE antibodies against be and wasp venoms. Moreover, the Cellular Antigen Stimulation Test was performed using EDTA-blood. The 30 patients comprised all severity grades (I - IV (ref. H.L. Mueller)) of allergic reactions (9 patients with severity grade I, 11 patients with severity grade II, 4 patients with severity grade III, 6 patients with severity grade IV). The allergological workup included the anamnesis, skin tests (threshold determination up to 1 mug/ml), the measurement of specific IgE antibodies by CAP-FEIA system and the Celluar Antigen Stimulation Test. The CAST was carried out with a concentration of 0.2 mug/ml bee and wasp venom (Apis mellifera Vespula spec.), respectively, in some cases also with concentrations of 0.002 mug/ml bee and wasp venom. Only in 2 patients a decrease of the sulfidoleukotriene values was observed during the immunotherapy. Also in patients which tolerate a sting provocation testing no decrease of sulfidoleukotriene values could be found. These results suggest that the CAST cannot be recommended as good diagnostic tool for monitoring effectiveness of the hyposensitization. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Methods -and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: bee- (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-): adult-, female-, male-, middle -age, patient-; wasp- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: blood-: blood-and-lymphatics CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: bee-venom: toxin-; immunoglobulin-E-antibodies; wasp-venom: toxin- DS Diseases: bee-venom-allergy: immune-system-disease, toxicity-; wasp-venom-allergy: immune-system-disease, toxicity- MQ Methods and Equipment: cellular-antigen-stimulation-test [CAST-]: diagnostic-method; skin-test: diagnostic-method; specific-immunotherapy: therapeutic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: hyposensitization- AN Accession Number: 200100088148 UD Update Code: 20010301 Record 672 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Constitutively raised serum concentrations of mast-cell tryptase and severe anaphylactic reactions to Hymenoptera stings. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ludolph-Hauser-Dagmar {a}; Rueeff-Franziska; Fries-Claudia; Schoepf-Pia; Przybilla-Bernhard AD Author Address: {a} Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Dermatologie und Allergologie, Ludwig -Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, 80337, Munich, Germany SO Source: Lancet-North-American-Edition. [print] 3 February, 2001; 357 (9253): 361 -362. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0099-5355 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Anaphylactic IgE-mediated reactions to Hymenoptera stings vary in their severity for reasons that are not clear. We investigated patients with a history of systemic anaphylatic reactions to honeybee or wasp stings. Nine (75%) of 12 patients with raised tryptase concentrations but only 28 (28%) of 102 patients with lower tryptase concentrations, had a history of severe sting reactions (p=0.004). Raised baseline serum concentrations of mast-cell tryptase and mastocytosis are potential risk factors for severe allergic reactions to Hymenoptera venom. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-): patient-; wasp- (Hymenoptera -) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: blood-: blood-and-lymphatics; mast-cells: immune-system; serum-: blood-and -lymphatics; venom- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: IgE-antibodies [immunoglobulin-E-antibodies]; mast-cell-tryptase; tryptase -: concentration-, protease- DS Diseases: mastocytosis-: congenital-disease, integumentary-system-disease; severe -allergic-reactions: immune-system-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 97501-93-4: TRYPTASE MQ Methods and Equipment: immediate-type-skin-test-reactions: diagnostic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: anaphylactic-reactions: severe-; risk-factors ALT Alternate Indexing: Mastocytosis-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200100088146 UD Update Code: 20010301 Record 673 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Immunotherapy despite anaphylaxis-induced myocardial infarction. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Quercia-O; Foschi-F-G {a}; Marsigli-L; Rafanelli-S; Stefanini-G-F AD Author Address: {a} Divisione di Medicina Interna, Ospedale di Faenza, Via dello Stradone, Faenza (RA): fgfoschi@tin.it, Italy SO Source: Allergy-Copenhagen. [print] January, 2001; 56 (1): 89-90. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0105-4538 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Cardiovascular-Medicine (Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Vespa-carbo (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-): White-, adult-, bricklayer-, farmer-, male-, middle-age, patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: mast-cells: activation-, immune-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Hymenoptera-venom DS Diseases: Hymenoptera-venom-allergy: immune-system-disease; anaphylaxis-: immune -system-disease; asthma-: immune-system-disease, respiratory-system -disease; myocardial-infarction: anaphylaxis-induced, heart-disease, vascular-disease; urticaria-: immune-system-disease, integumentary-system -disease MQ Methods and Equipment: allergen-specific-systemic-immunotherapy: immunological-method, side -effects, therapeutic-method; skin-prick-tests: immunological-method; specific-immunoglobulin-E-evaluation: immunological-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: angioedema-; Case-Study ALT Alternate Indexing: Anaphylaxis-(MeSH); Asthma-(MeSH); Myocardial-Infarction-(MeSH); Urticaria -(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200100088123 UD Update Code: 20010301 Record 674 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Roztocze Tropilaelaps clareae potencjalnym zagrozeniem dla pszczoly miodnej. Is Tropilaelaps clareae a threat to the health and welfare of the honey bee? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Glinski-Zdzislaw {a}; Kostro-Krzysztof AD Author Address: {a} ul. Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin: glinski@agros.ar.lublin.pl, Poland SO Source: Medycyna-Weterynaryjna. [print] 2001; 57 (1): 24-27. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0025-8628 LA Language: Polish; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: An ectoparasitic mite Tropilaelaps clareae infesting Apis dorsata in Asia has quickly moved onto a new host Apis mellifera in the middle of the twentieth century and became a problem for beekeepers in Asia and South Africa. The mite needs to be on the brood almost constantly. Mite infestation is more severe during active brood rearing periods. On hatching, the nymph feeds on the haemolymph of capped larvae and pupae, and adult mites finally emerge out from the infested cells. Adult bees do not emerge or the affected brood develops into deformed adults. Inspection of hives severely infested by the mite reveals an irregular pattern of sealed and unsealed brood. Since adults of T. clareae can survive without bee brood as food for only 2 days, restricting of brood production combined with chemical treatment can control the mite pest. Bees and queens should be subject to inspection by veterinary service at the time of importation for the purpose of determining whether they are eligible to be imported to places free of T. clareae. Veterinarians and beekeepers should constantly monitor the hives for the presence of exotic mites to prevent a threat to the health and welfare of bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Veterinary-Medicine (Medical-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): ectoparasite-host; Tropilaelaps -clareae (Acarina-): ectoparasite-, pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- DS Diseases: mite-infestation: control-, parasitic-disease, prevention- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-rearing-period; hive-welfare AN Accession Number: 200100085598 UD Update Code: 20010301 Record 675 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Espectro polinico de amostras de mel de Apis mellifera L., coletadas na Bahia. Pollen spectrum of samples of Apis mellifera L., honey collected in Bahia State, Brazil. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Moreti-Augusta-Carolina-de-Camargo-Carmello {a}; de-Carvalho-Carlos-Alfredo -Lopes; Marchini-Luis-Carlos; de-Oliveira-Patricia-Cantalino-Fernandes AD Author Address: {a} Instituto de Zootecnia, 13460-000, Nova Odessa, SP: acmoreti@izsp.br, Brazil SO Source: Bragantia-. [print] 2000; 59 (1): 1-6. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-8705 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese AB Abstract: Pollen spectrum found in honey samples from six localities of Bahia State, Brazil, was analyzed with the objective to contribute for the knowledge of the plants used by Apis mellifera L., 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae). The identification of the pollen types was made by specialized literature and by field information. Two hundred pollen grains were studied in order to determine the percentage and the occurrence of each type. Forty three pollen types were identified, being considered as the predominant types Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae), Mimosa verrucosa Benth. (Mimosaceae), M. scabrella Benth. (Mimosaceae) and Bauhinia sp. (Caesalpiniaceae). The accessory pollen types were Alternanthera ficoidea R.Br. (Amaranthaceae), Compositae type (Asteraceae) and Cecropia sp. (Moraceae). It is intense the participation of Mimosa sp. (Mimosaceae) and other wild species in the honey composition of the six localities considered. Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae) is one of the dominant sources of bee food in some regions of Bahia State. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Amaranthaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Moraceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Myrtaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Alternanthera-ficoidea (Amaranthaceae-); Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Bauhinia-sp. (Leguminosae-); Cecropia-sp. (Moraceae-); Eucalyptus-sp. (Myrtaceae-); Mimosa-scabrella (Leguminosae-); Mimosa -verrucosa (Leguminosae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: honey-spectrum, identification-, reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Bahia-State (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) AN Accession Number: 200100085567 UD Update Code: 20010301 Record 676 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Energy metabolism during insect flight: Biochemical design and physiological performance. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Suarez-Raul-K {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9610: suarez@lifesci.ucsb.edu, USA SO Source: Physiological-and-Biochemical-Zoology. [print] November-December, 2000; 73 (6): 765-771. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1522-2152 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Flying insects achieve the highest known mass-specific rates of O2 consumption in the animal kingdom. Because the flight muscles account for >90% of the organismal O2 uptake, accurate estimates of metabolic flux rates (J) in the muscles can be made. In steady state, these are equal to the net forward flux rates (v) at individual steps and can be compared with flux capacities (Vmax) measured in vitro. In flying honeybees, hexokinase and phosphofructokinase, both nonequilibrium reactions in glycolysis, operate at large fractions of their maximum capacities (i.e., they operate at high v/Vmax). Phosphoglucoisomerase is a reversible reaction that operates near equilibrium. Despite Vmax values more than 20 -fold greater than the net forward flux rates during flight, a close match is found between the Vmax required in vivo (estimated using the Haldane relationship) to maintain near equilibrium and this net forward flux rate and the Vmax measured in vitro under simulated physiological conditions. Rates of organismal O2 consumption and difference spectroscopy were used to estimate electron transfer rates per molecule of respiratory chain enzyme during flight. These are much higher than those estimated in mammalian muscles. Current evidence indicates that metabolic enzymes in honeybees do not display higher catalytic efficiencies than the homologous enzymes in mammals, and the high electron transfer rates do not appear to be the result of higher enzyme densities per unit cristae surface area. A number of possible mechanistic explanations for the higher rates of electron transfer are proposed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Bioenergetics- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flight-muscles: muscular-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: hexokinase-; phosphofructokinase-; phosphoglucoisomerase- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-51-8: HEXOKINASE; 9001-80-3Q: PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE; 37278-03-8Q: PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE; 55326-40-4Q: PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE; 78689-77-7Q: PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE; 9001-41-6: PHOSPHOGLUCOISOMERASE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: energy-metabolism; flight-; oxygen-consumption AN Accession Number: 200100082874 UD Update Code: 20010301 Record 677 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Similarity in flight behaviour between the honeybee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and its presumed mimic, the dronefly Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Golding-Yvonne-C; Ennos-A-Roland; Edmunds-Malcolm {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE: medmunds@uclan.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] January, 2001; 204 (1): 139-145. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: It is generally accepted that the dronefly Eristalis tenax is a Batesian mimic of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Previous work has established that the foraging behaviour of droneflies is more similar to that of its model than to that of other more closely related flies, suggesting that behaviour may be important in the mimicry. Locomotor mimicry has been demonstrated in mimetic Heliconius butterflies but not in hoverflies. This study therefore investigated aspects of the flight behaviour of Eristalis tenax, Apis mellifera and two other flies, Syrphus ribesii and a Musca sp. Insects were filmed foraging on Helichrysum bracteum flowers, and flight sequences were analysed to determine flight velocities, flight trajectories and the percentage of time spent hovering. It was found that the flight behaviour of droneflies was more similar to that of honeybees than to that of the other flies. This suggests that the flight behaviour of Eristalis tenax may be mimetic. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Eristalis-tenax [drone-fly] (Diptera-); Helichrysum-bracteum (Compositae-); Musca-sp. (Diptera-); Syrphus-ribesii (Diptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flight-behavior; flight-mimicry; flight-trajectory; flight-velocity; foraging-behavior; locomotor-mimicry AN Accession Number: 200100081980 UD Update Code: 20010301 Record 678 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Risk assessment for honeybees from pesticide-exposed pollen. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Villa-Sara; Vighi-Marco {a}; Finizio-Antonio; Serini-Graziella-Bolchi AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental and Landscape Science, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano: marco.vighi@unimib.it, Italy SO Source: Ecotoxicology-. [print] August, 2000; 9 (4): 287-297. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0963-9292 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A method for assessing the risk for honeybees from pesticide exposure via pollen is proposed. Four pesticides, selected as markers, were monitored in pollen samples collected in two sampling areas, one located in an intensive agricultural area and the other far from direct pesticide impact. Analytical results were consistent with use patterns of the chemicals and their physico-chemical and persistence properties. For a preliminary estimate of bee exposure via pollen, both by ingestion and by contact, an exposure index was developed, based on physico-chemical properties, persistence and application rates. On the basis of the exposure estimates and acute toxicological data (ingestion and contact LD50), Toxicity Exposure Ratios (TERs) were calculated as indicators of the risk for honeybees due to this particular exposure route. TER values were compared to Hazard Quotient (HQ), calculated as the ratio between application rate and the LC50 value, according to European guidelines, showing a satisfactory agreement. The advantage of the above described procedures is that the environmental fate of the chemicals, and not only application rates, are taken into account. This approach may represent a preliminary tool for a comparative screening of the risk for pollinator insects due to this particular exposure route. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: pesticide-exposed, reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: pesticide- MQ Methods and Equipment: risk-assessment: assessment-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: integrated-pest-management-strategies; pesticide-exposure; toxicity -exposure-ratios AN Accession Number: 200100080255 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 679 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: The role of glomeruli in the neural representation of odours: Results from optical recording studies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Galizia-C-Giovanni {a}; Menzel-Randolf AD Author Address: {a} Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut fuer Biologie -Neurobiologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin Luise Strasse 28-30, 14195, Berlin: galizia@zedat.fu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] February, 2001; 47 (2): 115-130. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Odours are received by olfactory receptors, which send their axons to the first sensory neuropils, the antennal lobes (in insects) or the olfactory bulb (in vertebrates). From here, processed olfactory information is relayed to higher-order brain centres. A striking similarity in olfactory systems across animal phyla is the presence of glomeruli in this first sensory neuropil. Various experiments have shown that odours elicit a mosaic of activated glomeruli, suggesting that odour quality is coded in an 'across-glomeruli activity code. In recent years, studies using optical recording techniques have greatly improved our understanding of the resulting 'across-glomeruli pattern', making it possible to simultaneously measure responses in several, often identifiable, glomeruli. For the honeybee Apis mellifera, a functional atlas of odour representation is being created: in this atlas, the glomeruli that are activated by different odorants are named. However, several limitations remain to be investigated. In this paper, we review what optical recording of odour -evoked glomerular activity patterns has revealed so far, and discuss the necessary next steps, with emphasis on the honeybee. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe: 4200-; glomeruli-: excretory-system; olfactory-bulb: nervous -system MQ Methods and Equipment: optical-imaging: imaging-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: odor-quality; olfaction- AN Accession Number: 200100079654 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 680 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Evolution of extreme polyandry: An estimate of mating frequency in two African honeybee subspecies, Apis mellifera monticola and A. m. scutellata. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Franck-P {a}; Koeniger-N; Lahner-G; Crewe-R-M; Solignac-M AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, A12, Sydney, NSW, 2006: pfranck@bio.usyd.edu.au, Nikolaus.Koeniger@em.uni-frankfurt.de, rmcrew@scientia.up.ac.za, solignac@pge.cnrs-gif.fr, Australia SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2000; 47 (4): 364-370. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Mating frequencies in two related honeybee subspecies Apis mellifera monticola and A. m. scutellata were compared using a set of five microsatellite loci in order to discriminate among the major factors which have affected the evolution of extreme polyandry. We found that the queens of eight A. m. monticola colonies collected from an apiary in Malawi, mated 5-19 times producing an average relatedness among workers of 0.328 + - 0.049. The six A. m. scutellata colonies collected from an apiary in South Africa displayed a significantly larger degree of polyandry, i.e. queens mated 10-25 times and the genetic relatedness among nestmates was 0.283 +- 0.020. The difference in the degree of polyandry observed between the populations suggests that socially based selective pressures are not of primary importance in the evolution of extreme polyandry but that ecological selective pressures play a more significant role. However, exploring the relative contributions of these factors to the variation in levels of polyandry will require the use of colonies in which the level of polyandry is experimentally controlled. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Evolution-and-Adaptation; Population-Genetics (Population -Studies) CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: microsatellite-loci: genetic-probe GE Geopolitical Location: Malawi- (Ethiopian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiary-; ecology-; genetic-relatedness; mating-frequency; polyandry-; population-genetics; reproductive-behavior; selective-pressures; social -evolution AN Accession Number: 200100079223 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 681 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Diseases of mites. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Van-Der-Geest-L-P-S {a}; Elliot-S-L; Breeuwer-J-A-J; Beerling-E-A-M AD Author Address: {a} Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 320, 1098 SM, Amsterdam: geest@bio.uva.nl, leo.geest@wxs.nl, Netherlands SO Source: Experimental-and-Applied-Acarology. [print] 2000; 24 (7): 497-560. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0168-8162 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: An overview is given of studies on diseases of mites. Knowledge of diseases of mites is still fragmentary but in recent years more attention has been paid to acaropathogens, often because of the economic importance of many mite species. Most research on mite pathogens concerns studies on fungal pathogens of eriophyoids and spider mites especially. These fungi often play an important role in the regulation of natural mite populations and are sometimes able to decimate populations of phytophagous mites. Studies are being conducted to develop some of these fungi as commercial acaricides. Virus diseases are known in only a few mites, namely, the citrus red mite and the European red mite. In both cases, non-occluded viruses play an important role in the regulation of mite populations in citrus and peach orchards, respectively, but application of these viruses as biological control agents does not seem feasible. A putative iridovirus has been observed in association with Varroa mites in moribund honeybee colonies. The virus is probably also pathogenic for honeybees and may be transmitted to them through this parasitic mite. Few bacteria have been reported as pathogens of the Acari but in recent years research has been concentrated on intracellular organisms such as Wolbachia that may cause distorted sex ratios in offspring and incompatibility between populations. The role of these organisms in natural populations of spider mites is in particular discussed. The effect of Bacillus thuringiensis on mites is also treated in this review, although its mode of action in arthropods is mainly due to the presence of toxins and it is, therefore, not considered to be a pathogen in the true sense of the word. Microsporidia have been observed in several mite species especially in oribatid mites, although other groups of mites may also be affected. In recent years, Microsporidia infections in Phytoseiidae have received considerable attention, as they are often found in mass rearings of beneficial arthropods. They affect the efficacy of these predators as biological control agent of insect and mite pests. Microsporidia do not seem to have potential for biological control of mites. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Bacteria-: Microorganisms-; Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Fungi-: Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Iridoviridae-: Animal-Viruses, Viruses-, Microorganisms-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Rutaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Bacillus-thuringiensis (Bacteria-, Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): biocontrol-agent, entomopathogen-; European-red-mite (Acarina-): agricultural-pest; Varroa- (Acarina-): biocontrol-agent, disease-vector, parasite-; citrus- (Rutaceae-): fruit-crop; citrus-red-mite (Acarina-): agricultural-pest; fungi- (Fungi-): biocontrol-agent, entomopathogen-, microsporidium-; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-); iridovirus- (Iridoviridae-): biocontrol-agent, entomopathogen-; peach- (Rosaceae-): fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animal-Viruses; Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Chelicerates-; Dicots-; Eubacteria-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular -Plants; Viruses- DS Diseases: viral-infection: viral-disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biological-control; orchards- ALT Alternate Indexing: Virus-Diseases-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200100077415 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 682 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: A comparative study of the proventricular structure in corbiculate apinae (Hymenoptera, Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Serrao-J-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, 36571 -000, Vicosa, MG: jeserrao@mail.ufv.br, Brazil SO Source: Micron-. [print] June, 2001; 32 (4): 379-385. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0968-4328 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The present study compares the proventricular structure, analyzed under scanning electronic microscope (SEM), among tribes of corbiculate Apinae. Fifty-one species of stingless bees (Meliponini), one species of honeybee (Apini), three species of bumblebees (Bombini) and seven species of orchid bees (Euglossini), were analyzed as in-group, and one species of sphecid wasp (Sphecidae) and two species of Halictidae bees, as out-groups. The proventricular bulb presents a basic morphology pattern similar to that of other Hymenoptera such as ants and wasps, being a symplesiomorphy for bees. The shape of proventricular folds constitutes a synapomorphy for Meliponini and an autapomorphy for Apini. The shape of hair-like projections of the cuticle that lines the proventriculus is a synapomorphy for Meliponini and Apini. These proventricular data corroborate the monophyly of the tribe Meliponini and the hypothesis that recognizes only one tribe for stingless bees. In addition, Meliponini + Apini constitutes a monophyletic group and Bombini + Euglossini another monophyletic group. The results confirm that internal morphology is a character that can be used in studies of the phylogeny in insects and the use of SEM as a powerful tool in these analyses. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Methods-and-Techniques; Morphology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: bee- (Hymenoptera-): Halictidae-; bumblebee- (Hymenoptera-); honeybee- (Hymenoptera-); orchid-bee (Hymenoptera-); sphecid-wasp (Hymenoptera-); stingless-bee (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: proventricular-structure MQ Methods and Equipment: scanning-electron-microscopy: electron-microscopy: CT-, microscopy-method AN Accession Number: 200100076217 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 683 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Premedication with antihistamines may enhance efficacy of specific-allergen immunotherapy. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Muller-Ulrich {a}; Hari-Yvonne; Berchtold-Emanuel AD Author Address: {a} Zieglerspital, Morillonstrasse 75-91, 3007, Bern, Switzerland SO Source: Journal-of-Allergy-and-Clinical-Immunology. [print] January, 2001; 107 (1): 81-86. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0091-6749 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Background: Antihistamine premedication has been used to increase safety of specific-allergen immunotherapy. Its influence on the efficacy of this treatment has not been studied so far. Objective: The goal was to analyze the influence of antihistamine premedication on long-term efficacy of specific-allergen immunotherapy. Method: Patients included in a double -blind, placebo-controlled trial who received premedication with terfenadine or placebo during initial rush immunotherapy with honeybee venom in 1988/1989 were assessed in a retrospective analysis for the long -term protective effect, as indicated by the tolerance of a bee sting challenge or field sting during immunotherapy. Results: Of the 52 patients who had participated in the 1988/1989 trial, 47 could be reassessed after an average of 3 years. Of these, 45 were still receiving bee venom immunotherapy. A total of 41 patients were stung by bees while receiving immunotherapy (20 of the terfenadine-premedicated group and 21 of the placebo-premedicated group), 17 with in-field stings and 24 with in -hospital sting challenge. Six (29%) of the patients receiving placebo had a mild-to-moderate systemic allergic reaction, whereas none of the patients receiving terfenadine reacted to the bee sting (P = .012). Conclusions: These results indicate that antihistamine premedication during the initial phase of specific-allergen immunotherapy may enhance the efficacy of this treatment. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Methods -and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: bee- (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-): patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: antihistamines-: antihistamine- MQ Methods and Equipment: specific-allergen-immunotherapy: therapeutic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-sting AN Accession Number: 200100073821 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 684 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Sacbrood virus of the honeybee (Apis mellifera): Rapid identification and phylogenetic analysis using reverse transcription-PCR. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Grabensteiner-Elvira; Ritter-Wolfgang; Carter-Michael-J; Davison-Sean; Pechhacker-Hermann; Kolodziejek-Jolanta; Boecking-Otto; Derakhshifar -Irmgard; Moosbeckhofer-Rudolf; Licek-Elisabeth; Nowotny-Norbert {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna: Norbert.Nowotny@vu-wien.ac.at, Austria SO Source: Clinical-and-Diagnostic-Laboratory-Immunology. [print] January, 2001; 8 (1): 93-104. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1071-412X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Sacbrood virus (SBV) infects larvae of the honeybee (Apis mellifera), resulting in failure to pupate and death. Until now, identification of viruses in honeybee infections has been based on traditional methods such as electron microscopy, immunodiffusion, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Culture cannot be used because no honeybee cell lines are available. These techniques are low in sensitivity and specificity. However, the complete nucleotide sequence of SBV has recently been determined, and with these data, we now report a reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) test for the direct, rapid, and sensitive detection of these viruses. RT-PCR was used to target five different areas of the SBV genome using infected honeybees and larvae originating from geographically distinct regions. The RT-PCR assay proved to be a rapid, specific, and sensitive diagnostic tool for the direct detection of SBV nucleic acid in samples of infected honeybees and brood regardless of geographic origin. The amplification products were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis suggested the existence of at least three distinct genotypes of SBV. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Development-; Genetics-; Infection-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Picornaviridae-: Animal-Viruses, Viruses-, Microorganisms- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): larvae-; sacbrood-virus (Picornaviridae-): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animal-Viruses; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Viruses- MQ Methods and Equipment: reverse-transcription-PCR [reverse-transcription-polymerase-chain -reaction]: analytical-method, identification-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: nucleotide-sequence AN Accession Number: 200100072832 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 685 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Heritability of the Varroa-specific hygienic behaviour in honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Boecking-O {a}; Bienefeld-K; Drescher-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Landwirtschaftliche Zoologie, Bienenkunde der Universitaet, Melbweg 42, 53127, Bonn: O.Boecking@uni-bonn.de, Kaspar.Bienefeld@rz.hu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Animal-Breeding-and-Genetics. [print] December, 2000; 117 (6): 417-424. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0931-2668 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The hygienic behaviour of the honey bees is considered to be a potential characteristic associated with resistance to Varroa destructor n.sp. In this study the heritability of the hygienic behaviour of Apis mellifera L. bees was estimated on the basis of the mother-daughter regression. Data were obtained from measurements of the bees' hygienic behaviour towards V. destructor-infested cells and towards pin-killed sealed brood. The heritability for the hygienic behaviour towards V. destructor-infested brood cells was h2 = 0.18 (+- 0.27) and h2 = 0.36 (+- 0.30) for the hygienic behaviour towards dead brood cells. The repeatability was likewise higher for the pin-killed brood assay (W = 0.46) compared with the assay using living mites-infested brood cells (W = 0.24). The genetic correlation between the behavioural responses to either the mite-infested or pin-killed brood cells was calculated to be rg = 0.61 (+- 0.51) and the phenotypic correlation to be rp = 0.11 (p = 0.28, n = 100). Since hygienic colonies demonstrate resistance to brood diseases such as American foulbrood and chalkbrood, it may be worthwhile to intensity the expression of the hygienic behaviour through selective breeding and thus strengthen these potential characteristics associated with resistance to V. destructor in honey bee stock. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Genetics- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifora [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavior-heritability; behavioral-response-correlations; hygienic -behaviour; mother-daughter-regression AN Accession Number: 200100072538 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 686 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: A scientific note on the dynamics of labor devoted to nectar foraging in a honey bee colony: Number of foragers versus individual foraging activity. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Thom-Corinna {a}; Seeley-Thomas-Dyer; Tautz-Juergen AD Author Address: {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Zoologie II, Biozentrum der Universitaet Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg: thom@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December, 2000; 31 (6): 737-738. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: nectar-foraging: labor-dynamics AN Accession Number: 200100071607 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 687 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: A simplified technique for counting Varroa jacobsoni Oud. on sticky boards. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ostiguy-Nancy {a}; Sammataro-Diana AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802: nxo3@psu.edu, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December, 2000; 31 (6): 707-716. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: The most common method used to assess the level of mite infestation in a bee colony is to count all the mites that fall onto sticky boards placed on the bottom of a colony. Unfortunately, this is a laborious and boring task. Therefore, a stratified sampling technique was devised to accurately estimate the number of mites on sticky boards. The technique, when compared to a census count of all mites, resulted in a coefficient of determination of 0.97 or greater. The stratified sampling protocol in which we randomly selected 33% of the cells on a sticky board and did not choose new random numbers for each sticky board resulted in an accurate estimate of the number of Varroa jacobsoni. This technique gave a mean percent error of 0.4%+-9.5% for any one estimate of a sticky board. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Methods-and-Techniques; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: sticky-board-method: sampling-method, stratified-sampling-protocol AN Accession Number: 200100071606 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 688 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: The influence of Nosema apis on young honeybee queens and transmission of the disease from queens to workers. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Czekonska-Krystyna {a} AD Author Address: {a} Bee Research Department, Agricultural University, Al. 29 Listopada 52, 31-425, Cracow: KCzekon@ogr.ar.krakow.pl, Poland SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December, 2000; 31 (6): 701-706. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: Nosema apis inoculated and non-inoculated honeybee (Apis mellifera) queens were introduced into mating nuclei. The workers accepted all queens from both groups. During the 26 days of the experiment, 47.4% of the inoculated and 50% of the non-inoculated queens were lost. Queens from both groups started egg-laying after 15.8 days. Workers did not perceive the presence of N. apis in their queens and did not supersede inoculated queens significantly more often than healthy ones. Significantly more workers were infected in the mating nuclei with inoculated queens (61%) than in those with non-inoculated ones (5.3%). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Cnidosporidea-: Protozoa-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta -, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-, queen-, worker-; Nosema -apis (Cnidosporidea-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Protozoans- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: disease-transmission AN Accession Number: 200100071605 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 689 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Changes in reproduction of Varroa destructor after honey bee queens were exchanged between resistant and susceptible colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Harris-Jeffrey-W {a}; Harbo-John-R AD Author Address: {a} Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Honey Bee Breeding, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70820: jwharris@ars.usda.gov, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December, 2000; 31 (6): 689-699. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: This study examines changes in reproduction and mortality of Varroa destructor when queens from stocks of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) that differ in susceptibility to the mites were exchanged between colonies. Queens were selected for suppression of mite reproduction (SMRD). In two experiments uniform colonies of bees were established; half the colonies were given queens selected for SMRD, and half were given unselected queens. Queens were exchanged after 7 (experiment 1) and 13 weeks (experiment 2). The percentage of mites that had no progeny was determined for each colony at 5 times (2 before and 3 after exchanging queens). Mites that had no progeny included live and dead mites. Results showed (1) that reproduction of mites is suppressed by adding a queen selected for SMRD, and (2) that a mite population recovers its reproduction when a SMRD queen is replaced by an unselected queen. Selection of the SMRD trait can be reduced to counting only live mites that laid no eggs and dead mites. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-, queen-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-parasite-resistance AN Accession Number: 200100071604 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 690 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Elektrophoretische Untersuchungen der wasserloeslichen Proteine bei der Honigbiene Apis mellifera L. im Verlauf der Ontogenese. Electrophoretic study of water-soluble proteins during the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) ontogenesis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ivanova-Evgenia {a}; Popov-Petar; Dobrovolov-Ivan AD Author Address: {a} Biologische Fakultat, Sektion Genetik, Paissij-Hilendarski-Universitat Plovdiv, Zar Assenstr. 24, Plovdiv, Bulgaria SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December, 2000; 31 (6): 679-687. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: German; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; German; French AB Abstract: Two thousand specimens of Apis mellifera L. from three domesticated populations in Bulgaria were investigated by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), starch gel electrophoresis (SGE) and isoelectric focusing in ultra-thin poyacrylamide gel. Specimens of different developmental stages and sexes were compared: unsealed and sealed larvae, white-eyed and dark-eyed pupae, and imago forms (7-day worker bees, 10-day drones, and one-day queen). All samples were total extracts of individuals, except the egg samples which were made up of 20 eggs. PAGE was performed according to Maurer. SGE was performed according to Smithies as modified by Dobrovolov. The soluble proteins were visualised with Commassie Brilliant Blue R250. A total of 24 fractions of water-soluble proteins were found in the spectra of analyzed organs in PAGE: 10 in eggs, 17 in unsealed larvae, 18 in sealed larvae, 14 in pupae, 18 in workers and drones and 19 in queens (Tab. I, Fig. 1). In SGE 20 fractions were found: 8 in unsealed larvae, 11 in sealed larvae, 10 in pupae, 9 in workers, 11 in drones and 12 in queens (Tab. II, Fig. 2). With isoelectric focusing 31 fractions were found in eggs, 50 in unsealed and sealed larvae, 48 in pupae, 52 in workers and 48 in drones (Fig. 3). After separation in starch gel we found 2 queen specific and 2 drone specific bands. With PAGE, more bands were obtained but only one sex specific band (M) could be found. The best separation with up to 52 fractions was obtained by isoelectric focusing. There was 1 band at the anode and 2 bands at the cathode which occurred only in drones. With both SGE and PAGE we found protein bands which occurred during the larval and pupal but not in the adult stages (SQ and SH - F, L, W and Y respectively) which may point to specific larval proteins. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Development-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): drone-, imago-, larva-, pupa-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: water-soluble-proteins: organ-specificity MQ Methods and Equipment: polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis: analytical-method, gel-electrophoresis; starch-gel-electrophoresis: analytical-method, gel-electrophoresis AN Accession Number: 200100071603 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 691 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Elektrophoretische Untersuchungen zur Organspezifitaet der wasserloeslichen Proteine in der Ontogenese von Drohnen (Apis mellifera L.). Organ specificity of water-soluble proteins during drone (Apis mellifera L.) ontogenesis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ivanova-Evgenija {a} AD Author Address: {a} Biologische Fakultat, Sektion Genetik, Paissij-Hilendarski Universitat Plovdiv, Zar Assenstr. 24, Plovdiv, Bulgaria SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December, 2000; 31 (6): 671-677. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: German; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; German; French AB Abstract: Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), 368 organ extracts of drones were investigated. The soluble proteins spectra were analyzed in separate organs from the different specimens at various ontogenetic stages (unsealed larvae, sealed larvae, white-eyed pupae, dark-eyed pupae and imago forms). The organs tested (heart, gut, testicle, mucus glands and eyes) were isolated by dissection, rinsed with distilled water, squashed in 0.1 M tris-phosphate buffer at pH 6.7, and left for extraction for 24 h at 4 degreeC. Then the samples were centrifuged for 30 min at 900 g. For electrophoretic separation, a 7.5% polyacrylamide vertical gel (pH 8.9) was used, together with 3.3% concentrating gel at pH 6.7 and 0.05 M tris - 0.2 M glycine electrode buffer, at pH 8.3. The soluble proteins were visualised with Commassie Brilliant Blue R 250. A total of 31 fractions of water-soluble proteins were found in the spectra of analyzed organs - 22 in heart extract, 24 in extract of gut, 21 in extracts of testes, 20 - in extracts of mucus glands and 16 - in eye extracts (Tab. I). An organ and stage specificity in the appearance of soluble proteins during development of Apis mellifera drones could be shown. Organ specific bands were found in the reproductive organs: testis ((A and G) and mucus glands (A), as well as in the intestine (K, L and ZC) and the heart (ZA + ZE) (Figs. 1 and 2). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Development-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): drone-, imago-, larva-, pupa- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: eye-: sensory-system; gut-: digestive-system; heart-: circulatory-system; mucus-gland; testicle-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: water-soluble-proteins: organ-specificity MQ Methods and Equipment: polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis: analytical-method, gel-electrophoresis AN Accession Number: 200100071602 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 692 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Functional flexibility of the honey bee hypopharyngeal gland in a dequeened colony. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ohashi-Kazuaki; Sasaki-Masami; Sasagawa-Hiromi; Nakamura-Jun; Natori -Shunji; Kubo-Takeo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo -ku, Tokyo, 113-0033: fkubo@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Zoological-Science-Tokyo. [print] November, 2000; 17 (8): 1089-1094. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0289-0003 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The role of the worker honey bee Apis mellifera L. changes depending on age after eclosion (age polyethism): young workers (nurse bees) take care of their brood by synthesizing and secreting brood food (royal jelly), while older workers (foragers) forage for nectar and process it into honey. Previously, we showed that the major proteins synthesized in the hypopharyngeal gland of the worker change from brood food proteins to alpha-glucosidase at the single secretory cell level in parallel with this age polyethism (Kubo et al., J. Biochem. 119, 291-295 (1996); Ohashi et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 249, 797-802 (1997)). Here, we examined whether the function of the hypopharyngeal gland has flexibility depending on the colony conditions, by creating a dequeened colony in which the older workers were compelled to feed the drone larvae. It was found that most of the older workers in the dequeened colony synthesized brood food proteins as did nurse bees. Furthermore, the percentage of workers that synthesized brood food proteins was maintained at 80-90% of the total workers for at least two months, as in a normal colony. These results indicate that the function of the hypopharyngeal gland cells of the worker has flexibility and can, if necessary, be maintained as that of the nurse bee, depending on the condition of the colony. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Development-; Nutrition- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): larva-, nurse-bees, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: hypopharyngeal-gland: functional-flexibility; royal-jelly CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: alpha-glucosidase; food-proteins RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-42-7: ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-polyethism; colony-conditions; dequeened-colony; eclosion-; nectar -foraging AN Accession Number: 200100071459 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 693 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Does honey bee sting alarm pheromone give orientation information to defensive bees? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wager-Brook-R {a}; Breed-Michael-D {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, The University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334, USA SO Source: Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America. [print] November, 2000; 93 (6): 1329-1332. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8746 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We tested compounds found in honey bee, Apis mellifera L., sting alarm pheromone for their roles in releasing behavioral responses, with a focus on the relative importance of chemotaxis and motion of the target in the localization response. Some compounds in the blend have specialized functions. Benzyl acetate released only flight behavior, whereas three compounds (1-butanol, 1-octanol, and hexyl acetate) caused only the recruitment response. Other compounds (1-hexanol, butyl acetate, iso -pentyl acetate, and 2-nonanol) acted in more than one behavioral context. Octyl acetate was the most effective compound in allowing bees to locate targets, but did not recruit or release flight behavior. Stationary octyl acetate sources were located by flying bees, indicating that this pheromone component elicits a chemotactic response. However, localization of a target is due primarily to the motion of the target; the alarm pheromone components release searching behavior for a moving object and are relatively unimportant in target localization. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 1-butanol; 1-hexanol; 1-octanol; 2-nonanol; benzyl-acetate; butyl-acetate; hexyl-acetate; iso-pentyl-acetate; sting-alarm-pheromones RN CAS Registry Number (R): 71-36-3: 1-BUTANOL; 111-27-3: 1-HEXANOL; 111-87-5: 1-OCTANOL; 628-99-9: 2 -NONANOL; 140-11-4: BENZYL ACETATE; 123-86-4: BUTYL ACETATE; 142-92-7: HEXYL ACETATE; 123-92-2: ISO-PENTYL ACETATE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: chemotaxis-; colony-defense; flight-behavior; orientation-information; target-localization AN Accession Number: 200100071050 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 694 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Sperm-mediated transformation of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Robinson-K-O; Ferguson-H-J; Cobey-S; Vaessin-H; Smith-B-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210-1220: smith.210@osu.edu, USA SO Source: Insect-Molecular-Biology. [print] December, 2000; 9 (6): 625-634. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-1075 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Our primary objective was to identify techniques to transform the genome of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) with foreign DNA constructs. The strategy we adopted was to linearize foreign DNA and introduce it with sperm during the instrumental insemination of virgin queen honey bees. We analysed extracts from larvae within the same cohort and isolated the predicted fragment by means of PCR amplification of genomic DNA. Larvae that carried the construct also expressed the introduced DNA. We propagated several transgenic lines for up to three generations, which demonstrates its heritability. Once carried by a queen, the construct can be detected in that queen's larvae over several months. However, there was no evidence of integration of the construct, at least as determined by genomic Southern analysis. Nevertheless, this demonstrates the general viability of the technique for introduction of DNA, and it should be augmented by further use of transposable elements that enhance integration. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Methods-and -Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): female-, larva-, male-, virgin -queen TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: sperm-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA- MQ Methods and Equipment: PCR- [polymerase-chain-reaction]: DNA-amplification, in-situ-recombinant -gene-expression-detection, molecular-genetic-method, sequencing -techniques; Southern-blot: Recombinant-DNA-Technology, detection/labeling -techniques, gene-mapping, molecular-genetic-method, molecular-probe -techniques; instrumental-insemination: assisted-reproduction-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: sperm-mediated-genome-transformation AN Accession Number: 200100069226 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 695 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: The tetraspanin superfamily in insects. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Todres-E; Nardi-J-B; Robertson-H-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin, 320 Morrill Hall MC118, Urbana, IL, 61801: hughrobe@uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Insect-Molecular-Biology. [print] December, 2000; 9 (6): 581-590. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-1075 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We describe four members of the tetraspanin/TM4SF superfamily of proteins that were identified in expressed sequence tag projects on the antennae of Manduca sexta moths and Apis mellifera honey bees. The three moth genes are expressed in the sensillar epithelium of male antennae, and some are expressed in female antennae, haemocytes, wing scale cell primordia and/or embryonic tissues. These proteins are probably involved in diverse cellular processes, much like their vertebrate homologues. A phylogenetic analysis of all known tetraspanins, including thirty-seven members of the superfamily revealed by the Drosophila melanogaster genome and twenty in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans genome, reveals some phylum-specific gene amplification, in particular a contiguous array of eighteen genes in the D. melanogaster genome. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): female-, male-; Drosophila -melanogaster (Diptera-); Manduca-sexta [moth-] (Lepidoptera-): female-, male- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antenna-: sensory-system; hemocyte-: blood-and-lymphatics, immune-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: tetraspanin/TM4SF-protein-superfamily AN Accession Number: 200100067577 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 696 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Do environmental conditions exert an effect on nest-mate recognition in queen rearing honey bees? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mohammedi-A; Le-Conte-Y {a} AD Author Address: {a} Unite de Zoologie et d'Apidologie, I.N.R.A., Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, F-84914, Avignon Cedex, 9: leconte@avignon.inra.fr, France SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2000; 47 (4): 307-312. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Most studies of discrimination in the context of queen rearing have been performed in spring or summer, but the influence of environmental conditions on nepotism in honeybees has not received attention. Our experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that restricted resources influence honeybee workers to express a bias towards rearing related larvae more strongly than under favorable conditions. Three experimental designs were employed. In the first experiment, larvae were grafted using standard commercial techniques for rearing queens. Nurse bees were presented with sister larvae and alien larvae placed each in a cup, side by side in alternating positions. In the second experiment, nurse bees were offered the choice between sister or alien larvae placed in the same cup. The third experiment was similar to the first except that the objective was to harvest and weigh the accepted larvae and the remaining royal jelly. This study demonstrates that our colonies did not display nepotism in the context of queen rearing, whatever the season. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: royal-jelly MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: environmental-conditions; kinship-; nepotism-; nestmate-recognition; queen -rearing AN Accession Number: 200100066989 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 697 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: The flow of incoming nectar through a honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colony as revealed by a protein marker. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: DeGrandi-Hoffman-G {a}; Hagler-J AD Author Address: {a} Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ, 85719: GDHOFF@AOL.COM, HAGLERJ@PRIMENET.COM, USA SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2000; 47 (4): 302-306. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The flow of incoming nectar in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies was simulated by feeding a sucrose solution labeled with a novel protein (rabbit IgG) marker and then analyzing bee and colony samples using an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). The labeled sucrose solution was quickly transported to food storage and brood combs. Within 2h, equal percentages of worker bees from food storage combs, nurse bees and nectar samples tested positive for the marker. Percentages of nurse bees and larvae testing positive also were equal within the first 2 h of feeding it to a colony and these percentages increased over time. Our results suggest that workers with nectar loads deposit them into cells on either food storage or brood comb with equal frequency. The labeled sucrose solution transported to the brood comb is subsequently used by nurse bees to feed larvae. How the deposition of incoming nectar in brood comb might possibly integrate the activities of foragers and nurse bees is discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leporidae-: Lagomorpha-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): larva-; rabbit- (Leporidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Lagomorphs-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nectar-: deposition-, flow-; rabbit-IgG [rabbit-immunoglobulin-G]: protein -marker; sucrose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUCROSE MQ Methods and Equipment: ELISA-: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-combs; communication-; food-storage; foraging-behavior; trophallaxis- AN Accession Number: 200100066988 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 698 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: The predator-prey interaction between blue-bearded bee eaters (Nyctyornis athertoni Jardine and Selby 1830) and giant honeybees (Apis dorsata Fabricius 1798). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kastberger-Gerald {a}; Sharma-D-K AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, 8010, Graz: gerald.kastberger@kfunigraz.ac.at, Austria SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December, 2000; 31 (6): 727-736. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: We investigated the interaction between raiding blue-bearded bee eaters (Nyctyornis athertoni) and counter-attacking bees in an aggregation of 50 giant honeybee (Apis dorsata) colonies on a bee tree in Assam, India. We filmed two scenarios with an Arriflex camera at 150 frames per second: first, the bee eater passed parallel to a nest, threatening only the sunny side of the colony, and second, the bird passed a nest laterally in a perpendicular direction, eliciting release of a great number of guard bees from both sides of the colony. In the first scenario, we assessed more than 700 bees in the mass release, comprising 2-3 per cent of colony members. We found the first evidence for intercolonial group defence in Apis dorsata, which means that colonies or parts of them, which were not directly threatened, joined the defence action of the threatened colony. We discuss how unthreatened nests or parts of them can be challenged for mass release of guard bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Coraciiformes-: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-dorsata [giant-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): prey-; Nyctyornis-athertoni [blue-bearded-bee-eaters] (Coraciiformes-): predator- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Birds-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Assam- (India-, Asia-, Oriental-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: predator-prey-interaction AN Accession Number: 200100066932 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 699 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Produccion de miel de colonias de abejas (Apis mellifera L.) tratadas y no tratadas con fluvalinato contra Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans en Valle de Bravo, Estado de Mexico. Honey production of treated and untreated honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies against the mite Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans in Valle de Bravo, Mexico. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Arechavaleta-Velasco-Miguel-E {a}; Guzman-Novoa-Ernesto AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA SO Source: Veterinaria - Mexico. [print] Octobre-Diciembre, 2000; 31 (4): 381-384. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0301-5092 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Spanish AB Abstract: This study was conducted to record the honey production of honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera L.) infested with the mite Varroa jacobsoni Oud., and that of colonies treated with fluvalinate. An apiary with 91 colonies was established. Each colony received a new, young, and mated queen. Queens were obtained from seven different queen breeding operations throughout Mexico. Colonies were infested with an equal number of mites, and were managed in a similar way until their honey crop was harvested. A group of 33 colonies was treated with the miticide fluvalinate (Apistan(R)), whereas the control group of 58 colonies did not receive any treatment against the mite. Honey yield and level of infestation of each of the colonies were measured at the end of the blossom season. Colonies of the treated group produced significantly more honey (65.5%), and were significantly less infested than the colonies of the untreated group (t = 3.32; gl = 89; p < 0.01 for honey production; t = 6.33; gl = 89; p < 0.01, for infestation levels). Results suggest that colonies infested with Varroa jacobsoni should be treated with miticides, meanwhile other control methods are developed. This is the first study which suggests that Varroa jacobsoni damages honey production in Mexico. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Animal-Husbandry (Agriculture-); Foods-; Parasitology-; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-); honey-bee [Apis-mellifera] (Hymenoptera-): colonies- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: fluvalinate- [Apistan-Registered-Trademark]: miticide- GE Geopolitical Location: Valle-de-Bravo (Mexico-, North-America, Nearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 69409-94-5: FLUVALINATE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: honey-production AN Accession Number: 200100066251 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 700 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Identification of African-derived bees in the Americas: A survey of methods. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sheppard-Walter-S {a}; Smith-Deborah-R AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6382: shepp@mail.wsu.edu, dsmith@kuhub.cc.ukans.edu, USA SO Source: Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America. [print] March, 2000; 93 (2): 159-176. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8746 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In 1956, honey bees of the African subspecies A. m. scutellata were imported to Brazil, and their descendents subsequently spread to South, Central, and North America. This invasion sparked significant academic controversy, particularly concerning the genetic composition of the expanding population. We review the biogeography and intraspecific phylogeny of Apis mellifera in the Old World as it pertains to African -derived bees in the Americas, the methods used to study gene flow between European-derived and African-derived populations in the New World, and the techniques used in identification of African-derived bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Methods-and-Techniques; Systematics-and-Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-scutellata (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: allozymes-; mitochondrial-DNA GE Geopolitical Location: Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region); Central-America (Neotropical -region); North-America (Nearctic-region); South-America (Neotropical -region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biogeography-; gene-flow; genetic-composition; intraspecific-phylogeny; morphometrics- AN Accession Number: 200100065251 UD Update Code: 20010129 Record 701 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Pollen collection and foraging force by European and European X Africanized hybrid honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in mixed genotype colonies are similar. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Guzman-Novoa-Ernesto {a}; Page-Robert-E-Jr AD Author Address: {a} CENIFMA-INIFAP, Santa Cruz No. 29-B, Las Haciendas, 52140, Metepec, MEX, Mexico SO Source: Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America. [print] January, 2000; 93 (1): 141-144. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8746 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The foraging force and pollen collection of European and European X Africanized hybrid worker honey bees, Apis mellifera L., housed in a common nest environment were compared. Significant heterogeneity was found within both genotype populations for the proportion of the bees that foraged, as well as for the proportion of foragers that collected pollen. However, there was not a consistent bias for either genotype to collect pollen or to field a greater proportion of the total foraging population. These results suggest that when sharing a common environment, European X Africanized hybrids and European honey bees do not differ with respect to individual foraging decisions. Results also suggest that the pollinating efficiency of commercial colonies maintained in Africanized areas will probably not diminish as a consequence of introgression of African honey bee genes, if problems associated with their management can be controlled. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): Africanized-, European-, pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-force; genetic-heterogeneity; hybridization-; management -implications; mixed-genotype-colonies; nest-environments; pollen -collection AN Accession Number: 200100064730 UD Update Code: 20010129 Record 702 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Improved polymerase chain reaction-based mitochondrial genotype assay for identification of the Africanized honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nielsen-D-I {a}; Ebert-P-R; Page-R-E-Jr {a}; Hunt-G-J; Guzman-Novoa-E AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA SO Source: Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America. [print] January, 2000; 93 (1): 1-6. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8746 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) assay was developed that discriminates among the 4 mitotypes found in North, Central, and South American honey bee racial groups-eastern European (Apis mellifera ligustica Spinola, caucasica Gorbachev, and carnica Pollman), western European (A. m. mellifera Linnaeus), Egyptian (A. m. lamarckii Cockerell Lepeletier), and sub -Saharan African (A. m. scutellata). Before the development of this assay, 13% of southern Californian feral bees collected before the arrival of the Apis mellifera scutellata (Africanized) race were found to contain a non -European mitochondrial genotype that could not be distinguished from that of A. m. scutellata. DNA sequence analysis suggests the unusual mitotype to be that of A. m. lamarckii. An RFLP polymorphism was identified that distinguished this subspecies from all others present in North America. This polymorphism was not found in any of 96 bees collected primarily in Mexico and Central America. Thus, the Egyptian mitochondrial type is either absent or extremely rare in these regions. The PCR assay also distinguishes A. m. lamarckii from 2 other north African racial types, A. m. intermissa Buttel-Reepen and A. m. sahariensis Baldensperger. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Population -Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Africanized-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera -carnica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-lamarckii (Hymenoptera-); Apis -mellifera-ligustica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-mellifera (Hymenoptera -); Apis-mellifera-scutellata (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA-; RFLP- [restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism] GE Geopolitical Location: Central-America (Neotropical-region); North-America (Nearctic-region); South-America (Neotropical-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: PCR- [polymerase-chain-reaction]: DNA-amplification-method; mitochondrial -genotype-assay: genetic-method, identification-method; sequence-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mitotypes-; race-identification AN Accession Number: 200100064728 UD Update Code: 20010129 Record 703 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Actions of neomycin on electrical light responses, Ca2+ release, and intracellular Ca2+ changes in photoreceptors of the honeybee drone. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Walz-Bernd {a}; Ukhanov-Kyrill; Zimmermann-Bernhard AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Biochemie und Biologie, Tierphysiologie, Lennestrasse 7a, 14471, Potsdam: walz@rz.uni-potsdam.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] November, 2000; 186 (11): 1019-1029. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Neomycin, known to inhibit phospholipase C-mediated IP3 formation, was applied in the bath or injected into cells and its effects on electrical light responses were analyzed. Neomycin effects on inositol 1,4,5 -trisphosphate- and Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum and/or the light-induced Ca2+ elevation were also studied. Neomycin (0.5 mmol l-1) blocked inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-, caffeine-, and Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release. Bath application of neomycin decreased the sensitivity to 20-ms light flashes by a factor of up to 100 and slowed the kinetics of dim flash responses. Intracellularly injected neomycin desensitized the photoreceptors more than 1 log unit, increased the latency, and slowed the rate of rise of the light response. Neomycin (0.5 mmol l-1) in the bath delayed and reduced the transient component of responses to 1-s steps of light at intermediate intensities. It also decreased and slowed the light-induced, and it blocked the caffeine -induced intracellular Ca2+ elevation. The combined pharmacological effects of neomycin are suggested to decrease the Ca2+-mediated amplification of the phototransduction cascade and the Ca2+-mediated acceleration of processes determining the kinetics of light responses. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Physiology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): drone- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: photoreceptor-cell: sensory-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: calcium-ion: intracellular-, release-; neomycin-: antibacterial-drug RN CAS Registry Number (R): 14127-61-8: CALCIUM ION; 1404-04-2: NEOMYCIN MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: electrical-light-response; phototransduction- AN Accession Number: 200100064198 UD Update Code: 20010129 Record 704 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Waxfilm (Pat. pend.): An alternative film for rearing parasitoids of Anthonomus grandis (Col., Curculionidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Aquino-I-S; Ramalho-F-S {a}; Payton-M-R; Eikenbary-R-D AD Author Address: {a} Biological Control Unit, Embrapa Algodao, 58107-720, Campina Grande, PB: framalho@cnpa.embrapa.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Applied-Entomology. [print] December, 2000; 124 (9-10): 387-390. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0931-2048 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Reducing the impact of insecticides on the environment is a matter of concern to researchers and the use of parasitoids for controlling pests is ecologically preferred. One of the methods used in the mass rearing of parasitoids requires the use of Parafilm(R) 'M'. This film is inconvenient for use in Brazil because of import restrictions and import duties. Waxfilm (Pat. pend.) is a film made from beeswax (Apis mellifera L.) that does not depend on importation, is 100% natural, 100% recyclable and 100% biodegradable. This film is used in the laboratory as an artificial flower bud, in which boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boheman larvae are placed and then exposed to parasitoids. Research was conducted at a temperature of 25 +- 2degreeC and a relative humidity of 70 +- 5%. Bracon sp. and Catollacus grandis (Burks) parasitoids were tested for rearing using both films. The results show that, on the basis of the number of parasitoids that emerged, Waxfilm is as efficient as Parafilm(R) 'M'. This new film could have a large impact on biological control programmes in developing countries, where the use of cheap and locally available materials is very important to the successful implementation of new technologies. This would also provide increased income to indigenous beekeepers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Methods-and-Techniques; Pest-Assessment-Control-and -Management ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Anthonomus-grandis [boll-weevil] (Coleoptera-): biological-control-agent, larva-, parasitoid- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: Parafilm-M: equipment-, rearing-film; Waxfilm-: equipment-, rearing-film; parasitoid-mass-rearing: biocontrol-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biological-control-program AN Accession Number: 200100063345 UD Update Code: 20010129 Record 705 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Weather-dependent pollinator activity in an apple orchard, with special reference to Osmia cornuta and Apis mellifera (hymenoptera: Megachilidae and apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Vicens-Narcis {a}; Bosch-Jordi AD Author Address: {a} Department de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain SO Source: Environmental-Entomology. [print] June, 2000; 29 (3): 413-420. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0046-225X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The foraging activity of pollinator insects in relation to weather factors (ambient temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, and wind speed) was studied in an apple orchard with special reference to two managed bee species, Osmia cornuta (Latreille) and Apis mellifera L. Over the range of observed weather values, A. mellifera activity was significantly dependent on temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed; O. cornuta activity was dependent on solar radiation and wind speed. These results were confirmed through video recordings at one O. cornuta nesting shelter and one A. mellifera hive. For both species, daily activity started at lower temperatures than it ceased, whereas solar radiation did not differ between these two events. In general, O. cornuta was active from 10 to 12degreeC and 200 w/m2, and A. mellifera from 12 to 14degreeC and 300 w/m2. O. cornuta was the only bee species seen visiting apple flowers under strong wind or light rain. Because of its greater tolerance to inclement weather, O. cornuta pollinated apple flowers for longer periods (both daily and seasonally) than other flower visitors. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Osmia-cornuta (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; apple- (Rosaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: ambient-temperature; apple-orchard: habitat-; climatic-factors; orchard -pollination; relative-humidity; solar-radiation; weather-dependent -pollinator-activity; wind-speed AN Accession Number: 200100059720 UD Update Code: 20010129 Record 706 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Pollinating efficacy of Osmia cornuta and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae, Apidae) on 'Red Delicious' apple. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Vicens-Narcis {a}; Bosch-Jordi {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain SO Source: Environmental-Entomology. [print] April, 2000; 29 (2): 235-240. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0046-225X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The foraging behavior and pollinating efficacy of Osmia cornuta (Latreille) and Apis mellifera L. were studied in an orchard of 'Delicious' apple, Malus domestica Borkh, in northeastern Spain. Yields after one single visit were more than five times higher in flowers visited by O. cornuta than in those visited by A. mellifera nectar gatherers. This is attributed to the lower rate of stigma contact in A. mellifera visits, rather than to insufficient deposition of compatible pollen when the stigmas are contacted. A. mellifera pollen collectors had very high rates of stigma contact, but they were very scarce (3%) on 'Delicious' flowers despite the presence of abundant brood in their hives. One single visit per flower by O. cornuta produced commercial fruit set (27.4%) and fruit size (>70 mm diameter). Based on cell production, average number of trips required to provision a male and a female cell, and flower visiting rates, it is estimated that a mean of 22,252 apple flower visits per female O. cornuta were made during the 15-d flowering period. This result indicates that 530 nesting O. cornuta females per hectare are enough to provide adequate apple pollination. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Malus-domestica (Rosaceae-): cultivar-Red -Delicious; Osmia-cornuta (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system; stigma-: reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Spain- (Europe-, Palearctic-region): northeastern- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-behavior; pollinating-efficiency; stigma-contacts AN Accession Number: 200100059709 UD Update Code: 20010129 Record 707 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: The stability of vertical distribution profiles of insects in air layers near the ground. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Boiteau-Gilles {a}; Osborn-Walter-P-L; Xiong-Xingyao; Bousquet-Yves AD Author Address: {a} Potato Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, NB, E3B 4Z7: boitaug@em.agr.ca, Canada SO Source: Canadian-Journal-of-Zoology. [print] December, 2000; 78 (12): 2167-2173. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0008-4301 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French AB Abstract: The vertical distribution of insect orders, families, and species captured over 10 elevations from the ground to 15 m over 4 years in a potato agro -ecosystem differed considerably within and between taxa. Regression slopes representing these aerial profiles remained similar over the 4 years of the study for orders Thysanoptera, Neuroptera, and Psocoptera, changed considerably for Hemiptera, Homoptera and Ephemeroptera, and were statistically non-homogeneous for Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, and Plecoptera. The slopes of the aerial profiles for families remained similar over the years for Carabidae and Elateridae, changed for Staphylinidae, Meloidae, and Scarabeidae, but were statistically non-homogeneous for Coccinellidae, Miridae, and Aphididae. The slopes of the aerial profiles for insect species were similar across years for Coccinella septempunctata L., Melanotus similis (Kirby), and Anatis mali Say, changed for Pyrrhalta luteola (Mull.), Ctenicera pulchra LeConte, Ctenicera tarsalis Melsheimer, Coccinella trifasciata perplexa Muls., Lygus lineolaris (P. de B.), Ctenicera appropinquans Randall, Apis mellifera L., and Adalia bipunctata (L.), but were significantly non -homogeneous only for Hippodamia convergens G.-M. Although most profiles obtained for insect orders in this study were remarkably similar to those reported in the literature, the level of between-year variation at our study site suggests that there is considerable overlap between profiles at all taxon levels. Vertical aerial profiles cannot be considered sufficiently characteristic of the species, family, or order across years for use as indicators of change in biodiversity. The impact of these results on insect monitoring are discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences); Population-Studies ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Heteroptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Insecta-: Arthropoda-, Invertebrata -, Animalia- OR Organisms: Adalia-bipunctata (Coleoptera-); Anatis-mali (Coleoptera-); Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Coccinella-septempunctata (Coleoptera-); Coccinella -trifasciata (Coleoptera-); Ctenicera-appropinquans (Coleoptera-); Ctenicera-pulchra (Coleoptera-); Ctenicera-tarsalis (Coleoptera-); Lygus -lineolaris (Heteroptera-); Melanotus-similis (Coleoptera-); Pyrrhalta -luteola (Coleoptera-); insect- (Insecta-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: near-ground-air-layers; potato-agro-ecosystem: habitat-; vertical -distribution-profile-stability AN Accession Number: 200100059667 UD Update Code: 20010129 Record 708 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: The adaptive value of inactive foragers and the scout-recruit system in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Anderson-Carl {a} AD Author Address: {a} LS Biologie I, Universitaet Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, D -93040, Regensburg: carl.anderson@biologie.uni-regensburg.de, Germany SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology. [print] Jan.-Feb., 2001; 12 (1): 111-119. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1045-2249 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies, scouts search for productive forage sites and then recruit other workers to those locations using a waggle dance. A simple and tractable mathematical model of the honey bee scout -recruit system was developed to study the relationship between nectar availability, the efficiency of the honey bee's recruitment system, and the optimal proportion of scouts that maximizes net gain (benefit - cost), or, energetic efficiency (benefit/cost - 1). The models consider both the energetic costs and benefits of active scouts and recruits as well as the cost of an inactive forager reserve. They predict conditions when individual foraging is favored over the honey bee's recruitment system, when the colony should abandon foraging altogether, and the optimal proportion of scouts (when the scout-recruit system is favored). The models' predictions qualitatively match empirical data. Surprisingly, previous empirical data from the honey bee suggest that recruits' costs are greater than scouts'-recruits spend significantly longer searching for a forage patch than do scouts-thereby causing researchers to rethink how the scout-recruit system might be adaptive. Using average returns, the models demonstrate how the scout-recruit system is adaptive despite these apparent higher recruit costs relative to the scouts'. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the results are robust to a broad range of relative costs of active workers, inactive workers, and the energetic benefits of the forage. Consequently, the model is demonstrated to be relevant to many insect societies that employ a scout-recruit system. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Models-and-Simulations (Computational-Biology); Evolution-and -Adaptation ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): active-workers, inactive-workers TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: energetic-efficiency; nectar-availability; recruitment-; reserve-foraging; scout-recruit-system AN Accession Number: 200100059344 UD Update Code: 20010129 Record 709 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Bee venom allergy. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Annila-I {a} AD Author Address: {a} Medical School, University of Tampere, FIN-33014, Tampere, Finland SO Source: Clinical-and-Experimental-Allergy. [print] December, 2000; 30 (12): 1682 -1687. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0954-7894 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination -and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: bee- (Hymenoptera-); bumblebee- (Hymenoptera-); honeybee- (Hymenoptera-); hornet- (Hymenoptera-); paper-wasp (Hymenoptera-); wasp- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: venom- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: IgE- [immunoglobulin-E]; acid-phosphatase; biogenic-amines; hyaluronidase-; melittin-; molecular-weight-proteins; phospholipase-A-2 DS Diseases: bee-venom-allergy: immune-system-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-77-8: ACID PHOSPHATASE; 9001-54-1Q: HYALURONIDASE; 37259-53-3Q: HYALURONIDASE; 37288-34-9Q: HYALURONIDASE; 37326-33-3Q: HYALURONIDASE; 20449-79-0Q: MELITTIN; 37231-28-0Q: MELITTIN MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: antigenic-crossreactivity; sting-reactions AN Accession Number: 200100059098 UD Update Code: 20010129 Record 710 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Honeybee guards do not use food-derived odors to recognize non-nest mates: A test of the Odor Convergence hypothesis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Downs-Stephen-G {a}; Ratnieks-Francis-L-W; Badcock-Nichola-S; Mynott-Amanda AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN: bop97sgd@sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology. [print] Jan.-Feb., 2001; 12 (1): 47-50. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1045-2249 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies rob honey from each other during periods of nectar shortage. Persistent robbing can kill weak colonies. Primarily responsible for preventing robbing are guard bees. Previous research has shown that the probability of both nest mate and non-nest mate workers being accepted by guards at the nest entrance increases as nectar availability increases. The mechanism responsible for this change in guard acceptance can be explained by two competing hypotheses: Odor Convergence and Adaptive Threshold Shift. In this study we tested the Odor Convergence hypothesis. The acceptance by guards at the nest entrance of workers transferred between four colonies that had been fed either odorless sucrose syrup (two colonies) or diluted heather honey (Calluna vulgaris) (two colonies) was measured for 3 days before feeding and during 2 weeks of feeding. Despite the large sample sizes, the probability of guards accepting non-nest mates was not affected by the similarities or dissimilarities in food odor between guards' and non-nest mates' colonies. This finding contrasts with the accepted wisdom that food odors are important in nest mate recognition in honeybees and the data, therefore, strongly reject the Odor Convergence hypothesis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Ericaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): nest-mate-workers, non-nest-mate -workers; Calluna-vulgaris [heather-] (Ericaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sucrose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUCROSE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Adaptive-Threshold-Shift; Odor-Convergence-hypothesis; adaptive-threshold -shift; conspecific-discrimination; nectar-availability; nectar-robbing; nest-mate-recognition AN Accession Number: 200100056930 UD Update Code: 20010129 Record 711 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Selection on worker honeybee responses to queen pheromone (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pankiw-Tanya {a}; Winston-Mark-L; Fondrk-M-Kim; Slessor-Keith-N AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95695: tpankiw@ucdavis.edu, USA SO Source: Naturwissenschaften-. [print] November, 2000; 87 (11): 487-490. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-1042 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: queen-mandibular-gland-pheromone; retinue-pheromone MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: directional-selection; response-selection; seasonal-phenotypic-plasticity AN Accession Number: 200100056922 UD Update Code: 20010129 Record 712 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Ameisenwespen in ethnologischer und angewandter Entomologie (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Mutillidae). Velvet ants in cultural and applied entomology (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Mutillidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Tschuch-Gunther {a} AD Author Address: {a} Abteilung Entwicklungsbiologie, Institut fuer Zoologie der Martin -Luther-Universitaet, Domplatz 4, D-06099, Halle: tschuch@zoologie.uni -halle.de, Germany SO Source: Entomologia-Generalis. [print] 2000; 25 (1): 067-074. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0171-8177 LA Language: German; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; German AB Abstract: Mutillid wasps influence humans only slightly because they rarely occur in large numbers. Many species, however, are conspicuous because of their bright aposematic coloration. In some geographical regions, members of this family are well known for the painful stings of the females. There are many different common names for some species of Mutillidae, and they sometimes feature in myths and in naturopathy. In applied entomology they play a role only in two cases: (a) In the first half of the 20th century, Mutilla europaea Linnaeus 1758 was reported to cause damage in colonies of honeybees. (b) Some species of Mutillidae have been reported to be parasitoids of tsetse flies (Glossina spp). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Systematics-and-Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Chrestomutilla- (Hymenoptera-); Dasymutilla-occidentalis (Hymenoptera-); Glossina-spp. (Diptera-): parasitoid-host; Mutilla-europea (Hymenoptera-): agricultural-pest, female -, parasitoid-; Smicromyrme-benefactrix (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: aposematic-coloration; applied-entomology; colony-damage; common-names; cultural-entomology; mythology-; naturopathy-; parasitism-; stinging -behavior AN Accession Number: 200100054771 UD Update Code: 20010118 Record 713 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: How honeybees make grazing landings on flat surfaces. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Srinivasan-M-V {a}; Zhang-S-W; Chahl-J-S; Barth-E; Venkatesh-S AD Author Address: {a} Centre for Visual Science, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T., 2601: M. Srinivasan@anu.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Biological-Cybernetics. [print] September, 2000; 83 (3): 171-183. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-1200 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Freely flying bees were filmed as they landed on a flat, horizontal surface, to investigate the underlying visuomotor control strategies. The results reveal that (1) landing bees approach the surface at a relatively shallow descent angle; (2) they tend to hold the angular velocity of the image of the surface constant as they approach it; and (3) the instantaneous speed of descent is proportional to the instantaneous forward speed. These characteristics reflect a surprisingly simple and effective strategy for achieving a smooth landing, by which the forward and descent speeds are automatically reduced as the surface is approached and are both close to zero at touchdown. No explicit knowledge of flight speed or height above the ground is necessary. A model of the control scheme is developed and its predictions are verified. It is also shown that, during landing, the bee decelerates continuously and in such a way as to keep the projected time to touchdown constant as the surface is approached. The feasibility of this landing strategy is demonstrated by implementation in a robotic gantry equipped with vision. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Models-and-Simulations (Computational-Biology); Physiology-; Sensory -Reception ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: honeybee-landing-model: mathematical-model; robotic-gantry: computer -controlled, simulator- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flight-speed; flying-; grazing-landing: visual-control; horizontal-surface; visuomotor-control-strategy AN Accession Number: 200100052755 UD Update Code: 20010118 Record 714 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Chemical composition and biological activity of propolis from Brazilian Meliponinae. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Velikova-Milena; Bankova-Vassya {a}; Marcucci-Maria-C; Tsvetkova-Iva; Kujumgiev-Atanas AD Author Address: {a} Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113, Sofia: bankova@orgchm.bas.bg, Bulgaria SO Source: Zeitschrift-fuer-Naturforschung-Section-C-Journal-of-Biosciences. [print] September-October, 2000; 55 (9-10): 785-789. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0939-5075 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Twenty-one propolis samples produced by 12 different Meliponinae species were analyzed by GC-MS. Several chemical types of stingless bees' propolis could be grouped, according to the prevailing type of compounds like: "gallic acid", "diterpenic" and "triterpenic" types. The results confirm that neither the bee species nor the geographical location determine the chemical composition of Meliponinae propolis and the choice of its plant source, respectively. This could be explained by the fact that Meliponinae forage over short distances (maximum 500 m) and thus use as propolis source the first plant exudate they encounter during their flights. The antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of the samples were also investigated. Most samples had weak or no activity against E. coli, weak action against Candida albicans. Some of them showed significant activity against St. aureus., presumably connected to the high concentration of diterpenic acids. Samples rich in diterpenic acids possessed also high cytotoxic activity (Artemia salina test). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pharmacology- ST Super Taxa: Branchiopoda-: Crustacea-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Fungi -Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Micrococcaceae-: Gram-Positive -Cocci, Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Artemia-salina (Branchiopoda-); Candida-albicans (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes); Meliponinae- (Hymenoptera-): Brazilian-; Staphylococcus-aureus (Micrococcaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Crustaceans-; Eubacteria-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: diterpenic-acids; propolis-: antibacterial-drug, antifungal-drug, biological-activity, chemical-composition, cytotoxicity- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: geographical-location AN Accession Number: 200100051687 UD Update Code: 20010118 Record 715 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: A Hazard Quotient approach for assessing the risk to non-target arthropods from plant protection products under 91/414/EEC: Hazard quotient trigger value proposal and validation. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Campbell-P-J {a}; Brown-K-C; Harrison-E-G; Bakker-F; Barrett-K-L; Candolfi -M-P; Canez-V; Dinter-A; Lewis-G; Mead-Briggs-M; Miles-M; Neumann-P; Romijn-K; Schmuck-R; Shires-S; Ufer-A; Waltersdorfer-A AD Author Address: {a} Jealotts Hill Research Station, Zeneca Agrochemicals, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6ET: Peter.campbell@aguk.zeneca.com, UK SO Source: Anzeiger-fuer-Schaedlingskunde. [print] Oktober, 2000; 73 (5): 117-124. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1436-5693 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The EU Plant Protection Product Directive 91/414/EEC recommends the EPPO/CoE Arthropod Natural Enemies Risk Assessment Scheme for guidance on how to conduct risk assessments for terrestrial non-target arthropods. This scheme is currently in the process of being revised by EPPO/CoE. A major change will be the recommendation for the generation and use of 'Dose Response' toxicity data instead of limit test data. In addition, the revised EPPO/CoE Non-target Arthropods Risk Assessment Scheme will replace the current arbitrary 30 % threshold trigger value applied to limit test data, with a Hazard Quotient (HQ; = Ratio Application Rate/LC50 on Glass)), comparable to the successful approach adopted in the EPPO/CoE 'Honeybee Risk Assessment Scheme'. However, in order for this new approach to be implemented under 91/414/EEC, an appropriate regulatory HQ trigger value needs to be derived. Such an HQ trigger value has been established by calculating HQ values for the 2 recommended sensitive indicator species (T. pyri and Aphidius) for a wide range of products and validating opposite robust semi-field/field data. This validation indicated that an HQ trigger value of gtoreq 12 for T. pyri and gtoreq 8 for Aphidius spp., should be used to trigger higher-tier risk assessment and/or higher-tier testing for non-target arthropods. As these trigger values were validated with realistic semi-field/field data they apply for both lethal and sub -lethal effects as well as single and multiple application scenarios. Due to the worst case assumptions used in this HQ validation analysis, no further uncertainty factors need to be applied for in-crop risk assessment. Whilst a small amount of uncertainty exists regarding the comparative sensitivity of T. pyri and Aphidius spp. for off-crop non -target arthropod guilds of arthropods, this is balanced by the fact that the off-crop exposure assessment used in the HQ derivation, is at least an order of magnitude higher than that realistically likely in the field. This HQ approach and trigger value is an appropriate and conservative tool for tier 1 risk assessment, which should reduce the number of false positive results leading to unnecessary higher-tier testing. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pollution -Assessment-Control-and-Management; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Angiospermae-: Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Arthropoda-: Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: arthropods- (Arthropoda-): non-target; crop- (Angiospermae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: plant-protection-products NC Institutions and Organizations: EU- [European-Union] MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: EU-Plant-Protection-Product-Directive-91/414/EEC; Hazard-Quotient; arthropod-natural-enemy-risk-assessment; biological-control; integrated -pest-management; non-target-impact AN Accession Number: 200100051104 UD Update Code: 20010118 Record 716 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Feverish honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Borges-Renee-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012: renee@ces.iisc.ernet.in, India SO Source: Journal-of-Biosciences-Bangalore. [print] September, 2000; 25 (3): 215-216. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0250-5991 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Fungi-: Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Ascophaera-apis (Fungi-): fungus- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- DS Diseases: chalk-brood-disease: disease-miscellaneous; malaria-: blood-and-lymphatic -disease, parasitic-disease; malarial-fever: disease-miscellaneous; syphilis-: bacterial-disease, neurodegenerative-effects MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: active-thermoregulation; fever- ALT Alternate Indexing: Malaria-(MeSH); Syphilis-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200100049931 UD Update Code: 20010118 Record 717 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: How do insects use path integration for their navigation? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Collett-Matthew {a}; Collett-Thomas-S AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS: t.s.collett@sussex.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Biological-Cybernetics. [print] September, 2000; 83 (3): 245-259. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-1200 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We combine experimental findings on ants and bees, and build on earlier models, to give an account of how these insects navigate using path integration, and how path integration interacts with other modes of navigation. At the core of path integration is an accumulator. This is set to an initial state at the nest and is updated as the insect moves so that it always reports the insect's current position relative to the nest. Navigation that uses path integration requires, in addition, a way of storing states of the accumulator at significant places for subsequent recall as goals, and a means of computing the direction to such goals. We discuss three models of how path integration might be used for this process, which we call vector navigation. Vector navigation is the principal means of navigating over unfamiliar terrain, or when landmarks are unavailable. Under other conditions, insects often navigate by landmarks, and ignore the output of the vector navigation system. Landmark navigation does not interfere with the updating of the accumulator. There is an interesting symmetry in the use of landmarks and path integration. In the short term, vector navigation can be independent of landmarks, and landmark navigation needs no assistance from path integration. In the longer term, visual landmarks help keep path vector navigation calibrated, and the learning of visual landmarks is guided by path integration. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Neural-Coordination; Physiology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Cataglyphis-fortis [ant-] (Hymenoptera-); Messor-barbaraus-sancta [ant-] (Hymenoptera-); honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: accumulator-; food-site; foraging-; landmark-navigation; path-integration; vector-navigation; visual-landmark-learning; waggle-dance AN Accession Number: 200100049623 UD Update Code: 20010118 Record 718 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Double sensitization to honeybee and wasp venom: Immunotherapy with one or with both venoms? Value of FEIA inhibition for the identification of the cross-reacting IgE antibodies in double-sensitized patients to honeybee and wasp venom. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Straumann-F; Bucher-C; Wuthrich-B {a} AD Author Address: {a} Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland SO Source: International-Archives-of-Allergy-and-Immunology. [print] November, 2000; 123 (3): 268-274. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1018-2438 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Background: Double sensitization to honeybee (Apis mellifera) and wasp venom (Vespula spp.) as determined by skin test and measurement of specific IgE is common in hymenoptera sting allergy. Double-sensitized patients have either distinct antibodies for each venom or cross-reacting antibodies that recognize similar or identical epitopes in both venoms. Unfortunately, patients often fail to identify the stinging insect which makes it difficult to distinguish cross-reactors from non cross-reactors. However, for economic reasons as well as for the benefit of the patients, it would be useful to identify complete cross-reactors. Methods: In this study we investigated 24 double-sensitized patients who were candidates for venom immunotherapy. Homologous and heterologous FEIA inhibition was carried out with honeybee (Apis mellifera) and wasp venom (Vespula spp.) preparations from two different providers. The inhibitor concentrations were ranging from 0 to 100 mug protein/ml. Results: Sera of 4 patients were completely cross-reacting for one venom (3 honeybee, 1 wasp), 8 patients were partially cross-reacting and 10 patients were not cross -reacting. Two patients were excluded from the study due to insufficient homologous inhibition. Data from specific IgE measurements, skin test, and clinical history were not useful for the identification of cross-reacting patients. Conclusion: FEIA inhibition is easy to perform and useful for the identification of patients with complete cross-reactivity. In these patients immunotherapy might be restricted to one venom which is beneficial for the patient and cost-effective. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): allergen-; Vespula- [wasp-] (Hymenoptera-): allergen-; human- (Hominidae-): patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: venom- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: IgE- [immunoglobulin-E] DS Diseases: allergy-: immune-system-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: FEIA-inhibition: diagnostic-method; double-sensitization: therapeutic -method; immunotherapy-: therapeutic-method; skin-testing: diagnostic -method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cost-effectiveness; cross-reactivity ALT Alternate Indexing: Hypersensitivity-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200100045314 UD Update Code: 20010118 Record 719 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Importance of conserving alternative pollinators: Assessing the pollination efficiency of the squash bee, Peponapis limitaris in Cucurbita moschata (Cucurbitaceae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Canto-Aguilar-Maria-Azucena {a}; Parra-Tabla-Victor AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Ecologia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Km. 15.5 Carr. Merida-Xmatkuil, Itzimna, C. P. 97000, Merida, YUC: azucena@ecologia.edu.mx, Mexico SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Conservation. [print] September, 2000; 4 (3): 203-210. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1366-638X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Although the honey bee, Apis mellifera, has been considered the best pollinator for crops needing insect pollination, the current pandemic of varroatosis among honeybees highlights the need to find additional or alternative species as managed crop pollinators. Moreover, there is evidence that A. mellifera may not always be the most efficient pollinator. Introduction of A. mellifera into crops may be unnecessary, and even detrimental to non-Apis bee populations, which should be considered as an alternative for crop production improvement. Evaluating the pollination efficiency of non-Apis bees is one of the first steps in planning successful strategies for their conservation. In this study, we evaluated the pollination efficiency of Peponapis limitaris and A. mellifera in plots of Cucurbita moschata: pollen removal and deposition; pollinator visit frequency; and the pollinator visit-nectar production relationship. The results show P. limitaris to be the most efficient pollinator as: (1) both males and females remove and deposit almost four times as much pollen as A. mellifera; (2) they make significantly more floral visits than A. mellifera; and (3) their visit frequency shows a strong relationship to C. moschata nectar production during anthesis. Recommendations arising from this study are: (1) the introduction of A. mellifera be avoided in C. moschata crops; and (2) basic research be done on the biology of P. limitaris that contribute to its conservation and greater exploitation. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Cucurbitaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Cucurbita-moschata (Cucurbitaceae-): vegetable-crop; Peponapis-limitaris [squash-bee] (Hymenoptera-): female-, male-, pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: deposition-, removal-, reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nectar- DS Diseases: varroatosis-: infectious-disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biology-; conservation-; crop-production; nectar-production; pollination -efficiency; pollinator-visit-frequency AN Accession Number: 200100042267 UD Update Code: 20010118 Record 720 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Recognition of complex odors by restrained and free-flying honeybees, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Laloi-David; Bailez-Omar; Blight-Margaret-M; Roger-Bernard; Pham-Delegue -Minh-Ha {a}; Wadhams-Lester-J AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, INRA, 91440, Bures-sur-Yvette, France SO Source: Journal-of-Chemical-Ecology. [print] October, 2000; 26 (10): 2307-2319. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0098-0331 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Complex odor recognition in the honeybee was investigated using two behavioral assays: (1) the conditioning of the proboscis extension (CPE) with restrained individuals, and (2) the observation of foragers visiting an artificial feeder in a flight room. Nine compounds, previously identified as oilseed rape flower volatiles, were tested either individually or in mixtures. Different sets of experiments were done to determine: (1) the acquisition rate of the nine compounds in the CPE assay, and (2) the discrimination of the individual compounds after conditioning to a mixture, using the CPE assay and free-flying foragers. After conditioning to a complex mixture, honeybees established a hierarchy among the components, with some of them accounting for a major part of the behavioral activity of the mixture. Both behavioral assays led to the same classification of compounds, indicating good agreement between discriminating abilities of restrained individuals and of a population of foragers. The key compounds for recognition of these mixtures were those that were well learned when presented individually. However, the recognition of some compounds was affected by the other components of the mixture, with the activity of some compounds being either enhanced or reduced. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Cruciferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); oilseed-rape (Cruciferae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: proboscis-: conditioned-extension CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: floral-volatiles MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: complex-odor-recognition; foraging-behavior; olfactory-discrimination AN Accession Number: 200100033449 UD Update Code: 20010102 Record 721 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Detection of bright and dim colours by honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: De-Ibarra-Natalie-Hempel {a}; Vorobyev-Misha; Brandt-Robert; Giurfa-Martin AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Biologie-Neurobiologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 28/30, D-14195, Berlin: nhempel@neurobiologie.fu -berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] November, 2000; 203 (21): 3289 -3298. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honeybees, Apis mellifera, were trained to detect coloured disks with either a strong or a weak intensity difference against the background. Green, blue, ultraviolet-reflecting white and grey papers were reciprocally combined as targets or backgrounds, providing strong chromatic and/or achromatic cues. The behavioural performance of the honeybees was always symmetrical for both reciprocal target/background combinations of a colour pair, thus showing that target detection is independent of whether the colour is presented as a background or as a target in combination with the other colour. Bright targets against dim backgrounds and vice versa were detected more reliably than dim target/background combinations. This result favours the general assumption that the detectability of a coloured stimulus increases with increasing intensity. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brightness-; chromatic-cues; color-stimuli: detection-; color-vision AN Accession Number: 200100033447 UD Update Code: 20010102 Record 722 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Sperm ultrastructure of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) (L) (Hymenoptera, Apidae) with emphasis on the nucleus-flagellum transition region. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lino-Neto-J; Bao-S-N; Dolder-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP: heidi@unicamp.br, Brazil SO Source: Tissue-and-Cell. [print] August, 2000; 32 (4): 322-327. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0040-8166 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The flagellum of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae) consists of two mitochondrial derivatives, an axoneme and two accessory bodies. The mitochondrial derivatives are of unequal size and lie parallel to the axoneme. In the larger derivative four regions can be distinguished while in the smaller, only three. The region occurring only in the larger derivative consists of paracystalline material. The smaller mitochondrial derivative terminates anterior to the larger one. An extremely long centriolar adjunct is observed between the nucleus and the smaller mitochondrial derivative. This adjunct is compact, very electron dense and gradually tapers from base toward apex, finishing at the anterior extremity of the axonemal microtubules. In this flagellar region, there is only one accessory body present between the larger mitochondrial derivative and the axoneme. Anteriorly, the tips of the axonemal microtubules are inserted in a well developed mass of granular appearance. This material surrounds the nuclear base, separating it from the anterior end of the larger mitochondrial derivative. We believe that the structure identified here as a centriolar adjunct is homologous to that observed in Formicidae, Ichneumonoidea and Symphyta. Therefore, very probably, it is common to most Hymenoptera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: mitochondrial-derivatives: reproductive-system; sperm-: morphology-, nucleus-flagellum-transition-region, reproductive-system, ultrastructure- MQ Methods and Equipment: electron-microscopy: microscopy-method AN Accession Number: 200100033191 UD Update Code: 20010102 Record 723 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Levels of compatibility in a new host-parasite association: Apis mellifera/Varroa jacobsoni. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Vandame-Remy {a}; Colin-Marc-E; Morand-Serge; Otero-Colina-Gabriel AD Author Address: {a} Unidad Tapachula, Proyecto 'Abejas de Chiapas', Ecosur (El Colegio de la Frontera Sur), Carretera al Antiguo Aeropuerto km 2.5, 30700, Tapachula, Chiapas: rvandame@tap-ecosur.edu.mx, Mexico SO Source: Canadian-Journal-of-Zoology. [print] November, 2000; 78 (11): 2037-2044. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0008-4301 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French AB Abstract: We investigated the relationships between the honey bee, Apis mellifera, and the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni in Mexico. In an 18-month survey of European honey bees (EHB) and Africanized honey bees (AHB), we showed that EHB were highly compatible with V. jacobsoni, while AHB were not as compatible. Furthermore, mite infertility ("parasite infectivity" factor), suspected to be the main factor of low AHB/V. jacobsoni compatibility in Brazil, was not observed in Mexico. The "intrinsic rate of natural increase" of mites did not differ significantly between host subspecies, indicating that the cause of low compatibility appears only at high parasite densities. The "carrying capacity" was twice as high in EHB as in AHB, indicating that the cause of low compatibility is possibly linked to honey bees' behavior. We hypothesize that the reason why V. jacobsoni is highly fertile on Mexican AHB (whereas it has low fertility on Brazilian AHB) may be that different strains of V. jacobsoni exist in the two countries. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Africanized-honey-bee, European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): ectoparasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region); Mexico- (North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-infestation-rate; carrying-capacity; fertility-; host-parasite -association; parasite-density; population-dynamics AN Accession Number: 200100030991 UD Update Code: 20010102 Record 724 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Analysis of phospholipase A2 glycosylation patterns from venom of individual bees by capillary electrophoresis/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using an ion trap mass spectrometer. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lai-Chien-Chen; Her-Guor-Rong {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei: grher@mail.ch.ntu.edu.tw, Taiwan SO Source: Rapid-Communications-in-Mass-Spectrometry. [print] 2000; 14 (21): 2012-2018. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0951-4198 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A method based on tryptic digestion, ultrafiltration and capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE/MS) has been developed for the analysis of the glycosylation pattern in the phospholipase A2 (PLA) of individual honeybees. Without reducing the disulfide bonds, PLA was digested with trypsin and filtered with a 3 kDa molecular weight (MW) cut -off membrane. With this procedure, the glycopeptides could be isolated from the nonglycosylated peptides. After tryptic digestion and ultrafiltration, the disulfide bonds were reduced before analysis by CE. To reduce the adsorption, CE separation was performed on successive multiple ionic-polymer (SMIL) polybrene (PB) coated capillary columns. The SMIL-PB columns allowed partial separation of the glycopeptides and eight glycopeptides were identified by on-line coupling of CE with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. The analysis of phospholipase A2 from the venom of individual bees indicated that the variation and relative abundances of different glycopeptides were similar between the younger and the older bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: glycopeptides-; phospholipase-A-2: Sigma-, analysis-, catalyst-, glycosylation-patterns; polybrene-: Sigma-, reagent-; trypsin-: Sigma-, catalyst- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 28728-55-4: POLYBRENE; 9002-07-7: TRYPSIN MQ Methods and Equipment: Finnigan-LCQ-ion-trap-mass-spectrometer: Finnigan-, equipment-; capillary -electrophoresis/electrospray-ionization-mass-spectrometry: analytical -method, electrophoretic-techniques, spectroscopic-techniques: CB-; successive-multiple-ionic-polymer-polybrene-coated-capillary-column: equipment-; ultrafiltration-: filtration-method, filtration-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-venom AN Accession Number: 200100029326 UD Update Code: 20010102 Record 725 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Population dynamics of the Syrian honeybee, Apis mellifera syriaca, under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Zaitoun-Shahera-Talat {a}; Al-Ghzawi-Abdul-Majed; Shannag-Hail-Kamel AD Author Address: {a} Department of Bioagriculture, Al-Balqa' Applied University, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Al-Salt: ghzawi@just.edu.jo, Jordan SO Source: Zoology-in-the-Middle-East. [print] 2000; 21: 129-132. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0939-7140 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; German AB Abstract: Honeybees of the race Apis mellifera syriaca, which is autochthonous in Jordan, began brood rearing in the Jordan Valley at the early stages of nectar flow and pollen yield in late December and reached the entire season's maximum peak at the time of the main honey flow of citrus trees in March. In the Irbid region, brood rearing reached its peak at the beginning of the main honey flow of wild plants in June and ceased completely in November. Worker populations showed a double cycle during all years of the investigation. The highest worker population was found in April, with the second peak in June. Seasonal fluctuations in brood rearing activity and population of worker bees were fairly constant both in time and relative magnitude throughout all three years of the study. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Population-Studies ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rutaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-syriaca (Hymenoptera-); citrus- (Rutaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: honey-; nectar- GE Geopolitical Location: Jordan- (Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-rearing; nectar-flow; pollen-yield; population-dynamics; seasonal -fluctuations; semi-arid-Mediterranean-conditions AN Accession Number: 200100024594 UD Update Code: 20010102 Record 726 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: A scientific note on the identification of honey bee semen using a mitochondrial DNA marker. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Collins-Anita-M {a}; Sheppard-Walter-S; Shimanuki-Hachiro AD Author Address: {a} Bee Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Bldg. 476 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705: collinsA@ba.ars.usda, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] September-October, 2000; 31 (5): 595-596. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: semen-: reproductive-system; spermatozoa-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: mitochondrial-DNA-marker MQ Methods and Equipment: artificial-insemination: artificial-reproduction-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: commercial-breeding-population; genetic-variation; homogeneity- AN Accession Number: 200100024569 UD Update Code: 20010102 Record 727 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Detection of chronic honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) paralysis virus infection: Application to a field survey. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ribiere-Magali {a}; Faucon-Jean-Paul; Pepin-Michel AD Author Address: {a} Unite Abeille, AFSSA Sophia Antipolis, 06902, Sophia Antipolis: m.ribiere@sophia.afssa.fr, France SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] September-October, 2000; 31 (5): 567-577. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: Chronic paralysis of honey bees is a viral disease caused by chronic paralysis virus (CPV). As its clinical signs are similar to those observed in intoxications or during intense work, it requires sensitive and specific diagnostic tests to identify the infection in colonies. In this report, a rabbit polyclonal antiserum against CPV was obtained after purification of the virus in a Renografin gradient. The viral polypeptide composition was analysed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Four viral -associated polypeptides of molecular weights 75 kDa, 50 kDa, 30 kDa and 20 kDa were identified. Western blotting and an agar gel immunodiffusion test were used for the diagnosis of CPV during a field survey of the prevalence of CPV infection. The two tests demonstrated the presence of the virus in several colonies in the south-east of France. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Viruses-: Microorganisms- OR Organisms: chronic-paralysis-virus (Viruses-): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Microorganisms-; Viruses- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: rabbit-polyclonal-antiserum GE Geopolitical Location: France- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) DS Diseases: chronic-honey-bee-paralysis-virus-infection: viral-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: SDS-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis: analytical-method; Western -blotting: analytical-method; agar-gel-immunodiffusion-test: analytical -method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: viral-polypeptide-composition AN Accession Number: 200100024568 UD Update Code: 20010102 Record 728 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Influence of social environment on genetically based subfamily signature in the honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Arnold-Gerard {a}; Quenet-Brigitte; Masson-Claudine AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire PGE, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France SO Source: Journal-of-Chemical-Ecology. [print] October, 2000; 26 (10): 2321-2333. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0098-0331 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In honeybees, the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles are partly genetically based and differ between subfamilies, which suggests that they might be used by the workers as labels for subfamily recognition. This ability could potentially form the basis for nepotistic conflicts between subfamilies that would be detrimental to the inclusive fitness of the colony. Here we have compared the subfamily hydrocarbon profiles of 5-day -old workers maintained in isolation with those kept in their parental colony. We demonstrate that the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles tend to be less distant between most subfamilies within the hive compared with those held in isolation. The main consequence of this partial homogenization of the majority of subfamily signatures may result in a reduction of the number of recognizable subfamilies in the colony. Nevertheless, a few subfamilies retain very distinct cuticular hydrocarbon profiles. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cuticular-hydrocarbons MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: chemical-signatures; genetic-relatedness; inclusive-fitness; kin -recognition; nepotism-; parental-colonies; social-environment; subfamily -recognition AN Accession Number: 200100024211 UD Update Code: 20010102 Record 729 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Effect of bee venom and its melittin on apical transporters of renal proximal tubule cells. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Han-Ho-Jae {a}; Lee-Jang-Hern; Park-Soo-Hyun; Choi-Hyun-Joo; Yang-Il-Suk; Mar-Woong-Chon; Kang-Sung-Keel; Lee-Hye-Jung AD Author Address: {a} Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, 500-757: hjhan@chonnam.chonnam.ac.kr, South Korea SO Source: Kidney-and-Blood-Pressure-Research. [print] 2000; 23 (6): 393-399. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1420-4096 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Renal failure by bee venom may be related to a malfunction of renal transporters. However, the effects of bee venom on apical membrane transporters of renal proximal tubular cells are not yet known. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of dried bee venom of Apis mellifera and its melittin on apical transporter activity of primary cultured rabbit kidney proximal tubule cells. Bee venom (1 mug/ml) decreased the cell viability and increased lactate dehydrogenase activity over 30-min treatments. Its effect was blocked by mepacrine or AACOCF3 (10-6 M; phospholipase A2 inhibitors). However, there was no effect on cell viability at a concentration of 0.01 mug/ml of bee venom. Thus, we investigated the effect of bee venom (1 mug/ml) on the activity of renal transporters at 30 min. Bee venom inhibited alpha-methyl-D -glucopyranoside, Pi, and Na+ uptakes, but increased Ca2+ uptake. These effects of bee venom were blocked by mepacrine or AACOCF3 (10-6 M), and bee venom-induced stimulation of Ca2+ uptake was also blocked by methoxyverapamil and nifedipine (L-type calcium channel blockers). In addition, bee venom increased (3H)-arachidonic acid release by 216% of that of control. In all experiments, bee venom melittin (0.5 mug/ml) had an identical effect to that of bee venom itself. In conclusion, bee venom inhibited, in part, alpha-MG, Pi, and Na+ uptakes through its melittin which increased Ca2+ uptake and arachidonic acid release in primary cultured rabbit renal proximal tubule cells. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Urinary-System (Chemical -Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leporidae-: Lagomorpha-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); rabbit- (Leporidae-): animal-model TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Lagomorphs-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: renal-proximal-tubule-cells: excretory-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: apical-transporters; bee-venom; lactate-dehydrogenase; melittin- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-60-9: LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; 20449-79-0Q: MELITTIN; 37231-28-0Q: MELITTIN MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cell-viability AN Accession Number: 200100024095 UD Update Code: 20010102 Record 730 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Immunomodulatory action of propolis on macrophage activation. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Orsi-R-O; Funari-S-R-C; Soares-A-M-V-C; Calvi-S-A; Oliveira-S-L; Sforcin-J -M {a}; Bankova-V AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociencias de Botucatu, UNESP, Distrito de Rubiao Junior, S/N, Botucatu, SP: sforcin@ibb.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Venomous-Animals-and-Toxins. [online] 2000; 6 (2 CITED DEC. 13, 2000): 1-17. URLI Item URL: http://www.scielo.br/cgi-bin/fbpe/fbtext?got=last&pid=S0104 -79302000000200006&usr=fbpe&lng=en&seq [cited December 15, 2000] URLJ Journal URL: http://www.scielo.br/cgi-bin/fbpe/fball?got=all&pid=0104 -7930&usr=fbpe&lng=en&nrm=iso&sss=1&aut=71981947 PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0104-7930 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Propolis has been the subject of several recent studies, with the aim of elucidating its biological and pharmacological properties. Propolis has a well-known antimicrobial activity as well as antioxidant, antitumoral, antiinflammatory, and regenerative properties, but literature about its effects on the immune response is scarce. The goal of this work was to evaluate the propolis effect on macrophage activation by oxygen (H2O2) and nitrogen (NO) metabolite determination. Propolis was produced by africanized honeybees and hydroalcoholic solutions were prepared at different concentrations. Peritoneal macrophages were obtained from male BALB/c mice and culture cells were stimulated in vitro with propolis or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). In the in vivo assay, the animals were sacrificed after propolis treatment and cells were stimulated with IFN -gamma. We also investigated the co-stimulant action of propolis associated with IFN-gamma on macrophages. The results show that propolis induces a discreet elevation in H2O2 release and a mild inhibition of NO generation, depending on concentration. Propolis had no co-stimulant activity, diminishing IFN-gamma action on H2O2 and NO production. Data suggest that propolis acts on host non-specific immunity by macrophage activation. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: BALB/c-mouse (Muridae-): male-; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: peritoneal-macrophage: activation-, blood-and-lymphatics, immune-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: hydrogen-peroxide; interferon-gamma [INF-gamma]; nitrogen-oxide; propolis-: antimicrobial-, immunomodulatory-action RN CAS Registry Number (R): 7722-84-1: HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; 11104-93-1: NITROGEN OXIDE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: host-non-specific-immunity AN Accession Number: 200100024015 UD Update Code: 20010102 Record 731 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Molecules to behaviour in the honeybee: The emergence of comparative neurogenomics. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Maleszka-Ryszard {a} AD Author Address: {a} Visual Sciences, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200: maleszka@rsbs.anu.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Trends-in-Neurosciences. [print] November, 2000; 23 (11): 513-514. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Meeting- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0166-2236 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system, structural-plasticity CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: genes-; honeybee-genome; neuromodulators-; neuropil-; neurotransmitters- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: comparative-neurogenomics; expressed-sequence-tags [EST-]; learning-; memory-; Meeting-Summary AN Accession Number: 200100022983 UD Update Code: 20010102 Record 732 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Risk-indifferent foraging behaviour in honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Fueloep-Attila; Menzel-Randolf {a} AD Author Address: {a} Neurobiologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 28-30, 14195, Berlin: menzel@neurobiologie.fu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] November, 2000; 60 (5): 657-666. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We studied the influence of variance in reward volume on choice behaviour of honeybees, Apis mellifera carnica, by training bees to collect sucrose solution from four newly developed artificial feeders. The feeders were electromechanical devices, each controlled by a microprocessor, which monitored the experiments, controlled reward delivery and stored the data. The parameters that varied between the feeders were the amount and variance of reward. The four feeders were arranged in two pairs, with the two feeders in each pair set to the same reward parameters. Constant feeders offered a fixed amount of sucrose solution at each bee visit; variable feeders offered a normally distributed reward with a standard deviation equal to the mean. We tested three reward combinations under two variance conditions. The bees matched their choice frequencies to the mean amount of reward. This applied both to the constant and the variable feeders. Thus the bees were able to discriminate feeders by the amount of reward and were able to estimate the mean reward for the variable flowers. The proportion of immediate returns to the same feeder increased with the amount of sucrose solution imbibed at each visit, indicating that bees were able to perceive the amount of reward at each visit. However, there was no influence of variance on the choice behaviour of the bees, ruling out the possibility that bees are risk sensitive under these conditions. We discuss risk indifference in choice behaviour of bees in the context of several models of risk sensitivity. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sucrose-solution: reward- MQ Methods and Equipment: artificial-feeder: equipment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: choice-behavior; reward-volume-variance; risk-sensitivity; risk-indifferent -foraging-behavior AN Accession Number: 200100021047 UD Update Code: 20010102 Record 733 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Genotypical variability for the tasks of water collecting and scenting in a honey bee colony. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kryger-Per {a}; Kryger-Ute; Moritz-Robin-F-A AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002: pkryger@zoology.up.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: Ethology-. [print] September, 2000; 106 (9): 769-779. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0179-1613 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The polyandrous mating behaviour of the honey bee queen increases the genotypical variability amongst her worker offspring. Microsatellite DNA analyses revealed a total of 16 subfamilies in one colony of honey bees. The subfamilies were represented in significantly different proportions in two subgroups of bees, water collecting bees and scenting bees, indicating a genetic component in task choice. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Genetics- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: microsatellite-DNA MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: genotypical-variability; scenting-; task-choice; water-collecting AN Accession Number: 200100020930 UD Update Code: 20010102 Record 734 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Diversity pays in crop pollination. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Westerkamp-Christian {a}; Gottsberger-Gerhard AD Author Address: {a} Annagraben 83, D-53111, Bonn: cwesterkamp@compuserve.com, Germany SO Source: Crop-Science. [print] September-October, 2000; 40 (5): 1209-1222. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0011-183X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Pollination is an often overlooked but large cost factor in crop production. In spite of the high diversity of flowers, which requires an adequate diversity of pollinators, almost all animal pollination is simplistically ascribed to the manageable but often less efficient pollinator, the European honeybee, Apis mellifera L. In the case of poor pollination by honeybees, a number of costly techniques is applied to enforce fruit set-often with poor results. Finally, growers may resort to hand pollination, which greatly raises production costs. Knowledge of the appropriate pollinator is already available in many cases, however. This is demonstrated in this paper with examples spanning the whole range of pollination syndromes. To make this knowledge accessible, an expert-based Internet-accessible database is suggested. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Angiospermae-: Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; crops- (Angiospermae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: pollination-: cost-consideration, diversity- AN Accession Number: 200100020179 UD Update Code: 20010102 Record 735 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Evidence against a retinotopic-template matching in honeybees' pattern recognition. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Efler-D; Ronacher-B {a} AD Author Address: {a} Abt. Verhaltensphysiologie, Institut fuer Biologie, Humboldt -Universitaet Berlin, Invalidenstr. 43, D 10115, Berlin: bernhard=ronacher@rz.hu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Vision-Research. [print] 4 October, 2000; 40 (24): 3391-3403. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0042-6989 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Currently two hypotheses exist as to how insects process visual images, as photograph-like 'retinotopic-templates', or as a set of features extracted by the visual system. Several results obtained in honeybees cannot be reconciled with a retinotopic-template matching. (i) Bees discriminated between two patterns that should not be distinguished according to the template hypothesis. (ii) Bees preferred patterns that showed no overlap with the assumed template to patterns that had such an overlap. (iii) Bees showed a generalization of properties of the rewarded pattern to other patterns. Thus, in our paradigm, the bees must have used additional mechanisms and cues for the processing and classification of patterns. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: visual-system: nervous-system, sensory-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: pattern-recognition; retinotopic-template-matching; template-hypothesis; visual-image-processing AN Accession Number: 200100018051 UD Update Code: 20001218 Record 736 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Side-effects of insect venom immunotherapy: Results from an EAACI multicenter study. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mosbech-H {a}; Muller-U AD Author Address: {a} Allergy and Chest Unit, Section for Internal Medicine B, Frederiksberg University Hospital, DK-2000, Copenhagen F, Denmark SO Source: Allergy-Copenhagen. [print] November, 2000; 55 (11): 1005-1010. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0105-4538 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Background: The effect of venom immunotherapy (VIT) is well documented, but fear of systemic side-effects (SE) may prevent its use. The study aimed to analyze the character and frequency of SE and risk factors. Methods: In a prospective study, 19 European centers included patients starting on VIT for systemic reactions to insect stings. Various dose regimens were applied. Results: Data from 840 patients with a total of 26 601 injections were obtained. Seventy-one percent were treated with Vespula-venom extract and 27% with honeybee-venom extract. Twenty percent of patients had SE corresponding to 1.9% of injections during dose increase and 0.5% during the maintenance phase. The vast majority of the 280 reactions were mild: only one-third required medical treatment. Injected or inhaled adrenaline was applied in six patients, of whom only one had a drop in blood pressure and collapse. Female sex, bee-venom extract, and rapid dose increase, but not severity of insect sting reactions, increased the risk of SE. The severity of SE was less in males but was not related to age, treatment phase, species of insect, or severity of insect sting reactions. Conclusions: The frequency of SE was low, and the majority of these could be managed without treatment. Risk was increased in females, in bee-venom -treated patients, and in those with rapid dose increase. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Insecta-: Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Vespula- (Hymenoptera-); honeybee- (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-): female-, male-, patient-; insect- (Insecta-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Vespula-venom-extract: antidote-drug; adrenaline-; honeybee-venom-extract: antidote-drug DS Diseases: insect-allergy: immune-system-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 51-43-4: ADRENALINE MQ Methods and Equipment: insect-venom-immunotherapy: dosage-, side-effects, therapeutic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: EAACI-multicenter-study; gender-difference; risk-factors AN Accession Number: 200100016528 UD Update Code: 20001218 Record 737 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: A small-volume bioassay for quantification of the esterase inhibiting potency of mixtures of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in rainwater: Development and optimization. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hamers-Timo {a}; Molin-Kim-R-J; Koeman-Jan-H; Murk-Albertinka-J AD Author Address: {a} Toxicology Group, Wageningen University, 6700 EA, Wageningen: timo.hamers@algemeen.tox.wau.nl, Netherlands SO Source: Toxicological-Sciences. [print] November, 2000; 58 (1): 60-67. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1096-6080 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The goal of this study was to develop a sensitive in vitro bioassay for quantification of the total esterase inhibiting potency of low concentrations of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in relatively small rainwater samples. Purified acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) and carboxylesterases from a homogenate of honeybee heads (Apis mellifera) were used as esterases, each having different affinities for the substrates S-acetylthiocholine-iodide (ATC) and N-methylindoxyl-acetate (MIA). MIA hydrolysis by honeybee homogenate was more sensitive to inhibition by organophosphate insecticides than ATC hydrolysis by purified AChE, although the latter parameter is often used for in vitro monitoring of esterase inhibitors. The higher sensitivity of carboxylesterases is attributed to the instant formation of a reversible Michaelis-Menten complex with the inhibitor, which competes with MIA for the active sites of the free enzymes. This dose-dependent instant inhibition can be quantified with kinetics for competitive inhibition at dichlorvos concentrations < 16 nM. At similar concentrations, purified AChE was not instantly inhibited, whereas both AChE and carboxylesterases were irreversibly and progressively inhibited at higher dichlorvos concentrations (IC5010min gtoreq 0.1 muM). Honeybee homogenate mediated MIA hydrolysis was applied as the most sensitive enzyme-substrate combination for experiments with fractionated extracts of 4 rainwater samples collected in a natural conservation area. Most esterase inhibiting potency was found in the polar methanol fraction, with recalculated concentrations equivalent to 12-125 ng dichlorvos per liter rainwater. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Methods-and-Techniques; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Osteichthyes -: Pisces-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Electrophorus-electricus (Osteichthyes-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Fish-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: N-methylindoxylacetate: enzyme-substrate; S-acetylthiocholine-iodide: enzyme-substrate; acetylcholinesterase-; carbamate-: enzyme-inhibitor, insecticide-, pollutant-; carboxylesterase-; dichlorvos-: enzyme -inhibitor, insecticide-, pollutant-; organophosphate-: enzyme-inhibitor, insecticide-, pollutant- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 3260-63-7: N-METHYLINDOXYLACETATE; 9000-81-1: ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; 9016-18 -6: CARBOXYLESTERASE; 62-73-7: DICHLORVOS MQ Methods and Equipment: small-volume-bioassay: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: rainwater- AN Accession Number: 200100012742 UD Update Code: 20001218 Record 738 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: The composition of strawberry aroma is influenced by cultivar, maturity, and storage. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Forney-Charles-F {a}; Kalt-Willy; Jordan-Michael-A AD Author Address: {a} Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri -Food Canada, 32 Main Street, Kentville, N.S., B4N 1J5: forneyc@em.agr.ca, Canada SO Source: Hortscience-. [print] October, 2000; 35 (6): 1022-1026. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0018-5345 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Foods- ST Super Taxa: Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Fragaria-x-ananassa [strawberry-] (Rosaceae-): cultivar-Annapolis, cultivar -Cavendish, cultivar-Honeybee, cultivar-Kent, cultivar-Micmac, small-fruit -crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Dicots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Agriculture/Horticulture-; volatile-aroma-compounds MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cultivar-differences; maturity-effects; postharvest-environment; strawberry -aroma AN Accession Number: 200100007417 UD Update Code: 20001218 Record 739 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Insectos asociados con la carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) (Oxalidaceae) en el Estado de Tabasco, Mexico. Insects associated with the carambola (Averrhoa carambola) (Oxalidaceae) in the State of Tabasco, Mexico. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Soto-Saul-Sanchez {a} AD Author Address: {a} Colegio de Postgraduados., 86500 H., Cardenas, Tabasco, Mexico SO Source: Folia-Entomologica-Mexicana. [print] April 3, 2000; (108): 121-124. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0430-8603 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences); Biogeography- (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Homoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Oxalidaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Thysanoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Anartia-fatima (Lepidoptera-); Anastrepha-obliqua (Diptera-); Aphis -craccivora (Homoptera-); Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Averrhoa -carambola (Oxalidaceae-); Camponotus-planatus (Hymenoptera-); Clastoptera -laenata (Homoptera-); Cycloneda-sanguinea (Coleoptera-); Estigmene-acrea (Lepidoptera-); Membracis-mexicana (Homoptera-); Paratrechina-sp. (Hymenoptera-); Scymnus-sp. (Coleoptera-); Selenothrips-rubrocinctus (Thysanoptera-); Solenopsis-germinata (Hymenoptera-); Spodoptera-sp. (Lepidoptera-); Toxoptera-aurantii (Homoptera-); Trigona-pectoralis (Hymenoptera-); Trigona-testaceicornis-perilampoides (Hymenoptera-); Urbanus-proteus (Lepidoptera-); Vanduzea-segmentata (Homoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Tabasco- (Mexico-, North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: climate-conditions; geographic-distribution; pollination-; polyphagy-; predation-; Note- AN Accession Number: 200100006958 UD Update Code: 20001218 Record 740 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Molecular-genetic approaches to the study of genetic polymorfism of different bee honey breed. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pozdnyakov-V-N; Abramova-A-B; Chudinov-O-S; Kakpakov-V-T; Kozin-R-B; Krivtsov-N-I; Borodachev-A-V SO Source: Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya-Biologiya. [print] July-August, 2000; (4): 56-60. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0131-6397 LA Language: Russian; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Russian AB Abstract: The authors estimated genetic polymorphism of the breed of Apis mellifera (middle-russian, caucasian grey mounainous, priokskaya) and Apis cerana (South-East Asia) by the RAPD-technology. It was detected breed- and species-specific markers which promote to identification of different breed, their selection and phylogenetic populational investigations of bee honey. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Economic -Entomology; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): breed-south-east-asia; Apis -mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): breed-caucasian-gray-mountainous, breed-middle-russian, breed-priokskaya TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: RAPD-analysis [random-amplified-polymorphic-DNA-analysis]: molecular -genetic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: genetic-polymorphism AN Accession Number: 200100006491 UD Update Code: 20001218 Record 741 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Two polyisoprenylated benzophenones from the trunk latex of Clusia grandiflora (Clusiaceae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lokvam-John {a}; Braddock-Joan-F; Reichardt-Paul-B; Clausen-Thomas-P AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775: ftjcl@aurora.uaf.edu, USA SO Source: Phytochemistry-Oxford. [print] September, 2000; 55 (1): 29-34. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0031-9422 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The polyisoprenylated benzophenones, chamones I and II, were isolated from the trunk latex of Clusia grandiflora (Clusiaceae) growing in southeastern Venezuela. A third benzophenone, nemorosone II, was isolated from the pollinator reward resin of the female flowers of the same plant. Chamone I and nemorosone II are structurally similar, differing only in the degree of prenylation. Bioassays of chamone I and nemorosone II using the honeybee pathogens, Paenibacillus larvae and Paenibacillus alvei, demonstrate that both have potent antibacterial activity, and that their structural differences affect both their bactericidal efficacies and their aqueous mobilities. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Bacteria-: Microorganisms-; Guttiferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Clusia-grandiflora (Guttiferae-): Clusiaceae-; Paenibacillus-alvei (Bacteria-): honeybee-pathogen; Paenibacillus-larvae (Bacteria-): honeybee -pathogen TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Bacteria-; Dicots-; Eubacteria-; Microorganisms-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: trunk-latex CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: chamone-I: antibacterial-, isolation-; chamone-II: antibacterial-, isolation-; nemorosone-II: antibacterial-, isolation-; polyisoprenylated -benzophenones: antibacterial-, isolation- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 227606-76-0: NEMOROSONE II MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: pollinator-reward-evolution AN Accession Number: 200100001619 UD Update Code: 20001218 Record 742 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: Testing genetic variance hypotheses for the evolution of polyandry in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Neumann-P {a}; Moritz-R-F-A AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2000; 47 (3): 271-279. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Colony size, honey yields and colony levels of infestation with Varroa jacobsoni of 30 queenright honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies with naturally mated queens were evaluated over a two-year period. Workers taken from each colony were genotyped at four DNA-microsatellite loci to determine the level of polyandry. All queens mated with more than 10 drones (mean number of observed patrilines = 17.7 +- 5.23). We found significant correlations between colony size and honey yield and between colony sizes of two subsequent years. Analyses of variance revealed a strong impact of the breeding lines on the tested phenotypic traits. The impact of polyandry on colony honey yields was weak (p < 0.05, not significant when applying a Bonferroni adjustment) and 8% of the phenotype was determined by the effect of polyandry. The contribution of polyandry to colony size (0.25%) or levels of infestation with Varroa jacobsoni (0.09%) was even weaker in both test years. Likewise, we could not find any averaging effect of polyandry on the honey yield, size nor parasite load of honeybee colonies. Our data set does not resolve the question, whether polyandry and genetic diversity causes more productive colonial phenotypes. If colony level selection is an evolutionary force for polyandry, the effects are hard to detect in man-kept colonies headed by naturally mated queens. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Evolution-and-Adaptation; Parasitology-; Population-Genetics (Population -Studies) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina -): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA-microsatellite-loci MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-infestation-level; colony-size; genetic-variance-hypothesis; honey -yield; parasite-load; polyandry- AN Accession Number: 200000358483 UD Update Code: 20001128 Record 743 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: Effects of aqueous extract of Casearia sylvestris (Flacourtiaceae) on actions of snake and bee venoms and on activity of phospholipases A2. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Borges-Marcia-H; Soares-Andreimar-M; Rodrigues-Veridiana-M; Andriao-Escarso -Silvia-H; Diniz-Heyder; Hamaguchi-Amelia; Quintero-Aristides; Lizano -Sergio; Gutierrez-Jose-M; Giglio-Jose-R {a}; Homsi-Brandeburgo-Maria-I AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Bioquimica, Faculdad de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, USP, 14049-900, Ribeirao Presto, SP, Brazil SO Source: Comparative-Biochemistry-and-Physiology-Part-B-Biochemistry-and-Molecular -Biology. [print] September, 2000; 127B (1): 21-30. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1096-4959 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The crude aqueous extract from the leaves of Casearia sylvestris, a plant found in Brazilian open pastures, was assayed for its ability to inhibit phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity and some biological activities of bee and several snake venoms, and of a number of isolated PLA2s. The extract induced partial inhibition of the PLA2 activity of venoms containing class I, II and III PLA2s. When tested against the purified toxins, it showed the highest efficacy against class II PLA2s from viperid venoms, being relatively ineffective against the class I PLA2 pseudexin. In addition, C. sylvestris extract significantly inhibited the myotoxic activity of four Bothrops crude venoms and nine purified myotoxic PLA2s, including Lys-49 and Asp-49 variants. The extract was able to inhibit the anticoagulant activity of several isolated PLA2s, with the exception of pseudexin. Moreover, it partially reduced the edema-inducing activity of B. moojeni and B. jararacussu venoms, as well as of myotoxins MjTX-II and BthTX-I. The extract also prolonged the survival time of mice injected with lethal doses of several snake venoms and neutralized the lethal effect induced by several purified PLA2 myotoxins. It is concluded that C. sylvestris constitutes a rich source of PLA2 inhibitors. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Flacourtiaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Sauria-: Reptilia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Serpentes-: Reptilia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Bothrops-asper (Serpentes-); Bothrops -jararacussu (Serpentes-); Bothrops-moojeni (Serpentes-); Bothrops -neuwiedi (Serpentes-); Casearia-sylvestris (Flacourtiaceae-); Crotalus -durissus-terrificus (Serpentes-); Heloderma-horrideum (Sauria-); Micrurus -frontalis (Serpentes-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Plants-; Reptiles-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Casearia-aqueous-extract: pharmacological-activity; phospholipase-A2: activity-; venom-: toxin- AN Accession Number: 200000357908 UD Update Code: 20001128 Record 744 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: Pollination system stability in tropical America. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Roubik-David-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Balboa, Panama SO Source: Conservation-Biology. [print] October, 2000; 14 (5): 1235-1236. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0888-8892 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Conservation-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; plant- (Plantae-): flora- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants- GE Geopolitical Location: Africa- (Ethiopian-region); Neotropical-region (Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colonization-; habitat-change; human-exploitation; pollination-ecology; pollination-success; pollination-system-stability; pollinator-dynamics AN Accession Number: 200000353065 UD Update Code: 20001128 Record 745 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: Disruption of bird-plant pollination systems in southern Australia. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Paton-David-C {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia SO Source: Conservation-Biology. [print] October, 2000; 14 (5): 1232-1234. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0888-8892 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Conservation-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Aves-: Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Passeriformes-: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [European-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; bird- (Aves -): pollinator-; honeyeater- (Passeriformes-): pollinator-; plant- (Plantae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Birds-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Plants-; Vertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Australia- (Australasian-region): southern- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bird-plant-pollination-systems; temperate-heathlands; temperate-woodlands; vegetation-clearance AN Accession Number: 200000353064 UD Update Code: 20001128 Record 746 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: A pollinic characterization of the honey of Apis mellifera in an area of secondary forest in the municipality of Igarape-Acu, Para. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Oliveira-Francisco-Placido-Magalhaes {a}; Carreira-Lea-Maria-Medeiros; Jardim-Mario-Augusto-G AD Author Address: {a} Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias do Para, Mestrado em Agronomia/Biologia Vegetal Tropical, Av. Perimetral, 2501, Cep 66077-530, Belem, PA, Brazil SO Source: Boletim-do-Museu-Paraense-Emilio-Goeldi-Serie-Botanica. [print] Dezembro, 1998(1999); 14 (2): 159-179. PY Publication Year: 1998 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0077-2216 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese AB Abstract: ABSTRACT - The present study evaluated the occurrence of pollen types and the respective frequencies in honeys of Apis mellifera L. collected in an area with secondary forest at the School Farm of the Faculty of Agrarian Sciences of Para, in the municipality of Igarape-Acu, Para, Brazil. During the period of August 1995 to November 1996 honey samples coming from 5 beehives and calculated the percentage of pollen types. During the pollen analysis of the honeys 41 pollen types distributed in 23 families, 29 genera, 31 species and 10 undentified types were established. The most representative families in relation to the number of species were: Leguminosae-Mimosoideae (5) and Arecaceae (4). The species presenting dominant pollen types were Mimosa pudica L. (88%); Borreria verticillata G.F. Mey (74,8%) and Tapirira guianensis Aubl. (74,0%). The most important plant species of the secondary vegetation for honey production was Tapirira guianensis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Anacardiaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Rubiaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Borreria-verticillata (Rubiaceae-); Mimosa -pudica (Leguminosae-); Tapirira-guianensis (Anacardiaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Igarape-Acu (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region): Para-State MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: honey-: sugar-; melissopalynology- AN Accession Number: 200000352702 UD Update Code: 20001128 Record 747 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: Fever in honeybee colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Starks-Philip-T {a}; Blackie-Caroline-A; Seeley-Thomas-D AD Author Address: {a} Division of Insect Biology, University of California at Berkeley, 201 Wellman Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3112, USA SO Source: Naturwissenschaften-. [print] May, 2000; 87 (5): 229-231. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-1042 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-spp. [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Ascosphaera-apis (Ascomycetes-): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-development; broodcomb-fever; colonial-infection; defensive-function; fever-; nest-temperature; temperature- AN Accession Number: 200000352036 UD Update Code: 20001128 Record 748 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: Debris removal by head-pushing in A. florea Fabr. honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sen-Sarma-M; Fuchs-S; Tautz-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Biozentrum der Universitaet Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany SO Source: Naturwissenschaften-. [print] May, 2000; 87 (5): 241-243. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-1042 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-florea [Asian-dwarf-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: mandibles-: skeletal-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: debris-removal; head-pushing AN Accession Number: 200000350566 UD Update Code: 20001128 Record 749 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: Acute myocardial infarction after honeybee sting. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Magadle-Rasmi {a}; Weiner-Paltiel {a}; Waizman-Joseph {a}; Pelled-Benny {a} AD Author Address: {a} Dept. of Medicine A, Institute of Cardiology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel SO Source: Harefuah-. [print] April 2, 2000; 138 (7): 543-545; 614. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0017-7768 LA Language: Hebrew; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Hebrew AB Abstract: Myocardial infarction due to honeybee sting is rare, and only a few authors have discussed the relationship between the sting, anaphylactic shock and myocardial infarction. We describe a case of acute myocardial infarction in a 44-year-old man after anaphylactic shock following honeybee sting. He did not have heart disease nor any known risk factors attributable to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. He had almost normal coronary angiography with non-significant hemodynamic changes. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cardiovascular-Medicine (Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Clinical -Immunology (Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: honeybee- (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-): adult-, male-, patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- DS Diseases: acute-myocardial-infarction: heart-disease, toxicity-, vascular-disease; anaphylactic-shock: immune-system-disease, toxicity-; honeybee-sting: toxicity- MQ Methods and Equipment: coronary-angiography: diagnostic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: hemodynamics-; Case-Study ALT Alternate Indexing: Myocardial-Infarction-(MeSH); Anaphylaxis-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200000341558 UD Update Code: 20001115 Record 750 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: Comparative abundance and foraging behaviour of insect pollinators of raya, Brassica juncea L. and role of Apis mellifera L. in crop pollination. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mahindru-Naresh {a}; Singh-Gurdip {a}; Grewal-G-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, PU, 141 004, India SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Science. [print] March, 1998; 11 (1): 34-37. PY Publication Year: 1998 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0970-3837 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Studies were conducted on abundance and foraging behaviour of insect pollinators of raya crop and role of Apis mellifera in its pollination at Ludhiana during 1989-90. Apis dorsata Fab., A. mellifera L., A. florea Fab. and Andrena sp. consitituted 51.43, 23.77, 20 and 4.80 per cent of total bees caught on this crop. Apis dorsata was more active between 10-16 h while A. mellifera and A. florea were active between 11-16 h. On an average, A. mellifera, A. dorsata, and A. florea visited 14.06, 11.36 and 5.81 flowers/minute. One, two and five bee visits/flower by A. mellifera resulted in 65.5, 82.5 and 88.4 per cent pod setting. Intensive pollination of raya by A. mellifera increased the number of seeds/pod by 12.22 per cent, seed germination by 7.15 per cent and oil content by 8.31 per cent over natural pollination. When the visit of A. mellifera was excluded from the flowers, it resulted in decrease of these parameters by 13.57, 0.23 and 2.39 per cent respectively. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Cruciferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Andrena-sp. (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Apis-dorsata (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Apis-florea (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Brassica-juncea [raya-] (Cruciferae-): oil -crop, seed- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: abundance-; crop-pollination; flower-visitation; foraging-behavior; oil -content AN Accession Number: 200000339799 UD Update Code: 20001115 Record 751 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: The rise and fall of the honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Doebler-Stefanie-A AD Author Address: Ann Arbor, MI, USA SO Source: Bioscience-. [print] September, 2000; 50 (9): 738-742. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-3568 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acarapis-woodi [tracheal-mite] (Acarina-): parasite-; Varroa-jacobsoni [varroa-mite] (Acarina-): parasite-; honeybee- (Hymenoptera-): parasite -host TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: North-America (Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; beekeeping-; colony-losses AN Accession Number: 200000339792 UD Update Code: 20001115 Record 752 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: Modes of cell death in the hypopharyngeal gland of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: De-Moraes-Regina-L-M-Silva; Bowen-Ivor-D {a} AD Author Address: {a} School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF15 3TL, UK SO Source: Cell-Biology-International. [print] 2000; 24 (10): 737-743. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1065-6995 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Different modes of cell death have been revealed in the regressing hypopharyngeal glands of worker honey bees. The hypopharyngeal gland, which is well developed in young nursing bees to produce protein for larval food, was seen to regress naturally in foraging adult worker bees. A range of techniques including histology, cytochemistry, in situ TUNEL, Annexin V and Comet assays indicated that cells within the gland demonstrate progressive symptoms of apoptosis, necrosis and a vacuolar form of programmed cell death. The latter mode of cell death did not display chromatin margination, but was accompanied by an enhanced level of autophagic and hydrolytic activity in which a cytosolic source of acid phosphatase became manifest in the extra-cisternal spaces. Normal and annexin-positive cells were found to occur in the younger nursing bees, whilst necrosis and an aberrant vacuolar type of apoptosis predominated in the older foraging bees. The relevance of these results to the classification of programmed cell death is discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Dental-and-Oral-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): forager-, nursing-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: hypopharyngeal-gland: apoptosis-, dental-and-oral-system, necrosis-, regression-, vacuolar-programmed-cell-death CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: acid-phosphatase RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-77-8: ACID PHOSPHATASE AN Accession Number: 200000338674 UD Update Code: 20001115 Record 753 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: Hox genes in the honey bee Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Walldorf-Uwe {a}; Binner-Priska; Fleig-Richard AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Genetik, Universitaet Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany SO Source: Development-Genes-and-Evolution. [print] October, 2000; 210 (10): 483-492. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0949-944X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Hox genes are known to control the identity of serially repeated structures in arthropods and vertebrates. We analyzed the expression pattern of the Hox genes Deformed (Dfd), Sex combs reduced (Scr), Antennapedia (Antp), and Ultrabithorax/abdominal-A (Ubx/abd-A) from the honey bee Apis mellifera. We also cloned a cDNA with the complete coding region of the Antennapedia gene from Apis. Comparison with Antp proteins from other insect species revealed several regions of homology. The expression patterns of the isolated Hox genes from Apis showed that the original expression patterns of Dfd, Scr, and Antp appear between late blastoderm and early germ band stage in a temporal and spatial sequence. Each of them shows up as a belt, spanning approximately two segment anlagen, Dfd in the anterior gnathal region, Scr in the posterior gnathal and anterior thoracic region, and Antp in the thoracic region. Following expansion of the Antp domain in the abdomen as a gradient towards the posterior, Ubx/abd-A expression appears laterally in the abdomen. During gastrulation and in the germ band stage the domains of strong expression do not overlap any more, but touch each other. After gastrulation the borders of the expression domains partly correlate with parasegment and partly with segment boundaries. Laterally, gaps between the domain of each gene may show no expression of any of the genes examined. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Development- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: blastoderm-: embryonic-structure CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Hox-; cDNA- [complementary-DNA]; Apis-mellifera-Antp-gene [Apis-mellifera -Antennapedia-gene] (Hymenoptera); Apis-mellifera-Dfd-gene [Apis-mellifera -Deformed-gene] (Hymenoptera); Apis-mellifera-Scr-gene [Apis-mellifera-Sex -combs-reduced-gene] (Hymenoptera); Apis-mellifera-Ubx/abd-A-gene [Apis -mellifera-Ultrabithorax/abdominal-A-gene] (Hymenoptera) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: amino-acid-sequence; gastrulation- AN Accession Number: 200000338307 UD Update Code: 20001115 Record 754 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: RAPD-markers of three honeybee (Apis mellifera) breeds. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pozdnyakov-V-N; Kalpakov-V-T; Abramova-A-B; Borodachev-A-V; Krivtsov-N-I SO Source: Doklady-Akademii-Nauk. [print] July, 2000; 372 (4): 571-573. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0869-5652 LA Language: Russian; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): three-breeds TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: RAPD-markers AN Accession Number: 200000336985 UD Update Code: 20001115 Record 755 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: N-glycan analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of electrophoretically separated nonmammalian proteins: Application to peanut allergen Ara h 1 and olive pollen allergen Ole e 1. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kolarich-Daniel; Altmann-Friedrich {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institute of Chemistry, Universitaet fuer Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria SO Source: Analytical-Biochemistry. [print] October 1, 2000; 285 (1): 64-75. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-2697 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A method has been developed which allows the analysis of glycoproteins separated by SDS-PAGE. The procedure, though applicable to N-glycosylated glycoproteins of any origin, is particularly devised for glycoproteins potentially containing fucose in alpha1,3-linkage to the reducing GlcNAc as may be found in plants and invertebrates, e.g., insects and parasitic helminths. Starting with an established procedure for mass spectrometric peptide mapping, the analysis of N-glycans by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry involved the use of peptide:N -glycosidase A, a triphasic microcolumn for sample cleanup, and a new matrix mixture consisting of 2,5-dihyhydroxybenzoic acid, 1 -hydroxyisoquinoline, and arabinosazone. The method was tested on proteins with N-glycans of known structure, i.e., as horseradish peroxidase, zucchini ascorbate oxidase, soybean agglutinin, honeybee venom hyaluronidase, bovine ribonuclease B, and bovine fetuin. An electrophoretic band corresponding to 4 mug of glycoprotein was generally sufficient to allow detection of the major N-glycan species. As an additional benefit, a peptide mass map is generated which serves to identify the analyzed protein. The method was applied to glycoprotein allergens whose glycan structures were unknown. Ara h 1 and Ole e 1, major allergens from peanut and olive pollen, respectively, contained mainly xylosylated N-glycans with the composition Man3(-4)XylGlcNAc2 in the case of Ara h 1 and GlcNAc1-2-Man3XylGlcNAc2 in the case of Ole e 1 where also some GlcNAc0-2Man3XylFucGlcNAc2 was found. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination -and-Homeostasis); Methods-and-Techniques CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 1-hydroxyisoquinoline: Fluka-, reagent-; 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic-acid: Aldrich -, reagent-; Ara-h-1: analysis-, peanut-allergen, separation-; Ole-e-1: analysis-, olive-pollen-allergen, separation-; arabinosazone-: reagent-; bovine-fetuin: Sigma-, analysis-; bovine-ribonuclease-B: Sigma-, analysis -; honeybee-venom-hyaluronidase: analysis-; horseradish-peroxidase: Sigma -, analysis-; soybean-agglutinin: analysis-; zucchini-ascorbate-oxidase: Roche-, Sigma-, analysis- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 491-30-5: 1-HYDROXYISOQUINOLINE; 490-79-9: 2,5-DIHYDROXYBENZOIC ACID; 15159 -47-4: ARABINOSAZONE MQ Methods and Equipment: SDS-PAGE [SDS-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis]: polyacrylamide-gel -electrophoresis, separation-method; matrix-assisted-laser/desorption -ionization-mass-spectrometry: analytical-method, mass-spectrometry: CB- AN Accession Number: 200000336908 UD Update Code: 20001115 Record 756 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: Foraging pattern of three honeybee species on eight cultivars of oilseed crops. 2. Foraging during the entire blooming period of the crops. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sihag-R-C {a}; Khatkar-Sunita {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Simulated Ecology, Department of Zoology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004, India SO Source: International-Journal-of-Tropical-Agriculture. [print] March-December, 1999; 17 (1-4): 253-261. PY Publication Year: 1999 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0254-8755 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: This study was made on the foraging pattern of three honeybee species viz., Apis dorsata F., Apis mellifera L. and Apis florea F. on eight cultivars of oilseed crops viz., brown sarson (Brassica campestris L. var. brown sarson cv. BSH-1), yellow sarson (Brassica campestris L. var. yellow sarson cv. YSPB-1), toria (Brassica campestris L. var. toria TH-68), raya (B. juncea Czem and Coss cvs. RH-8812, RH-819 and RH-30), taramira (Eruca sativa Lam. cv. T-27) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), during their entire blooming period. The results showed that honeybee visitation frequency was low at the time of initiation of flowering, then increased gradually and reached a peak during the peak flowering time. This peak continued for over two weeks and then declined suddenly with the decline in flowering on these crops. This pattern of honeybee visitation provided a useful information for selecting the time of deployment of honeybee colonies on these crops for their pollination. In this study also the three honeybee species were found to show clear preferences for the various crops and seemed to partition the food resources. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Cruciferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-dorsata [giant-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): foraging-pattern, pollinator -; Apis-florea [little-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): foraging-pattern, pollinator-; Apis-mellifera [European-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): foraging -pattern, pollinator-; Brassica-campestris (Cruciferae-): cultivar-BSH-1, cultivar-TH-68, cultivar-YSPB-1, oilseed-crop; Brassica-juncea (Cruciferae -): cultivar-RH-30, cultivar-RH-819, cultivar-RH-8812, oilseed-crop; Eruca -sativa [taramira-] (Cruciferae-): cultivar-T-27, oilseed-crop; Helianthus -annuus [sunflower-] (Compositae-): oilseed-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: visitation-frequency: flowering-period-stage AN Accession Number: 200000335444 UD Update Code: 20001115 Record 757 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: Foraging pattern of three honeybee species on eight cultivars of oilseed crops. 1. Diurnal foraging. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sihag-R-C {a}; Khatkar-Sunita {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Animal Behaviour and Simulated Ecology, Department of Zoology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004, India SO Source: International-Journal-of-Tropical-Agriculture. [print] March-December, 1999; 17 (1-4): 245-252. PY Publication Year: 1999 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0254-8755 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The diurnal foraging pattern of three honeybee species viz., giant honeybee (Apis dorsata F.), European honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and little honeybee (Apis florea F.) was studied on eight cultivars of oilseed crops viz., brown sarson (Brassica campestris L. var. brown sarson cv. BSH-1), yellow sarson (B. campestris L. yellow sarson cv. YSPB-1), toria (B. campestris L. var. toria cv. Th-68), raya (B. juncea Czern & Coss cvs. RH -8812, RH-819 and RH-30), taramira (Eruca sativa Lam. cv. T-27) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The honeybee visitation frequency was low in the morning, then reached a peak between 1100-1300 h and again declined in the evening. The differences between the activity patterns of three honeybee species were also recorded. The significance of these results has been discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Behavior-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Cruciferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-dorsata [giant-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): diurnal-foraging-pattern, pollinator-; Apis-florea [little-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): diurnal -foraging-pattern, pollinator-; Apis-mellifera [European-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): diurnal-foraging-pattern, pollinator-; Brassica-campestris (Cruciferae-): cultivar-BSH-1, cultivar-TH-68, cultivar-YSPB-1, oilseed -crop; Brassica-juncea (Cruciferae-): cultivar-RH-30, cultivar-RH-819, cultivar-RH-8812, oilseed-crop; Eruca-sativa [taramira-] (Cruciferae-): cultivar-T-27, oilseed-crop; Helianthus-annuus [sunflower-] (Compositae-): oilseed-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: activity-patterns AN Accession Number: 200000335443 UD Update Code: 20001115 Record 758 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: Effect of D-002 on gastric mucus composition in ethanol-induced ulcer. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Carbajal-D {a}; Molina-V {a}; Noa-M {a}; Valdes-S {a}; Arruzazabala-M-L {a}; Aguilar-C {a}; Mas-R {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Pharmacology, Center of Natural Products, National Center of Scientific Research, Ciudad Habana, Cuba SO Source: Pharmacological-Research. [print] October, 2000; 42 (4): 329-332. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1043-6618 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: This study was designed to determine the effect of D-002, a natural product isolated and purified from beeswax (Apis mellifera), on gastric mucus composition on ethanol-induced ulcer in rats. The morphology of the lesions was analysed histologically, and morphometric analysis of gastric -gland content in total glycoprotein and sulphated macromolecules were done. Oral pretreatment with D-002 at 5 and 25 mg kg-1 1 before oral administration of ethanol at 60%, produced a significant increase in the amount of gastric mucus and total protein. The histomorphometric evaluation of the gastric damage at the same doses showed a significant increase in neutral glycoproteins and sulfated macromolecules. It is concluded that enhancement of the quantity and quality of the mucus could partly explain the gastroprotective effect of D-002. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation); Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology -) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); rat- (Muridae-): animal-model TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: gastric-mucus: composition-, digestive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: D-002: gastric-cytoprotectant-drug; neutral-glycoproteins; sulfated -macromolecules DS Diseases: ulcer-: digestive-system-disease, ethanol-induced MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: beeswax- ALT Alternate Indexing: Ulcer-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200000332442 UD Update Code: 20001030 Record 759 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: Lacidipine decreases the honeybee venom-induced vasoconstriction of the isolated porcine coronary artery. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Cerne-Katarina {a}; Drevensek-Gorazd {a}; Budihna-Metka-V {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Korytkova 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia SO Source: Pfluegers-Archiv-European-Journal-of-Physiology. [print] 2000; 440 (5 Supplement): R139-R140. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0031-6768 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The venom of the honeybee Apis mellifera induces cardiovascular dysfunction. As its effects on coronary arteries have not yet been described, we studied the effects of the whole honeybee venom (non -volatile part) in the isolated porcine left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and the influence of L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, lacidipine, upon the venom effects in LAD. The venom produced concentration dependent contractions (7-70 mug/ml) of the porcine LAD; maximal effect of the venom was approximately the same as the effect of 30 mM KCl. Lacidipine concentration dependently (0.1-10 muM) and significantly (P ltoreq 0.05) decreased the venom-induced vasoconstriction. The results indicate the involvement of L-type Ca2+ channels in coronary contraction, induced by bee venom. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pharmacology-; Toxicology-; Cardiovascular-System (Transport-and -Circulation) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Suidae-: Artiodactyla-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); porcine- (Suidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Artiodactyls-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: coronary-artery: circulatory-system, honeybee-venom-induced -vasoconstriction, isolated-, left-anterior-descending CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: honeybee-venom; lacidipine-: calcium-channel-blocker-drug RN CAS Registry Number (R): 103890-78-4: LACIDIPINE AN Accession Number: 200000331293 UD Update Code: 20001030 Record 760 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: Summer, a severe saison to Apis mellifera intermissa in Tunisia with a high level of bees colony losses. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lebdi-Grissa-Kaouthar {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire d'Entomologie, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43, Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082, Cite Mahrajene, Tunisia SO Source: Mededelingen-Faculteit-Landbouwkundige-en-Toegepaste-Biologische -Wetenschappen-Universiteit-Gent. [print] 2000; 65 (1): 1-7. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- LA Language: French; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; French AB Abstract: In fact of season alternation, a bee colony presents the whole year round a succession of development states, corresponding to the annual biological cycme. We are relatively well informed at present of the behavioral variation and differences between geographic races. In the world, it's an accepted fact for example that colony losses occur in winter but in Tunisia, Apis mellifera intermissa has to endure severe summer which reduce the number of colonies. Summer colony deaths were very important specially on august and september. So, we lose every year: + 5,1% of bee colonies in january (25,5% of the total colony losses per year) + 2,8% of bee colonies in may (14,6% of the total colony losses per year) + 3,4% and 7,9% of bee colonies in august and september (14,7% and 34,3% of the total colony losses per year). To reduce the summer heavy losses (49%), we peconise to beekeepers to provide an artificial bee feed to bee colonies in summer after the honey production (in august). Summer feed help colonies to endure severe summer. It's equally very important to not forget the winter feed which is distribute to honeybees colony at november in order to help them to survive in winter. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Biosynchronization-; Economic-Entomology; Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences); Population-Studies ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-intermissa (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Tunisia- (Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-colony-loss; behavioral-variation; biological-cycle; development-; honey-production; seasonal-conditions: summer-; seasonal-feeding; summer -colony-deaths; winter-survival AN Accession Number: 200000323951 UD Update Code: 20001030 Record 761 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: Accessory tubules and axonemal microtubules of Apis mellifera sperm flagellum differ in their tubulin isoform content. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mencarelli-Caterina; Bre-Marie-Helene; Levilliers-Nicolette; Dallai-Romano {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy SO Source: Cell-Motility-and-the-Cytoskeleton. [print] September, 2000; 47 (1): 1-12. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0886-1544 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In the insect sperm flagellum, an extra set of nine additional microtubules, named accessory tubules, is present surrounding the axoneme. Using a sarcosyl/urea extraction, we were able to fractionate the microtubular cytoskeleton of the sperm flagellum of the insect Apis mellifera resulting in the dissociation of the axonemal microtubule protein components and the accessory tubules. This has allowed us to compare the tubulin isoform content of axonemal microtubules and accessory tubules by immunoelectron microscopy and immunoblotting using a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against different tubulin post -translational modifications (PTMs). All the PTMs occurring in axonemal tubulin are also present in accessory tubules, which indicates the close relativeness of accessory tubules to axonemal rather than to cytoplasmic microtubules. However, our results demonstrate the presence of significant differences in the tubulin isoform content of axonemal microtubules and accessory tubules. First, the tubulin tyrosination extent of accessory tubules is far lower than that of axonemal microtubules, thus confirming at the molecular level their morphogenetic origin as outgrowths from the B -subtubule of each microtubular doublet. Second, although polyglycylation seems to occurr at the same extent in both microtubular systems, alpha -tubulin exhibits a larger amount of monoglycylated sites in axonemal microtubules than in accessory tubules. Third, a greater amount of beta -tubulin molecules is glutamylated in axonemal microtubules than in accessory tubules. Moreover, highly acidic isoforms, likely molecules with longer polyglutamate side chains, are present only in axonemal microtubules. Taken together, our data are indicative of a higher level of tubulin heterogeneity in axonemal microtubules than in accessory tubules. They also show a segregation of post-translationally modified isoforms between accessory tubules and axonemal microtubules and suggest the implication of PTMs in the functional specialization of the two microtubular systems. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Cell-Biology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: accessory-tubules; axonemal-microtubules; sperm-flagellum CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: beta-tubulin; tubulin-: isoform-, tyrosination- MQ Methods and Equipment: immunoelectron-microscopy: electron-microscopy: CB-, imaging-method, scanning-electron-microscopy AN Accession Number: 200000322593 UD Update Code: 20001030 Record 762 of 6434 in Biological Abstracts 2000/07-2000/12 TI Title: Effects of Apis mellifera propolis on the activities of streptococcal glucosyltransferases in solution and adsorbed onto saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Koo-Hyun {a}; Smith-Anne-M-Vacca; Bowen-William-H; Rosalen-Pedro-L; Cury -Jaime-A; Park-Yong-K AD Author Address: {a} Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY, 14642, USA SO Source: Caries-Research. [print] September-October, 2000; 34 (5): 418-426. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0008-6568 LA Language