Record 1 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: D-002. Antiulcer, antioxidant, antiinflammatory. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mas-Rosa {a} AD Author Address: {a} Center of Natural Products, National Center for Scientific Research, Playa, Habana City, Cuba SO Source: Drugs-of-the-Future. [print] August, 2001; 26 (8): 731-744. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0377-8282 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation); Pharmacology- ST Super Taxa: Animalia-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): worker-; animal- (Animalia-); human- (Hominidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: D-002 [Abexol-]: antiinflammatory-drug, antioxidant-effect, antiulcer-drug, beeswax-alcohol-mixture; beeswax-; dotriacontanol-: aliphatic-alcohol; hexacosanol-: aliphatic-alcohol; octacosanol-: aliphatic-alcohol; proton -pump-inhibitors; tetracosanol-: aliphatic-alcohol; tetratriacontanol-: aliphatic-alcohol; triacontanol-: aliphatic-alcohol DS Diseases: diarrhea-: digestive-system-disease; peptic-ulcer: digestive-system -disease, treatment- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 6624-79-9Q: DOTRIACONTANOL; 79554-32-8Q: DOTRIACONTANOL; 506-52-5Q: HEXACOSANOL; 28346-64-7Q: HEXACOSANOL; 557-61-9Q: OCTACOSANOL; 68580-63 -2Q: OCTACOSANOL; 506-51-4Q: TETRACOSANOL; 52783-45-6Q: TETRACOSANOL; 28484-70-0: TETRATRIACONTANOL; 593-50-0Q: TRIACONTANOL; 28351-05-5Q: TRIACONTANOL MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: abdominal-pain; constipation-; drug-side-effects; flatulence-; gastrointestinal-disturbances ALT Alternate Indexing: Diarrhea-(MeSH); Peptic-Ulcer-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200100373303 UD Update Code: 20011206 Record 2 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: A linkage analysis of sex determination in Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gadau-Juergen {a}; Gerloff-Christine-U; Kruger-Nadia; Chan-Helen; Schmid -Hempel-Paul; Wille-Anja; Page-Robert-E-Jr AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA: Jgadau@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, USA SO Source: Heredity-. [print] August, 2001; 87 (2): 234-242. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0018-067X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We constructed a linkage map of Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera, Apidae) phase unknown. The map contains 79 markers (six microsatellite and 73 RAPD markers) in 21 linkage groups and spans over 953.1 cM. The minimal recombinational size of the B. terrestris genome was estimated to be 1073 cM. Using flow cytometry, the physical size of the haploid genome of B. terrestris was calculated to be 274 Mb. This is the second linkage map for a social insect species. Bombus terrestris has on average five times less recombinational events per kb than the honey bee Apis mellifera. Male haploidy, chromosome size, and eusociality can now be excluded as reasons for the high recombination frequency of Apis mellifera. Finally, the sex determination locus of B. terrestris was placed on the map using bulked segregant analysis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Genetics-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Bombus-terrestris (Hymenoptera -): Apidae- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: RAPD-marker [random-amplified-polymorphic-DNA-marker]; microsatellites- MQ Methods and Equipment: linkage-mapping: analytical-method, genetic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: chromosome-size; diploidy-; eusociality-; male-haploidy; sex-determination AN Accession Number: 200100368215 UD Update Code: 20011206 Record 3 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: 47th Seminar of the Association of Institutes for Bee Research, Blaubeuren, Germany, April 3-5, 2000. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Association-of-Institutes-for-Bee-Research SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] September-October, 2000; 31 (5): 597-663. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Meeting- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 MT Meeting Information: 47th Seminar of the Association of Institutes for Bee Research, Blaubeuren, Germany, April 03-05, 2000 SP Meeting Sponsor: Association of Institutes for Bee Research LA Language: English; French; German LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: This meeting contains abstracts of 36 papers, each written in English, French and German versions, covering topics in apidology, including bee products, foraging, honey components analysis, pest population dynamics, chemical pest control, bioindicators, plant protection, pathologies including varroosis, American foulbrood, physiology, behavior, breeding, genetics, selection, and beekeeping practices. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Plantae-; Viruses-: Microorganisms- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [European-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Hymenoptera- (Hymenoptera-); Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): Malaysia-Indonesia-haplotype-group, mainland-Asia-haplotype -group, parasite-; bee- (Hymenoptera-): bioindicator-, host-; plant- (Plantae-); viruses- (Viruses-): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Plants-; Viruses- DS Diseases: American-foulbrood: infectious-disease; varroosis-: parasitic-disease IN Industry: beekeeping-industry MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-forage; behavior-; breeding-; genetics-; pathology-; physiology-; Meeting-Summary AN Accession Number: 200100367507 UD Update Code: 20011206 Record 4 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Structure-function relationship of serine protease-protein inhibitor interaction. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Otlewski-Jacek {a}; Jaskolski-Mariusz; Buczek-Olga; Cierpicki-Tomasz; Czapinska-Honorata; Krowarsch-Daniel; Smalas-Arne-O; Stachowiak-Damian; Szpineta-Agnieszka; Dadlez-Michal AD Author Address: {a} Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wroclaw, Tamka 2, 50-137, Wroclaw: otlewski@bf.uni.wroc.pl, Poland SO Source: Acta-Biochimica-Polonica. [print] 2001; 48 (2): 419-428. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0001-527X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We report our progress in understanding the structure-function relationship of the interaction between protein inhibitors and several serine proteases. Recently, we have determined high resolution solution structures of two inhibitors Apis mellifera chymotrypsin inhibitor-1 (AMCI -I) and Linum usitatissimum trypsin inhibitor (LUTI) in the free state and an ultra high resolution X-ray structure of BPTI. All three inhibitors, despite totally different scaffolds, contain a solvent exposed loop of similar conformation which is highly complementary to the enzyme active site. Isothermal calorimetry data show that the interaction between wild type BPTI and chymotrypsin is entropy driven and that the enthalpy component opposes complex formation. Our research is focused on extensive mutagenesis of the four positions from the protease binding loop of BPTI: P1, P1', P3, and P4. We mutated these residues to different amino acids and the variants were characterized by determination of the association constants, stability parameters and crystal structures of protease -inhibitor complexes. Accommodation of the P1 residue in the S1 pocket of four proteases: chymotrypsin, trypsin, neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G was probed with 18 P1 variants. High resolution X-ray structures of ten complexes between bovine trypsin and P1 variants of BPTI have been determined and compared with the cognate P1 Lys side chain. Mutations of the wild type Ala16 (P1') to larger side chains always caused a drop of the association constant. According to the crystal structure of the Leu16 BPTI-trypsin complex, introduction of the larger residue at the P1' position leads to steric conflicts in the vicinity of the mutation. Finally, mutations at the P4 site allowed an improvement of the association with several serine proteases involved in blood clotting. Conversely, introduction of Ser, Val, and Phe in place of Gly12 (P4) had invariably a destabilizing effect on the complex with these proteases. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Linaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Linum-usitatissimum (Linaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Apis-mellifera-chymotrypsin-inhibitor-1: enzyme-inhibitor; Linum -usitatissimum-trypsin-inhibitor: enzyme-inhibitor; serine-protease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 331969-33-6: LINUM USITATISSIMUM TRYPSIN INHIBITOR; 37259-58-8: SERINE PROTEASE MQ Methods and Equipment: calorimetry-: analytical-method; ultra-high-resolution-X-ray-analysis: imaging-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: enzyme-inhibitor-interaction: structure-function-relationships; protein -protein-recognition AN Accession Number: 200100366046 UD Update Code: 20011206 Record 5 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Determination of chemical composition of Turkish propolis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sorkun-Kadriye {a}; Suer-Banu; Salih-Bekir AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, 06532, Ankara: kadriye@hacettepe.edu.tr, Turkey SO Source: Zeitschrift-fuer-Naturforschung-Section-C-Journal-of-Biosciences. [print] July-August, 2001; 56 (7-8): 666-668. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0939-5075 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The aim of the present work is to study the chemical composition of Turkish propolis. Propolis samples were collected from different regions of Turkey (Bursa, Erzurum-Askale, Gumushane-Sogutagil and Trabzon-Caglayan) in 1999. Ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) were prepared for chemical analysis, using gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our findings show that propolis samples from Trabzon and Gumushane region have a similar chemical composition. In both samples aromatic acids, aliphatic acids and their esters, and also ketone derivatives are the main compound groups. The chemical composition of the single sample that was collected from Erzurum region shows a very different pattern than the other two samples. In this propolis, the main compounds are aromatic acid esters and alcohols. However, it contains a high amount of amino acids compared to the other samples. The other samples collected from three different region of Bursa City are rich with flavavones, aromatic acids and their esters, terpenoids, flavones and ketones. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Economic-Entomology; Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: propolis-ethanol-extract GE Geopolitical Location: Turkey- (Palearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: GC-MS [gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry]: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: propolis-: chemical-composition, folk-medicine, resinous-bee-product AN Accession Number: 200100364519 UD Update Code: 20011206 Record 6 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Changes in food source profitability affect the trophallactic and dance behavior of forager honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: De-Marco-Rodrigo-Javier; Farina-Walter-Marcelo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EHA), Pabellon II, Buenos Aires: walter@bg.fcen.uba.ar, Argentina SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] October, 2001; 50 (5): 441-449. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Since nectar constitutes a highly variable resource, forager honeybees (Apis mellifera) always adjust their social foraging activities according to the current profitability of the nectar sources they exploit. If trophallaxis, food exchange among individuals of the same colony, serves to improve the coordination among nectar foragers, as occurs with the dance behavior, a high correlation might be expected between the foragers' trophallactic behavior and the profitability of the food sources they exploited. The aim of this work was to analyze whether a forager bee changes her trophallactic behavior with the varying profitability of a food source. In addition, since food source profitability affects dance behavior, we also analyzed the degree of coupling between the trophallactic and dance behavior of returning honeybees. Results show that trophallaxis by forager bees inside the hive changed rapidly with fluctuations in food source profitability. After an increase in profitability, returning foragers (1) increased the number of trophallactic offering contacts, (2) decreased the average duration of offering contacts, (3) shifted the temporal distribution of offering contacts from being mainly near the beginning of the time in the hive to being more evenly distributed throughout the entire visit, (4) begged for food less frequently, and (5) shifted their begging toward the very end of the visit. Regarding their dance behavior, foragers danced earlier in their visits to the hive and performed more waggle runs when the profitability of the food source was increased. Furthermore, the trophallactic and dance behaviors were affected not only by the absolute profitability of the food source but also by changes in profitability. Taken together, these results indicate that, in addition to dance behavior, short trophallactic interactions of returning foragers (which include both offering and begging contacts) may help foragers to communicate information about rapidly fluctuating resource opportunities. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: dance-behavior; fluctuating-resource-opportunities; food-source -profitability; temporal-distribution; trophallactic-behavior; trophallaxis- AN Accession Number: 200100364324 UD Update Code: 20011206 Record 7 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Honey bee guards, Apis mellifera, accept own subspecies non-nestmates more than other subspecies non-nestmates. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ratnieks-F-L-W {a}; Lapish-A {a}; Tann-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN: F.Ratnieks@Sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2001; 48 (3): 287-288. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honey bee nest entrance guards accepted a significantly lower proportion of non-nestmates of a different subspecies (5%) than non-nestmates of their own subspecies (18%). This result was consistent for 5 of the 6 study colonies (the sixth rejected all non-nestmates), 3 each of Apis mellifera mellifera and A.m. ligustica, and for each subspecies of guards (A.m.m. 5% v 17%; A.m.l. 4% v 20%). These data indicate that there are consistent recognition cue differences across subspecies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): guard-; Apis-mellifera-ligustica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: nest-entrance-guarding; recognition-cue; species-acceptance AN Accession Number: 200100364321 UD Update Code: 20011206 Record 8 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Molecular characterization and population structure of the honeybees from the Balearic islands (Spain). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-la-Rua-Pilar {a}; Galian-Jose; Serrano-Jose; Moritz-R-F-A AD Author Address: {a} Dpto. Biologia Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30071, Murcia: pdelarua@um.es, Spain SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] September-October, 2001; 32 (5): 417-427. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) were collected from 23 localities on the Balearic islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) was surveyed for diagnostic restriction sites and characterized with DraI digestion of the tRNAleu-COII intergenic region. Both approaches demonstrated that honeybees bearing either African or west European haplotypes coexist on the Balearic islands. Two African and two west European haplotypes were found with different frequencies and distribution among the islands. Phylogenetic and population structure analyses support the clustering of these islands in two groups: Majorca-Minorca (Gymnesic) and Ibiza-Formentera (Pityusic) what corroborates the current biogeographical division of the Balearic organisms. These results partially agree with the observed distribution of African haplotypes in honeybee populations from other Mediterranean islands. The present distribution of genetic markers may reflect also the influence of human movements, trade and settlements from prehistoric times. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biogeography- (Population-Studies); Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and -Molecular-Biophysics); Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: mtDNA- [mitochondrial-DNA] GE Geopolitical Location: Balearic-Islands (Spain-, Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; haplotype-distribution; haplotype-frequency; human-movements; island-biogeography; population-structure: molecular-characterization; zoogeography- AN Accession Number: 200100361163 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 9 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Isolation and structures of two new compounds from the essential oil of Brazilian propolis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kusumoto-Toshihide; Miyamoto-Tomofumi; Higuchi-Ryuichi {a}; Doi-Shima; Sugimoto-Hiroyuki; Yamada-Hideo AD Author Address: {a} Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582: rhiguchi@phar.kyushu-u.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Chemical-and-Pharmaceutical-Bulletin-Tokyo. [print] September, 2001; 49 (9): 1207-1209. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0009-2363 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Two new and seven known compounds, including terpenoids and aromatic compounds, were isolated from the essential oil of Brazilian propolis. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated as 2,2-dimethyl-8-prenyl-6 -vinylchromene (1) and 2,6-diprenyl-4-vinylphenol (2) on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Pharmacology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 2,2-dimethyl-8-prenyl-6-vinylchromene; 2,6-diprenyl-4-vinylphenol; Brazilian-propolis-essential-oil; aromatic-compounds: isolation-, structure-; terpenoids-: isolation-, structure- MQ Methods and Equipment: spectroscopic-analysis: analytical-method; steam-distillation: isolation -method AN Accession Number: 200100359258 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 10 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: A scientific note on long-term stability of a home-made oxalic acid water sugar solution for controlling varroosis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Prandin-Luciana; Dainese-Nicoletta; Girardi-Barbara; Damolin-Ornella; Piro -Roberto; Mutinelli-Franco {a} AD Author Address: {a} Centro Regionale per l'Apicoltura, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via Romea 14/A, 35020, Legnaro (PD): fmutinelli@izsvenezie.it, Italy SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] September-October, 2001; 32 (5): 451-452. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: hydroxymethylfurfural- [HMF-]; oxalic-acid: antibiotic-, storage- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 67-47-0Q: HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL; 25376-49-2Q: HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL; 144-62 -7: OXALIC ACID MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; sugar-water-solutions; varroosis-; Note- AN Accession Number: 200100359058 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 11 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Comparing effects of three acaricides on Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) using two application techniques. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Perez-Santiago-Gerardo {a}; Otero-Colina-Gabriel; Mota-Sanchez-David; Ramirez-Guzman-Martha-Elva; Vandame-Remy AD Author Address: {a} Instituto Politecnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Durango, Zarco 106, 34890, Vicente Guerrero, DGO, Mexico SO Source: Florida-Entomologist. [print] December, 2000; 83 (4): 468-476. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0015-4040 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; Spanish AB Abstract: Two bioassays were administered to determine the dose-lethality response of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans and the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., to amitraz, flumethrin and fluvalinate. The first bioassay method was spraying by means of the Potter-Bourgerjon's tower. The results are expressed in mean lethal concentrations (LC50). The second method was topical application by means of microsyringe and manual applicator. The results are expressed in mean lethal doses (LD50). Both LC50 and LD50 values were considerably higher in honey bees than in varroa mites, showing that a wide margin of safety exists between effective doses against mites and harmful doses for honey bees. Both methods gave similar confidence intervals; they showed a comparable sensitivity to changes in dose or concentration of pesticides. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Estuarine-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences); Methods-and -Techniques; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): nontarget-organism; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): agricultural-pest TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: amitraz-: acaricide-; flumethrin-: acaricide-; fluvalinate-: acaricide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 33089-61-1: AMITRAZ; 69770-45-2: FLUMETHRIN; 69409-94-5: FLUVALINATE MQ Methods and Equipment: Potter-Bourgerjon's-tower: equipment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: application-methodology; dose-lethality-responses; pesticide-susceptibility AN Accession Number: 200100359048 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 12 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The role of Varroa and viral pathogens in the collapse of honeybee colonies: A modelling approach. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Martin-Stephen-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN: S.J.Martin@Sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Journal-of-Applied-Ecology. [print] October, 2001; 38 (5): 1082-1093. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8901 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: 1. The ecto-parasitic mite Varroa destructor is a serious world-wide pest of the honeybee Apis mellifera and has being linked with the death of millions of colonies, although its role in colony death has remained elusive. 2. A simulation model was developed to explain the link between the mite and collapse of the host bee colony, given that colony death does not always occur. We investigated the effects of two pathogens, deformed wing virus (DWV) and acute paralysis virus (APV), vectored by the mite, on the host colony. 3. Two previously published simulation models, a bee and a mite, were combined and adapted for use in temperate climates with a variety of bee diseases. The model was constructed using Modelmaker(R) software, which allows the progression of a disease in the host colony to be followed daily. 4. The population dynamics generated by the model were similar to those observed in a natural honeybee colony. When DWV- or APV -transmitting mites were introduced into the colony, its adult worker bee population collapsed either during winter or spring for DWV, or autumn to spring for APV. This corresponds well with field observations of colony death in Europe. 5. The model revealed that DWV initially had little effect on the colony but during late summer, as the population of DWV -transmitting mites increased, the virus caused a reduction in the number of healthy young bees entering the overwintering population. This imbalance in the age structure of the overwintering bees resulted in the eventual death of the colony during the winter or spring. As few as 2000 -3600 mites in autumn could kill a colony. 6. In contrast, APV transmitted by Varroa was only able to kill the honeybee colony if a large (10 000+) mite population was already present when an overt APV infection occurred. It was difficult for APV to become established within the bee population due to it causing rapid host death. 7. The model predicts that the less virulent DWV will become more widely established than the highly virulent APV, and that mite control measures need to be taken prior to the production of overwintering bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection-; Parasitology-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and -Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Viruses-: Microorganisms- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): agricultural-pest, disease-vector, parasite-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): agricultural-pest, disease-vector, parasite-; acute-paralysis -virus (Viruses-): entomopathogen-; deformed-wing-virus (Viruses-): entomopathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Viruses- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: ectoparasitism-; honeybee-colonies; simulation-models; temperate-climates AN Accession Number: 200100358982 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 13 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Side-specificity of olfactory learning in the honeybee: Generalization between odors and sides. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sandoz-Jean-Christophe; Menzel-Randolf {a} AD Author Address: {a} Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institut fuer Biologie-Neurobiologie, D -14195, Berlin: menzel@neurobiologie.fu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Learning-and-Memory-Cold-Spring-Harbor. [print] September-October, 2001; 8 (5): 286-294. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1072-0502 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honeybees (Apis mellifera) can be trained to associate an odor stimulus with a sucrose reward. The neural structures involved in the detection and integration of olfactory stimuli are represented bilaterally in the brain. Little is known about the respective roles of the two sides of the brain in olfactory learning. Does each side: learn independently of the other, or do they communicate, and if so, to what extent and at what level of neural integration? We addressed these questions using the proboscis extension response (PER) conditioning paradigm applied in a preparation that allows the separation of the two input sides during olfactory stimulations. Bees conditioned to two odorants A and B, one being learned on each side (A+/B+ training), showed in extinction tests rather unspecific responses: They responded to both odorants on both sides. This could be attributable to either a transfer of the learned information between sides, or to a generalization between odorants on each side. By subjecting bees to conditioning on one side only (A+/0 training), we found that the learned information is indeed transferred between sides. However, when bees were trained explicitly to give opposite values to the two odorants on the two sides (A+B-/B+A- training), they showed clear side -specific response patterns to these odorants. These results are used in the elaboration of a functional model of laterality of olfactory learning and memory processing in the honeybee brain. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: laterality-; memory-processing; odor-; olfactory-learning; proboscis -extension-response-conditioning AN Accession Number: 200100357775 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 14 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Infestation and distribution of the mite Varroa jacobsoni in Africanized honey bee (Apis mellifera). colonies. Infestation and distribution of the mite Varroa jacobsoni in Africanized honey been (Apis mellifera) colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Moretto-Geraldo {a}; de-Mello-Leonidas-J-Jr AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Ciencias Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, 89.01, 0-971, Blumenau (SC): gmoretto@furb.rct-sc.br, Brazil SO Source: Interciencia-. [print] September, 2001; 26 (9): 394-396. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-1844 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese; Spanish AB Abstract: Whereas in several parts of the world varroa is the major pest affecting apiculture, in others the parasite is unknown to many beekeepers because of the little damage it causes to bees. The impact of the mite Varroa jacobsoni is related to the climatic conditions and the races of Apis mellifera bees in each region where the pest exists. In the present study, the mite infestation levels were assessed to determine the evolution of the pest in Africanized bee colonies in Southern Brazil. The current level of infesiatton was considered low, approximately two mites per one hundred adult bees. This result is similar to that obtained for the same apiary almost five years ago and for others distributed in various regions of Brazil. In the present study, on average, 61% of the total varroa population was found in the worker brood. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Africanized-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): colony-, host-, worker-; Varroa-jacobsoni [mite-] (Acarina-): distribution-, ectoparasite -, infestation-, pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Southern-Brazil (South-America, Neotropical-region) AN Accession Number: 200100351912 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 15 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Pollen removal and deposition by honeybee and bumblebee visitors to apple and almond flowers. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Thomson-James-D {a}; Goodell-Karen AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5: jthomson@zoo.toronto.edu, Canada SO Source: Journal-of-Applied-Ecology. [print] October, 2001; 38 (5): 1032-1044. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8901 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: 1. To help evaluate the worth of alternative pollinators in agriculture, we present a theoretical framework for comparing the effectiveness of two or more pollinators by measuring pollen removal and deposition. 2. We report pollen removal and deposition data by Apis mellifera and Bombus spp. during single visits to four cultivars of apples (Golden Delicious, Starkrimson Delicious, Empire/MacIntosh and Rome) and Mission almond. 3. Apis and Bombus removed similar amounts of pollen from apple flowers but Bombus deposited more pollen on stigmas. Pollen-collecting bees removed more pollen from apple anthers than nectar-collecting bees. Apis that approached nectaries laterally deposited substantially less pollen than other visitors. 4. Apis and Bombus removed and deposited similar amounts of pollen on almond flowers. Apis tended to remove more during pollen -collecting visits than nectar-collecting visits. The type of resource sought did not significantly influence deposition. 5. Based on removal and deposition data, additions of Bombus may increase pollen delivery in apple orchards but reduce pollen delivery in almond orchards if Apis already serve as primary pollinators. Additional data on inter-tree and inter-row flights would be necessary to know how much these changes in pollen transfer might affect fertilization. 6. Measures of pollen-transfer effectiveness do not provide a complete assessment of pollination value, but can serve as a general, inexpensive tool for pre-screening possible alternative pollinators. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Bombus-spp. (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; almond- (Rosaceae-): cultivar-Mission, nut-crop; apple- (Rosaceae-): cultivar-Empire/MacIntosh, cultivar-Golden-Delicious, cultivar-Rome, cultivar-Starkrimson-Delicious, fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flowers-: reproductive-system; nectaries-; pollen-: deposition-, removal-, reproductive-system; stigma-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flower-visitation; inter-row-flights; inter-tree-flights; pollen-transfer [pollen-delivery]; pollinator-effectiveness AN Accession Number: 200100351902 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 16 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: A scientific note on Apis mellifera brood attractiveness to Varroa destructor as affected by the chemotherapeutic history of the brood. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ellis-James-D-Jr; Delaplane-Keith-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602: ksd@uga.edu, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] September-October, 2001; 32 (5): 449-450. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Fumidil-B [fumagillin-]: antibiotic-; Terramycin- [oxytetracycline-]: antibiotic- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 23110-15-8: FUMAGILLIN; 79-57-2: TERRAMYCIN; 79-57-2: OXYTETRACYCLINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; brood-attractiveness; chemotherapeutic-history; Note- AN Accession Number: 200100351901 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 17 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Quantitative trait loci associated with reversal learning and latent inhibition in honeybees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Chandra-Sathees-B-C; Hunt-Gregory-J; Cobey-Susan; Smith-Brian-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1220: smith.210@osu.edu, USA SO Source: Behavior-Genetics. [print] May, 2001; 31 (3): 275-285. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0001-8244 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A study was conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that affect learning in honeybees. Two F1 supersister queens were produced from a cross between two established lines that had been selected for differences in the speed at which they reverse a learned discrimination between odors. Different families of haploid drones from two of these F1 queens were evaluated for two kinds of learning performance-reversal learning and latent inhibition-which previously showed correlated selection responses. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers were scored from recombinant, haploid drone progeny that showed extreme manifestations of learning performance. Composite interval mapping procedures identified two QTLs for reversal learning (lrn2 and lrn3: LOD, 2.45 and 2.75, respectively) and one major QTL for latent inhibition (lrn1: LOD, 6.15). The QTL for latent inhibition did not map to either of the linkage groups that were associated with reversal learning. Identification of specific genes responsible for these kinds of QTL associations will open up new windows for better understanding of genes involved in learning and memory. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: quantitative-trait-loci; random-amplified-polymorphic-DNA MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: latent-inhibition-learning; memory-; reversal-learning AN Accession Number: 200100349826 UD Update Code: 20011120 Record 18 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Biological and chemical analysis of the toxic potency of pesticides in rainwater. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hamers-Timo {a}; Smit-Mathijs-G-D; Murk-Albertinka-J; Koeman-Jan-H AD Author Address: {a} Toxicology Group, Wageningen University, 6700 EA, Wageningen: timo.hamers@algemeen.tox.wau.nl, Netherlands SO Source: Chemosphere-. [print] November, 2001; 45 (4-5): 609-624. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0045-6535 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A newly developed method for measuring the integrated esterase inhibiting potency of rainwater samples was applied in practice, and the results are compared to the toxic potency calculated from concentrations of 31 organophosphate (OP) and carbamate pesticides, out of a total of 66 chemically analyzed pesticides. In addition, the general toxic potency of the rainwater samples was evaluated in a microtiter luminescence assay with Vibrio fischeri bacteria. Rainwater samples were collected over four consecutive 14-day periods in both open and wet-only samplers. The esterase inhibiting potency of the open rainwater samples (expressed as ng dichlorvos-equivalents/l) corresponded well with the chemical analyses of the rainwater samples collected by both types of samplers (r=0.83-0.86). By far, the highest esterase inhibiting potency was found in a sample collected in an area with intense horticultural activities in June, and was attributed to high concentrations of dichlorvos, mevinphos, pirimiphos -methyl and methiocarb. The esterase inhibiting potency of this sample was equivalent to a dichlorvos concentration of 1380 ng/l in the rainwater, which is almost 2000 times higher than the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of dichlorvos set for surface water in Netherlands. Maximum individual concentrations of dichlorvos and pirimiphos-methyl even exceeded the EC50 for Daphnia, suggesting that pesticides in rainwater pose a risk for aquatic organisms. Not all responses of the luminescence -assay for general toxicity could be explained by the analyzed pesticide concentrations. The bio-assays enable a direct assessment the toxic potency of all individual compounds present in the complex mixture of rainwater pollutants, even if they are unknown or present at concentrations below the detection limit. Therefore, they are valuable tools for prescreening and hazard characterization purposes. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Methods-and-Techniques; Pesticides-; Pollution-Assessment-Control-and -Management; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Branchiopoda-: Crustacea-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Daphnia- (Branchiopoda-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Crustaceans-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: dichlorvos-: pesticide-; esterase-: activity-inhibition; methiocarb-: pesticide-; mevinphos-: pesticide-; pesticides-: aquatic-organism-risk, carbamate-, organophosphate-, rainwater-, toxic-potency; pirimiphos -methyl: Daphnia-EC-50, pesticide- GE Geopolitical Location: Netherlands- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 62-73-7: DICHLORVOS; 9013-79-0Q: ESTERASE; 9016-18-6Q: ESTERASE; 2032-65-7: METHIOCARB; 7786-34-7: MEVINPHOS; 132052-03-0: PESTICIDES; 29232-93-7: PIRIMIPHOS METHYL MQ Methods and Equipment: Vibrio-fischeri-microtiter-luminescence-assay: toxicity-testing-method; esterase-inhibition-assay: bioassay-method, toxicity-testing-method; open -sampler: equipment-; wet-only-sampler MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: dichlorvos-equivalents; intense-horticultural-activity; open-rainwater -samples: esterase-inhibiting-potency; rainwater-; toxic-potency: biological-analysis, chemical-analysis AN Accession Number: 200100345715 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 19 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Biologia floral e sistema de reproducao de Merostachys riedeliana (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). Floral biology and breeding system of Merostachys riedeliana (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Guilherme-Frederico-Augusto-G {a}; Ressel-Kaila AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Botanica, UNESP, Av. 24-A, 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP: fagg@rc.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Revista-Brasileira-de-Botanica. [print] 2001; 24 (2): 205-211. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0100-8404 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese AB Abstract: Merostachys riedeliana Rupr. is a long-lived monocarp species common in the understorey of tropical semideciduous forest fragments in the south of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Its floral biology and breeding system were studied and compared with others bamboos. Due to its rhizome, it occurs in clumps and has a remarkable capacity for vegetative multiplication, which ceases a few months before the emergence of the first inflorescences. The beginning of the flowering and the death of the entire population occurred respectively on October 1998 and May 1999. The peak of the blooming episode took place during the hot and rainy months of the year (December and January). Each inflorescence produces in average 29 spikelets, which have hermaphrodite florets with three stamens and two plumose stigmas that are exposed during the anthesis. The abundant pollen is easily released by the wind or visitors. Apis mellifera L. and Trigona spinipes (F.) were the commonest visitors and behave as pollen thieves. These bees occasionally act as devices for dispersion of pollen, through vibration produced in the anthers. The excess of rain during flowering and the lack of wind in the understorey of the forest constrain the effectiveness of the anemophily. However, several morphological characters of the flowers, leaf fall and dense clumps tend to expect for wind pollination. Also, the auto -incompatibility index (0.99) showed that M. riedeliana is an autocompatible bamboo. So the auto-incompatibility does not favour the formation of fruits in vegetal clones, and the autocompatibility could result in the high production of seeds. Therefore the possible occurrence of clones of M. riedeliana in the forest fragments, due to the effective vegetative growth and the 30-32 years cyclic flowering intervals, might explain the high investment on spikelets production and autocompatible fruits formation. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences); Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Gramineae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Merostachys-riedeliana (Gramineae-); Trigona -spinipes (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Monocots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Minas-Gerais (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: autocompatibility-; breeding-system; cycling-flowering; floral-biology; fruit-formation; morphology-; pollination-; wind- AN Accession Number: 200100345010 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 20 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Biologia da polinizacao e da reproducao de tres especies de Combretum Loefl. (Combretaceae). Reproductive biology and pollination of three species of Combretum Loefl. (Combretaceae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Quirino-Zelma-Glebya-Maciel; Machado-Isabel-Cristina {a} AD Author Address: {a} CCB, Departamento de Botanica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50372-970, Recife, PE: imachado@npd.ufpe.br, Brazil SO Source: Revista-Brasileira-de-Botanica. [print] 2001; 24 (2): 181-193. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0100-8404 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese AB Abstract: The reproductive biology and pollination of three species of the genus Combretum were studied in natural populations, in areas of Caatinga (C. leprosum Mart. and C. pisonioides Taub.) and Atlantic forest (C. fruticosum (Loefl.) Stuntz) in Pernambuco and Paraiba states, northeastern Brazil. All the species presented continuous flowering after the rainy season. The colors of the flowers change during the anthesis period. Sugar concentration in the nectar is about 20.9% (sd=2.08) in C. pisonioides, 21.3% (sd=2.97) in C. leprosum and 9.6% (sd=0.86) in C. fruticosum. The three species are self-incompatible. Pollen viability is higher than 95%. The flowers of C. pisonioides and C. leprosum have mellittophilous attributes. C. pisonioides is pollinated by wasps of the genus Polybia. C. leprosum is pollinated by ca. 20 species of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. Apis mellifera (Apidae) was the most frequent visitor to the flowers of this species. C. fruticosum is ornithophilous, pollinated by passerine birds (Coerebidae) and hummingbirds (Chlorostilbon aureoventris). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences); Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Apodiformes-: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Combretaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Passeriformes-: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Chlorostilbon-aureoventris (Apodiformes-): hummingbird-; Coerebidae- (Passeriformes-); Combretum -fruticosum (Combretaceae-); Combretum-leprosum (Combretaceae-); Combretum -pisonioides (Combretaceae-); Hymenoptera- (Hymenoptera-); Lepidoptera- (Lepidoptera-); passerine-birds (Passeriformes-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Birds-; Chordates-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular -Plants; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: color-change, reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nectar-; sugar- GE Geopolitical Location: Atlantic-forest-region (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region); Caatinga- (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region); Paraiba- (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region); Pernambuco- (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUGAR MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: continuous-flowering; flower-visitation; mellitophily-; ornithophily-; pollen-viability; pollination-; reproductive-biology AN Accession Number: 200100345009 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 21 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Regulation of ovary activation in worker honey-bees (Apis mellifera): Larval signal production and adult response thresholds differ between anarchistic and wild-type bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Oldroyd-B-P {a}; Wossler-T-C; Ratnieks-F-L-W AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, A12, Sydney, NSW, 2006: boldroyd@bio.usyd.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] September, 2001; 50 (4): 366 -370. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: One-day-old anarchistic (selected for successful worker reproduction) and wild-type honey-bee workers were introduced into queenright colonies of honey-bees of two treatments. In treatment 1, all eggs and larvae were offspring of queens from an anarchistic line. In treatment 2, all eggs and larvae were offspring of wild-type queens. In both treatments, adult workers were wild type. This experimental arrangement was used to test the importance of larval genotype on ovary activation in young adult workers. After 12 days, the introduced bees were dissected to determine the frequency of ovary activation. In those colonies provided with wild-type brood, 0% of introduced wild-type bees and 16% of anarchistic bees had activated ovaries. In those colonies provided with anarchistic brood, 13% of introduced wild-type bees and 41% of anarchistic bees had activated ovaries. These results strongly support the hypothesis that selection for high levels of worker reproduction in anarchistic stocks has reduced the amount or composition of brood pheromones produced by larvae that normally signal workers to refrain from reproduction. They also suggest that anarchistic workers have a higher threshold for these signals than wild -type bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Communication-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, anarchistic-, egg-, larva-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovaries-: activation-, reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: brood-pheromones MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: larval-signal-production: honest-; worker-policing AN Accession Number: 200100344769 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 22 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Indagini sulla presenza nel lazio del dittero sarcofagide Senotainia tricuspis (Meigen), endoparassitoide delle api. Investigation on the presence in Latium of Senotainia tricuspis (Meigen) (Diptera Sarcophagidae), endoparasitoid of Apis mellifera L. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Piazza-Maria-Gioia; Marinelli-Enzo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Instituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, Sezione di Apicoltura di Roma, Via Leonida Rech, 36, 00156, Roma: isza@apicoltura.org, Italy SO Source: Redia-. [print] 2000; (83): 111-122. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0370-4327 LA Language: Italian; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Italian AB Abstract: The presence of the endoparasitoid fly of the honeybees Senotainia tricuspis (Meigen) in Latium was investigated during 1997-99. The research, carried out on the experimental apiaries, concerned all the 5 provinces with 28 stationings distributed in littoral and inland zones. The presence of S. tricuspis has been evidenced in all the apiaries situated in littoral areas with considerably higher percentages than the inland ones, in some of these the parasitoid fly has turned out absent. The results indicate that S. tricuspis prefers sunny places with sandy land, more suitable for the puping and the wintering of the larvae. The use of white cromotropic traps soaked in glue, arranged on the roof of the beehives, allows to keep the diptera population under the level of economic damage. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): host-; Senotainia-tricuspis (Diptera-): parasitoid-, pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: white-cromotropic-traps: equipment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: inland-zone; littoral-zone AN Accession Number: 200100343379 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 23 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Effects of western honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony, cell type, and larval sex on host acquisition by female Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Calderone-Nicholas-W {a}; Kuenen-L-P-S AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853: nwc4@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] October, 2001; 94 (5): 1022-1030. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Female mites of the genus Varroa reproduce on the immature stages of Apis cerana F. and A. mellifera L. Mites are found more often in drone brood than worker brood, and while evolutionary explanations for this bias are well supported, the proximate mechanisms are not known. In one experiment, we verified that the proportion of hosts with one or more mites (MPV, mite prevalence value) was significantly greater for drones (0.763 +- 0.043) (lsmean +- SE) than for workers (0.253 +- 0.043) in populations of mites and bees in the United States. Similar results were found for the average number of mites per host. In a second experiment, using a cross-fostering technique in which worker and drone larvae were reared in both worker and drone cells, we found that cell type, larval sex, colony and all interactions affected the level of mites on a host. Mite prevalence values were greatest in drone larvae reared in drone cells (0.907 +- 0.025), followed by drone larvae reared in worker cells (0.751 +- 0.025), worker larvae reared in worker cells (0.499 +- 0.025), and worker larvae reared in drone cells (0.383 +- 0.025). Similar results were found for the average number of mites per host. Our data show that mite levels are affected by environmental factors (cell type), by factors intrinsic to the host (sex), and by interactions these factors. In addition, colony-to -colony variation is important to the expression of intrinsic and environmental factors. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana (Hymenoptera-): immature-, parasite-host; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): immature-, parasite-host; Varroa- (Acarina-): female-, larva-, male-, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: cross-fostering: experimental-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cell-types; environmental-factors; host-acquisition; host-parasite -interactions; intercolony-variation; intrinsic-factors AN Accession Number: 200100343133 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 24 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Varroa destructor reproduction during the winter in Apis mellifera colonies in UK. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Martin-Stephen-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Sheffield University, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN: S.J.Martin@Sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Experimental-and-Applied-Acarology. [print] 2001; 25 (4): 321-325. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0168-8162 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The reproductive behaviour of female Varroa destructor mites invading worker brood cells during the winter months (January to mid-March) was investigated in four Apis mellifera colonies in UK. The number of viable offspring produced during a reproductive cycle, per mite, was only 0.5 during winter compared with 1.0 during the summer. This was mainly due to a large increase in the population of non-reproductive mites (winter 20%, summer 8%). This increase can be explained by the high level of male offspring mortality observed in winter (42% vs. 18% in summer), which results in nearly half of the newly reared female mites being unfertilised. Since mites that do reproduce lay a similar number of eggs in winter (X=4.7) as in summer (X=4.9), and the level of mortality suffered by the first female offspring is similar in winter (7%) as in summer (6%), it is probably not the internal physiological state of the host which causes the high level of winter non-reproduction, as has been previously suspected. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): egg-, female- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: UK- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: honeybee-colonies; internal-physiological-states; mortality-; offspring -viability; reproductive-behavior; reproductive-cycles; wintering-behavior AN Accession Number: 200100334927 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 25 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Effect of honeybee pollination on the yield and fruit quality of strawberry variety 'Toyonoka' (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Chen-C-T {a}; Hsieh-F-K AD Author Address: {a} Miaoli District Agricultural Improvement Station, 261 Kuannan Village, Kungkuan, 363, Miaoli Hsien: mite01@mdais.gov.tw, Taiwan SO Source: Plant-Protection-Bulletin-Taichung. [print] June, 2001; 43 (2): 117-127. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0577-750X LA Language: Chinese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: Chinese; English AB Abstract: This experiment used screen house and net exclusion methods to measure the effect of honeybee pollination on the yield and fruit quality of strawberry variety 'Toyonoka'. During January and February, the introduction of honeybee colony into the screen house significantly increased the number of fruit sets, but significantly yield increase only occurred in February. In the open strawberry field, among the foragers on flowers, the number of Apis cerana was 4.5 fold that of Apis mellifera, indicating that A. cerana is the major pollinator on strawberries in the Tahu area of Miaoli County. The pollinating activity mainly occurred between 11:00 and 13:30. Open pollination significantly increased the rates of developed achenes and fruit weight as compared with the isolating cages. The results from December to January showed that the percentages of the super and the first grade fruits of the open plots were higher than those of the caged plots. Average daily yields of the super and the first grade fruits of the open plots were 2 times those of the caged plots. The fruit weight was linearly related to the number of developed achenes (Y=0.06X+3.06, R2=0.70), but not to the rate of developed achenes on fruit. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Fragaria-x-ananassa [strawberry-] (Rosaceae-): cultivar -Toyonoka, small-fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Taiwan- (Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: fruit-weight: achene-number; pollination-: fruit-quality, fruit-yield AN Accession Number: 200100334494 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 26 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Effect of pollination modes on yield and quality of hybrid seeds of sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Singh-G; Kashyap-R-K {a}; Khan-M-S; Sharma-S-K AD Author Address: {a} Seed Entomology Laboratory, Seed Technology Centre, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004: rkashyap2001@yahoo.com, India SO Source: Seed-Science-and-Technology. [print] 2001; 29 (3): 567-574. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0251-0952 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In a two years' field trial, seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid LSH-3 were produced either through open or hand (daily pollination as soon as ray florets start appearing, pollination on alternate and interval of two and three days) pollination. The hybrid seed so obtained from different treatments of two pollination modes/techniques were assayed for different morpho-physiological attributes of seed viz., total number and weight (g) of seeds per capitulum (filled and unfilled), 100-seed weight (g), standard germination, abnormal seedlings and seedling vigour index at 70 and 140 days after harvest. Irrespective of honeybee species (Apis dorsata and A. mellifera), their abundance on seed parent varied from 0.54 (at 14h00) to 1.43 (at 18h00) per capitulum per minute in open pollinated crop. Pollination modes had significant effects on the number and weight (g) of total, filled and unfilled seeds per capitulum and also 100-seed weight (g). Open pollination of seed parent with natural honeybee populations resulted not only in higher hybrid seed yields but also its quality was better than the hybrid seed obtained with other pollination modes. Hybrid seeds obtained with daily hand pollination had germination (66.8%) below the prescribed Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards (70%) while seeds obtained with hand pollination at three days interval had maximum germination (81.6%), minimum abnormal (3.1%) and most vigourous seedlings (1966.3). However, seeds obtained through open pollination were statistically (Pltoreq0.05) similar to hand pollination at three days interval for seed yield and quality traits. Merits and limitations of each pollination mode along with possible reasons for differential quality of so obtained hybrid seeds have been discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Methods-and-Techniques; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-dorsata (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Helianthus-annuus [sunflower-] (Compositae-): LSH-3, oilseed -crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MQ Methods and Equipment: hand-pollination: agronomic-method; open-pollination: agronomic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: hybrid-seed-production: quality-, yield- AN Accession Number: 200100334292 UD Update Code: 20011107 Record 27 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Distribution and levels of dopamine and its metabolites in brains of reproductive workers in honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sasaki-K {a}; Nagao-T AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ: ks226@hermes.cam.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] September, 2001; 47 (10): 1205-1216. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: To explore the role of dopamine and its metabolites for change of reproductive states of workers in honeybees (Apis mellifera), brain levels of dopamine relative substances were measured and localized in both normal workers and queenless workers. Dopamine and two possible metabolites of dopamine, N-acetyldopamine (NADA) and norepinephrine were detected in brain extracts. The brain levels of dopamine, NADA and norepinephrine were positively correlated with ovary development. Individuals with high dopamine levels had high levels of NADA or norepinephrine, suggesting that these metabolites might be involved in the change of reproductive sates of workers. Dopamine was distributed mainly in the protocerebrum, whereas NADA was in both the optic lobes and the protocerebrum. Dopamine levels in each distinct brain regions were higher in queenless workers than in normal workers, whereas there was a higher NADA level in the optic lobes in queenless workers than in normal workers. These results suggest that dopamine might be stored and/or released around the protocerebrum and the deutocerebrum, and also diffuse to the optic lobes where dopamine secretory cells are absent, resulting in high NADA levels in the optic lobes. The different manner of level changes of dopamine and its metabolites in each brain region might cause compound behavioural modulations in reproductive workers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): normal-worker, queenless-worker, reproductive-worker TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system; deutocerebrum-: nervous-system; optic-lobe: nervous -system; ovary-: reproductive-system; protocerebrum-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: N-acetyldopamine [NADA-]: distribution-, dopamine-metabolite, levels-; dopamine-: distribution-, levels-; norepinephrine- [noradrenaline-]: distribution-, dopamine-metabolite, levels- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 2494-12-4: N-ACETYLDOPAMINE; 51-61-6: DOPAMINE; 51-41-2: NOREPINEPHRINE; 51 -41-2: NORADRENALINE AN Accession Number: 200100329424 UD Update Code: 20011017 Record 28 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Eicosanoids act in nodulation reactions to bacterial infections in newly emerged adult honey bees, Apis mellifera, but not in older foragers. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bedick-Jon-C; Tunaz-Hasan; Aliza-A-R-Nor; Putnam-Sean-M; Ellis-Marion-D; Stanley-David-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Insect Biochemical Physiology Laboratory, University of Nebraska, 311 Plant Industry Building, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0816: dstanley1@unl.edu, USA SO Source: Comparative-Biochemistry-and-Physiology-Part-C-Toxicology-and-Pharmacology. [print] September, 2001; 130C (1): 107-117. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1532-0456 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Nodulation is the first, and qualitatively predominant, cellular defense reaction to bacterial infections in insects. We tested the hypothesis that eicosanoids also mediate nodulation reactions to bacterial challenge in adults of a social insect, the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Treating newly -emerged experimental bees with the eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitor, dexamethasone, impaired nodulation reactions to bacterial infections, and the influence of dexamethasone was reversed by treating infected insects with arachidonic acid, an eicosanoid precursor. Several other eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors, including the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, and the dual cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitor, phenidone, also impaired the ability of experimental honeybees to form nodules in reaction to bacterial challenge. The influence of phenidone on nodulation was expressed in a dose-dependent manner. However, in experiments with older honey bees foragers, similar bacterial challenge did not evoke nodulation reactions. We infer from our results that while eicosanoids mediate cellular immune responses to bacterial infections in newly emerged honey bees, and more broadly, in most insect species, nodulation reactions to bacterial challenge probably do not occur in all phases of insect life cycles. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis); Infection- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): adult- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cyclooxygenase-; dexamethasone-: eicosanoid-inhibitor, pharmacodynamics-; eicosanoid-; lipoxygenase- DS Diseases: bacterial-infection: bacterial-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 39391-18-9: CYCLOOXYGENASE; 50-02-2: DEXAMETHASONE; 9029-60-1Q: LIPOXYGENASE; 63551-74-6Q: LIPOXYGENASE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cellular-defense-reaction; foraging-; immunity-; life-cycle; nodulation -reaction ALT Alternate Indexing: Bacterial-Infections-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200100325329 UD Update Code: 20011017 Record 29 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The effect of introduced honeybees on native bee visitation and fruit-set in Dillwynia juniperina (Fabaceae) in a fragmented ecosystem. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gross-C-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Ecosystem Management, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351: cgross@metz.une.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Biological-Conservation. [print] November, 2001; 102 (1): 89-95. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-3207 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The endemic shrub Dillwynia juniperina is found in fragmented woodlands on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. The species obligatorily relies on pollinators to effect fruit-set and in this study the effect of fragmentation and the presence of the introduced honeybee on fruit-set was examined at two locations. Over two seasons Dillwynia juniperina was not pollen-limited indicating that flowers were saturated with pollen and that adequate bee servicing was occurring. Two native bee species (Leioproctus sp. 1 and Lasioglossum sp.) and the introduced honeybee, Apis mellifera L., were the most common visitors to flowers. Bee abundance varied between sites with honeybees being more common than native bees at one site. Native bees were never the most dominant pollinator. Visitation data show that native bees spend more time at flowers than introduced bees, although on average honeybees visit slightly more flowers on a bush than do native bees. Visitation data also revealed that native bee presence at bushes is negatively correlated with the presence of honeybees at the same bushes. At one of the study sites, honeybees were very abundant, but very few native bees were ever recorded over the 3 years. Results show that flowers can be pollinated from a single visit by a honeybee or native bee. Extrapolation of visitation data showed that native bees could on their own adequately service flowers in some years at some sites while at other times introduced honeybees may be necessary to augment pollination services. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Wildlife-Management (Conservation-); Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): exotic-; Dillwynia-juniperina (Leguminosae -); Lasioglossum-sp. (Hymenoptera-); Leioproctus-sp. (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Northern-Tablelands (New-South-Wales, Australia-, Australasian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: competition-; fragmented-ecosystem; fruit-set; pollination-; visitation- AN Accession Number: 200100324565 UD Update Code: 20011017 Record 30 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Juvenile hormone levels in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) foragers: Foraging experience and diurnal variation. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Elekonich-Michelle-M {a}; Schulz-David-J {a}; Bloch-Guy {a}; Robinson-Gene -E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801: elekonic@life.uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] September, 2001; 47 (10): 1119-1125. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A rising blood titer of juvenile hormone (JH) in adult worker honey bees is associated with the shift from working in the hive to foraging. We determined whether the JH increase occurs in anticipation of foraging or whether it is a result of actual foraging experience and/or diurnal changes in exposure to sunlight. We recorded all foraging flights of tagged bees observed at a feeder in a large outdoor flight cage. We measured JH from bees that had taken 1, 3-5, or >100 foraging flights and foragers of indeterminate experience leaving or entering the hive. To study diurnal variation in JH, we sampled foragers every 6 h over one day. Titers of JH in foragers were high relative to nurses as in previous studies, suggesting that conditions in the flight cage had no effect on the relationship between foraging behavior and JH. Titers of JH in foragers showed no significant effects of foraging experience, but did show significant diurnal variation. Our results indicate that the high titer of JH in foragers anticipates the onset of foraging and is not affected by foraging experience, but is modulated diurnally. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Biosynchronization-; Endocrine-System (Chemical-Coordination-and -Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, forager-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: blood-: blood-and-lymphatics CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: juvenile-hormone [JH-]: blood- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: diurnal-variation; foraging-experience; sunlight- AN Accession Number: 200100322916 UD Update Code: 20011017 Record 31 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Purification and substrate specificity of honeybee, Apis mellifera L., alpha-Glucosidase III. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nishimoto-Mamoru; Kubota-Masaki; Tsuji-Masahisa; Mori-Haruhide; Kimura -Atsuo; Matsui-Hirokazu; Chiba-Seiya {a} AD Author Address: {a} Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589: schiba@abs.agr.hokudai.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Bioscience-Biotechnology-and-Biochemistry. [print] July, 2001; 65 (7): 1610 -1616. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0916-8451 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: alpha-Glucosidase III, which was different in substrate specificity from honeybee alpha-glucosidases I and II, was purified as an electrophoretically homogeneous protein from honeybees, by salting-out chromatography, DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, Bio-Gel P-150, and CM-Toyopearl 650M column chromatographies. The enzyme preparation was confirmed to be a monomeric protein and a glycoprotein containing about 7.4% of carbohydrate. The molecular weight was estimated to approximately 68,000, and the optimum pH was 5.5. The substrate specificity of alpha -glucosidase III was kinetically investigated. The enzyme did not show unusual kinetics, such as the allosteric behaviors observed in alpha -glucosidases I and II, which are monomeric proteins. The enzyme was characterized by the ability to rapidly hydrolyze sucrose, phenyl alpha -glucoside, maltose, and maltotriose, and by extremely high Km for substrates, compared with those of alpha-glucosidases I and II. Especially, maltotriose was hydrolyzed over 3 times as rapidly as maltose. However, maltooligosaccharides of four or more in the degree of polymerization were slowly degraded. The relative rates of the ko values for maltose, sucrose, p-nitrophenyl alpha-glucoside and maltotriose were estimated to be 100,527, 281 and 364, and the Km values for these substrates, 11, 30, 13, and 10 mM, respectively. The subsite affinities (Ai's) in the active site were tentatively evaluated from the rate parameters for maltooligosaccharides. In this enzyme, it was peculiar that the Ai value at subsite 3 was larger than that of subsite 1. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: alpha-glucosidases [EC-3.2.1.20]: I-, II-, III-, functions-, molecular -analysis, purification-, substrate-specificities; enzyme-substrates: hydrolysis-; enzymes-; proteins-: molecular-properties RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-42-7: ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASES; 9001-42-7: EC 3.2.1.20 MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: allosteric-behavior AN Accession Number: 200100321817 UD Update Code: 20011017 Record 32 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: 'Detergent-like' permeabilization of anionic lipid vesicles by melittin. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ladokhin-Alexey-S {a}; White-Stephen-H AD Author Address: {a} Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, 252143: ladokhin@uci.edu, Ukraine SO Source: Biochimica-et-Biophysica-Acta. [print] 1 October, 2001; 1514 (2): 253-260. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-3002 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Melittin (MLT), the 26-residue toxic peptide from the European honeybee Apis mellifera, is widely used for studying the principles of membrane permeabilization by antimicrobial and other host-defense peptides. A striking property of MLT is that its ability to permeabilize zwitterionic phospholipid vesicles is dramatically reduced upon the addition of anionic lipids. Because the mechanism of permeabilization may be fundamentally different for the two types of lipids, we examined MLT-induced release of entrapped fluorescent dextran markers of two different molecular masses (4 and 50 kDa) from anionic palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylglycerol (POPG) vesicles. Unlike release from palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) vesicles, which is highly selective for the 4 kDa marker, implying release through pores of about 25 ANG diameter (Ladokhin et al., Biophys. J. 72 (1997) 1762), release from POPG vesicles was found to be non-selective, i.e., 'detergent-like'. Oriented circular dichroism measurements of MLT in oriented POPG and POPC multilayers disclosed that alpha-helical MLT can be induced to adopt a transbilayer orientation in POPC multilayers, but not in POPG multilayers. The apparent inhibition of MLT permeabilization by anionic membranes may thus be due to suppression of translocation ability. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Membranes- (Cell-Biology); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [European-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: anion-lipid-vesicle: detergent-like-permeabilization; melittin-: detergent -like-activity, honeybee-toxin, membrane-disrupting-peptide, permeabilization-mechanism; palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine-; palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylglycerol- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 20449-79-0Q: MELITTIN; 37231-28-0Q: MELITTIN; 26662-91-9Q: PALMITOYLOLEOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; 26853-31-6Q: PALMITOYLOLEOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; 74936-61-1Q: PALMITOYLOLEOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; 81490-05-3: PALMITOYLOLEOYLPHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROL MQ Methods and Equipment: oriented-circular-dichroism: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: pore-formation; translocation-ability-suppression AN Accession Number: 200100321350 UD Update Code: 20011017 Record 33 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Ferritin in iron containing granules from the fat body of the honeybees Apis mellifera and Scaptotrigona postica. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Keim-C-N; Cruz-Landim-C; Carneiro-F-G; Farina-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Anatomia, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ: mfarina@anato.ufrj.br, Brazil SO Source: Micron-. [print] 2002; 33 (1): 53-59. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0968-4328 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: It is already known that the behaviour of the honeybee Apis mellifera is influenced by the Earth's magnetic field. Recently it has been proposed that iron-rich granules found inside the fat body cells of this honeybee had small magnetite crystals that were responsible for this behaviour. In the present work, we studied the iron containing granules from queens of two species of honeybees (A. mellifera and Scaptotrigona postica) by electron microscopy methods in order to clarify this point. The granules were found inside rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of granules from A. mellifera showed the presence of iron, phosphorus and calcium. The same analysis performed on the granules of S. postica also indicated the presence of these elements along with the additional element magnesium. The granules of A. mellifera were composed of apoferritin-like particles in the periphery while in the core, clusters of organised particles resembling holoferritin were seen. The larger and more mineralised granules of S. postica presented structures resembling ferritin cores in the periphery, and smaller electron dense particles inside the bulk. Electron spectroscopic images of the granules from A. mellifera showed that iron, oxygen and phosphorus were co-localised in the ferritin-like deposits. These results indicate that the iron-rich granules of these honeybees are formed by accumulation of ferritin and its degraded forms together with elements present inside the rough endoplasmic reticulum, such as phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. It is suggested that the high level of phosphate in the milieu would prevent the crystallisation of iron oxides in these structures, making very unlikely their participation in magnetoreception mechanisms. They are most probably involved in iron homeostasis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Scaptotrigona-postica [honeybee -] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: fat-body; rough-endoplasmic-reticulum-cisternae CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: apoferritin-like-particles; calcium-; ferritin-: accumulation-; holoferritin-; iron-; iron-containing-granules; phosphorus- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 7440-70-2: CALCIUM; 7439-89-6: IRON; 7723-14-0: PHOSPHORUS MQ Methods and Equipment: EPON-812: laboratory-equipment; Jeol-1200-EX: laboratory-equipment; Noran -Voyager-X-ray-accessory: laboratory-equipment; Zeiss-902-TEM [Zeiss-902 -transmission-electron-microscope]: laboratory-equipment; diamond-knife: laboratory-equipment; electron-microscopy: microscopy-method, microscopy-: CB-; electron-spectroscopy: Spectrum-Analysis-Techniques, analytical -method; energy-dispersive-X-ray-analysis: Histological/Cytological -Techniques, analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: magnetic-field; magnetoreception- AN Accession Number: 200100321204 UD Update Code: 20011017 Record 34 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The curious promiscuity of queen honey bees (Apis mellifera): Evolutionary and behavioral mechanisms. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Tarpy-David-R {a}; Page-Robert-E-Jr AD Author Address: {a} Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Seeley G. Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA SO Source: Annales-Zoologici-Fennici. [print] 10 September, 2001; 38 (3-4): 255-265. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-455X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Even after considerable effort and debate, it remains unclear why honey bee queens frequently mate with 10 or more males. We address both why polyandry is adaptive to queens and how queens obtain such extreme numbers of mates. We review a manipulative experiment which tested the hypothesis that multiple mating reduces the genetic load caused by the honey bee sex determination system. Our results suggest that multiple mating (i.e., mating more than once) increases a queen's fitness by lowering the probability that she produces a high proportion of inviable, diploid males within her brood. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between a queen's mating behavior and her mating number. We propose that "extreme" polyandry in honey bees (i.e., mating numbers gtoreq 10) may be inadvertent consequences of a queen's mating behavior, therefore additional adaptive arguments are not needed to explain why honey bees have some of the highest mating numbers among the social insects. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Evolution-and-Adaptation ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): queen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: adaptive-behavior; behavioral-mechanisms; evolutionary-mechanisms; genetic -loads; mating-behavior; polyandry-; promiscuity-; sex-determination AN Accession Number: 200100320642 UD Update Code: 20011017 Record 35 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Limits to the salience of ultraviolet: Lessons from colour vision in bees and birds. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kevan-Peter-G; Chittka-Lars; Dyer-Adrian-G SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] July, 2001; 204 (14): 2571-2580. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Ultraviolet is an important component of the photic environment. It is used by a wide variety of animals and plants in mutualistic communication, especially in insect and flower inter-relationships. Ultraviolet reflections and sensitivity are also becoming well considered in the relationships between vertebrates and their environment. The relative importance of ultraviolet vis a vis other primary colours in trichromatic or tetrachromatic colour spaces is discussed, and it is concluded that ultraviolet is, in most cases, no more important that blue, green or red reflections. Some animals may use specific wavebands of light for specific reactions, such as ultraviolet in escape or in the detection of polarised light, and other wavebands in stimulating feeding, oviposition or mating. When colour vision and, thus, the input from more than a single spectral receptor type are concerned, we point out that even basic predictions of signal conspicuousness require knowledge of the neuronal wiring used to evaluate the signals from all receptor types, including the ultraviolet. Evolutionary analyses suggest that, at least in arthropods, ultraviolet sensitivity is phylogenetically ancient and undergoes comparatively little evolutionary fine-tuning. Increasing amounts of ultraviolet in the photic environment, as caused by the decline of ozone in the atmosphere, are not likely to affect colour vision. However, a case for which ultraviolet is possibly unique is in the colour constancy of bees. Theoretical models predict that bees will perform poorly at identifying pure ultraviolet signals under conditions of changing illumination, which may explain the near absence of pure ultraviolet-reflecting flowers in nature. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Evolution-and-Adaptation; Radiation-Biology; Sense-Organs (Sensory -Reception) ST Super Taxa: Aves-: Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Malacostraca-: Crustacea-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Merostomata-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Orthoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata -, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Camponotus-abdominalis (Hymenoptera-); Drosophila-melanogaster (Diptera-); Hemigrapsus-sanguineus (Malacostraca -); Limulus-polyphemus (Merostomata-); Manduca-sexta (Lepidoptera-); Papilio-spp. (Lepidoptera-); Procambarus-milleri (Malacostraca-); Schistocerca-gregaria (Orthoptera-); Sphodromantis- (Orthoptera-); bee- (Hymenoptera-); bird- (Aves-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Birds-; Chelicerates-; Chordates-; Crustaceans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: color-, reproductive-system; neuron-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: ozone- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 10028-15-6: OZONE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: UV-vision; color-constancy; color-vision; evolution-; illumination-; photic -environment; phylogenetics-; polarization-vision; spectral-sensitivity AN Accession Number: 200100317962 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 36 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Acaricidal effect of oxalic acid in honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gregorc-Ales {a}; Planinc-Ivo AD Author Address: {a} Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbiceva 60, 1000, Ljubljana: GregorAl@mail.vf.uni-lj.si, Slovenia SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] July-August, 2001; 32 (4): 333-340. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: Three oxalic acid (OA) solutions were applied to 24 honeybee colonies to test acaricidal effects on Varroa destructor. Daily natural mite drop per colony averaged 0.52. Higher mite mortality (18.33) was found after three August OA treatments. The mean efficacy's of the three water solutions of OA/sucrose (w/w), 3.4%/47.6%, 3.7%/26.1%, and 2.9%/31.9% applied in the presence of brood, was 52.28%, 40.66% and 39.16% respectively. A significantly higher efficacy was recorded when 3.4%/47.6% was applied in comparison to 2.9%/31.9% solution. There was no difference in efficacy between OA solutions administered during a broodless period on October 28. The average efficacy in all colonies was 99.44%. The results suggest that OA has limited acaricidal effect in colonies with brood, but it is highly effective in a broodless period. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxalic-acid: acaricide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 144-62-7: OXALIC ACID MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: broodless-period; mite-mortality AN Accession Number: 200100316400 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 37 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Improved flight and rearing room design for honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pernal-S-F {a}; Currie-R-W AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnbay, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] August, 2001; 94 (4): 793-805. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A detailed technical description of a flight and rearing room for bees is provided, highlighting improvements made relative to other facilities. A primary innovation was the development of a draft-free air handling system capable of circulating large volumes of air with high rates of fresh air exchange and continuous electrostatic cleaning. This design has lead to a dramatic improvement in the quality of air recirculated in the flight room, and has prevented the recurrence of asthmatic symptoms in researchers to bee-produced aeroallergens. Other improvements include the incorporation of high-frequency fluorescent lamp ballasts and the choice of lamp types that provide a greater proportion of long-wavelength energy. Improvements in control system technology also have permitted more precise regulation of environmental conditions and the maintenance of a simulated diurnal cycle. Honey bees foraged in a manner similar to outdoor conditions and were free of behaviors associated with design problems seen in earlier flight rooms. Observations on bee behavior and colony performance are provided, and the utility of studying chemically based foraging attractants indoors is discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: aeroallergens-; air-circulation; diurnal-cycles: simulated-; environmental -conditions; flight-room; foraging-behavior; long-wavelength-energy; rearing-room-design; vision- AN Accession Number: 200100315233 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 38 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Resistance to the parasitic mite Varroa destructor in honey bees from far -eastern Russia. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Rinderer-Thomas-E {a}; de-Guzman-Lilia-I; Delatte-G-T; Stelzer-J-A; Lancaster-V-A; Kuznetsov-V; Beaman-L; Watts-R; Harris-J-W AD Author Address: {a} ARS Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, USDA, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70820-5502: trinderer@ars.usda.gov, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] July-August, 2001; 32 (4): 381-394. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: Varroa destructor is a parasitic mite of the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana. Owing to host range expansion, it now plagues Apis mellifera, the world's principal crop pollinator and honey producer. Evidence from A. mellifera in far-eastern Russia, Primorsky (P) originating from honey bees imported in the mid 1800's, suggested that many colonies were resistant to V. destructor. A controlled field study of the development of populations of V. destructor shows that P colonies have a strong, genetically based resistance to the parasite. As control colonies (D) were dying with infestations of ca. 10 000 mites, P colonies were surviving with infestations of ca. 4000 mites. Several characteristics of the P bees contributed to suppressing the number of mites parasitizing their colonies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana [Asian-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Russian-Far-East (Russia-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: disease-resistance AN Accession Number: 200100311399 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 39 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Mitochondrial DNA characterization of five species of Plebeia (Apidae: Meliponini): RFLP and restriction maps. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Francisco-Flavio-de-Oliveira; Silvestre-Daniela; Arias-Maria-Cristina {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias, USP, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900: mcarias@ib.usp.br, Brazil SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] July-August, 2001; 32 (4): 323-332. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: The present work characterized the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of five species of Plebeia (Plebeia droryana, P. emerina, P. remota, P. saiqui and P. sp.) and generate a data set to be used in further populational, phylogenetic, and biogeographic studies. The mtDNA of each species was analyzed using 17 restriction enzymes and restriction maps were built. A high level of interspecific variability was found. The total size of the mtDNA was estimated to be 18500 bp. Through a combination of PCR and examination of restriction fragment length polymorphism, the locations of 14 of the main mitochondrial genes were located on restriction maps. We verified a gene order identical to Apis mellifera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Population -Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Plebeia-droryana (Hymenoptera-); Plebeia -emerina (Hymenoptera-); Plebeia-remota (Hymenoptera-); Plebeia-saiqui (Hymenoptera-); Plebeia-sp. (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: mitochondrial-DNA; restriction-enzymes RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9075-08-5: RESTRICTION ENZYMES MQ Methods and Equipment: restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism: genetic-method; restriction -mapping: genetic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: interspecific-variability AN Accession Number: 200100309553 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 40 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Molecular and pharmacological properties of insect biogenic amine receptors: Lessons from Drosophila melanogaster and Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Blenau-Wolfgang {a}; Baumann-Arnd AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Biochemie und Biologie, Universitaet Potsdam, D-14415, Potsdam: blenau@rz.uni-potsdam.de, Germany SO Source: Archives-of-Insect-Biochemistry-and-Physiology. [print] September, 2001; 48 (1): 13-38. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0739-4462 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In the central nervous system (CNS) of both vertebrates and invertebrates, biogenic amines are important neuroactive molecules. Physiologically, they can act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, or neurohormones. Biogenic amines control and regulate various vital functions including circadian rhythms, endocrine secretion, cardiovascular control, emotions, as well as learning and memory. In insects, amines like dopamine, tyramine, octopamine, serotonin, and histamine exert their effects by binding to specific membrane proteins that primarily belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Especially in Drosophila melanogaster and Apis mellifera considerable progress has been achieved during the last few years towards the understanding of the functional role of these receptors and their intracellular signaling systems. In this review, the present knowledge on the biochemical, molecular, and pharmacological properties of biogenic amine receptors from Drosophila and Apis will be summarized. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Insecta-: Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Drosophila-melanogaster (Diptera-); insect- (Insecta-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: central-nervous-system [CNS-]: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: G-protein-coupled-receptors; biogenic-amine-receptors; biogenic-amines: neurohormone-, neuromodulator-, neurotransmitter-; dopamine-; histamine-; octopamine-; serotonin-; tyramine- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 51-61-6: DOPAMINE; 51-45-6: HISTAMINE; 104-14-3: OCTOPAMINE; 50-67-9: SEROTONIN; 51-67-2: TYRAMINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cardiovascular-control; circadian-rhythms; emotions-; endocrine-secretion; intracellular-signaling-systems; learning-; memory-; molecular-properties; pharmacological-properties AN Accession Number: 200100308648 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 41 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Massed and spaced learning in honeybees: The role of CS, US, the intertrial interval, and the test interval. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Menzel-Randolf {a}; Manz-Gisela; Menzel-Rebecca; Greggers-Uwe AD Author Address: {a} Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie/Pharmazie-Neurobiologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195, Berlin: menzel@neurobiologie.fu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Learning-and-Memory-Cold-Spring-Harbor. [print] July-August, 2001; 8 (4): 198-208. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1072-0502 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Conditioning the proboscis extension reflex of harnessed honeybees (Apis mellifera) is used to study the effect temporal spacing between successive conditioning trials has on memory. Retention is monitored at two long-term intervals corresponding to early (1 and 2 d after conditioning) and late long-term memory (3 and 4 d). The acquisition level is varied by using different conditioned stimuli (odors, mechanical stimulation, and temperature increase at the antenna), varying strengths of the unconditioned stimulus (sucrose), and various numbers of conditioning trials. How learning trials are spaced is the dominant factor both for acquisition and retention, and although longer intertrial intervals lead to better acquisition and higher retention, the level of acquisition per se does not determine the spacing effect on retention. Rather, spaced conditioning leads to higher memory consolidation both during acquisition and later, between the early and long-term memory phases. These consolidation processes can be selectively inhibited by blocking protein synthesis during acquisition. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: conditioned-stimulus [CS-]; learning-; memory-; spaced-conditioning; unconditioned-stimulus [US] AN Accession Number: 200100308189 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 42 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Effects of transgene products on honey bees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus sp.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Malone-Louise-A {a}; Pham-Delegue-Minh-Ha AD Author Address: {a} Mt Albert Research Centre, Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd, Auckland: LMalone@hortresearch.co.nz, New Zealand SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] July-August, 2001; 32 (4): 287-304. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: As more transgenic crop plants become commercialised, there is an increasing need for information on their impacts on honey bees and bumblebees. Direct effects on bees may arise upon ingestion of proteins encoded by transgenes, if they are expressed in pollen, nectar or resin. Indirect effects may occur if plant transformation inadvertently changes flower phenotype. This review summarises current findings on effects of purified transgene product ingestion on adult bee gut physiology, food consumption, olfactory learning behaviour and longevity. Bt, protease inhibitor, chitinase, glucanase and biotin-binding protein genes are discussed. Results from tests conducted in the laboratory with individual adult bees and with colonies in the field are presented. Observations of bee foraging on transgenic plants kept under containment are also summarised. Results so far suggest that transgenic plant impacts on pollinators will depend on a case-by-case analysis of the gene concerned and its expression in the parts of the plant ingested by bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agriculture-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): nontarget-organism; Bombus-sp. [bumblebee-] (Hymenoptera-): nontarget-organism; plant- (Plantae-): crop-, transgenic- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: gut-: digestive-system, physiology- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Bt-genes; biotin-binding-protein-genes; chitinase-genes; glucanase-genes; protease-inhibitor-genes MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: direct-effects; flower-phenotype; food-consumption; indirect-effects; longevity-; nectar-; olfactory-learning-behavior; pollen-; resin-; transgene-products AN Accession Number: 200100307387 UD Update Code: 20011001 Record 43 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Contrasting effects of Imidacloprid on habituation in 7- and 8-day-old honeybees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Guez-David {a}; Suchail-Severine; Gauthier-Monique; Maleszka-Ryszard; Belzunces-Luc-P {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, Unite de Zoologie, INRA, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex, 9: guez@rsbs.anu.edu.au, belzunce@avignon.inra.fr, France SO Source: Neurobiology-of-Learning-and-Memory. [print] September, 2001; 76 (2): 183 -191. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1074-7427 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We examined the effects of sublethal doses (0.1, 1, and 10 ng per animal) of a new neonicotinoid insecticide, Imidacloprid, on habituation of the proboscis extension reflex (PER) in honeybees (Apis mellifera) reared under laboratory conditions. In untreated honeybees, the habituation of the proboscis extension reflex is age-dependent and there is a significant increase in the number of trials required for habituation in older bees (8 -10 days old) as compared to very young bees (4-7 days old). Imidacloprid alters the number of trials needed to habituate the honeybee response to multiple sucrose stimulation. In 7-day-old bees, treatment with Imidacloprid leads to an increase in the number of trials necessary to abolish the response, whereas in 8-day-old bees, it leads to a reduction in the number of trials for habituation (15 min and 1 h after treatment), and to an increase 4 h after treatment. The temporal effects of Imidacloprid in both 7- and 8-day-old bees suggest that 4 h after treatment the observed effects are due to a metabolite of Imidacloprid, rather than to Imidacloprid itself. Our results suggest the existence of two distinct subtypes of nicotinic receptors in the honeybee that have different affinities to Imidacloprid and are differentially expressed in 7 - and 8-day-old individuals. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): old-, young- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: chloronicotinyl-; imidacloprid-: behavioral-effects, insecticide-, metabolite-effects, sublethal-dose; neonicotinoid-; nicotinic -acetylcholine-receptor: subtypes- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 138261-41-3: IMIDACLOPRID MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: habituation-; proboscis-extension-reflex AN Accession Number: 200100303835 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 44 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Changes in the thoracic temperature of honeybees while receiving nectar from foragers collecting at different reward rates. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Farina-Walter-M {a}; Wainselboim-Alejandro-J AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Natural, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires: walter@bg.fcen.uba.ar, Argentina SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] May, 2001; 204 (9): 1653-1658. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Mouth-to-mouth food exchange in eusocial insects (trophallaxis) contributes to the organization of complex social activities. In the case of honeybees, foragers returning from a nectar source transfer the food collected to receiver colony-mates through oral contact. Previous studies have shown that the speed of nectar transfer within each contact (unloading rate) increases when foragers return from feeding sites with higher profitability, i.e. with more concentrated sugar solutions or higher solution flow rates. However, there is no evidence that the nectar unloading rate is actually evaluated by hive-mates during food exchange. To investigate this, trophallaxis between donor bees returning from a feeder with different flow rates of sucrose solution (range 1.0-8.2 mul min-1 of 50% w/w sucrose solution) and receiver hive-mates was studied by combining behavioural and infrared thermal analysis. The results show that when foraging bees returned from a feeder delivering a higher flow rate they initiated unloading at higher thoracic temperatures and transferred the solution at higher speed. During these food exchanges, the thoraces of receiver bees warmed up faster in proportion to increasing forager temperature and unloading rate. Therefore, whatever the variable actually evaluated by receivers (mostly nectar processors, i.e. bees that handle nectar in the hive) during trophallaxis (unloading rate and/or donor thoracic temperature), they raised their activity level in proportion to that of the foragers. In this way, receiver bees will intensify their nectar processing when nectar foragers return from more profitable sites. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-behavior; information-transfer; reward-; social-activity; thoracic -temperature; trophallaxis- AN Accession Number: 200100302582 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 45 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in honeybees after solid-phase microextraction. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Fernandez-M; Padron-C; Marconi-L; Ghini-S; Colombo-R; Sabatini-A-G; Girotti -S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Istituto di Scienze Chimiche, Universita di Bologna, Via San Donato 15, I-40127, Bologna: girotti@biocfarm.unibo.it, Italy SO Source: Journal-of-Chromatography-A. [print] 13 July, 2001; 922 (1-2): 257-265. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-9673 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A method based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection was developed for the purpose of determining 18 organophosphorus pesticide residues in honeybee samples (Apis mellifera). The extraction capacities of polyacrylate and poly(dimethylsiloxane) fibers were compared. The main factors affecting the SPME process, such as the absorption time profile, salt, and temperature, were optimized. The method involved honeybee sample homogenization, elution with an acetone:water solution (1:1) and dilution in water prior to fiber extraction. Moreover, the matrix effect on the extraction was evaluated. In samples spiked at the 0.2 mg kg-1 level, the coefficient variation was between 1 and 13% and the detection limits were below 10 mug kg-1. The SPME procedure was found to be quicker and more cost-effective than the solvent extraction method commonly used. The method was applied successfully to environmental screening. Parathion methyl was detected and confirmed in the real samples analyzed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Methods-and-Techniques; Pesticides-; Pollution-Assessment-Control-and -Management ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: acetone-: Carlo-Erba-Reagenti, solvent-; bromophos-: determination-, pesticide-; chlorpyrifos-methyl: determination-, pesticide-; coumaphos-: determination-, pesticide-; diazinon-: determination-, pesticide-; fonofos -: determination-, pesticide-; heptenophos-: determination-, pesticide-; malathion-: determination-, pesticide-; methidathion-: determination-, pesticide-; organophosphorus-pesticides: determination-; parathion-ethyl: determination-, pesticide-; parathion-methyl: determination-, pesticide-; phenthoate-: determination-, pesticide-; phosalone-: determination-, pesticide-; phosmet-: determination-, pesticide-; pirimiphos-ethyl: determination-, pesticide-; pirimiphos-methyl: determination-, pesticide-; pyrazophos-: determination-, pesticide-; quinalphos-: determination-, pesticide-; triazophos-: determination-, pesticide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 67-64-1: ACETONE; 2104-96-3: BROMOPHOS; 5598-13-0: CHLORPYRIFOS METHYL; 56 -72-4: COUMAPHOS; 333-41-5: DIAZINON; 944-22-9: FONOFOS; 23560-59-0: HEPTENOPHOS; 121-75-5: MALATHION; 950-37-8: METHIDATHION; 56-38-2: PARATHION ETHYL; 298-00-0: PARATHION METHYL; 2597-03-7: PHENTHOATE; 2310 -17-0: PHOSALONE; 732-11-6: PHOSMET; 23505-41-1: PIRIMIPHOS ETHYL; 29232 -93-7: PIRIMIPHOS METHYL; 13457-18-6: PYRAZOPHOS; 13593-03-8: QUINALPHOS; 24017-47-8: TRIAZOPHOS MQ Methods and Equipment: gas-chromatography: chromatographic-techniques, detection-method; solid -phase-microextraction: Molecular-Biology-Techniques-and-Chemical -Characterization, determination-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: environmental-screening AN Accession Number: 200100301696 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 46 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: 1H, 13C and 15N chemical shift assignment of the honeybee pheromone carrier protein ASP1. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Birlirakis-Nicolas {a}; Briand-Loic; Pernollet-Jean-Claude; Guittet-Eric AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de RMN, ICSN-CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198, Gif -sur-Yvette Cedex: nicolas.birlirakis-@icsn.cnrs-gif.fr, France SO Source: Journal-of-Biomolecular-NMR. [print] June, 2001; 20 (2): 183-184. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Letter- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0925-2738 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: sensilla-lymph CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: ASP1-protein: ligand-interaction, pheromone-binding-protein, solution -structure; partially-deuterated-proteins MQ Methods and Equipment: AVANCE-DRX-500-spectrometer: Bruker-, equipment-; NMR-: analytical-method, spectroscopic-techniques: CB- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: carbon-13-chemical-shifts; nitrogen-15-chemical-shifts; olfaction- AN Accession Number: 200100301612 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 47 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Role of honey bees in seed setting of Egyptian clover. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Malaviya-D-R {a}; Pandey-K-C {a}; Roy-A-K {a}; Kaushal-P {a} AD Author Address: {a} Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, 284003, India SO Source: Crop-Improvement. [print] December, 1999; 26 (2): 204-207. PY Publication Year: 1999 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0256-0933 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Efficacy of different honey bees (apis spp.) on seed setting was studied on five genotypes of berseem. Apis mellifera was found to be better pollinator than A. florea. Differential genotypic response of seed setting in diploid and tetraploid cultivars was seen which may be due to different flower size. Drastic reduction in seed set was observed when bees' visit was completely checked indicating thereby significant role of bees in pollination of berseem. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agriculture-; Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-florea (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Apis -spp. [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Trifolium-alexandrium [Egyptian-clover, berseem-] (Leguminosae-): pollination- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: seed-: settling- AN Accession Number: 200100297194 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 48 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Development of highly nutritive culture media. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mitsuhashi-Jun {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502: junmths@nodai.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: In-Vitro-Cellular-and-Developmental-Biology-Animal. [print] June, 2001; 37 (6): 330-337. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1071-2690 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A highly nutritive culture medium (MGM-464) was developed for insect cell primary culture. The new medium consists of 6 inorganic salts, 4 organic acids, 21 amino acids, 3 sugars, 10 vitamins, and 8 other chemicals, including natural substances. The complete medium was generated by adding 20 ml fetal bovine serum to 100 ml MGM-464. The detail of the composition of the medium is given in a table, and the protocol to prepare the medium is described in the text. Among the 15 kinds of cultures made with MGM -464, embryonic cells from a walking stick and ovarian cells from the common white were subcultured more than 70 times, and embryonic cells of a chrysomelid beetle were subcultured more than 15 times. Other cultures could not be subcultured. However, embryonic cells from the commercial silkworm and a cockroach, ovarial cells from the commercial silkworm and a sphingid moth, nervous cells from the commercial silkworm and two sphingid moths, and cells from the dorsal vessel plus surrounding tissue of the commercial silkworm survived for several mo. The cells from the honeybee embryos, aphid embryos, and planthopper embryos were rather short-lived, and deteriorated after about 1 mo. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Development-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Homoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Orthoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acyrthosiphon-pisum (Homoptera-): embryo-; Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): embryo-; Bombyx-mori [silkworm-] (Lepidoptera-): embryo-; Cephonodes-hylas (Lepidoptera-): embryo-; Gastrophysa-atrocyanea [chrysomelid-beetle] (Coleoptera-): embryo-; Laodelphax-striatellus [smaller-brown-planthopper] (Homoptera-): embryo-; Megacrania-tsudai [walking-stick] (Orthoptera-): embryo-; Megoura-crassicauda (Homoptera-): embryo-; Periplaneta-fuliginosa [cockroach-] (Orthoptera-): embryo-; Pieris-rapae-ssp.-crucivora [common-white] (Lepidoptera-): embryo-; Smerinthus-planus (Lepidoptera-): embryo-; Theretra-japonica (Lepidoptera -): embryo- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: MGM-464: chemical-composition, highly-nutritive-culture-medium, laboratory -equipment; primary-cell-culture: Histological/Cytological-and-Culture -Techniques, cell-culture-method AN Accession Number: 200100297030 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 49 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The effects of genotype, foraging role, and sucrose responsiveness on the tactile learning performance of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Scheiner-Ricarda {a}; Page-Robert-E-Jr; Erber-Joachim AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Oekologie und Biologie, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Franklinstr. 28/29, 10587, Berlin: rici0734@mailszrz.zrz.tu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Neurobiology-of-Learning-and-Memory. [print] September, 2001; 76 (2): 138 -150. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1074-7427 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We analyzed sucrose responsiveness and associative tactile learning in two genetic strains of honey bees under laboratory conditions. These strains differ in their foraging behavior. Bees of the "high" strain preferentially collect pollen. "Low"-strain bees mainly forage for nectar. Responsiveness to different sucrose concentrations and tactile learning were examined using the proboscis extension reflex. Acquisition, extinction of conditioned responses, and responses to an alternative tactile stimulus were tested. High-strain bees are more responsive to sucrose than low-strain bees. Regardless of genotype, pollen foragers are more responsive to sucrose than nectar foragers. In bees of both strains we find the same relationship between responsiveness to sucrose and acquisition. Bees responding to low sucrose concentrations show more often the conditioned response during acquisition than those responding only to higher sucrose concentrations. Extinction of conditioned responses depends on the response probability during acquisition. Discrimination between the two tactile stimuli is affected by genotype but not by responsiveness to sucrose. High-strain bees discriminate better than low-strain bees. Our experiments thus establish links between division of labor, responsiveness to sucrose, and associative learning in honey bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Genetics-; Physiology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): high-strain, low-strain TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sucrose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUCROSE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: associative-learning; conditioned-response; discrimination-; foraging-role; genotype-; proboscis-extension-reflex; sucrose-responsiveness; tactile -learning-performance AN Accession Number: 200100293340 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 50 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Camouflage of predatory crab spiders on flowers and the colour perception of bees (Aranida: Thomisidae/Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Chittka-Lars {a} AD Author Address: {a} Zoologie II, Biozentrum, Universitaet Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany SO Source: Entomologia-Generalis. [print] 2001; 25 (3): 181-187. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0171-8177 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; German AB Abstract: The crab spider species Misumena vatia (Clerck 1757) can match its colour to the flowers it preys on. It can reversibly change between the colours white and yellow. For the first time, the spectral reflectance functions (including the ultraviolet) of such spiders are measured, and compared with the flowers on which they wait for prey. The bee-subjective similarity of the predators with their flowers is assessed using a model of colour vision for bees. While spiders are well matched to white flowers, the colour similarity between spiders and yellow flowers is not perfect. The UV-absorbing spiders often present themselves on UV -reflecting yellow flowers. From longer distances or for smaller flowers, however, bees may use only their green receptors, and spiders may therefore be well camouflaged. Also, spiders do not necessarily catch insects on the very flowers on which they sit; they sometimes move rapidly within respective infloresences. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Arachnida-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Compositae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Umbelliferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): prey-; Bombus-terrestris (Hymenoptera-): prey-; Chaerophyllum-temulum (Umbelliferae-); Misumena-vatia (Arachnida-): predator-; Senecio-vernalis (Compositae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flowers-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: UV-light; camouflage-; color-perception; color-vision; crypsis-; mimicry-; predation-; spectral-reflectance-functions AN Accession Number: 200100293130 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 51 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Searching and Homing Times of displaced honeybees as affected by experience and celestial cues (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schoene-Hermann {a}; Kuehme-Wolf-Dietrich AD Author Address: {a} Kustermannstrasse 34, D-82327, Tutzing: Hermann.Schoene@t-online.de, Germany SO Source: Entomologia-Generalis. [print] 2001; 25 (3): 171-180. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0171-8177 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; German AB Abstract: Searching and Homing Times were studied in individually marked bees, which were repeatedly caught on leaving the feeder, displaced and released at an initially unknown site; under various celestial cues. On repetition, searching was reduced and homing times became shorter, differences being largest between first and second release. Homing times were longer in bees that had searched before. With overcast skies, these times were longer than with a blue sky, but only at first release. Searching, however, was not affected by celestial cues. Similarities are shown between searching and orientation flights. It is discussed that searching might not affect the vanishing bearing, but serve to fit the bee to the landmark reference system. The homing times of individuals uncover specific modes of home -finding efficiency. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: celestial-cues; experience-; home-finding-efficiency; homing-times; landmark-reference-systems; orientation-flights; overcast-skies; searching -times AN Accession Number: 200100293129 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 52 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Effect of caging on bee behaviour and pollination efficiency of Apis mellifera on seed production of hybrid sunflower. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Vaishampayan-S-Jr {a}; Sinha-S-N AD Author Address: {a} College of Agriculture, KVK, Jaswadi Road, Khandwa, MP, India SO Source: Agricultural-Science-Digest. [print] June, 2000; 20 (2): 81-83. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0253-150X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The honey bee (Apis mellifera) behaviour and its pollination efficiency on sunflower hybrid seed production under different modes of pollination were studied. Caging with nylon mosquito net affected both the bee behaviour and its activity mainly due to differential micro environmental conditions, such as light and relative humidity. There was no effect of caging on air temperature. Per cent seed setting and number of seed per capitulum were at par under open and caged bee polliation conditions when compared with hand pollination. The seed weight was however, significantly low in caged bee and hand pollinated capitula compared to open pollinated capitula. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Helianthus-annuus [sunflower-] (Compositae-): oilseed-crop, seed-production TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MQ Methods and Equipment: caging-: altered-microenvironment, bee-behavior, field-method AN Accession Number: 200100292388 UD Update Code: 20010914 Record 53 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Differentiation of the worker's ovary in Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae) during life of the larvae. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Reginato-R-D; Cruz-Landim-C {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. 24-A No. 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP: cclandim@rc.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Invertebrate-Reproduction-and-Development. [print] July, 2001; 39 (2): 127 -134. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0792-4259 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The aim of the present study is to characterize the way worker and queen ovaries differentiate in Apis mellifera, a species with trophic determination of female castes. A morphological study carried out with light and transmission electron microscopy showed that the differences in ovary development between the two castes begin as soon as the differential nursing of larvae is initiated. The decrease in ovariole number in worker ovaries is due to a process of cell death occurring in germinative cells and autophagic regression of somatic cells in the ovarioles that commence in the third instar larvae and proceed until the fifth instar where the process is more intense. Germinative cell death leads to ovariole disintegration and incorporation of the remaining somatic cells of the latter into the stromatic cells in such a way that the total volume of the ovary is little affected during larval development, although the ovariole number decreases. By the end of the larval stage, loss of cells is observed among the stromatic cells of the ovary. As a result, the ovary starts to decrease in volume and takes on the adult form. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): female-, larva-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovariole-: reproductive-system; ovary-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: autophagy-; cell-death; morphology-; trophic-determination AN Accession Number: 200100290698 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 54 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Genetic diversity of the honeybee in Africa: Microsatellite and mitochondrial data. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Franck-P {a}; Garnery-L; Loiseau-A; Oldroyd-B-P; Hepburn-H-R; Solignac-M; Cornuet-J-M AD Author Address: {a} Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34980, Monferrier-sur-Lez: pfranck@bio.usyd.edu.au, France SO Source: Heredity-. [print] April, 2001; 86 (4): 420-430. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0018-067X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A total of 738 colonies from 64 localities along the African continent have been analysed using the DraI RFLP of the COI-COII mitochondrial region. Mitochondrial DNA of African honeybees appears to be composed of three highly divergent lineages. The African lineage previously reported (named A) is present in almost all the localities except those from north-eastern Africa. In this area, two newly described lineages (called O and Y), putatively originating from the Near East, are observed in high proportion. This suggests an important differentiation of Ethiopian and Egyptian honeybees from those of other African areas. The A lineage is also present in high proportion in populations from the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily. Furthermore, eight populations from Morocco, Guinea, Malawi and South Africa have been assayed with six microsatellite loci and compared to a set of eight additional populations from Europe and the Middle East. The African populations display higher genetic variability than European populations at all microsatellite loci studied thus far. This suggests that African populations have larger effective sizes than European ones. According to their microsatellite allele frequencies, the eight African populations cluster together, but are divided in two subgroups. These are the populations from Morocco and those from the other African countries. The populations from southern Europe show very low levels of 'Africanization' at nuclear microsatellite loci. Because nuclear and mitochondrial DNA often display discordant patterns of differentiation in the honeybee, the use of both kinds of markers is preferable when assessing the phylogeography of Apis mellifera and to determine the taxonomic status of the subspecies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biogeography- (Population-Studies); Population-Genetics (Population -Studies); Systematics-and-Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [African-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: mitochondrial-DNA; nuclear-DNA GE Geopolitical Location: Egypt- (Palearctic-region); Ethiopia- (Ethiopian-region); Europe- (Palearctic-region); Guinea- (Ethiopian-region); Iberian-Peninsula (Europe -, Palearctic-region); Malawi- (Ethiopian-region); Middle-East (Palearctic -region); Morocco- (Palearctic-region); Near-East (Palearctic-region); Sicily- (Italy-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); South-Africa (Ethiopian -region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: African-lineage [A-lineage]; effective-size; genetic-variability; microsatellite-loci: nuclear-; phylogeography-; population-genetics; taxonomic-status AN Accession Number: 200100290456 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 55 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Prospective biological control agents of Varroa destructor n. sp., an important pest of the European honeybee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Chandler-D {a}; Sunderland-K-D; Ball-B-V; Davidson-G AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomological Sciences, Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF: david.chandler@hri.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Biocontrol-Science-and-Technology. [print] August, 2001; 11 (4): 429-448. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0958-3157 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: This paper reviews prospective biological control agents of the varroa mite, Varroa destructor n. sp. (Acari, Mesostigmata). This ectoparasite has caused severe damage to populations of the European honeybee, Apis mellifera, world-wide in recent years. To date, no promising natural enemies of varroa species have been identified on A. mellifera or its original host, Apis cerana. Therefore, biological control will probably require natural enemies from other hosts. The following groups of organisms were reviewed as potential biological control agents: predatory mites, parasitoids and entomopathogens (nematodes, protozoa, viruses, Bacillus thuringiensis, rickettsiae, and fungi). The candidate groups were ranked according to their lethality to Acari, likely ability to operate under the physical conditions of honeybee colonies, ease of targeting, and ease of mass-production. Preferential consideration was given to the natural enemies of Acari that occupy taxonomic groups close to varroa. Entomopathogenic fungi, which kill a wide range of acarine species, were identified as prime candidates for screening against varroa. Bacillus thuringiensis also requires study, particularly strains producing novel toxins active against non-insect hosts. Entomopathogenic protozoa and nematodes show less potential for varroa control, but nonetheless warrant preliminary investigation. We consider predators, parasitoids, viruses and rickettsiae to have little potential to control varroa. Because the physical conditions within honeybee colonies are similar everywhere, it is very likely that a biological control agent of varroa could be used successfully throughout the world. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Endospore -forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Fungi-: Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Nematoda-: Aschelminthes-, Helminthes-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Protozoa -: Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rickettsiaceae-: Rickettsiales-, Rickettsias -and-Chlamydias, Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Viruses-: Microorganisms- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Bacillus-thuringiensis (Endospore-forming-Gram -Positives): entomopathogen-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): description-, new-species, pest-; fungi- (Fungi-): entomopathogen-; mite- (Acarina-): potential-biological-control-agent, predator-; nematode- (Nematoda-): entomopathogen-; protozoa- (Protozoa-): entomopathogen-; rickettsiae- (Rickettsiaceae-): entomopathogen-; viruses- (Viruses-): entomopathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Aschelminths-; Bacteria-; Chelicerates-; Eubacteria -; Fungi-; Helminths-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants-; Protozoans-; Viruses- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biological-control; mass-production; parasitoidism- AN Accession Number: 200100288679 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 56 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Morphometrics of developmental stages of honey bee mite, Neocypholaelaps indica Evans. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Verma-S {a}; Singh-K {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Bio-Sciences, H. P. University, Shimla, 171 005, India SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Science. [print] March, 1999; 12 (1): 51-53. PY Publication Year: 1999 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0970-3837 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Neocypholaelaps indica Evans, a phoretic honey bee mite, infested colonies of both Apis mellifera Linn. and Apis cerana Fab. in the Shimla hills of Himachal Pradesh. As such, it caused no apparent damage to the colonies but in case of heavy infestation harmed the colonies by consuming honey and pollen stores and also lowered the food carrying capacity of the foragers by clinging to their various body parts. The adult mites and its different developmental stages were observed in the bottom board of the bee hive. The adults showed clear sexual dimorphism. The eggs were laid singly and the larval development occurred within the egg. The first nymphal stage was the protonymph, which got transformed into the second nymph, the deutonymph. The latter metamorphosed to adult mite. The phenomenon of sexual dimorphism was not exhibited by any of the nymphal stages. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana (Hymenoptera-): host-; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): host-; Neocypholaelaps-indica (Acarina-): adult-, ectoparasite-, egg-, larva-, nymph- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Shimla-Hills (India-, Asia-, Oriental-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: food-carrying-capacity; honey-; parasite-infestation; pollen-stores; sexual -dimorphism AN Accession Number: 200100288230 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 57 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Structure and response patterns of olfactory interneurons in the honeybee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Abel-Regina; Rybak-Juergen {a}; Menzel-Randolf AD Author Address: {a} Department of Behavioural Physiology and Sociobiology, Zoology II, Theodor-Boveri-Institut, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Wuerzburg: jrybak@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Neurology. [print] August 27, 2001; 437 (3): 363-383. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-9967 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: To analyze morphologic and physiological properties of olfactory interneurons in the honeybee, Apis mellifera, antennal lobe (AL) neurons were intracellularly recorded and subsequently labeled with Neurobiotin. Additional focal injections were carried out with cobalt hexamine chloride and dextran fluorescent markers. Olfactory interneurons (projection neurons, PNs) project by means of five tracts, the lateral, the median, and three mediolateral antennocerebral tracts (l-, m-, and ml-ACT, respectively) to the mushroom bodies (MBs) and the protocerebral lobe (PL) of the ipsilateral protocerebrum. Uniglomerular PNs of the m- and l-ACT receiving input from a single glomerulus of the AL also arborize in different regions of the AL. The vast majority of l-ACT innervate the T1 region, whereas m-ACT neurons arborize exclusively in the T2, T3, and T4 regions (T1-4: AL projection area of sensory cells from the antennae). In the calyces of the MB, uniglomerular PNs form varicosities in the basal ring and the lip region. Individual neurons of both types exhibit unequal innervation within and between the two calyces. In addition, m-ACT fibers ramify more densely within the lip neuropil and show a higher incidence of spine-like processes than l-ACTs. In the PL, l-ACTs arborize exclusively within the lateral horn, whereas some m-ACT neurons innervate a broader region. Multiglomerular neurons of the ml-ACT leave the AL by means of three subtracts (ml-ACT 1-3). Two different types can be distinguished according to their protocerebral target areas: ml-ACTs projecting to the lateral PL (LPL) and to the neuropil around the alpha-lobe (tracts 2 and 3) and neurons projecting only to the LPL (tract 1). Intracellular recordings indicate that both l- and m-ACT neurons respond to general odors but with different response properties, indicating that odor information is processed in parallel pathways with different functional characteristics. Just like m-ACT neurons, ml-ACT neurons respond to odors with complex activity patterns. Bilateral interneurons, originating in the suboesophageal ganglion, connect glomeruli of both AL, and send an axon through the m-ACT in each hemisphere of the brain, terminating in the lip region of the calyces. These neurons respond to contact chemical stimuli. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system; olfactory-interneurons: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: neurobiotin-: label- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 111822-45-8: NEUROBIOTIN AN Accession Number: 200100287480 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 58 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: A mezelo meh (Apis mellifera L.) Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans fertozottsegevel kapcsolatos kerdoives vizsgalat hazai meheszetekben. Questionnaire examination for the infection of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) with Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans in domestic apiaries. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Farkas-Robert {a}; Bakonyi-Tamas; Borzsonyi-Laszlo; Rusvai-Miklos AD Author Address: {a} Parazitologiai es Allattani Tanszek, SZIE-AOTK, Istvan u. 2, H-1078, Budapest: rfarkas@univet.hu, Hungary SO Source: Magyar-Allatorvosok-Lapja. [print] Junius, 2001; 123 (6): 348-353. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0025-004X LA Language: Hungarian; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Hungarian AB Abstract: The authors examined with questionnaires the importance of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans infection in Hungarian apiaries, the control of this parasitosis and the judgement of its effectiveness by the bee-keepers themselves. The 141 answerers corresponded to 39.1% of those asked. On the basis of answers coming from all regions of the country the mite infection is present in all apiaries. Most of the answerers consider varroosis as the most important disease because it causes not rarely the rapid collapse and destruction of wintering colonies. Others consider the control very expensive without experiencing the necessary effectiveness. In each apiaries treatment is carried out at least once a year with different acaricide products. Most of them use Bayvarol and Antivar A. U. V. products and besides Perizin, Varroacid, Apivar, Api-life-var, Gabon PA 92 and Apistan was mentioned. 88.6% of the bee-keepers carry out the checks after the treatment but 23.4% of the answerers do not consider the control of mites effective. On the basis of these data the authors discuss the importance of mite infection and the difficulties in control with chemicals. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina -): Oudemans-, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: acaricides- GE Geopolitical Location: Hungary- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) DS Diseases: Varroa-jacobsoni-infection: parasitic-disease, treatment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: questionnaires- AN Accession Number: 200100281368 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 59 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Artificial cavities enhance breeding bird densities in managed cottonwood forests. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Twedt-Daniel-J {a}; Henne-Kerr-Jackie-L AD Author Address: {a} United States Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 2524 South Frontage Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180: dan_twedt@usgs.gov, USA SO Source: Wildlife-Society-Bulletin. [print] Summer, 2001; 29 (2): 680-687. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0091-7648 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The paucity of natural cavities within short-rotation hardwood agroforests restricts occupancy by cavity-nesting birds. However, providing 1.6 artificial nesting cavities (nest boxes)/ha within 3- to 10-year-old managed cottonwood forests in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley increased territory density of cavity-nesting birds. Differences in territory densities between forests with and without nest boxes increased as stands aged. Seven bird species initiated 38 nests in 173 boxes during 1997 and 39 nests in 172 boxes during 1998. Prothonotary warblers (Protonotaria citrea) and eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) accounted for 67% of nests; nearly all warbler nests were in 1.8-L, plastic-coated cardboard (paper) boxes, whereas bluebird nests were divided between paper boxes and 3.5-L wooden boxes. Larger-volume (16.5-L) wooden nest boxes were used by eastern screech owls (Otus asio) and great crested flycatchers (Myiarchus crinitus), but this box type often was usurped by honey bees (Apis mellifera). To enhance territory densities of cavity-nesting birds in cottonwood agroforests, we recommend placement of plastic-coated paper nest boxes, at a density of 0.5/ha, after trees are >4 years old but at least 2 years before anticipated timber harvest. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Wildlife-Management (Conservation-); Forestry- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Passeriformes-: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Strigiformes-: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Myiarchus-crinitus [great -crested-flycatcher] (Passeriformes-); Otus-asio [eastern-screech-owl] (Strigiformes-); Protonotaria-citrea [prothonotary-warbler] (Passeriformes -); Sialia-sialis [eastern-bluebird] (Passeriformes-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Birds-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Mississippi-Alluvial-Valley (Mississippi-, USA-, North-America, Nearctic -region) MQ Methods and Equipment: nest-boxes: equipment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: artificial-cavities; breeding-bird-densities; breeding-ecology; managed -cottonwood-forests: habitat-; short-rotation-hardwood-agroforests: habitat-; territory-densities AN Accession Number: 200100281063 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 60 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Size differences in the Dufour gland of Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera, Apidae) between and within the female castes. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Abdalla-Fabio-Camargo {a}; da-Cruz-Landim-Carminda {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24A, 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP: fabdalla@rc.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Revista-Brasileira-de-Zoologia. [print] Junho, 2001; 18 (Supl. 1): 119-123. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0101-8175 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The Dufour gland is found closely associated with the sting apparatus of all hymenopteran females, playing multiple roles among bees. In Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 the gland is connected to the dorsal vaginal wall and, in queens, it produces egg-marking pheromones. In workers the function of this gland is unknown, except by its capacity to mimic the queen secretion in egg-laying workers. In an attempt to understand the development and to substantiate the present knowledge about the Dufour gland in A. mellifera, a morphometric study of the gland between and within the female castes was made. Glands of workers and queens with different ages and life stages were dissected and measured with an ocular micrometer adapted to a stereoscope. The results showed that the Dufour gland is larger in queens than in workers, and that among workers, the gland is larger in egg-laying and foragers than it is in newly emerged and nurse workers. The larger size of the gland in egg-laying queens and workers is in accordance with its role in reproduction. In forager workers the larger size of the gland suggest that, as happens in some species of bees, the gland may participate in pheromone production for nest-mate or nest-entrance recognition. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Endocrine-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): egg-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: Dufour-gland: exocrine-gland, function-, size- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: egg-marking-pheromones MQ Methods and Equipment: dissection-: examination-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: caste-differences AN Accession Number: 200100280104 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 61 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Hierarchy of attractants for honey bee swarms. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schmidt-Justin-O {a} AD Author Address: {a} Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ, 85719: joschmid@u.arizona.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Behavior. [print] July, 2001; 14 (4): 469-477. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0892-7553 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Chemical signals influence the selection of potential nest cavities by honey bee reproductive swarms. Attractants for swarms include the odors of old dark honey bee brood combs, odors from noncomb hive materials and propolis, and Nasonov pheromone, the odor released from the Nasonov glands of worker bees. Based on crossover and choice test experiments, swarms were shown to prefer, among otherwise identical cavities, those cavities containing Nasonov pheromone over cavities with only comb or other hive odors, cavities containing old comb over those with only noncomb odors or propolis, and cavities containing noncomb odors or propolis over those without bee or hive odor. Synergy between odors was not observed; that is, comb and/or noncomb hive odors did not enhance the attractiveness of Nasonov pheromone. The data support a model based on a hierarchy of olfactory attractants used by honey bee swarms, in order of highest to lowest: Nasonov pheromone, comb odor, noncomb and propolis odors, and, finally, absence of bee- or hive-produced odor. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: Nasonov-glands CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Nasonov-pheromone; attractants- MQ Methods and Equipment: crossover-experiments MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: chemical-signals; choice-test-experiments; comb-odor; non-comb-odor; potential-nest-cavities; propolis-odor; swarms- AN Accession Number: 200100277184 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 62 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The use of conspecific and interspecific scent marks by foraging bumblebees and honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stout-Jane-Catherine {a}; Goulson-Dave AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, SO16 7PX: jcs3@soton.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] July, 2001; 62 (1): 183-189. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Bumblebees (Bombus spp.) and honeybees, Apis mellifera, both use odour cues deposited on flowers by previous visitors to improve their foraging efficiency. Short-lived repellent scents are used to avoid probing flowers that have recently been depleted of nectar and/or pollen, and longer-term attractant scents to indicate particularly rewarding flowers. Previous research has indicated that bumblebees avoid flowers recently visited by themselves, conspecifics and congeners, while honeybees avoid flowers visited by themselves or conspecifics only. We found that both bumblebees and honeybees also avoided flowers previously visited by each other when foraging on Melilotus officinalis, that is, bumblebees avoided flowers recently visited by honeybees and vice versa. Twenty-four hours after a visit, this effect had worn off. Honeybees visited flowers that had been visited 24 h previously more often than flowers that had never been visited. The same was not true for bumblebees, suggesting that foraging honeybees were also using long-term attractant scent marks, whilst bumblebees were not. Flowers previously visited by conspecifics were repellent to bumblebees and honeybees for ca. 40 min. During this time, nectar replenished in flowers. Honeybees were previously thought to use a volatile chemical (2-heptanone) as a repellent forage-marking scent. We suggest that they may be using a less volatile chemical odour to detect whether flowers have recently been visited, possibly in addition to 2 -heptanone. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental -Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): congener-, conspecific-; Bombus -spp. (Hymenoptera-): bumblebee-, congener-, conspecific-; Melilotus -officinalis (Leguminosae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system; nectar-; pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 2-heptanone: repellent- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 110-43-0: 2-HEPTANONE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-efficiency; odor-communication; scent-marking AN Accession Number: 200100277025 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 63 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Influence of colony genotypic composition on the performance of hygienic behaviour in the honeybee, Apis mellifera L. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Arathi-H-S; Spivak-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, 219 Hodson Hall, Saint Paul, MN, 55108: spiva001@tc.umn.edu, USA SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] July, 2001; 62 (1): 57-66. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Hygienic behaviour, an intranidal task performed by middle-aged worker bees is an important behavioural mechanism of resistance to disease and to attack by Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic mite. We studied the effect of a colony's genotypic composition on the expression of this behaviour among worker bees by creating normal age-structured colonies with different proportions of bees belonging to hygienic and nonhygienic lines. We established four colonies with 0, 25, 50 or 100% of worker bees belonging to the hygienic line. Analyses of the behaviour of hygienic bees in these colonies indicated that the performance of hygienic behaviour depended on the proportion of hygienic bees in the colony. Hygienic bees in the 25% hygienic colony performed the behaviour well beyond middle age and were more persistent at the task compared with bees from the same genetic line in the other colonies. However, the colony with all worker bees from the hygienic line was more efficient in achieving the task despite a lack of persistence. We also observed that in the colony with 50 and 100% hygienic bees, the behaviour was partitioned into subtasks, and some bees performed the subtask of uncapping cells at higher frequencies than the subtask of removing cell contents. These results suggest that a colony's genotypic composition influences the performance and partitioning of hygienic behaviour. We propose that the performance of hygienic behaviour and its partitioning into subtasks could be determined by response thresholds of individual worker bees and that the rate of behavioural ontogeny may be controlled by the demand for specific tasks. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): middle-age, worker-; Varroa -destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- DS Diseases: Varroa-destructor-infestation: parasitic-disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-genotypic-composition; hygienic-behavior AN Accession Number: 200100277010 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 64 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Polinizadores de Rubus idaeus L., en la X Region, Chile. Pollinators of Rubus idaeus L. in the X Region of Chile. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Neira-Miguel-A {a}; Viscarra-R-Cecilia {a}; Riveros-Magaly AD Author Address: {a} Instituto de Produccion y Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, X Region, Chile SO Source: Phyton-Buenos-Aires. [print] 2000; 67: 43-51. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0031-9457 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Spanish AB Abstract: Pollination entomofauna associated to raspberry cultivation was determined by direct observation and insect capture. Four pollinating agents were recorded; two of them, Apis mellifera L. and Corynura chloris Spin. were the most significant. Pollen grains carried on the insects body and pollen present in the digestive tract were counted. The bee carries a bigger pollen load, mainly in the thorax and did not show significant difference between morning and afternoon visits. C chloris is more active during the morning and carries similar quantities of pollen grains from several other species, including R. idaeus. Corynura chloris has pollen all over its body, and it lingers longer in the flowers than the bee. A. mellifera is a faithful and efficient pollinator of R. idaeus. Using the methods presented here, pollen load in pollinating insects can be determined qualitative and quantitatively. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Corynura-chloris (Hymenoptera -): pollinator-; Rubus-idaeus [raspberry-] (Rosaceae-): small-fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Chile- (South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: pollen-load AN Accession Number: 200100276413 UD Update Code: 20010830 Record 65 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Floral biology of Macroptilium erythroloma (Bentli.) Urban (Phaseoleae, Papilionoideae, Fabaceae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Etcheverry-Angela-V; Perez-de-Bianchi-Stella-M; Martin-de-Lopez-Dinca; Protomastro-Jorge-J SO Source: Beitraege-zur-Biologie-der-Pflanzen. [print] 16 Mai, 1999; 71 (3): 403-418. PY Publication Year: 1999 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0005-8041 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; German AB Abstract: We studied floral morphology and phenology of Macroptilium erythroloma, tested for self compatibility and examined the role of visitors. Flowers pass through three phases: a) wings brick colored (11 a.m. to 5 p.m.), when nectar and pollen are abundant, and stigmas are receptive; b) wings salmon pink (5 p.m. to 7 p.m.), when nectar is present, but pollinators may have already removed most pollen grains; and c) wings lilac (7 p.m. to 11 a. m. the following day) where the stigmas are not receptive, there are no rewards and the left wing is inclined 300 to the left. The visitors reject these flowers, which are retained for a period of 16 hours. Bombus morio, Apis mellifera and Pseudocentrort sp. trigger the pollinaton mechanism (brush type). The P/O ratio and the pollination treatments suggest that this species is facultatively xenogamous. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences); Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): flower-visitor; Bombus-morio (Hymenoptera-): flower-visitor; Macroptilium-erythroloma (Leguminosae-): Fabaceae-, Papilionoideae-, Phaseoleae-; Pseudocentron-sp. (Hymenoptera-): flower -visitor TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system; pollen-: reproductive-system; stigma-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nectar- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: floral-biology; floral-morphology; phenology-; pollination-; self -incompatibility AN Accession Number: 200100274161 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 66 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Partial seasonal isolation of African and European-derived Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) drones at congregation areas from subtropical Mexico. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Quezada-Euan-Jose-Javier-G {a}; De-Jesus-May-Itza-William {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Apicultura, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merrida, YUC, 97100, Mexico SO Source: Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America. [print] July, 2001; 94 (4): 540-544. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8746 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The genetic interactions between European and African-derived honey bees in the Neotropics are unclear. To study the abundance of males of each type, two apiaries with colonies of African-derived honey bee and European honey bee origin were established in the surroundings of one drone congregation area. The frequencies of African-derived honey bee and European honey bee males in the mating area were studied by taking samples of drones at the drone congregation area twice a month for 5 mo. Drones from each type of colony were identified by the use of two allozyme polymorphic systems: malate dehydrogenase (Mdh), hexokinase (Hk), and by haplotype using the EcoRI site of the mitochondrial DNA. The results of a Fisher exact test showed that, although Mdh alleles had similar frequencies across the time of study (P=0.095), the frequency of Hk alleles and haplotypes in drones varied between months (P=0.0001). Early in March, the frequencies of African-derived honey bee-typical alleles were significantly higher compared with European honey bee-typical alleles. However, at the end of the season of drone production in July, European honey bee-typical alleles were significantly more frequent in drones than those of the African -derived honey bee type. The results mirror the findings of an early peak of drone brood production reported for African-derived honey bee colonies compared with a peak later in the year in European honey bee ones. It is concluded that the seasonal frequencies of African-derived honey bee and European honey bee drones in the mating areas are not static. They vary in accordance with the different peaks of male production in their respective colonies. This behavior may act as a partial genetic barrier between bee types. The implications of these findings with respect to current levels of Africanization in this region of Mexico and for queen rearing in Africanized areas are discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): African-derived, European-derived, drone- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: hexokinase-; malate-dehydrogenase; mitochondrial-DNA GE Geopolitical Location: Mexico- (North-America, Nearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-51-8: HEXOKINASE; 9001-64-3: MALATE DEHYDROGENASE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: congregation-areas; genetic-barrier; partial-seasonal-isolation AN Accession Number: 200100274024 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 67 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Genetic structure and distinctness of Apis mellifera L. populations from the Canary Islands. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: De-la-Rua-P {a}; Galian-J; Serrano-J; Moritz-R-F-A AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad de Murcia, 30071, Murcia: pdelarua@um.es, Spain SO Source: Molecular-Ecology. [print] July, 2001; 10 (7): 1733-1742. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-1083 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The genetic structure of Apis mellifera populations from the Canary Islands has been assessed by mitochondrial (restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the intergenic transfer RNAIeu-COII region) and nuclear (microsatellites) studies. These populations show a low level of genetic variation in terms of average number of alleles and degree of heterozygosity. Significant differences in the distribution of alleles were found in both data sets, confirming the genetic differentiation among some of the islands but not within them. Two mitochondrial haplotypes characteristic of the Canary Islands are found at high frequencies, although populations are introgressed by imported honeybees of eastern European C lineage. This introgression is rather high on Tenerife and El Hierro and low on Gran Canaria and La Gomera, whereas on La Palma it has not been recorded. The finding of microsatellite alleles characteristic of the eastern European lineage corroborates the genetic introgression. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the Canarian honeybees are differentiated from other lineages and provide genetic evidence of their African origin. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Evolution-and -Adaptation; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: RNA-leucine-cytochrome-oxidase-II-region; microsatellite-alleles; mtDNA- [mitochondrial-DNA] GE Geopolitical Location: Canary-Islands (North-Atlantic, Atlantic-Ocean) MQ Methods and Equipment: restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism: genetic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: evolutionary-origins; genetic-differentiation; genetic-structure; genetic -variation; haplotype-frequency; heterozygosity-; intergenic-transfer; phylogenetics-; population-distinctness AN Accession Number: 200100274014 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 68 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Pollen grains and vegetative structures in propolis as indicators of potential drugs in Chilean plants. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Montenegro-Gloria {a}; Timmermann-Barbara-N; Pena-Raul-C; Mujica-Ana-M; Avila-Guacolda AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Ecologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica, Casilla 114 D, Santiago, 6513677, Chile SO Source: Phyton-Buenos-Aires. [print] 2000; 66: 15-23. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0031-9457 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Propolis is a complex product of the beehive. In Chile, propolis is only recently being submitted to systematic studies, particularly chemical analysis and scanning of pollen grains. We report the botanical origin of Chilean propolis from three Mediterranean type climate sites, Santa Cruz, Tanguao and Paine. We show that honey bees, Apis mellifera, visit the introduced species of Eucalyptus and Ricinus and five native Chilean species viz. Baccharis linearis, Buddleja globosa, Peumus boldus, Quillaja saponaria and Salix humboldtiana. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Buddlejaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Euphorbiaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Monimiaceae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Myrtaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Salicaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollination-behavior; Baccharis-linearis (Compositae-); Buddleia-globosa (Buddlejaceae-); Eucalyptus- (Myrtaceae-); Peumus-boldus (Monimiaceae-); Quillaja-saponaria (Rosaceae-); Ricinus- (Euphorbiaceae-); Salix-humboldtiana (Salicaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system; propolis- GE Geopolitical Location: Chile- (South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: potential-medicinal-plant-indicators AN Accession Number: 200100273396 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 69 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Worker genetic diversity and infection by Nosema apis in honey bee colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Woyciechowski-Michal {a}; Krol-Elzbieta {a} AD Author Address: {a} Bee Research Department, Agricultural University, 29 Listopada 52, 31 -425, Krakow: rowoycie@cyf-kr.edu.pl, Poland SO Source: Folia-Biologica-Cracow. [print] 2001; 49 (1-2): 107-112. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0015-5497 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The hypothesis that parasites and pathogens select for polyandry in eusocial Hymenoptera was tested, using the honey bee Apis mellifera and its microsporidian parasite Nosema apis. Five honey bee colonies with low and five with high worker genetic diversity were infected with N. apis spores. At 54-56 days after inoculation, parasite spores in the workers' midguts were counted to determine whether there was a greater variation of infection intensity (spore counts per worker) in high-diversity colonies than in low-diversity ones. In all colonies there were two discrete sets of workers, with few or many parasite spores. To compare the variations of infection intensity between two colony groups, coefficients of variation were calculated for all workers examined, and for the slightly infected and strongly infected workers. The percentages of slightly infected workers in the low- and high-diversity groups were also compared. None of the comparisons between low- and high-diversity colonies showed significant differences, therefore no relation was found between honey bee workers' genetic diversity and their infection with N. apis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Cnidosporidea-: Protozoa-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta -, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Nosema-apis (Cnidosporidea-): parasite-, pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Protozoans- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: coefficients-of-variation; infection-intensity; worker-genetic-diversity AN Accession Number: 200100272276 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 70 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Utilization of bee (Apis mellifera) honey for vinegar production at laboratory scale. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ilha-Eunice-Cassanego {a}; Sant'-Anna-Ernani {a}; Torres-Regina-Coeli {a}; Porto-Anna-Claudia {a}; Meinert-Elza-Maria AD Author Address: {a} Laboratorio de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil SO Source: Acta-Cientifica-Venezolana. [print] 2000; 51 (4): 231-235. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0001-5504 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; Spanish AB Abstract: Vinegar was obtained from bee (Apis mellifera) honey. The wort was prepared by diluting honey in distilled water to 21% total solids and by adding ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphate. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was inoculated to the wort (4 g/L). Ethanol production was carried out at room temperature during 84 hours. In this study, 1 Kg of honey yielded about 5 L of wine, containing 8% alcohol (v/v), from a wort with 17.11% total sugars (w/v). The efficiency of the alcoholic fermentation was 81.34%. The acetic fermentation with an inoculum of mixed acetic microorganisms was performed by quick process in a 15 L vertical fermenter. This resulted in a vinegar containing up to 9% of acetic acid (w/v) and about 1% of alcohol (v/v). The acetic fermentation yielded between 91.24 and 97.21%. Approximately 5 L of honey vinegar with 9% acetic acid (w/v) were obtained from 1 Kg of bee honey. All attributes of honey vinegar showed acceptabililty index over 70%:95.37% for appearance, 94.81% for color, 79.07% for odor and 75.56% for flavor, indicating it would show good consumer acceptability. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Foods- ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [bee-] (Hymenoptera-); Saccharomyces-cerevisiae (Ascomycetes -) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: alcohol-: production- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 64-17-5: ALCOHOL MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: food-processing; honey-: sugar-product, utilization-; vinegar-: analysis-, color-, consumer-acceptability, flavor-, laboratory-scale-production -study, preparation-, sauces-and-condiments; wort-: ingredients-, preparation- AN Accession Number: 200100266007 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 71 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Pollination ecology of Campanula species on Mt Olympos, Greece. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Blionis-George-J; Vokou-Despina {a} AD Author Address: {a} Dept of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki, GR -540 06, Thessaloniki: vokou@bio.auth.gr, Greece SO Source: Ecography-. [print] June, 2001; 24 (3): 287-297. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0906-7590 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Nine Campanula species occurring along the elevation gradient of Mt Olympos were studied regarding their pollination ecology. The main issues considered were 1) the relative importance of various insect taxa as Campanula pollinators, 2) the patterns of pollinators' size and activity as a function of altitude, 3) the effect of pollinator exclusion on floral longevity, and 4) the extent to which the morphological difference of C. versicolor from the other Campanula species on Mt Olympos is expressed in its pollinating fauna. The vast majority of Campanula pollinators were solitary bees. Andrenidae and Megachilidae bees (mainly Chelostoma campanulorum) dominated the pollinating fauna of most species. Melittidae and bumblebees were the commonest pollinators of high altitude species. Campanula versicolor differs from the other Campanula species in that its corolla is not bell-shaped but flat. Mainly Apis mellifera, syrphid flies, and carpenter bees, unlike all other Campanula species on Mt Olympos pollinated it. At the species level, rather large altitudinal differences of Campanula populations did not result into large diversification of their pollinating fauna. The insect visitation rate to flowers decreased with altitude. When pollinators were excluded, the floral longevity of the species examined increased three to five times. Neither flower phase (male of female) was consistently favoured in the absence of pollinators. The pollen loads of the different insect taxa (Apis mellifera included) were of variable purity. The majority of Megachilidae bees carried pollen loads of high purity. Pollen loads from insects visiting Campanula species at high altitudes did not differ significantly in their purity from those visiting lowland species. The distribution of Campanula pollinators' body size along the altitudinal gradient exhibited a U-shaped pattern. No relationship was found between insect-pollinator body size and corolla size of Campanula species. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Campanulaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Campanula- (Campanulaceae-); Chelostoma-campanulorum (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; bee- (Hymenoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Mt.-Olympos (Greece-, Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: body-size; elevation-gradient; floral-longevity; morphological-difference; pollination-; pollinator-exclusion AN Accession Number: 200100265685 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 72 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Mispatterning in the ommatidia of Apis mellifera pupae treated with a juvenile hormone analogue. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Boleli-Isabel-Cristina; Bitondi-Marcia-Maria-Gentile {a}; Figueiredo-Vera -Lucia-Castelo; Simoes-Zila-Luz-Paulino AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040 -901, Ribeirao Preto, SP: mmgbit@usp.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Morphology. [print] August, 2001; 249 (2): 89-99. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0362-2525 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: To further understand the function of morphogenetic hormones in honeybee eye differentiation, the alterations in ommatidial patterning induced by pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone (JH) analogue, were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Prepupae of prospective honeybee workers were treated with pyriproxyfen and the effects on ommatidial differentiation were described at the end of the pupal development. The results show that the entire ommatidia, i.e., the dioptric as well as the receptor systems, were affected by the JH analogue. The wave of ommatidial differentiation, which progresses from the posterior to the anterior region of the pupal eyes, was arrested. In treated pupae, the rhabdomeres only differentiated at the apical axis of the retinula, the secondary and tertiary pigment cells did not develop their cytoplasm protrusions, and the cone cell quartet did not pattern correctly. Simultaneously, an intense vacuolization was observed in cells forming ommatidia. In a previous study we showed that pyriproxyfen exerts an inhibition on pupal ecdysteroid secretion. In this sense, the arrested ommatidial differentiation in pyriproxyfen-treated pupae could be due to a secondary effect resulting from an alteration in pupal ecdysteroid titers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Endocrine-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis); Development-; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): prepupae- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: eye-: differentiation-, sensory-system; ommatidia-: sensory-system; tertiary-pigment-cells CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: pyriproxyfen-: juvenile-hormone-analogue RN CAS Registry Number (R): 95737-68-1: PYRIPROXYFEN MQ Methods and Equipment: scanning-electron-microscopy: analytical-method, electron-microscopy: CB-, electron-microscopy: CT-, microscopy-method; transmission-electron -microscopy: analytical-method, electron-microscopy: CB-, electron -microscopy: CT-, microscopy-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mispatterning-; ommatidial-patterning AN Accession Number: 200100265345 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 73 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Electrophoretic study of non-specific esterases during ontogenetic development of the domestic bee (Apis mellifera L. Hymenoptera; Apidae) in Bulgaria. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ivanova-E {a}; Popov-P {a} AD Author Address: {a} University of Plovdiv, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria SO Source: Genetics-and-Breeding. [print] 1996-1997; 28 (1-2): 13-16. PY Publication Year: 1996 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1310-4292 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Electrophoretic analysis of non-specific esterases was performed in polyacrylamide gel of 1100 bees from 15 families and 3 populations inhabiting the Central Sredna Gora, West Rhodopes and Yambol region in different periods of ontogenesis. It was found that the synthesis of non -specific esterases in Apis mellifera L. is controlled by six independent gene loci, operating selectively during the separate stages of the ontogenesis. No interpopulation polymorphism of the studied esterase loci is observed. Sex-linked, sex-restricted or sex-dependent differences in the non-specific esterase loci were not investigated. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Development- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: esterase-: activity-, gene-expression RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9013-79-0Q: ESTERASE; 9016-18-6Q: ESTERASE MQ Methods and Equipment: electrophoresis-: electrophoretic-techniques, separation-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: ontogenetic-development AN Accession Number: 200100265304 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 74 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Experience- and age-related outgrowth of intrinsic neurons in the mushroom bodies of the adult worker honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Farris-Sarah-M {a}; Robinson-Gene-E; Fahrbach-Susan-E AD Author Address: {a} Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, 611 Gould-Simpson Building, Tucson, AZ, 85721: farris@neurobio.arizona.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Neuroscience. [print] August 15, 2001; 21 (16): 6395-6404. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0270-6474 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A worker honeybee performs tasks within the hive for approximately the first 3 weeks of adult life. After this time, it becomes a forager, flying repeatedly to collect food outside of the hive for the remainder of its 5 -6 week life. Previous studies have shown that foragers have an increased volume of neuropil associated with the mushroom bodies, a brain region involved in learning, memory, and sensory integration. We report here that growth of the mushroom body neuropil in adult bees occurs throughout adult life and continues after bees begin to forage. Studies using Golgi impregnation asked whether the growth of the collar region of the mushroom body neuropil was a result of growth of the dendritic processes of the mushroom body intrinsic neurons, the Kenyon cells. Branching and length of dendrites in the collar region of the calyces were strongly correlated with worker age, but when age-matched bees were directly compared, those with foraging experience had longer, more branched dendrites than bees that had foraged less or not at all. The density of Kenyon cell dendritic spines remained constant regardless of age or behavioral state. Older and more experienced foragers therefore have a greater total number of dendritic spines in the mushroom body neuropil. Our findings indicate that, under natural conditions, the cytoarchitectural complexity of neurons in the mushroom bodies of adult honeybees increases as a function of increasing age, but that foraging experience promotes additional dendritic branching and growth. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Cell-Biology; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: Kenyon-cell: nervous-system; dendrite-: nervous-system, spines-; mushroom -bodies: collar-region, nervous-system; neurons-: nervous-system; neuropil -: nervous-system MQ Methods and Equipment: Golgi-impregnation-studies: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-related-outgrowth; experience-related-outgrowth; foraging-experience AN Accession Number: 200100264002 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 75 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Modulation of sucrose response thresholds in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.): Influence of genotype, feeding, and foraging experience. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pankiw-Tanya {a}; Waddington-Keith-D; Page-Robert-E-Jr AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475: t-pankiw@tamu.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] May, 2001; 187 (4): 293-301. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The perception of sugar is important to honey bees for making foraging decisions. We measured bees' perception by determining what concentration of sucrose touched to the antennae elicited the proboscis extension response (response threshold). A low response threshold (extension at low concentration) suggests a high perceptual value of sucrose, and vice versa. Perception of sucrose solutions differed between two artificially selected genotypic strains and was modulated by the bees' recent feeding experiences. Bees offered 10%, 30%, or 50% sucrose solutions in small cages overnight, and in large flight-cages or free-flying in the field for several days, had subsequent response thresholds positively correlated to the concentration offered. Empty bees, whether they were nectar, water or pollen foragers, dancers or non-dancers, had a significantly lower threshold than loaded bees. Crop volume affected response thresholds directly and independently of sucrose concentration. We interpret these findings as multiple mechanisms that operate in different time scales, modulating perception of sucrose. Changes occurred in the time scale of evolutionary processes as demonstrated by genotypic differences. Changes with foraging experience occur in hours or minutes while effects of crop filling are instantaneous. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: feeding-; foraging-; genotype-; neuroethology-; sucrose-response -thresholds: modulation- AN Accession Number: 200100260698 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 76 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Influence of honey bee (Apis mellifera) on kiwifruit pollination and fruit quality under Australian conditions. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Howpage-D {a}; Spooner-Hart-R-N {a} AD Author Address: {a} Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, Richmond, NSW, 2753: d.howpage@uws.edu.au, Australia SO Source: New-Zealand-Journal-of-Crop-and-Horticultural-Science. [print] March, 2001; 29 (1): 51-59. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0114-0671 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The influence of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) pollination of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A.Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson) under different pollination regimes (viz. honey bee supplementation, honey bee saturation in a cage with a single male cultivar, and honey bee exclusion) was investigated under Australian conditions during 1993/94 and 1995/96 seasons. Vines that had no access to honey bees had significantly (Pltoreq0.01) lower fruit set (24%) compared to honey bee supplementation (91%) and bee saturation (89%). The mean yield (kg/vine) and the mean number of fruit/vine in bee-supplemented and bee-saturated treatments did not differ significantly, although vines that were excluded from honey bees produced significantly (Pltoreq0.01) lower yields. However, individual fruit weight in the bee-saturated treatments was affected. There were significantly more small fruit in bee-saturated vines than in vines that were supplementary pollinated by honey bees. Bee activity as assessed by the number of bee visits on flowers (bees/vine per min) was significantly higher on male vines than female vines during the first 2 weeks of the flowering period. Honey bees were the main contributor to pollination and fruit set, although low numbers of other potential insect pollinators such as ladybird beetles and hover flies were also observed. The mean seed numbers in comparable fruit from higher weight groupings (i.e., 70-89, 90-109, and gtoreq110 g) in bee-supplemented and bee -saturated vines did not differ significantly, suggesting adequate pollination and fertilisation of ovules in these two treatments. Vines that were caged with a single male cultivar produced fruit with significantly higher (Pltoreq0.01) total soluble solids concentration than did those that were honey bee supplemented. Possible reasons for the reduced mean fruit weight under honey bee saturation are discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Actinidiaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Actinidia-deliciosa [kiwifruit-] (Actinidiaceae-): tropical/subtropical -fruit-crop; Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Australia- (Australasian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: fruit-quality; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200100260294 UD Update Code: 20010828 Record 77 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Honeybees discriminate cuticular waxes based on esters and polar components. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Froehlich-Birgit; Riederer-Markus; Tautz-Juergen {a} AD Author Address: {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Zoologie II, Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Theodor-Boveri-Institut fuer Biowissenschaften, Universitaet Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg: tautz@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2001; 32 (3): 265-274. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: Quantitative chemical analyses of cuticular waxes of the honeybee Apis mellifera with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry showed significant differences in the chemical composition of cuticular waxes from drones and workers performing different tasks. We used the proboscis extension reflex to test the ability of bees to discriminate between these cuticular waxes. Differentially conditioned bees significantly discriminated between cuticular waxes of drones, food storers, foragers and queen attenders. We found that the esters and polar components in the cuticular waxes provide the discriminative cues for the insects. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cuticular-waxes: chemical-composition, discrimination-, esters-, polar -components MQ Methods and Equipment: gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry: biochemical-method, quantification -method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: differential-conditioning; proboscis-extension-reflex; task-performance AN Accession Number: 200100258286 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 78 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Timing of production of winter bees in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mattila-H-R {a}; Harris-J-L; Otis-G-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1: hmattila@uoguelph.ca, gotis@evb.uoguelph.ca, Canada SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2001; 48 (2): 88-93. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Little is known about the development of the overwintering population of honey bees (Apis mellifera) colonies in temperate climates. Colonies were subjected to one of four requeening treatments: requeened in mid-summer with a mated, virgin or colony-reared queen, or left with the original queen (control). Worker survival in cohorts of newly emerged bees introduced to colonies in late summer and fall was followed until all marked bees had died. Winter bees were reared over a relatively similar length of time in all treatments, but they appeared earlier in control colonies compared to requeened colonies. The gradual increase in proportion of winter bees over time was similar among treatments, but requeened colonies lagged behind control colonies. The bulk of winter bees appeared much earlier in control colonies than in colonies that were requeened. This response demonstrates that cues within the colony (i.e., differences due to requeening) are perceived by workers as part of the conditions that influence summer bee or winter bee status. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Population-Studies ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: overwintering-population; requeening-; temperate-climates; winter-bees; worker-survival AN Accession Number: 200100257366 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 79 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Toxicity and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor interaction of imidacloprid and its metabolites in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nauen-Ralf {a}; Ebbinghaus-Kintscher-Ulrich; Schmuck-Richard AD Author Address: {a} Agrochemicals Division, Research Insecticides, Bayer AG, Building 6220, D-51368, Leverkusen: ralf.nauen.rn@bayer-ag.de, Germany SO Source: Pest-Management-Science. [print] July, 2001; 57 (7): 577-586. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1526-498X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Acute oral and contact toxicity tests of imidacloprid, an insecticide acting agonistically on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), to adult honeybees, Apis mellifera L var carnica, were carried out by seven different European research facilities. Results indicated that the 48-h oral LD50 of imidacloprid is between 41 and >81 ng per bee, and the contact LD50 between 49 and 102 ng per bee. The ingested amount of imidacloprid-containing sucrose solution decreased with increasing imidacloprid concentrations and may be attributed to dose-related sub -lethal intoxication symptoms or to antifeedant responses. Some previously reported imidacloprid metabolites occuring at low levels in planta after seed dressing, ie olefine-, 5-OH- and 4,5-OH-imidacloprid, showed lower oral LD50 values (>36, >49 and 159 ng per bee, respectively) compared with the concurrently tested parent molecule (41 ng per bee). The urea metabolite and 6-chloronicotinic acid (6-CNA) exhibited LD50 values of >99 500 and >121 500 ng per bee, respectively. The pharmacological profile of the (3H)imidacloprid binding site in honeybee head membrane preparations is consistent with that anticipated for a nAChR. IC50 values for the displacement of (3H)imidacloprid by several metabolites such as olefine, 5 -OH-, 4,5-OH-imidacloprid, urea and 6-CNA were 0.45, 24, 6600, >100 000, and >100 000 nM, respectively. Displacement of (3H)imidacloprid by imidacloprid revealed an IC50 value of 2.9 nM, thus correlating well with the observed acute oral toxicity of the compounds in honeybees. Neurons isolated from the antennal lobe of A mellifera and subjected to whole-cell voltage clamp electrophysiology responded to the application of 100 muM acetylcholine with a fast inward current of between 30 and 1600 pA at -70 mV clamp potential. Imidacloprid and two of the metabolites (olefine- and 5-OH-imidacloprid) acted agonistically on these neurons, whereas the others did not induce currents at test conencentrations up to 3 mM. The electrophysiological data revealed Hill coefficients of approximately 1, indicating a single binding site responsible for an activation of the receptor and no direct cooperativity or allosteric interaction with a second binding site. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe; neurons-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 4,5-dihydroxy-imidacloprid; 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid; 6-chloronicotinic-acid: urea-metabolite; imidacloprid-: LC-50, acute-oral-toxicity, antifeedant -responses, binding-site-pharmacological-profile, contact-toxicity, insecticide-, metabolites-, nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor-interaction, sub-lethal-intoxication-symptoms; nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor; olefine-imidacloprid GE Geopolitical Location: Europe- (Palearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 5326-23-8: 6-CHLORONICOTINIC ACID; 138261-41-3: IMIDACLOPRID MQ Methods and Equipment: whole-cell-voltage-clamp-electrophysiology: miscellaneous-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Hill-coefficients AN Accession Number: 200100256213 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 80 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The effect of Africanized honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on the pet population of Tucson: A case study. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Johnston-Andrea-N {a}; Schmidt-Justin-O AD Author Address: {a} Undergraduate Biology Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721: ponerine@dakotacom.net, USA SO Source: American-Entomologist. [print] Summer, 2001; 47 (2): 98-103. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1046-2821 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera L. near scutellata Lepeltier) arrived in southern Arizona in 1993. Since their first appearance, much attention has been focused on these "killer bees." Although the initial excitement has decreased, questions about their impact remain. Attacks on domestic animals have captured the attention of the local media, causing increasing concern among pet owners and veterinarians. Are attacks becoming more common with the increase in the Africanized honey bee population, or are the attacks simply drawing excessive attention due to their dramatic nature? To answer these and related questions, veterinary clinics/hospitals in and around Tucson were surveyed. A questionnaire was designed to elicit information about the number and type of animal attacks that veterinarians see most frequently. The data derived from more than 5,000 animal attacks provide the first record of the true extent and severity of bee attacks relative to attacks by other animals. Cats and dogs accounted for the greatest number of attacks on pets. Dog attacks led to the most severe injuries, resulting in the majority of reported deaths. Snakes followed a distant third place in frequency of injury on pets. Honey bee attacks placed sixth in attack frequency and produced no permanent injuries and few deaths among the pet population. Perhaps the most remarkable finding is the relationship vis-a-vis perception and reality held by the public; that is, bee attack frequency and severity is much less than perceived. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Veterinary-Medicine (Medical-Sciences); Pest-Assessment-Control-and -Management ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Tucson- (Arizona-, USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: africanized-honey-bees; bee-attacks; pet-population AN Accession Number: 200100256189 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 81 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Efficacy of ground-applied ultra-low-volume malathion on honey bee survival and productivity in open and forest areas. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hester-Philip-G {a}; Shaffer-Kenneth-R {a}; Tietze-Noor-S; Zhong-He {a}; Griggs-Norman-L-Jr {a} AD Author Address: {a} Inq.: John A. Mulrennan, Sr. Arthropod Research Laboratory, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, 4000 Frankford Avenue, Panama City, FL, 32405, USA SO Source: Journal-of-the-American-Mosquito-Control-Association. [print] March, 2001; 17 (1): 2-7. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 8756-971X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of ground ultra-low-volume malathion sprays on honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) apiaries in open and forested areas downwind from the spray route. Impact on colonies 7.6, 15.2, 47.7, and 91.4 m downwind from sprays was assessed by recording individual bee mortality 12 and 36 h after treatment. In addition, hives were weighed before as well as during the study and cluster counts were conducted at each hive to determine colony strength before and after treatment. Spray drift was monitored by the use of caged mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus Say) mortality and deposition on filter paper. During the study, significant bee mortality in the open area occurred on 2 occasions at 7.6 m (16.8 +- 4.3 bees, 11.8 +- 7.0 bees) and at 15.2 m (6.5 +- 1.7 bees, 5.3 +- 1.5 bees). Significant mortality in the forested area was observed only once and consisted of 2 bees at 7.6 m. In each case where bee mortality occurred, spray deposits on filter papers had exceeded 400 ng/cm2. Although mortality of caged mosquitoes indicated that malathion drifted through the study areas, little correlation was apparent between mortality and spray deposition on filter paper. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Culex-quinoquefasciatus (Diptera -) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: malathion-: efficacy-, ground-applied, pesticide-, ultra-low-volume -application RN CAS Registry Number (R): 121-75-5: MALATHION MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-strength AN Accession Number: 200100256075 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 82 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Entomofauna visitante de Stenolobium stans (Juss.) Seem (Bignoniaceae), durante seu periodo de floracao. Flowering entomofauna in Stenolobium stans (Juss.) Seem (Bignoniaceae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Dutra-Joao-C-S {a}; Machado-Vera-L-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP: vllm@ms.rc.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Neotropical-Entomology. [print] 2001, 2001; 30 (1): 43-53. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese AB Abstract: Studies on the different ways of reproduction of Stenolobium stans (Juss.) Seem and on the diversity, frequency and constancy of flower-visiting insects at different hours were carried out during four years. The S. stans flowers open between 5 and 6 am during 3 to 8h, with 90% pollen viability. Besides the pollen, the flower has other features that are attractive to the visiting insects, like osmophores responsible for a sweet odor, ultra-violet reflected light and nectar at 25% of sugar. The plant is autocompatible and reproduces by autogamy, geitonogamy or xenogamy. This behavior demands external pollination and justifies the species to be a serious invasor of grounds and pastures. Large diversity of insects were observed visiting the flowers, with predominance of bees. The pollinators species were Centris collaris Lepeletier, Bombus morio (Swederus), Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier and Epicharis sp. The incidence of native species was lower at the rural area than at the urban one, with predominance of the exotic Apis mellifera L. The environmental factors, mainly temperature, light, relative humidity and wind speed, influenced the foraging activity of the insects. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Bignoniaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Insecta-: Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Bombus-morio (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Centris-collaris (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Epicharis-sp. (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Eulaema-nigrita (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Stenolobium-stans (Bignoniaceae-); bee- (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; insect- (Insecta-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system; pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: osmophores- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: autogamy-; external-pollination; foraging-activity; geitonogamy-; reproduction-; xenogamy- AN Accession Number: 200100249051 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 83 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Foraging behaviour of Apis spp. in semi-arid sub-tropical climate. 3. On flowers of mustard, onion, carrot, berseem and sunflower. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sharma-S-K {a}; Singh-J-R {a}; Mahla-J-C {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004, India SO Source: Crop-Research-Hisar. [print] May, 2001; 21 (3): 332-334. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0970-4884 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Foraging behaviour of Apis spp. on the flowers of Brassica campestris var. sarson, Allium cepa L., Daucus carota L., Tripolium alexandrinum L. and Helianthus annuus L. was observed at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during November (mustard), April (onion and carrot) and May (berseem and sunflower), respectively. Apis florea spent maximum time per flower (3.54, 7.43, 37.09 and 15.24 sec.) and visited least number of flowers/umbels (6.7, 2.6, 2.2 and 3.6) per minute on mustard, onion, carrot and Egyptian clover, respectively. However, A. mellifera spent least time (1.64, 8.58 and 128.47 sec.) per flower/head and tripped highest number of flowers/head (15.2, 8.2 and 1.2) per minute or 5 min on mustard, Egyptian clover and sunflower followed by A. dorsata who spent 2.18, 2.48, 11.46 and 186.73 sec. per flower and visited 12.0, 3.7 and 1.5 flowers/head per minute except sunflower where the observation time was 5 min. All the bees foraged as top workers on all the crops except A. florea which foraged as side worker on Brassica flowers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Behavior-; Economic -Entomology ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Cruciferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Liliaceae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Umbelliferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Allium-cepa [onion-] (Liliaceae-): vegetable-crop; Apis-dorsata (Hymenoptera-): flower-foraging-behavior, pollinator-; Apis-florea (Hymenoptera-): flower-foraging-behavior, pollinator-; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): flower-foraging-behavior, pollinator-; Brassica-campestris [mustard-] (Cruciferae-): oilseed-crop; Daucus-carota [carrot-] (Umbelliferae-): vegetable-crop; Helianthus-annuus [mustard-] (Compositae -): oilseed-crop; Trifolium-alexandrinum [berseem-] (Leguminosae-): forage -crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Monocots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Haryana- (India-, Asia-, Oriental-region) AN Accession Number: 200100248725 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 84 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Effects of time, temperature, and honey on Nosema apis (Microsporidia: Nosematidae), a parasite of the honeybee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Malone-Louise-A {a}; Gatehouse-Heather-S; Tregidga-Emma-L AD Author Address: {a} Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland: LMalone@HORT.CRI.NZ, New Zealand SO Source: Journal-of-Invertebrate-Pathology. [print] May, 2001; 77 (4): 258-268. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-2011 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Newly emerged adult bees were fed with Nosema apis spores subjected to various treatments, and their longevity, proportions of bees infected, and spores per bee recorded. Spores lost viability after 1, 3, or 6 months in active manuka or multifloral honey, after 3 days in multifloral honey, and after 21 days in water or sugar syrup at 33degreeC. Air-dried spores lost viability after 3 or 5 days at 40degree, 45degree, or 49degreeC. Increasing numbers of bees became infected with increasing doses of spores, regardless of their subsequent food (active manuka honey, thyme honey, or sugar syrup). Final spore loads were similar among bees receiving the same food, regardless of dose. Bees fed with either honey had lighter infections than those fed with syrup, but this may have been due to reductions in their longevity. Bees fed with manuka honey were significantly shorter lived, whether infected or not. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Cnidosporidea-: Protozoa-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta -, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): adult-, host-; Nosema-apis (Cnidosporidea-): parasite-, spore- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Protozoans- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: honey-; temperature- AN Accession Number: 200100248711 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 85 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Changes with age in olfactory conditioning performance of worker honey bees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Laloi-David; Gallois-Marie; Roger-Bernard; Pham-Delegue-Minh-Ha {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, INRA, 91440, Bures-sur-Yvette: pham@jouy.inra.fr, France SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2001; 32 (3): 231-242. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: Proboscis extension reflex conditioning has often been used to study olfactory learning in the honey bee. However, only a few studies have explored the variability of this response relative to the age of the bees, and these studies have yielded different conclusions. We aimed to document the effect of age on the proboscis extension response by measuring three parameters in the experimental procedure: the level of spontaneous responses, the acquisition rate, and the resistance to extinction. The performance of the youngest bees (2-day and 4-day-old) differed from those of older individuals for the three parameters, which may be related to the ontogeny of the olfactory system. In older age-groups, only the resistance to extinction was found to vary with age. We discuss the possible relationships between age-dependent variations in the odour learning abilities and the division of labour in the colony. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Development-; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): old-, worker-, young- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: olfactory-system: sensory-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: acquisition-rates; age-effects; division-of-labor; extinction-resistance; odor-learning-ability; olfactory-conditioning-performance; ontogeny-; proboscis-extension-reflex; spontaneous-responses AN Accession Number: 200100248635 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 86 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Honey bee circadian clocks: Behavioral control from individual workers to whole-colony rhythms. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Moore-D {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614-1710: moored@etsu.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] 15 July, 2001; 47 (8): 843-857. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In the field of insect circadian rhythms, the honey bee is best known for its foraging time-sense, or Zeitgedachtnis, which permits the forager bee to make precise associations between the presence of food and the time of day. A number of studies, now considered classics, established that bees could be trained to collect food at virtually any time of the circadian cycle and that this timekeeping ability was controlled by an endogenous circadian clock. Recently, behavioral rhythms in bees have been examined using a variety of approaches, in both laboratory and field studies. The following areas of new research are reviewed: (a) the ontogeny of behavioral rhythmicity in newly emerged worker bees; (b) the integration of behavioral rhythmicity with the colony's division of labor; (c) the evidence for social entrainment of behavioral rhythms and for a 'clock of the colony'; (d) the potential linkage between circadian rhythms of general locomotor activity and the foraging time-sense; (e) learning and entrainment hypotheses proposed to explain the mechanism underlying the time-sense; (f) the interplay between extinction and persistence of the time-memory as revealed from the differential behavior of individuals within the foraging group; and (g) comparisons of the Zeitgedachtnis with food-anticipatory rhythms in other animals. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Biosynchronization- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Zeitgedachtnis-; behavioral-control; behavioral-rhythmicity: integration-, ontogeny-; circadian-clocks; division-of-labor; food-anticipation; social -entrainment; time-memory: extinction-, persistence-; timekeeping-ability; whole-colony-rhythms AN Accession Number: 200100247021 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 87 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Cannabinoid receptors are absent in insects. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: McPartland-John {a}; Di-Marzo-Vincenzo; De-Petrocellis-Luciano; Mercer -Alison; Glass-Michelle AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, UNITEC, Auckland: jmcpartland@unitec.ac.nz, New Zealand SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Neurology. [print] August 6, 2001; 436 (4): 423-429. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-9967 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The endocannabinoid system exerts an important neuromodulatory role in mammals. Knockout mice lacking cannabinoid (CB) receptors exhibit significant morbidity. The endocannabinoid system also appears to be phylogenetically ancient-it occurs in mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, sea urchins, leeches, mussels, and even the most primitive animal with a nerve network, the Hydra. The presence of CB receptors, however, has not been examined in terrestrial invertebrates (or any member of the Ecdysozoa). Surprisingly, we found no specific binding of the synthetic CB ligands (3H)CP55,940 and (3H)SR141716A in a panel of insects: Apis mellifera, Drosophila melanogaster, Gerris marginatus, Spodoptera frugiperda, and Zophobas atratus. A lack of functional CB receptors was confirmed by the inability of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and HU210 to activate G-proteins in insect tissues, utilizing a guanosine-5'-O-(3 -(35)thio)-triphosphate (GTPgammaS) assay. No orthologs of human CB receptors were located in the Drosophila genome, nor did we find orthologs of fatty acid amide hydrolase. This loss of CB receptors appears to be unique in the field of comparative neurobiology. No other known mammalian neuroreceptor is understood to be missing in insects. We hypothesized that CB receptors were lost in insects because of a dearth of ligands; endogenous CB ligands are metabolites of arachidonic acid, and insects produce little or no arachidonic acid or endocannabinoid ligands, such as anandamide. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Heteroptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Drosophila-melanogaster (Diptera-); Gerris -marginatus (Heteroptera-); Spodoptera-frugiperda (Lepidoptera-); Zophobas -atratus (Coleoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: G-proteins; GTP-; HU210-; amide-hydrolase; anandamide-; arachidonic-acid; cannabinoid-receptors; endocannabinoid-ligands; tetrahydrocannabinol- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 86-01-1: GTP; 112830-95-2: HU210; 94421-68-8: ANANDAMIDE; 506-32-1: ARACHIDONIC ACID; 1972-08-3: TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL AN Accession Number: 200100245103 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 88 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Isolation of a peptide fraction from honeybee royal jelly as a potential antifoulbrood factor. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bilikova-Katarina {a}; Wu-Gusui; Simuth-Jozef AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84238, Bratislava: chembili@savba.sk, Slovakia SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2001; 32 (3): 275-283. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: A peptide fraction was isolated from honeybee royal jelly (RJ) using dual dialysis under acidic conditions. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the major peptide within the fraction was V-T-C-D-L-L-S-F-K-G. This sequence corresponds to the honeybee defensin royalisin of MW 5523 Da which has been shown to exert antibacterial activity against some Gram -positive bacteria. Diffusion tests on agar plates showed that the peptide fraction had an inhibitory effect against the honeybee pathogen Paenibacillus larvae larvae, the primary pathogen of American foulbrood disease, as well as against other Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and Sarcina lutea. Moreover, the peptide fraction was shown also to have antifungal effect against the model fungus Botrytis cinerea. It is the first evidence of an antibiotic effect of royalisin against a honeybee pathogen. The procedure described is very simple and does not require application of complicated separation techniques. It is based on dialysis of RJ using membranes with different pore sizes, which enable to separate the compounds having molecular weight below 2 kDa, between 2 kDa and 10 kDa, and over 10 kDa. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination -and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae-; Gram-Positive-Cocci: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Bacillus-subtilis (Endospore -forming-Gram-Positives): entomopathogen-; Botrytis-cinerea (Fungi -Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): entomopathogen-; Paenibacillus-larva-larva (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): entomopathogen-; Sarcina-lutea (Gram -Positive-Cocci): entomopathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: royal-jelly [RJ-]: peptide-fraction; royalisin-: defensin- DS Diseases: American-foulbrood [AFB-]: bacterial-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 128906-89-8: ROYALISIN MQ Methods and Equipment: dual-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: antibacterial-activity AN Accession Number: 200100244856 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 89 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Scent or movement of Varroa destructor mites does not elicit hygienic behaviour by Africanized and Carniolan honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Aumeier-Pia {a}; Rosenkranz-Peter AD Author Address: {a} Zoologisches Institut, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tuebingen: bieneau@uni-hohenheim.de, Germany SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2001; 32 (3): 253-263. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: Hygienic behaviour of mite-tolerant Africanized and susceptible Carniolan colonies was evaluated in Brazil by sham-manipulating or artificially inoculating 4175 capped worker brood cells with dead Varroa destructor mites or ants, or their odour extracts. Both bee types expressed the hygienic components 'uncapping', 'removal of introduced mite/ant' and 'removal of brood' to the same extent and pattern. The similar response to dead mites of different origins and solvent-extracted mites indicates a minor role of scent or of movement of mites within sealed brood cells as releasers of hygienic behaviour. However, application of dichlormethane -extract of mites increased the hygienic response compared to pure solvent alone. Hygienic reactions to mite infested brood cells must, therefore, be elicited by other signals, possibly by the detection of specific reactions or odours of the infested larvae or pupae. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Africanized-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Apis -mellifera-carnica [Carniolan-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite-; ants- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: dichloromethane- GE Geopolitical Location: Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 75-09-2: DICHLOROMETHANE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: animal-movements; brood-cell-infestations; brood-removal; hygienic -behavior; odor-detection; scent-cues; varroosis- AN Accession Number: 200100243901 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 90 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Mortality of Varroa destructor in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies during winter. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Fries-Ingemar {a}; Perez-Escala-Silvia AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007, Uppsala: ingemar.fries@entom.slu.se, Sweden SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2001; 32 (3): 223-229. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: The change in infestation levels of the mite Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman on adult bees during periods with little or no brood rearing (late October/early November to early February) was investigated in 10 colonies for two consecutive years in a Swedish climate (N57degree06'E18degree16'). The results do not support the hypothesis that mites become concentrated on the remaining bees as bees die off from the winter cluster. When the number of all mites recovered from dead bees or from debris was used to calculate mites per dead bee, the level of infestation per bee was not significantly different between samples of live bee and dead bees. For modelling purposes, we presently find no reason to differentiate the mortality rates of bees and mites during periods when there is no or limited amounts of brood in the colonies, although the connection between bee mortality and mite mortality may not be as direct as previously assumed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): adult-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Sweden- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-rearing; colony-infestations; population-dynamics; winter-mortality AN Accession Number: 200100243900 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 91 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The role of the vibration signal during queen competition in colonies of the honeybee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schneider-S-S {a}; Painter-Kurt-S; Degrandi-Hoffman-G AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, 28223: sschnedr@email.uncc.edu, USA SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] June, 2001; 61 (6): 1173-1180. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Temporary polygyny (the presence of multiple queens) occurs in honeybee colonies when virgin queens (VQs) are reared for reproductive swarming or queen replacement. During these events, workers perform vibration signals on queen cells and emerged queens, and these signals may influence which VQ becomes the new laying queen of a colony. We examined the role of vibration signals during queen competition in two African and six European honeybee colonies. There was pronounced variability in vibration activity between colonies and among queens reared within the same colony. Despite this variation, all colonies showed similar trends in the relationships between the vibration signal and queen replacement. Vibration signals performed on queen cells were not associated with emergence success. Likewise, the signal was not associated with queen emergence order. Early emerging and late-emerging queens were vibrated at similar rates, and there was no clear relationship between emergence order and VQ survival. However, the signals performed on VQs after they emerged were associated with their behaviour and success during the queen elimination period. Emerged VQs that were vibrated at higher rates survived longer, performed more bouts of piping (a characteristic sound produced by queens), eliminated more rivals and were more likely to become the new queens of the colonies. The vibration signal may therefore allow workers a degree of control over the behaviour of emerged VQs, and may influence the outcome of queen competition in honeybees. Differences in vibration activity within and among colonies may reflect differences in the extent to which workers and queens conflict over the timing and outcome of polygyny reduction. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): African-, European-, queen-, virgin-queen, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: queen-competition; queen-replacement; reproductive-swarming; survival-; temporary-polygyny; vibration-signal AN Accession Number: 200100243880 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 92 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The timing of worker reproduction and breakdown of policing behaviour in queenless honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) societies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Miller-D-G-III {a}; Ratnieks-F-L-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, Division of Insect Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720: dmiller@trinity.edu, F.Ratnieks@sheffield.ac.uk, USA SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2001; 48 (2): 178-184. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Worker bees eventually begin laying eggs in honey bee colonies that have lost their queen and have failed to rear a replacement. In contrast, workers tend to lack developed ovaries and tend to suppress drone production by worker nestmates in colonies with queens. We measured changes in worker egg-removal behaviour, ovary development, and egg-laying rate in hives following the removal of their queens. We carried out weekly assays of worker removal of experimentally transferred eggs, dissection and inspection of worker bee ovaries, and daily checks of worker oviposition. Following queen removal, the egg-removal rate by workers generally first increased, then decreased or levelled off over the four -week time course of the experiment; this behaviour was closely synchronized with the increase in worker ovary development and egg-laying. We discuss our results in the context of theoretically predicted worker -worker conflict over the onset of reproduction in queenless honey bee societies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovary-: development-, reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: egg-laying-rate; policing-behavior; queen-removal; worker-reproduction AN Accession Number: 200100243697 UD Update Code: 20010806 Record 93 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: One-year dog toxicity study of D-002, a mixture of aliphatic alcohols. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Aleman-Celia {a}; Rodeiro-Idania; Noa-Miriam; Menendez-Roberto; Gamez -Rafael; Hernandez-Caridad; Mas-Rosa AD Author Address: {a} Department of Toxicology, Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba SO Source: Journal-of-Applied-Toxicology. [print] May-June, 2001; 21 (3): 179-184. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0260-437X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: D-002 is a mixture of high-molecular-weight aliphatic alcohols, obtained from bees wax (Apis mellifera), with mild anti-inflammatory properties and effective anti-ulcer activities demonstrated in experimental models. This study investigated the oral toxicity of D-002 administered for 1 year to beagle dogs. Twenty-four beagle dogs (12 males and 12 females) were distributed randomly in three experimental groups (four animals per group): a control and two treated groups received D-002 at 50 and 250 mg kg-1 (7 days/week) by gastric gavage. Overall, D-002 was well tolerated throughout the study. No signs or symptoms of toxicity were observed, and no mortality occurred during the study. All groups showed similar weight gain and food consumption. No hematological, blood biochemical or histopathological disturbances attributable to treatment were observed. This study shows no drug-related toxicity induced by long-term administration of up to 250 mg kg-1 D-002 to beagle dogs. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Canidae-: Carnivora-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); beagle-dog [dog-] (Canidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Carnivores-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: D-002: antiinflammatory-effects, antiulcerative-activities, toxic-effects; aliphatic-alcohols MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: one-year-dg-toxicity-study AN Accession Number: 200100241567 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 94 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Detection of coloured patterns by honeybees through chromatic and achromatic cues. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-Ibarra-Natalie-Hempel {a}; Giurfa-Martin; Vorobyev-Misha AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Biologie - Neurobiologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 28/30, 14195, Berlin: nhempel@neurobiologie.fu -berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] April, 2001; 187 (3): 215-224. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We asked whether the detection range of two-coloured centre-surround patterns differs from that of single-coloured targets. Honeybees Apis mellifera were trained to distinguish between the presence and absence of a single-coloured disc or a coloured pattern at different visual angles. The patterns presented colours which were either different in chromatic and L-receptor contrasts to the background, equal in chromatic but different in L-receptor contrasts, or vice-versa. Patterns with colours presenting only chromatic contrast were also tested. Patterns with higher L-receptor contrast in its outer than in its inner element were better detected than patterns with a reversed L-contrast distribution. However, both were detected worse than single-coloured discs of the respective colours. When the L-receptor contrast was the same for both elements, the detection range of the two-coloured and single-coloured targets was the same. Patterns whose colours lacked L-receptor contrast were detected just as single-coloured targets of the same colours. These results demonstrate that both chromatic and L-receptor contrasts mediate the detection of coloured patterns and that particular distributions of L-receptor contrast within a target are better detected than others. This finding is consistent with the intervention of neurons with centre-surround receptive fields in the detection of coloured patterns. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: neuron-: nervous-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: achromatic-cues; chromatic-cues; color-vision; detection-; pattern-vision AN Accession Number: 200100240930 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 95 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Mite not make it home: Tracheal mites reduce the safety margin for oxygen delivery of flying honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Harrison-Jon-F {a}; Camazine-Scott; Marden-James-H; Kirkton-Scott-D {a}; Rozo-Albert; Yang-Xiaolong AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1501: j.harrison@asu.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] February, 2001; 204 (4): 805-814. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Many physiological systems appear to have safety margins, with excess capacity relative to normal functional needs, but the significance of such excess capacity remains controversial. In this study, we investigate the effects of parasitic tracheal mites (Acarapis woodi) on the safety margin for oxygen delivery and flight performance of honeybees. Tracheal mites did not affect the flight metabolic rate of honeybees in normoxic (21% oxygen) or hyperoxic (40% oxygen) air, but did reduce their metabolic rate relative to uninfected bees when flying in hypoxic air (5 or 10% oxygen), demonstrating that mites reduced the safety margin for tracheal oxygen delivery. The negative effects of mites on flight metabolic rate in hypoxic atmospheres were graded with the number of mites per trachea. For example, in 10% oxygen atmospheres, flight metabolic rate was reduced by 20% by moderate mite infection and by 40% by severe mite infection. Thus, the safety margin for oxygen delivery in honeybees allows them to retain normal flight metabolic rate and behavior despite tracheal mite infection under most conditions. However, the reduction in tracheal gas-exchange capacity may constrain activities requiring the highest metabolic rates, such as flying in cool weather. In support of this hypothesis, bees that were unable to return to the hive during late-winter flights showed significantly higher levels of mite infection than bees that returned safely. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Metabolism-; Parasitology-; Respiratory-System (Respiration-) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acarapis-woodi [mite-] (Acarina-): parasite-; Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: trachea-: respiratory-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxygen- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 7782-44-7: OXYGEN MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flight-performance; gas-exchange-capacity; metabolic-rate; oxygen-delivery; safety-margin AN Accession Number: 200100240808 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 96 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Origin of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) from the Yucatan peninsula inferred from mitochondrial DNA analysis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Clarke-Kylea-E {a}; Oldroyd-Benjamin-P; Javier-J; Quezada-Euan-G; Rinderer -Thomas-E AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences A12, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006: kclark@bio.usyd.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Molecular-Ecology. [print] June, 2001; 10 (6): 1347-1355. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-1083 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) sampled at sites in Europe, Africa and South America were analysed using a mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) marker. These samples were used to provide baseline information for a detailed analysis of the process of Africanization of bees from the neotropical Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. Radical changes in mitochondrial haplotype (mitotype) frequencies were found to have occurred in the 13-year period studied. Prior to the arrival of Africanized bees (1986) the original inhabitants of the Yucatan peninsula appear to have been essentially of southeastern European origin with a smaller proportion having northwestern European ancestry. Three years after the migration of Africanized bees into the area (1989), only very low levels of maternal gene flow from Africanized populations into the resident European populations had occurred. By 1998, however, there was a sizeable increase in the proportion of African mitotypes in domestic populations (61%) with feral populations having 87% of mitotypes classified as African derived. The results suggest that the early stages of Africanization did not involve a rapid replacement of European with African mitotypes and that earlier studies probably overestimated the prevalence of African mitotypes. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Africa- (Ethiopian-region); Europe- (Palearctic-region); South-America (Neotropical-region); Yucatan-Peninsula (Nearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: mitochondrial-DNA-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Africanization-; gene-flow; mitochondrial-haplotype-frequency AN Accession Number: 200100240380 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 97 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Do morphometrics and allozymes reliably distinguish Africanized and European Apis mellifera drones in subtropical Mexico? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-J-May-Itza-W; Quezada-Euan-J-J-G {a}; Iuit-L; Echazarreta-C-M AD Author Address: {a} Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, YUC: qeuan@tunku.uady.mx, Mexico SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2001; 40 (1): 17-23. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Drones reared in colonies of honey bees (Apis mellifera) of European (EHB) and Africanized (AHB) origin were characterized using morphometrics and allozyme analyses. 17 characters of the forewing were compared at the univariate and multivariate level using principal component analysis (PCA). Additionally, Mdh and Hk allozyme frequencies were compared between both drone types. Only 5 forewing characters were statistically different between the two drone types and PCA failed to separate clearly AHB from EHB drones. The Hk allele 1 was more frequent in EHB drones compared with AHB (P < 0.01). However, the frequencies of the Mdh1 allele in EHB drones from Yucatan was intermediate between AHB and EHB drones from an Africanized-free zone (P < 0.01). These results suggest that, for Yucatecan populations, Hk is more informative concerning the African or European origin of drones than Mdh. Evidence of undetected levels of africanization with morphometrics alone and the non-neutrality and high within-population variation of the Mdh loci make the use of these techniques questionable as a diagnostic of africanization in drones from the Yucatan. The use of Hk in combination with mitochondrial and/or nuclear DNA markers would be of more value to analyse the dynamics of male production, seasonal abundance and male releases in drone congregation areas in Yucatan. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): Africanized-, European-, drone- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: allozymes-; hexokinase-; malate-dehydrogenase GE Geopolitical Location: Mexico- (North-America, Nearctic-region); Yucatan- (Mexico-, North-America, Nearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-51-8: HEXOKINASE; 9001-64-3: MALATE DEHYDROGENASE MQ Methods and Equipment: principal-component-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: morphometrics-; within-population-variation AN Accession Number: 200100240366 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 98 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Producao de Geleia Real e Desenvolvimento da Larva de Abelhas Apis mellifera, na Regiao Semi-Arida de Pernambuco. Royal jelly production and larval development of bees Apis mellifera in semi-arid region of Pernambuco, Brazil. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-Queiroz-Maria-de-Lourdes {a}; Barbosa-Severino-Benone-Paes {a}; de -Azevedo-Marcilio {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Zootecnia, UFRPE, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, Dois Irmaos, Recife, PE: baid@uol.com.br, baid@uol.com.br, baid@uol.com.br, Brazil SO Source: Revista-Brasileira-de-Zootecnia. [print] March-April, 2001; 30 (2): 449-453. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese AB Abstract: In order to evaluate the best period to collect royal jelly (RJ) from queen cells and study the larval development of Apis mellifera, RJ production and larval weight (LW) were analyzed in Ibimirim and Petrolandia, counties of the semi-arid region of Pernambuco, Brazil. The study was performed in May and June, 1995 and the experimental design was randomized blocks. The RJ collected and the LW after 24, 32, 48, 58 and 72 h in relation to larval transfer period were significantly different (P<0.01) in both locations. Regression equations showed that maximum productions of RJ, 157.57 mg in (Ibimirim) and 183.69 mg in (Petrolandia) were achieved, respectively at 59 and 54 h after larval transference. The results show the best production could be obtained by collecting RJ between 48 and 56 h after larval transfer in both locations. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Development-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [bee-] (Hymenoptera-): larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Pernambuco- (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; larval-development; royal-jelly-production; semi-arad -environment AN Accession Number: 200100230252 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 99 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae): An alternative to Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) for lowbush blueberry pollination. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stubbs-Constance-S {a}; Drummond-Francis-A {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469-5722, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] June, 2001; 94 (3): 609-616. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The pollination effectiveness of the commercially reared bumble bee Bombus impatiens Cresson, was compared in field studies to the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., for lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. A preliminary study indicated that B. impatiens had potential as an alternative pollinator. In a 3-yr study, percentage fruit set, percentage harvested berries, berry weight, and seeds per berry were compared in blueberry fields stocked at 7.5 A. mellifera hives per hectare to 5, 7.5, or 10 B. impatiens colonies per hectare. Percentage of harvested berries (yield) was significantly higher in fields stocked with B. impatiens at 10 colonies per hectare. No other parameters measuring pollinator effectiveness were significantly different at 5, 7.5, or 10 colonies per hectare. Flower handling time was significantly faster for B. impatiens and it more frequently collected blueberry pollen. All parameters of pollinator effectiveness were similar for B. impatiens, A. mellifera, and native wild bees in a follow-up study. Overall, B. impatiens was a suitable alternative to A. mellifera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Ericaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Bombus-impatiens (Hymenoptera -): pollinator-; Vaccinium-angustifolium [lowbush-blueberry] (Ericaceae-): fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: percentage-harvested-berries; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200100230226 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 100 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Easy ways to determine honey bee mortality using dead-bee traps. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Perez-Jose-Luis; Higes-Mariano; Suarez-Miguel; Llorente-Jesus; Meana -Aranzazu {a} AD Author Address: {a} Dpto. Patologia Animal I (Sanidad Animal), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid: ameana@eucmax.sim.ucm.es, Spain SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2001; 40 (1): 25-28. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Two different hive entrance dead-bee traps designed using standard beekeeping materials were compared to assess their usefulness in determining honey bee (Apis mellifera) mortality. Two trials were carried out on 10 modified Langstroth hives in February and April, 1998, with two simple traps distributed randomly among colonies. In trial 1, five hives were tested with a modified pollen collector trap and the other five with an 'underbasket' trap. In trial 2, the same hives were used but with different traps. The strength of each colony was measured by counting the spaces between frames occupied by bees. On day 0, 100 dead marked bees were introduced into each hive and trapped bees were counted periodically. More than 91% of the dead bees were collected in both traps with similar results. No relationship was established between efficacy and the strength of the colony, but there was a relationship between efficacy and collection time. There was a direct relationship between the number of spaces between frames full of bees and the time of recovering dead bees. Both traps tested seem to provide an economical and simple way to assess bee mortality in a short-term test. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: Langstroth-hives: equipment-; dead-bee-traps: equipment-; modified-pollen -collector: equipment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-strength; mortality- AN Accession Number: 200100230205 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 101 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Effects of comb age on honey bee colony growth and brood survivorship. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Berry-Jennifer-A {a}; Delaplane-Keith-S AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602: jbee@bugs.ent.uga.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2001; 40 (1): 3-8. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: This research examined the effects of comb age on honey bee colony growth and brood survivorship. Experimental old combs were of an unknown age, but were dark and heavy as typical of combs one or more years old. New combs were produced just prior to the beginning of the experiment and had never had brood previously reared in them. Either old or new combs were installed into each of 21-24 nucleus colonies each year over a three-year period. On average, colonies with new comb produced a greater area (cm2) of brood, a greater area (cm2) of sealed brood, and a higher weight of individual young bees (mg). Brood survivorship was the only variable significantly higher in old comb. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-survivorship; colony-growth; comb-age; comb-production AN Accession Number: 200100230204 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 102 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Do competing honey bees matter? Dynamics and abundance of native bees before and after honey bee invasion. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Roubik-David-W {a}; Wolda-Henk AD Author Address: {a} Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20560-0580: roubikd@tivoli.si.edu, USA SO Source: Population-Ecology. [print] April, 2001; 43 (1): 53-62. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1438-3896 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: To provide replicate samples of local bee populations in a nature preserve, light traps operated continuously on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, collected bees for 17 years, including 10 years following invasion by African Apis mellifera. Honey bees appeared in light traps as the first swarms colonized the Panama Canal area. Their numbers followed seasonal trends shown in independent studies, thus indicating bee abundance and activity in a large area. No measurable population-level impact of competition between this invading honey bee and native bees, despite many demonstrations of resource competition at flower patch and colony levels, changed annual abundances of all 15 native bee species. Native bee abundance did not decrease, nor did native bees show substantial reciprocal yearly change with honey bee abundance. One strong negative correlation of bee catches with an extremely rainy year was found. However, multiple regression using rainfall and honey bee abundance as the independent variables showed that neither was responsible for bee population change over 17 years. Nearly half the native species declined during a year that displayed peak honey bee number. That competition from honey bees on an island the size of BCI was necessarily reduced below impact levels expected on the mainland is discussed using a model of resource and consumer density, foraging range, and island size. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biodiversity-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): African-, competitor-; Centris -flavilabris (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Megalopta-ecuadoria (Hymenoptera -): competitor-; Megalopta-genalis (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Oxytrigona -mellicolor (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Partamona-peckolti (Hymenoptera -): competitor-; Plebeia-franki (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Plebeia -frontinalis (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Plebeia-jatiformis (Hymenoptera -): competitor-; Ptiloglossa-sp. (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Rhinetula -dentricus (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Scaptotrigona-barrocoloradensis (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Scaptotrigona-luteipennis (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Trigona-corvina (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Trigona -fulviventris (Hymenoptera-): competitor-; Trigona-nigerrima (Hymenoptera -): competitor- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Barro-Colorado-Island (Panama-, Central-America, Neotropical-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: light-trapping: sampling-method; multiple-regression: statistical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biological-invasions; colony-levels; environmental-impact; flower-patches; foraging-ranges; island-size; neotropical-ecology; rainfall-; resource -competition; seasonal-trends; species-abundance; species-density AN Accession Number: 200100228203 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 103 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Behaviour of African and European subspecies of Apis mellifera toward the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Elzen-P-J {a}; Baxter-J-R; Neumann-P; Solbrig-A; Pirk-C; Hepburn-H-R; Westervelt-D; Randall-C AD Author Address: {a} USDA-ARS, 2413 E. Highway 83, Weslaco, TX, 78596: pelzen@weslaco.ars.usda.gov, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2001; 40 (1): 40-41. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Aethina-tumida [small-hive-beetle] (Coleoptera-): pest-; Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-capensis [cape-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: defensive-behavior AN Accession Number: 200100225392 UD Update Code: 20010717 Record 104 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Structural differences in the drone olfactory system of two phylogenetically distant Apis species, A. florea and A. mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Brockmann-Axel {a}; Brueckner-Dorothea AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Theodor-Boveri -Institut fuer Biowissenschaften, Universitaet Wuerzburg, 97074, Wuerzburg: brockmann@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Naturwissenschaften-. [print] February, 2001; 88 (2): 78-81. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-1042 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Communication-; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-florea (Hymenoptera-): drone-, female-, male-, queen-; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): drone-, female-, male-, queen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennae-: sensory-system; macroglomeruli- [MG-]; olfactory-system: sensory -system, structure-; receptor-neurons: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sex-pheromones MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: chemical-communication; interspecific-differences: anatomical-, morphological- AN Accession Number: 200100222642 UD Update Code: 20010628 Record 105 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands differently affect cytochrome oxidase in the honeybee brain. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Armengaud-Catherine {a}; Ait-Oubah-Jamila; Causse-Nicolas; Gauthier-Monique AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Insecte, Universite de Toulouse III, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex: carmenga@cict.fr, France SO Source: Neuroscience-Letters. [print] May 18, 2001; 304 (1-2): 97-101. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0304-3940 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine if nicotinic receptor antagonists known for their ability to impair memory in the honeybee could induce changes in brain metabolism. We tested the effect of antagonists (hexamethonium, mecamylamine, alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX)) and agonist (nicotine) brain injections on cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry. Within as little as 30 min following nicotine injection, an increase of the staining was observed in almost all the structures analyzed. The increase was limited to the alpha-lobe after alpha-BTX injection. In contrast, the antagonists hexamethonium and mecamylamine reduced CO staining in this structure that seems to be involved in information retrieval. These results suggest that the decrease of metabolism in the alpha-lobe obtained with hexamethonium and mecamylamine injections could be related to the impairment of retrieval-processes previously observed with these drugs. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Nervous-System (Neural -Coordination); Pharmacology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: alpha-bungarotoxin; cytochrome-oxidase; hexamethonium-; mecamylamine-; nicotine-; nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor RN CAS Registry Number (R): 11032-79-4: ALPHA-BUNGAROTOXIN; 9001-16-5: CYTOCHROME OXIDASE; 60-26-4: HEXAMETHONIUM; 60-40-2: MECAMYLAMINE; 54-11-5: NICOTINE AN Accession Number: 200100219206 UD Update Code: 20010628 Record 106 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Biomechanics of the movable pretarsal adhesive organ in ants and bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Federle-Walter; Brainerd-Elizabeth-L; Mcmahon-Thomas-A; Hoelldobler-Bert {a} AD Author Address: {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Zoologie II, Theodor-Boveri Institut fuer Biowissenschaften der Universitaet, University of Wuerzburg, D-97074, Wuerzburg: bertholl@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-National-Academy-of-Sciences-of-the-United-States-of -America. [print] May 22, 2001; 98 (11): 6215-6220. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0027-8424 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Hymenoptera attach to smooth surfaces with a flexible pad, the arolium, between the claws. Here we investigate its movement in Asian weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) and honeybees (Apis mellifera). When ants run upside down on a smooth surface, the arolium is unfolded and folded back with each step. Its extension is strictly coupled with the retraction of the claws. Experimental pull on the claw-flexor tendon revealed that the claw-flexor muscle not only retracts the claws, but also moves the arolium. The elicited arolium movement comprises (i) about a 90degree rotation (extension) mediated by the interaction of the two rigid pretarsal sclerites arcus and manubrium and (ii) a lateral expansion and increase in volume. In severed legs of O. smaragdina ants, an increase in hemolymph pressure of 15 kPa was sufficient to inflate the arolium to its full size. Apart from being actively extended, an arolium in contact also can unfold passively when the leg is subject to a pull toward the body. We propose a combined mechanical-hydraulic model for arolium movement: (i) the arolium is engaged by the action of the unguitractor, which mechanically extends the arolium; (ii) compression of the arolium gland reservoir pumps liquid into the arolium; (iii) arolia partly in contact with the surface are unfolded passively when the legs are pulled toward the body; and (iv) the arolium deflates and moves back to its default position by elastic recoil of the cuticle. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Movement-and-Support ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Oecophylla-smaragdina (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: arolium-; claw-flexor-muscle: muscular-system; claw-flexor-tendon: skeletal -system; leg-; pretarsal-adhesive-organ MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biomechanics-; mechanical-hydraulic-model AN Accession Number: 200100218852 UD Update Code: 20010628 Record 107 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The effect of diet breadth and nesting ecology on body size variation in bees (Apiformes). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Roulston-T'-ai-H; Cane-James-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} USDA-ARS Bee Biology and Systematics Lab, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5310, USA SO Source: Journal-of-the-Kansas-Entomological-Society. [print] July, 2000; 73 (3): 129-142. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-8567 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Body size in animals influences survival, fecundity, and mating opportunity. For bees, parental provisioning behavior largely controls offspring body size. Because larger offspring of many bee species have fitness advantages, selection on body size should act through selection on parental provisioning behavior and restrict body size variation of each species. Many bee species show great variability in body size, however, which may indicate that adult females are often constrained in their ability to consistently produce large offspring. We compared body size variation within bee species for two life history traits that could influence offspring body size: dietary breadth (specialist or generalist) and nesting habit (ground-nesting or cavity-nesting). We determined the head width (a reliable correlate of body size) of 2276 bees belonging to 31 bee species from five families and calculated the body size variation for each species. Body size variation, measured as the coefficient of variation in head size, did not differ between pollen specialists (oligoleges) and pollen generalists (polyleges) across 13 pairs of closely -related, sympatric bee species of similar body size. Cavity-nesting species showed significantly greater variation in body size than ground -nesting species, which suggests that the choice of nest cavities utilized may be a more important predictor of offspring body size than parental body size. The cleptoparasite Coelioxys sayi had similar body size variation to one of its hosts, Megachile brevis. The European honey bee, Apis mellifera, showed the least body size variation of any species measured. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Evolution-and-Adaptation; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Coelioxys-sayi (Hymenoptera-): kleptoparasite-; Megachile-brevis (Hymenoptera-): kleptoparasite-host TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: body-size; diet-breadth; fitness-; head-width; interspecific-variation; life-history-traits; natural-selection; nesting-ecology; parental -provisioning-behavior AN Accession Number: 200100210126 UD Update Code: 20010628 Record 108 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: The presence of pharmacological substances myoglobin and histamine in venoms. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lipps-B-V {a}; Khan-A-A AD Author Address: {a} Ophidia Products, Inc., Houston, TX, 77035, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Venomous-Animals-and-Toxins. [online] 2001; 7 (1 CITED APRIL 27, 2001): 1-11. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.scielo.br/cgi-bin/fbpe/fball?got=all&pid=0104 -7930&usr=fbpe&lng=en&nrm=iso&sss=1&aut=71981947 PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0104-7930 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: It is well documented that several pharmacological substances are released within the victim's body after snakebite. These substances are also believed to be endogenously present in animals, specifically levels of myoglobin and histamine that are reported to rise after envenomation. However, there is no published data regarding the presence of these substances in venoms per se.This research reports the detection of myoglobin and histamine in snake, scorpion, honeybee, and toad venoms by immunological test. It is unlikely that the rise in levels of myoglobin and histamine is due to that added from the bite, since a single toxin devoid of such components is capable of elevating levels of these substances. Nonetheless, it is likely that the rise in levels of myoglobin and histamine after envenomation is due to the venom or toxin reacting with cells of various organs of the victim. Therefore, this phenomenon can be compared to cancer markers, which are endogenously present in humans at low levels and elevated in cancerous states. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination -and-Homeostasis); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Arachnida-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Holothuroidea-: Echinodermata-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Salientia-: Amphibia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Serpentes-: Reptilia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Actinopyga-agassizi (Holothuroidea-); Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Bufo -arenarum (Salientia-); Crotalus-atrox (Serpentes-); Crotalus-polystictus (Serpentes-); Naja-kaouthia (Serpentes-); Ophiophagus-hannah (Serpentes-); Oxyuranus-s.-scutellatus (Serpentes-); honeybee- (Hymenoptera-); mouse- (Muridae-); scorpion- (Arachnida-); snake- (Serpentes-); toad- (Salientia-) TN Taxa Notes: Amphibians-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Chordates-; Echinoderms -; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman -Vertebrates; Reptiles-; Rodents-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: histamine-: pharmacological-substance, venom-content; honeybee-venom; immunoglobulin-G; myoglobin-: pharmacological-substance, venom-content; scorpion-venom; snake-venom; toad-venom RN CAS Registry Number (R): 51-45-6: HISTAMINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: envenomation- AN Accession Number: 200100207770 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 109 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Seasonal effect of Brazilian propolis on Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sforcin-J-M {a}; Fernandes-Junior-A; Lopes-C-A-M; Funari-S-R-C; Bankova-V AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Venomous-Animals-and-Toxins. [online] 2001; 7 (1 CITED APRIL 27, 2001): 1-7. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.scielo.br/cgi-bin/fbpe/fball?got=all&pid=0104 -7930&usr=fbpe&lng=en&nrm=iso&sss=1&aut=71981947 PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0104-7930 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Recently, propolis has been attracting the attention of researchers due to various biological activities and therapeutic properties. In Brazil, propolis is produced all year long, so there may be some seasonal variations. This work was carried out in order to compare propolis collected during the four seasons by its in vitro antimicrobial activity on yeast pathogens isolated from human infections. Propolis was produced by africanized honeybees in Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, collected throughout a year and pooled by season. Hydroalcoholic solutions of propolis were prepared with each pool and diluted in agar, using serial concentrations of propolis from each pool. A determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was performed. The results show that Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans were susceptible to low concentrations of propolis, the latter showing a higher susceptibility. No differences were seen in relation to seasonal effects in the minimal inhibitory concentration of propolis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biosynchronization-; Infection-; Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hominidae-: Primates -, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [africanized-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-); Candida-albicans (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): pathogen-; Candida-tropicalis (Fungi -Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): pathogen-; human- (Hominidae-): patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Fungi-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates -; Mammals-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants-; Primates-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Brazilian-propolis: antifungal-agent, antimicrobial-activity, minimal -inhibitory-concentration, seasonal-effect GE Geopolitical Location: Botucatu- (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) AN Accession Number: 200100205278 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 110 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Comparative laboratory toxicity of neem pesticides to honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae), their mite parasites Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) and Acarapis woodi (Acari: Tarsonemidae), and brood pathogens Paenibacillus larvae and Ascophaera apis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Melathopoulos-Adony-P {a}; Winston-Mark-L {a}; Whittington-Robin {a}; Smith -Tasha {a}; Lindberg-Chris {a}; Mukai-Amy {a}; Moore-Margo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] April, 2000; 93 (2): 199-209. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate neem oil and neem extract for the management of key honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) pests. Neem pesticides inhibited the growth of Paenibacillus larvae (Ash, Priest & Collins) in vitro but had no effect on the growth of Ascophaera apis (Olive & Spiltoir). Azadirachtin-rich extract (neem-aza) was 10 times more potent than crude neem oil (neem oil) against P. larvae suggesting that azadirachtin is a main antibiotic component in neem. Neem-aza, however, was ineffective at controlling the honey bee mite parasites Varroa jacobsoni (Ouduemans) and Acarapis woodi (Rennie). Honey bees also were deterred from feeding on sucrose syrup containing >0.01 mg/ml of neem-aza. However, neem oil applied topically to infested bees in the laboratory proved highly effective against both mite species. Approximately 50-90% V. jacobsoni mortality was observed 48 h after treatment with associated bee mortality lower than 10%. Although topically applied neem oil did not result in direct A. woodi mortality, it offered significant protection of bees from infestation by A. woodi. Other vegetable and petroleum-based oils also offered selective control of honey bee mites, suggesting neem oil has both a physical and a toxicological mode of action. Although oils are not as selective as the V. jacobsoni acaricide tau-fluvalinate, they nonetheless hold promise for the simultaneous management of several honey bee pests. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Endospore -forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Fungi-: Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acarapis-woodi (Acarina-): agricultural-pest, parasite-; Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Ascophaera-apis (Fungi-): agricultural-pest, entomopathogen-; Paenibacillus-larvae (Endospore -forming-Gram-Positives): agricultural-pest, entomopathogen-; Varroa -jacobsoni (Acarina-): agricultural-pest, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Chelicerates-; Eubacteria-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: azadirachtin-: pesticide-; neem-oil: antibiotic-, pesticide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 11141-17-6: AZADIRACHTIN MQ Methods and Equipment: laboratory-bioassays: evaluation-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: comparative-toxicity; parasitism- AN Accession Number: 200100203979 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 111 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Laboratory evaluation of miticides to control Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae), a honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) parasite. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lindberg-Christopher-M {a}; Melathopoulos-Adony-P {a}; Winston-Mark-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] April, 2000; 93 (2): 189-198. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A laboratory bioassay was developed to evaluate miticides to control Varroa jacobsoni (Oudemans), an important parasite of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. Bees and mites were exposed to applications of essential oil constituents in petri dishes (60 by 20 mm). The registered mite control agents tau-fluvalinate (Apistan) and formic acid also were evaluated as positive controls. Treatments that caused high mite mortality (>70%) at doses that produced low bee mortality (<30%) were considered mite selective. The six most selective of the 22 treatments tested (clove oil, benzyl acetate, thymol, carvacrol, methyl salicylate, and Magic3) were further evaluated to estimate LD50 values and selectivity ratios (A. mellifera LD50/V. jacobsoni LD50) at 24, 43, and 67 h after exposure. Tau -fluvalinate was the most selective treatment, but thymol, clove oil, Magic3, and methyl salicylate demonstrated selectivity equal to or greater than formic acid. The effect of mode of application (complete exposure versus vapor only) on bee and mite mortality was assessed for thymol, clove oil, and Magic3 by using a 2-chambered dish design. Estimated V. jacobsoni LD50 values were significantly lower for complete exposure applications of thymol amd Magic3, suggesting that both vapor and topical exposure influenced mite mortality, whereas estimated values for clove oil suggested that topical exposure had little or no influence on mite mortality. These results indicate that essential oil constituents alone may not be selective enough to control Varroa under all conditions, but could be a useful component of an integrated pest management approach to parasitic mite management in honey bee colonies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Methods-and-Techniques; Pest-Assessment-Control-and -Management; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): agricultural-pest, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Magic-3: acaricide-, essential-oil; benzyl-acetate: acaricide-, essential -oil; carvacrol-: acaricide-, essential-oil; clove-oil: acaricide-, essential-oil; formic-acid: acaricide-; methyl-salicylate: acaricide-, essential-oil; tau-fluvalinate: acaricide-; thymol-: acaricide-, essential -oil RN CAS Registry Number (R): 140-11-4: BENZYL ACETATE; 499-75-2: CARVACROL; 64-18-6: FORMIC ACID; 119-36 -8: METHYL SALICYLATE; 89-83-8: THYMOL MQ Methods and Equipment: integrated-pest-management: pest-control-method; laboratory-bioassays: evaluation-method; topical-exposure: administration-method; vapor -exposure: administration-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mortality-; parasitism- AN Accession Number: 200100203978 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 112 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Control of varroa and its effect on honey production by Apis mellifera in Venezuela. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Manrique-Antonio-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department de Genetica, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP: manrique@rgm.fmrp.usp.br, Brazil SO Source: Interciencia-. [print] January, 2001; 26 (1): 25-28. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-1844 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese; Spanish AB Abstract: Varroosis has not been widely studied in Venezuela, despite the damage that it causes for local beekeeping. Most beekeepers are not informed about management techniques for control and quite often they use incorrect methodologies, including appliation of organophosphate pesticides. The object of this research was to determine if Africanized bees were tolerant of this pest, and if with good management they could produce honey, despite the presence of Varroa jacobsoni. Chemical treatments were also tested. Four treatments (T1 = control, T2 = Bayvarol(R), T3 = Apistan(R) and T4 = Formic Acid) were applied during 10 weeks. Annual honey production yields were statistically similar for the four treatments (50.4, 49.8, 51.7 and 52.5 kg/colony, respectively for T1-4). The number of mites found dead on the bottom board was significantly higher for treatments 2-4, than in the control. Africanized honey bees appear to be tolerant of varroa, and can produce normal honey crops without the costs and risks of chemical treatments. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina -): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Apistan-: pesticide-; Bayvarol-: pesticide-; formic-acid: pesticide- GE Geopolitical Location: Venezuela- (South-America, Neotropical-region) DS Diseases: varroosis-: control-, parasitic-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 69409-94-5: APISTAN; 64-18-6: FORMIC ACID MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: honey-production AN Accession Number: 200100203551 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 113 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Solution structure of BSTI: A new trypsin inhibitor from skin secretions of Bombina bombina. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Rosengren-K-Johan; Daly-Norelle-L; Scanlon-Martin-J; Craik-David-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072: d.craik@imb.uq.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Biochemistry-. [print] April 17, 2001; 40 (15): 4601-4609. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-2960 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The three-dimensional solution structure of BSTI, a trypsin inhibitor from the European frog Bombina bombina, has been solved using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The 60 amino acid protein contains five disulfide bonds, which were unambiguously determined to be Cys (4-38), Cys (13-34), Cys (17 -30), Cys (21-60), and Cys (40-54) by experimental restraints and subsequent structure calculations. The main elements of secondary structure are four beta-strands, arranged as two small antiparallel beta -sheets. The overall fold of BSTI is disk shaped and is characterized by the lack of a hydrophobic core. The presumed active site is located on a loop comprising residues 21-34, which is a relatively disordered region similar to that seen in many other protease inhibitors. However, the overall fold is different to other known protease inhibitors with the exception of a small family of inhibitors isolated from nematodes of the family Ascaris and recently also from the haemolymph of Apis mellifera. BSTI may thus be classified as a new member of this recently discovered family of protease inhibitors. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Nematoda-: Aschelminthes-, Helminthes-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Salientia-: Amphibia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Ascaris- (Nematoda-); Bombina-bombina [European-frog] (Salientia-) TN Taxa Notes: Amphibians-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Aschelminths-; Chordates-; Helminths-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: hemolymph-: blood-and-lymphatics; skin-: integumentary-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: BSTI-: solution-structure, trypsin-inhibitor; protease-inhibitors; skin -secretions RN CAS Registry Number (R): 37205-61-1: PROTEASE INHIBITORS MQ Methods and Equipment: Bruker-DRX-750-spectrometer: Bruker-, laboratory-equipment; proton-NMR -spectroscopy: analytical-method, spectroscopic-techniques: CB- AN Accession Number: 200100201145 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 114 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Insecticidal mortality, foraging behaviour and pollination role of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) on Brassica (Brassica campestris L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sabir-Arshed-Makhdoom {a}; Suhail-Anjum; Hussain-Ashiq; Saeed-Asif AD Author Address: {a} Beekeeping and Hill Fruit Pests Research Station, University of Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan SO Source: Pakistan-Journal-of-Zoology. [print] 2000; 32 (4): 369-372. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0030-9923 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The experiment was planned to study the insecticidal mortality, foraging behaviour and role of honeybees, Brassica campestris L. on Brassica, Apis mellifera L. during 1996-97. The application of insecticides (Polo 500 EC Primor 50 W) each @ 617.50 ml/ha was done only once under caged plot environment of 4X5X6 feet area. Twenty five individuals of honey bees were released in each treatment at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after insecticide application. For foraging behaviour, number of honeybees' visits per 10 minutes per flower on alternate days during January and February were recorded. Role of honeybees towards pollination was observed by recording seed yield, 1000 grain weight and by testing germination percentage of the seed of Brassica. For these studies, 1st caged plot was meant to be pollinated only by honey bees, 2nd caged plot to be pollinated only by wind and 3rd was kept open, as control (Honeybees + Wind + Other pollinators). Polo proved as a safer insecticide showing minimum mortality of honeybees as compared to Primor at all the post treatment intervals. The mortality, however, ranged from 4.00 to 9.00 as against 9.67-24.67 per 25 individuals in case of Polo and Primor, respectively. The maximum average number of visits of worker honeybees was recorded during 1000-1100 hours (25.21/flower/10 minutes) followed by the rest of the individuals in a day. The honeybees proved a good source of pollination, resulting a maximum seed yield (19.90 Q/ha.), maximum 1000 grain seed yield (3.813 gm) and maximum germination percentage (95.80%). Thus seed pollinated by honeybees was found to be healthy and of good quality. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology; Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Cruciferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): nontarget-organism, pollinator-; Brassica-campestris [brassica-] (Cruciferae-): oilseed-crop, seed- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Polo-500-EC: insecticide-; Primor-50W: insecticide- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: caged-plot-environments; flower-visitation; foraging-behavior; germination -; grain-seed-yield; grain-weight; mortality-; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200100195497 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 115 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Resistance to Acarapis woodi by honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Divergent selection and evaluation of selection progress. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nasr-Medhat-E {a}; Otis-Gard-W; Scott-Dupree-Cynthia-D AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental Biology, Ontario Beekeepers' Association, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] April, 2001; 94 (2): 332-338. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Two generations of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., selected for resistance to tracheal mites, Acarapis woodi (Rennie), were produced from a foundation stock. The mite resistant lines had significantly low mite abundances and prevalences in each selected generation. The high mite -resistant lines of the first selected generation showed resistance equal to that of bees that had undergone natural selection from tracheal mite infestations for 3 yr in New York. Additionally, the high mite-resistant lines of the second selected generation and Buckfast bees had significantly lower mite abundances and prevalences than honey bees from control colonies which had never been exposed to tracheal mite infestation in Ontario. These results corroborate studies that have shown that honey bees possess genetic components for tracheal mite resistance that can be readily enhanced in a breeding program. The two methods used for evaluating relative resistance of honey bees to tracheal mites, a short -term bioassay and evaluation in field colonies, were positively correlated (rs = 0.64, P < 0.001). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acarapis-woodi (Acarina-): parasite-; Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: New-York (USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region); Ontario- (Canada-, North -America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: divergent-selection; mite-resistance; relative-resistance AN Accession Number: 200100195447 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 116 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Varroa destructor infestation in untreated honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies selected for hygienic behavior. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Spivak-Marla {a}; Reuter-Gary-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, 219 Hodson Hall, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] April, 2001; 94 (2): 326-331. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies bred for hygienic behavior were tested in a large field trial to determine if they were able to resist the parasitic mite Varroa destructor better than unselected colonies of "Starline" stock. Colonies bred for hygienic behavior are able to detect, uncap, and remove experimentally infested brood from the nest, although the extent to which the behavior actually reduces the overall mite-load in untreated, naturally infested colonies needed further verification. The results indicate that hygienic colonies with queens mated naturally to unselected drones had significantly fewer mites on adult bees and within worker brood cells than Starline colonies for up to 1 yr without treatment in a commercial, migratory beekeeping operation. Hygienic colonies actively defended themselves against the mites when mite levels were relatively low. At high mite infestations (>15% of worker brood and of adult bees), the majority of hygienic colonies required treatment to prevent collapse. Overall, the hygienic colonies had similar adult populations and brood areas, produced as much honey, and had less brood disease than the Starline colonies. Thus, honey bees bred for hygienic behavior performed as well if not better than other commercial lines of bees and maintained lower mite loads for up to one year without treatment. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-disease; commercial-beekeeping-operation; hygienic-behavior; mite-load AN Accession Number: 200100195446 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 117 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Effect of bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) pollination intensity on the quality of greenhouse tomatoes. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Morandin-L-A {a}; Laverty-T-M; Kevan-P-G AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] February, 2001; 94 (1): 172-179. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Laboratory studies were conducted to assess tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Solanaceae), quality in relation to the level of buzz-pollination by bumble bees. Studies were conducted in commercial tomato greenhouses in the Leamington, Ontario, area to categorize bruising of tomato anther cones by bumble bees into five levels of bruising. The number of pollen grains per stigma was determined for each bruising level, and the bruising level was found to be a good predictor of stigmatic pollen load. Experimental flowers were pollinated by bumble bees and assigned to bruising levels based on the degree of anther cone discoloration. Fruit set, tomato weight, minimum diameter, the number of days until ripe, roundness, weight, percentage sugars, and number of seeds were assessed and compared among bruising level. Fruit set in flowers receiving no pollination visits was 30.2%, whereas, 83.3, 84.4, 81.2, and 100% of the flowers set fruit in bruising levels 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Minimum diameter, number of seeds, and tomato weight all increased from no bruising to different levels of bruising. There was no increase in weight or diameter above a bruising level of 1, and no increase in the number of seeds per fruit after a bruising level of 2. We found that pollination of tomato flowers greater than a bruising level of 2 (corresponding to approximately one to two bee visits) did not result in a significant increase in quality. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Reproductive -System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Solanaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [bumble-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Lycopersicon -esculentum [tomato-] (Solanaceae-): seed-, vegetable-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: anther-cone: discoloration-, reproductive-system; fruit-: reproductive -system; pollen-: reproductive-system; stigma-: pollen-load, reproductive -system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sugars- GE Geopolitical Location: Leamington- (Ontario-, Canada-, North-America, Nearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUGARS MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bruising-levels; buzz-pollination-intensity; crop-quality; fruit-set; greenhouse-experiments AN Accession Number: 200100195444 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 118 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Africanized honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) have a greater fidelity to sunflowers than European bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Basualdo-Marina {a}; Bedascarrasbure-Enrique {a}; De-Jong-David AD Author Address: {a} Area de Produccion Apicola, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pinto, Tandil, 399 -7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] April, 2000; 93 (2): 304-307. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A study of sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., pollen collection by Africanized and European honey bees, Apis mellifera L., was conducted in a hybrid seed production field in Argentina. Africanized honey bees collected significantly larger proportions of sunflower pollen than did European honey bees. The result suggests that Africanized bees would be more efficient for commercial sunflower seed production. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): Africanized-, European-, pollinator-; Helianthus-annuus [sunflower-] (Compositae-): oilseed-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Argentina- (South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flower-fidelity; hybrid-seed-production; pollen-collection; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200100195427 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 119 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Melittin exerts multiple effects on the release of free fatty acids from L1210 cells: Lack of selective activation of phospholipase A2 by melittin. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lee-Sang-Yoon; Park-Heung-Soon; Lee-Soo-Jae; Choi-Myung-Un {a} AD Author Address: {a} School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Center for Molecular Catalysis, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747: muchoi@snu.ac.kr, South Korea SO Source: Archives-of-Biochemistry-and-Biophysics. [print] May 1, 2001; 389 (1): 57 -67. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-9861 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Melittin is known as a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activator, but the selectivity of its effect on PLA2 is uncertain. We examined the selectivity of melittin effect on the release of free fatty acids (FFAs) from L1210 cells using various inhibitors. A systemic lipid analysis by HPLC and GLC revealed that melittin induced release of various FFAs including saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FFAs. Various PLA2 inhibitors examined exerted only minimal effects on the melittin -induced arachidonic acid (AA) and palmitic acid (PAL) releases. Specific inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C (U73122) and diacylglycerol lipase (RHC80267) exerted significant inhibitory effects on both AA and PAL releases. These results suggest that melittin-induced FFA release is most likely due to multiple participations of various types of lipases. Since BAPTA/AM, an intracellular Ca2+ chelator, did not influence the FFA release, the Ca2+ influxed by melittin appeared not to be a key factor for the FFA release. The mimicking of the melittin-induced FFA release by digitonin, a membrane-permeabilizing agent, implies that the membrane-perturbing action of melittin is likely the cause of the FFA release. Melittin also induced release of multiple FFAs from other cell lines including P388D1 and HL60. The rapid melittin-stimulated phospholipase D (PLD) observed in L1210 cells appeared not directly related to the steady release of FFA, as indicated by the fact that the PLD was not blocked by RHC80267. In view of melittin's multiple effects on the composition of cellular lipids, we conclude that melittin does neither exclusively release any single FFA nor selectively activate PLA2 in L1210 cells. The problem of using melittin as a PLA2 activator is discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Cell-Biology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); L1210-cell-line (Muridae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: cell- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: arachidonic-acid; free-fatty-acid; melittin-; palmitic-acid; phospholipase -A-2; phospholipase-D RN CAS Registry Number (R): 506-32-1: ARACHIDONIC ACID; 20449-79-0Q: MELITTIN; 37231-28-0Q: MELITTIN; 57-10-3: PALMITIC ACID; 9001-84-7: PHOSPHOLIPASE A-2; 9001-87-0: PHOSPHOLIPASE D MQ Methods and Equipment: GLC-: analytical-method; HPLC- [high-performance-liquid-chromatography]: analytical-method AN Accession Number: 200100191781 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 120 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: A comparative study on hypertrehalosaemic hormones in the Hymenoptera: Sequence determination, physiological actions and biological significance. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lorenz-Matthias-W {a}; Kellner-Roland; Voelkl-Wolfgang; Hoffmann-Klaus-H; Woodring-Joseph AD Author Address: {a} Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth: matthias.lorenz@uni-bayreuth.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] June, 2001; 47 (6): 563-571. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: A new hypertrehalosaemic peptide (Tea-HrTH; pQLNFSTGWGG-NH2) was isolated from the corpora cardiaca (CC) of the sawfly Tenthredo arcuata. The hypertrehalosaemic peptides found in the CC of five Bombus species and the paper wasp Polistes fuscata were identical to the adipokinetic hormone II of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Scg-AKH-II). The hypertrehalosaemic peptides found in the yellowjacket Vespula vulgaris and the hornet Vespa crabro were identical to the adipokinetic hormone of the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus (Grb-AKH). All species examined had a large storage crop which, when filled with honey, held up to one-third of their total body weight. Overwintering queens of P. fuscata had large stores of carbohydrates and lipids in the abdomen, and were able to survive months of fasting. Workers of Bombus hortorum (bumble-bee), Apis mellifera (honey -bee) and V. vulgaris had little or no fat body. These species could fly as long as sugar was present in' their crops, but they stopped flying as the carbohydrates in the crop disappeared. There was no significant increase in the haemolymph carbohydrate titres after injections of CC extracts or corresponding synthetic peptides into workers of B. hortorum or into males and females of T. arcuata. There was a moderate increase in haemolymph carbohydrate titres when these peptides were injected into overwintering queens of P. fuscata and into workers of V. crabro, both with significant amounts of fat body. However, well-fed V. vulgaris workers, with very little fat body, also responded to their own hypertrehalosaemic peptide. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Orthoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Bombus-hortorum (Hymenoptera-); Gryllus -bimaculatus (Orthoptera-); Vespa-crabro (Hymenoptera-); Vespula-vulgaris (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: hypertrehalosaemic-hormones MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biological-significances; physiological-actions; sequence-determinations AN Accession Number: 200100190442 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 121 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Nest-site selection in honey bees: How well do swarms implement the "best -of-N" decision rule? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Seeley-Thomas-D {a}; Buhrman-Susannah-C AD Author Address: {a} Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Seeley G. Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853: tds5@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] April, 2001; 49 (5): 416-427. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: This study views a honey bee swarm as a supraorganismal entity which has been shaped by natural selection to be skilled at choosing a future home site. Prior studies of this decision-making process indicate that swarms attempt to use the best-of-N decision rule: sample some number (N) of alternatives and then select the best one. We tested how well swarms implement this decision rule by presenting them with an array of five nest boxes, only one of which was a high-quality (desirable) nest site; the other four were medium-quality (acceptable) sites. We found that swarms are reasonably good at carrying out the best-of-N decision rule: in four out of five trials, swarms selected the best site. In addition, we gained insights into how a swarm implements this decision rule. We found that when a scout bee returns to the swarm cluster and advertises a potential nest site with a waggle dance, she tunes the strength of her dance in relation to the quality of her site: the better the site, the stronger the dance. A dancing bee tunes her dance strength by adjusting the number of waggle-runs/dance, and she adjusts the number of waggle-runs/dance by changing both the duration and the rate of her waggle-run production. Moreover, we found that a dancing bee changes the rate of her waggle-run production by changing the mean duration of the return-phase portion of her dance circuits. Differences in return-phase duration underlie the impression that dances differ in liveliness. Although a honey bee swarm has bounded rationality (e.g., it lacks complete knowledge of the possible nesting sites), through its capacity for parallel processing it can choose a nest site without greatly reducing either the breadth or depth of its consideration of the alternative sites. Such thoroughness of information gathering and processing no doubt helps a swarm implement the best-of-N decision rule. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): scout- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: best-of-N-decision-rule; communication-; decision-making; nest-site -selection; swarming-; waggle-dance AN Accession Number: 200100190239 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 122 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/07-2001/12 TI Title: Yield and quality of hybrid seeds: Influence of honeybee visitations on various sterile male rows in sunflower. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Singh-G; Kashyap-R-K {a}; Kumar-P; Khan-M-S AD Author Address: {a} Seed Technology Centre, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004, India SO Source: Seed-Science-and-Technology. [print] 2001; 29 (1): 163-170. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0251-0952 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Investigations were carried out in Indo-Gangetic Plains to determine the influence of honeybees (Apis dorsata and A. mellifera) visitations on yield and quality of hybrid seed harvested from the eight sterile male rows individually in 1:8 (R:A) planting ratio in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) during the crop period of February to May, 1994 and 1995. The parental lines (R:MRH-1 and A:207A) of sunflower hybrid LSH-3 were maintained at a distance of 60 and 30 cm between and within rows, respectively. A significant (P<0.05) variation was observed among the eight sterile male rows for the abundance of both the honeybee species, loose sunflower pollen grains/bee, pollination efficiency index (PEI) per bee, hybrid seed yield as well as its quality. Rows of sterile male parent which were in proximity (up to 5th row) to the male parent gave higher total hybrid seed yield/capitulum due to greater flow of pollens (r = 0.94) - as a result of higher bee abundance and increased PEI (r = 0.93). The number of unfilled seeds were also higher in capitulum harvested from these sterile male rows. In contrast, hybrid seed harvested from 6th, 7th and 8th row though produced less number of seeds/capitulum, due to poor bee abundance and lower PEI, yet had maximum number of filled and least unfilled seeds besides having maximum 100 seed weight. The quality of such seeds was also significantly better than those seeds harvested from sterile male rows raised adjacent to the fertile male parent. Utilization of hybrid seed harvested from various sterile male rows is discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Development-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-dorata [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Helianthus-annuus [sunflower-] (Compositae-): oilseed-crop, steril-male-rows TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: hybrid-seed-quality; insect-visitation-impact; yield- AN Accession Number: 200100189195 UD Update Code: 20010618 Record 123 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Effective fall treatment of Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) with a new formulation of formic acid in colonies of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the northeastern United States. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Calderone-Nicholas-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] August, 2000; 93 (4): 1065-1075. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: New formulations of formic acid and thymol, both individually and in combination with various essential oils, were compared with Apistan to determine their efficacy as fall treatments for control of Varroa jacobsoni (Oudemans), a parasitic mite of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. Percent mite mortality in colonies treated with 300 ml of 65% formic acid averaged 94.2 +- 1.41% (least square means +- SE, n = 24), equivalent to those receiving four, 10% strips of Apistan (92.6 +- 1.79%, n = 6). Treatment with thymol (n = 24) resulted in an average mite mortality of 75.4 +- 5.79%, significantly less than that attained with Apistan or formic acid. The addition of essential oils did not affect treatment efficacy of either formic acid or thymol. The ratio of the coefficients of variation for percentage mortality for the formic acid (CVFA) and Apistan (CVA) groups was CVFA/CVA = 0.66. This indicates that the formic acid treatment was as consistent as the Apistan treatment. Thymol treatments did not provide as consistent results as Apistan or formic acid. Coefficient variation ratios for percentage mortality for the thymol group (CVT) with the Apistan and formic acid groups were CVT/CVA = 4.47 and CVT/CVFA = 6.76, respectively. In a second experiment, colonies received a 4-wk fall treatment of either 300 ml of 65% formic acid (n = 24) or four, 10% strips of Apistan (n = 6). The next spring, mite levels in the formic acid group (554.3 +- 150.20 mites) were similar to those in the Apistan treatment group (571.3 +- 145.05 mites) (P = 0.93). Additionally, the quantities of bees, brood, pollen, and nectar/honey in the two treatment groups were not significantly different (P gtoreq 0.50 each variable). These results suggest that formic acid is an effective alternative to Apistan as a fall treatment for varroa mites in temperate climates. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): agricultural-pest, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Apistan-: insecticide-; essential-oils; formic-acid: insecticide-; honey-; nectar-; thymol-: insecticide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 69409-94-5: APISTAN; 64-18-6: FORMIC ACID; 89-83-8: THYMOL MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-size; fall-treatment-efficacy; mortality-; temperate-climates AN Accession Number: 200100186771 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 124 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Modifications of the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of Apis mellifera worker bees in the presence of the ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni in brood cells. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Salvy-M {a}; Martin-C; Bagneres-A-G; Provost-E; Roux-M; Le-Conte-Y; Clement -J-L AD Author Address: {a} Unite de Zoologie et d'Apidologie, INRA, Domaine St-Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9: salvy@avignon.inra.fr, France SO Source: Parasitology-. [print] February, 2001; 122 (2): 145-159. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0031-1820 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Varroa jacobsoni is an ectoparasite of Apis mellifera which invades brood cells, on 8-day-old larvae several hours before cell capping. Reproduction of the parasite takes place in the capped brood cells during the nymphose of the bee. Cuticular hydrocarbons of unparasitized bees and of bees parasitized by Varroa jacobsoni were extracted and analysed by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Three developmental stages of worker honey bees were studied: larvae, pupae and emergent adults. The comparison between unparasitized and parasitized hosts was performed with Principal Components Analysis coupled with a multivariate variance analysis. The cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of honey bees were qualitatively similar, for the 3 developmental stages and regardless of the presence of Varroa in the cells. Nevertheless, comparison of the relative proportions of hydrocarbons showed that the cuticular profiles of pupae and emergent adults parasitized by 1 mite and of larvae parasitized by 2 mites were significantly different from the corresponding unparasitized individuals. Such modifications could be regarded (i) as a cause of the multi-infestation in larvae during invasion of brood and (ii) as a consequence of stress and/or removal of proteins contained in the haemolymph of the host during its development. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): ectoparasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brood-cells CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: hydrocarbon-: cuticular-profile MQ Methods and Equipment: gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry: analytical-method; principal -components-analysis: detection-method AN Accession Number: 200100186523 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 125 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Pollination efficiencies of three bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) species visiting rabbiteye blueberry. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sampson-Blair-J {a}; Cane-James-H AD Author Address: {a} Small Fruit Research Station, USDA-ARS, Poplarville, MS, 39470, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] December, 2000; 93 (6): 1726-1731. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Inadequate bee pollination limits rabbiteye blueberry, Vaccinium ashei Reade, production in the some areas of the southeastern United States. Honey bees, Apis mellifera L., are currently the only manageable pollinators available for pollinating V. ashei. However, a new adaptable pollinator for rabbiteye blueberry, Osmia ribifloris Cockerell, was successfully reared and flown in captivity. The bee nested successfully in wooden shelters and conferred superior fruit set to 2-yr-old potted, rabbiteye blueberry bushes. Pollination efficiency or the percentage of blueberry flowers to set fruit after being visited once by a female O. ribifloris was comparable to that of the female blueberry bee Habropoda laboriosa (F.) and worker honey bees. Interestingly, honey bees once thought to be inefficient pollinators of rabbiteye blueberry were found to be very efficient, especially for 'Climax' and 'Premier' flowers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Ericaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Habropoda-laboriosa [blueberry-bee] (Hymenoptera-): female-, pollinator-; Osmia-ribifloris (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Vaccinium-ashei [rabbiteye-blueberry] (Ericaceae-): fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: USA- (North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: pollination-efficiencies AN Accession Number: 200100182877 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 126 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Application of a modified selection index for honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: van-Engelsdorp-Dennis {a}; Otis-Gard-W AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] December, 2000; 93 (6): 1606-1612. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Nine different genetic families of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) were compared using summed z-scores (phenotypic values) and a modified selection index (Imod). Imod values incorporated both the phenotypic scores of the different traits and the economic weightings of these traits, as determined by a survey of commercial Ontario beekeepers. Largely because of the high weight all beekeepers place on honey production, a distinct difference between line rankings based on phenotypic scores and Imod scores was apparent, thereby emphasizing the need to properly weight the traits being evaluated to select bee stocks most valuable for beekeepers. Furthermore, when beekeepers who made >10% of their income from queen and nucleus colony sales assigned relative values to the traits used in the Imod calculations, the results differed from those based on weightings assigned by honey producers. Our results underscore the difficulties the North American beekeeping industry must overcome to devise effective methods of evaluating colonies for breeding purposes. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Ontario- (Canada-, North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: North-American-beekeeping; honey-production; modified-selection-index; phenotypic-scores; summed-z-scores AN Accession Number: 200100182866 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 127 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Inheritance of resistance to Acarapis woodi (Acari: Tarsonemidae) in first -generation crosses of honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Danka-Robert-G {a}; Villa-Jose-D {a} AD Author Address: {a} Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70820, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] December, 2000; 93 (6): 1602-1605. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The tendency of honey bees, Apis mellifera L, to become infested with tracheal mites, Acarapis woodi (Rennie), was measured in six different types of F1 colonies. The colonies were produced by mating a stock (Buckfast) known to resist mite infestation to each of five commercially available stocks and to a stock known to be susceptible to mites. Young uninfested bees from progeny and parent colonies were simultaneously exposed to mites in infested colonies, then retrieved and dissected to determine resultant mite infestations. Reduced infestations similar to but numerically greater than those of the resistant parent bees occurred in each of the six crosses made with resistant bees regardless of the relative susceptibility of the other parental stock. Reciprocal crosses between resistant and susceptible queens and drones proved equally effective in improving resistance. Therefore, allowing resistant stock queens to mate naturally with unselected drones, or nonresistant queens to mate with drones produced by pure or outcrossed resistant queens, can be used for improving resistance of production queens. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Population -Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acarapis-woodi (Acarina-): parasite-; Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: commercial-stock; first-generation-crosses; genetic-resistance; parental -stock; reciprocal-crosses; resistance-inheritance AN Accession Number: 200100182865 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 128 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Live Varroa jacobsoni (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) fallen from honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Webster-Thomas-C {a}; Thacker-Etta-M {a}; Vorisek-Fritz-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Community Research Service, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY, 40601, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] December, 2000; 93 (6): 1596-1601. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The proportion of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans that were alive and mobile when they fell from honey bees, Apis mellifera L., in hives was measured during a 20-wk period to determine the potential use of systems that prevent these mites from returning to the bees. Traps designed to discriminate between the live, fallen mites and those that are dead or immobile were used on hive bottom boards. A large fraction of the fallen mites was alive when acaricide was not in use and also when fluvalinate or coumaphos treatments were in the hives. The live proportion of mitefall increased during very hot weather. The proportion of mitefall that was alive was higher at the rear and sides of the hive compared with that falling from center frames near the hive entrance. More sclerotized than callow mites were alive when they fell. A screen-covered trap that covers the entire hive bottom board requires a sticky barrier to retain all live mites. This trap or another method that prevents fallen, viable mites from returning to the hive is recommended as a part of an integrated control program. It also may slow the development of acaricide resistance in V. jacobsoni and allow the substitution of less hazardous chemicals for the acaricides currently in use. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina -): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: coumaphos-: acaricide-; fluvalinate-: acaricide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 56-72-4: COUMAPHOS; 69409-94-5: FLUVALINATE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: acaricide-resistance; bee-hives; hive-entrance; integrated-control-program; mitefall- AN Accession Number: 200100182864 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 129 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Effect of nectar composition and nectar concentration on honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) visitations to hybrid onion flowers. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Silva-E-M {a}; Dean-Bill-B {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Washington State University Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, 24106 N. Bunn Road, Prosser, WA, 99350, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] August, 2000; 93 (4): 1216-1221. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Floral nectar characteristics of nine inbred lines of onion (Allium cepa L.) were examined to determine their influence on the attractiveness of the onion flowers to honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Potassium concentrations and sugar concentrations of the nectar did not significantly correlate with the number of bee visits received by an umbel. The average amount of nectar produced by both the umbels and the individual florets was significantly positively correlated with the number of bee visits. Our results suggest that selection for flowers with high nectar production may lead to a higher rate of pollination of the onion seed crop. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Liliaceae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Allium-cepa [onion-] (Liliaceae-): seed-crop; Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Monocots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flowers-: attractiveness-, reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nectar-: composition-, concentration-, production- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flower-visitation; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200100182860 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 130 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Relative effect of four characteristics that restrain the population growth of the mite Varroa destructor in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Arechavaleta-Velasco-Miguel-E {a}; Guzman-Novoa-Ernesto AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907: miguel@entm.purdue.edu, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] March-April, 2001; 32 (2): 157-174. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the existence of phenotypic and genotypic variation in the ability of honey bee colonies to restrain the population growth of the mite Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman, and to assess the relative effect of four characteristics that may confer tolerance to honey bees toward the mite. Fifty-eight colonies infested with an equal number of mites were sampled monthly during six months to determine their levels of infestation on adult bees and in worker brood. At the end of this period, 16 colonies were selected to study the effect of grooming behavior, hygienic behavior, brood attractiveness, and host -induced non-reproduction. The infestation-levels in adult bees varied significantly between colonies (range: 6.6-44.7%), but no differences were found in the brood infestation levels. The variation between colonies was partially genetic in origin. Grooming behavior explained most of the variation (r2 = 0.38). Negative correlations were found between the mite population growth and both the total number of mites and the number of injured mites collected from the bottom-boards (r = -0.65 and r = -0.76, respectively). Differences were found for hygienic behavior but the effect of this mechanism was not clear. No differences were found among colonies for brood attractiveness, or for the effect of the brood on the mite's reproduction. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and -Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): mite-, parasite-, pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- IN Industry: beekeeping-industry MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-attractiveness; colony-; genotype-; grooming-behavior; hygienic -behavior; phenotype-; population-growth AN Accession Number: 200100182849 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 131 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Why do honey-bee (Apis mellifera) foragers transfer nectar to several receivers? Information improvement through multiple sampling in a biological system. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hart-Adam-G {a}; Ratnieks-Francis-L-W AD Author Address: {a} Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN: bop98agh@sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] March, 2001; 49 (4): 244-250. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The task of nectar foraging in honey-bees is partitioned between foragers and receivers. Foragers typically transfer a nectar load in the nest as sub-loads to several receivers rather than as a single transfer. Foragers experience delays in finding receivers and use these delays to balance the number of foragers and receivers. A short delay results in the forager -recruiting waggle dance whereas a long delay results in the receiver -recruiting tremble dance. Several nectar transfers increase the cost of this system by introducing additional delays in finding extra receivers. We tested four hypotheses to explain the occurrence of multiple transfer. We found no evidence that multiple transfer is due to different crop capacities of foragers and receivers or that it results from extensive trophallactic interactions with nest-mates. Receiver bees frequently evaporate nectar in their mouthparts to hasten the production of honey. The suggestion has been made that multiple transfer is driven by receivers who take partial loads from foragers to enhance nectar evaporation. An alternative suggestion is that foragers drive multiple transfer to gain better information on the balance of foragers and receivers. Multiple sampling of the delay in finding a receiver reduces the standard deviation of the delay mean and so provides foragers with better information than is provided by a single delay. The enhanced-evaporation hypothesis predicts that receivers break foragers' first transfer whereas the information improvement hypothesis predicts foragers break their first transfers. Furthermore, only the information improvement hypothesis predicts a high level of multiple receptions. Data on transfer break-off and receiver behaviour strongly support the information improvement hypothesis and reject the enhanced-evaporation hypothesis. We suggest that multiple transfer is an adaptive sampling mechanism, which improves foragers' information on colony work allocation, and that multiple sampling is a common feature of social insect societies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: multiple-sampling: sampling-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-work-allocation; enhanced-evaporation-hypothesis; forager-recruiting -waggle-dance; information-improvement-hypothesis; nectar-load AN Accession Number: 200100180414 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 132 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Aging and development in social insects with emphasis on the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Page-Robert-E-Jr {a}; Peng-Christine-Y-S AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616: repage@ucdavis.edu, USA SO Source: Experimental-Gerontology. [print] April, 2001; 36 (4-6): 695-711. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0531-5565 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honey bee co'lonies typically consist of about 20-40 thousand workers, zero to few thousand males (drones), depending on the time of year, and a single queen, the mother of the colony. Workers typically live 3-6 weeks during the spring and summer and can live about 4 months during the winter. Queens are longer lived. Anecdotes of queens living 2-3 years are not unusual, though they normally live less than a year in commercial hives. Little is known about the life span of drones. Queens develop from fertilized eggs that are not different from the eggs that develop into workers. Queens are, however, twice as large, have specialized anatomy, live much longer, and develop faster from egg to adult. All of these differences are derived from differences in larval rearing environment, primarily nutrition. The developmental trajectory of a female larva from worker into a queen can be determined as late as the third day of larval development, after this time the developmental pathway is fixed for a worker phenotype. The total time of larval development is only 5-6 days, therefore, just 2-3 days of differential feeding can lead to profound differences in development, and longevity. Workers undergo age development after they become adults. Workers usually initiate foraging behavior when they are 2-3 weeks old. The age at which a worker initiates foraging is a strong determinant of her length of life. This is presumed to be a result of the hazards of foraging, but natural senescence also occurs. Some bees remain in the nest and are never observed to forage, thereby outliving their forager sisters. Corresponding to this behavioral development are changes in the sizes of glands and the production of glandular products, increases in biogenic amine titers within the brain, an increase in the volume of specific regions of the brain, and changes in the neural system that affect perception of stimuli, and learning and memory. These age -related changes in behavior are regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Genetic variation has been demonstrated for many of these life history and behavioral traits. Selection and genome mapping studies have demonstrated relationships between the neural system, behavior, and life history traits. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Aging-; Development- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-development; genetic-variation; life-history AN Accession Number: 200100179726 UD Update Code: 20010529 Record 133 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Ultrastructure of follicle cells and yolk uptake of oocytes in vitellogenic follicles of the cotton bug Dysdercus intermedius (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae) and the honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Fleig-Richard {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Zoologie, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 13, D-01062, Dresden, Germany SO Source: Entomologia-Generalis. [print] 2001; 25 (2): 121-129. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0171-8177 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; German AB Abstract: Vitellogenic follicles of two insect species have been investigated in the electron microscope and with fluorescence technique. In the cotton bug Dysdercus intermedius (Distant 1902) broad intercellular spaces are present between the follicle cells, and these keep close contact among each other with a thick protuberance towards each neighbour. Long protrusions of the follicle cells reach through the broad perivitelline space and touch the surface of the oocyte. Between the microvilli on the surface of the oocyte an electron-dense material is found, which is taken up into the oocyte by endocytosis on the membrane of the microvilli, in between of them, and in infoldings of the oocyte membrane; in the interior of the oocyte this material is accumulated in big yolk spheres. In the honey bee Apis mellifera (Linnaeus 1758) only pore-like canals are found in the triangular corners formed by three follicle cells. Inside the cells these canals are associated with F-actin filaments. Apically the follicle cells protrude numerous, finger-like protrusions deep into the oocyte, which are densely filled with F-actin filaments. Endocytosis is seen on the surface of the oocyte between the short microvilli and along the surface pockets enclosing the follicle cell fingers. The two exampels show that in insects very different structures and mechanisms exist which may improve yolk uptake. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Heteroptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-; Dysdercus-intermedius [cotton-bug] (Heteroptera-): Pyrrhocoridae- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: microvilli-; oocyte-: reproductive-system; perivitelline-space; vitellogenic-follicle-cells: reproductive-system, ultrastructure-; yolk-: embryonic-structure, uptake- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: F-actin: filaments- MQ Methods and Equipment: electron-microscope-analysis: analytical-method; fluorescent-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: endocytosis- AN Accession Number: 200100177712 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 134 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Searching for the memory trace in a mini-brain, the honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Menzel-Randolf {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Biologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195, Berlin: menzel@neurobiologie.fu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Learning-and-Memory-Cold-Spring-Harbor. [print] March-April, 2001; 8 (2): 53-62. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1072-0502 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: To determine general or species-specific properties in neural systems, it is necessary to use comparative data in evaluating experimental findings. Presented here are data on associative learning and memory formation in honeybees, emphasizing a comparative approach. We focus on four aspects: (1) the role of an identified neuron, VUMmx1, as a neural substrate of appetitive reinforcement; (2) the sequences of molecular events as they correlate with five forms of memory stages; (3) the localization of the memory traces following appetitive olfactory learning; and (4) the brief description of several forms of complex learning in bees (configuration in olfactory conditioning, categorization in visual feature learning, delayed matching-to-sample learning, and latent learning in navigation). VUMmx1 activity following the conditioned stimulus odor is sufficient to replace the unconditioned stimulus, and VUMmx1 changes its response properties during learning similarly to what is known from dopamine neurons in the basal ganglia of the mammalian brain. The transition from short- to mid- and long-term forms of memory can be related to specific activation of second messenger cascades (involving NOS, PKA, PKC, and PKM) resembling general features of neural plasticity at the cellular level. The particular time course of the various memory traces may be adapted to the behavioral context in which they are used; here, the foraging cycle of the bee. Memory traces for even such a simple form of learning as olfactory conditioning are multiple and distributed, involving first- and second -order sensory neuropils (antennal lobe and mushroom bodies), but with distinctly different properties. The wealth of complex forms of learning in the context of foraging indicates basic cognitive capacities based on rule extraction and context-dependent learning. It is believed that bees might be a useful model for studying cognitive faculties at a middle level of complexity. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: VUM-mx1-neuron: nervous-system; basal-ganglia: nervous-system; dopamine -neuron: nervous-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: appetitive-olfactory-learning; appetitive-reinforcement; associative -learning; memory-; neural-plasticity AN Accession Number: 200100174125 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 135 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: The concepts of 'sameness' and 'difference' in an insect. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Giurfa-Martin {a}; Zhang-Shaowu; Jenett-Arnim; Menzel-Randolf; Srinivasan -Mandyam-V AD Author Address: {a} Neurobiologie, Institut fuer Biologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 28/30, 14195, Berlin: giurfa@cict.fr, swzhang@rsbs.anu.edu.au, Germany SO Source: Nature-London. [print] 19 April, 2001; 410 (6831): 930-933. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-0836 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Insects process and learn information flexibly to adapt to their environment. The honeybee Apis mellifera constitutes a traditional model for studying learning and memory at behavioural, cellular and molecular levels. Earlier studies focused on elementary associative and non -associative forms of learning determined by either olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex or the learning of visual stimuli in an operant context. However, research has indicated that bees are capable of cognitive performances that were thought to occur only in some vertebrate species. For example, honeybees can interpolate visual information, exhibit associative recall, categorize visual information and learn contextual information. Here we show that honeybees can form 'sameness' and 'difference' concepts. They learn to solve 'delayed matching-to -sample' tasks, in which they are required to respond to a matching stimulus, and 'delayed non-matching-to-sample' tasks, in which they are required to respond to a different stimulus; they can also transfer the learned rules to new stimuli of the same or a different sensory modality. Thus, not only can bees learn specific objects and their physical parameters, but they can also master abstract inter-relationships, such as sameness and difference. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: delayed-matching-to-sample-task; delayed-non-matching-to-sample-task; difference-; learning-; memory-; sameness- AN Accession Number: 200100173688 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 136 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Configural olfactory learning in honeybees: Negative and positive patterning discrimination. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Deisig-Nina; Lachnit-Harald {a}; Giurfa-Martin; Hellstern-Frank AD Author Address: {a} Department of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, D-35032, Marburg: Lachnit@mailer.uni-marburg.de, Germany SO Source: Learning-and-Memory-Cold-Spring-Harbor. [print] March-April, 2001; 8 (2): 70-78. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1072-0502 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In an appetitive context, honeybees (Apis mellifera) learn to associate odors with a reward of sucrose solution. If an odor is presented immediately before the sucrose, an elemental association is formed that enables the odor to release the proboscis extension response (PER). Olfactory conditioning of PER was used to study whether, beyond elemental associations, honeybees are able to process configural associations. Bees were trained in a positive and anegative patterning discrimination problem. In the first problem, single odorants were nonreinforced whereas the compound was reinforced. In the second problem, single odorants were reinforced whereas the compound was nonreinforced. We studied whether bees can solve these problems and whether the ratio between the number of presentations of the reinforced stimuli and the number of presentations of the nonreinforced stimuli affects discrimination. Honeybees differentiated reinforced and nonreinforced stimuli in positive and negative patterning discriminations. They thus can process configural associations. The variation of the ratio of reinforced to nonreinforced stimuli modulated the amount of differentiation. The assignment of singular codes to complex odor blends could be implemented at the neural level: When bees are stimulated with odor mixtures, the activation patterns evoked at the primary olfactory neuropile, the antennal lobe, may be combinations of the single odorant responses that are not necessarily fully additive. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe; proboscis- MQ Methods and Equipment: olfactory-conditioning: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: configural-olfactory-learning; negative-patterning-discrimination; positive -patterning-discrimination; proboscis-extension-response AN Accession Number: 200100173674 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 137 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Queen and pheromonal factors influencing comb construction by simulated honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) swarms. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ledoux-M-N; Winston-M-L {a}; Higo-H; Keeling-C-I; Slessor-K-N; LeConte-Y AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B.C., V5A 1S6: winston@sfu.ca, Canada SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2001; 48 (1): 14-20. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The influence of the queen and her pheromonal signal on comb construction was examined. We tested four treatments with newly hived packages of bees containing: 1) a mated queen, 2) a virgin queen, 3) no queen but with a dispenser containing synthetic queen mandibular pheromone (QMP), and 4) no queen and no pheromone. After 10 days, the comb produced by each colony was removed, comb measurements made, bees from the comb-building area collected, the size of the scales on the wax mirrors of the collected bees ranked on a scale of 0-4 and the queens removed and analyzed for QMP components. Queenless workers built substantially less comb and the comb they did build had significantly larger, drone-sized cells than for the other 3 treatments, indicating that both cell size and the quantity of comb built are mediated through the queen, particularly QMP. The observations of wax scale size suggested that QMP influenced comb building behaviour rather than wax scale production. These results support the idea that queenless honey bees can adopt a strategy of constructing drone-sized cells in order to increase reproductive fitness through male production following queen loss. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: queen-mandibular-pheromone MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cell-size; comb-building-behavior; comb-construction; male-production; pheromonal-factors; queen-influence; queen-loss; reproductive-fitness AN Accession Number: 200100167626 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 138 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Colour similarity to rewarding model plants affects pollination in a food deceptive orchid, Orchis boryi. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gumbert-A {a}; Kunze-J AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Neurobiologie, Heinrich Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, D-40225, Duesseldorf: andreas.gumbert@uni -duesseldorf.de, Germany SO Source: Biological-Journal-of-the-Linnean-Society. [print] March, 2001; 72 (3): 419 -433. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0024-4066 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We studied the pollination of Orchis boryi at five different locations on the Greek mainland. Orchis boryi is food deceptive and obligatorily insect pollinated. Primary pollinators were Apis mellifera and Bombus spp, which foraged on rewarding plant species nearby and visited O. boryi in between. To analyse floral colour similarity among rewarding plants and O. boryi as perceived by bees, a model of bee colour vision was employed. For each food plant an index was calculated that described the probability of a bee foraging on it to subsequently choose an orchid flower. This choice probability correlated to colour distance according to the model of bee colour vision, indicating that bees chose the deceptive orchid more frequently if they foraged on more similarly coloured species. At different sites different plant species served as models. Bees foraging on food plants from which a high choice rate to the orchid was observed visited the orchid less often after approaching it than other bees, which is likely to reflect avoidance learning. In general, the pollination syndrome appears to be a generalized form of Batesian mimicry, in which similarity to rewarding plants determines reproductive success. As expected by negative density-dependent selection, individual fruit set and pollinia export rate correlated negatively with orchid density, but were unaffected by food plant density, orchid frequency, individual variation of labellum colour, labellum size, or mouth width of the flowers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Orchidaceae -: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Bombus-spp. (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Orchis-boryi (Orchidaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Monocots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Greece- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Batesian-mimicry; color-similarity; color-vision; food-plant-density; pollination-; rewarding-plants AN Accession Number: 200100167619 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 139 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Pollinator genetics and pollination: Do honey bee colonies selected for pollen-hoarding field better pollinators of cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Cane-James-H {a}; Schiffhauer-Daniel AD Author Address: {a} USDA-ARS Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5310: jcane@biology.usu.edu, USA SO Source: Ecological-Entomology. [print] April, 2001; 26 (2): 117-123. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0307-6946 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: 1. Genetic polymorphisms of flowering plants can influence pollinator foraging but it is not known whether heritable foraging polymorphisms of pollinators influence their pollination efficacies. Honey bees Apis mellifera L. visit cranberry flowers for nectar but rarely for pollen when alternative preferred flowers grow nearby. 2. Cranberry flowers visited once by pollen-foraging honey bees received four-fold more stigmatic pollen than flowers visited by mere nectar-foragers (excluding nectar thieves). Manual greenhouse pollinations with fixed numbers of pollen tetrads (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32) achieved maximal fruit set with just eight pollen tetrads. Pollen-foraging honey bees yielded a calculated 63% more berries than equal numbers of non-thieving nectar-foragers, even though both classes of forager made stigmatic contact. 3. Colonies headed by queens of a pollen-hoarding genotype fielded significantly more pollen -foraging trips than standard commercial genotypes, as did hives fitted with permanently engaged pollen traps or colonies containing more larvae. Pollen-hoarding colonies together brought back twice as many cranberry pollen loads as control colonies, which was marginally significant despite marked daily variation in the proportion of collected pollen that was cranberry. 4. Caloric supplementation of matched, paired colonies failed to enhance pollen foraging despite the meagre nectar yields of individual cranberry flowers. 5. Heritable behavioural polymorphisms of the honey bee, such as pollen-hoarding, can enhance fruit and seed set by a floral host (e.g. cranberry), but only if more preferred pollen hosts are absent or rare. Otherwise, honey bees' broad polylecty, flight range, and daily idiosyncrasies in floral fidelity will obscure specific pollen-foraging differences at a given floral host, even among paired colonies in a seemingly uniform agricultural setting. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Genetics- ST Super Taxa: Ericaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Vaccinium -macrocarpon [cranberry-] (Ericaceae-): commercial-genotypes, fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flowers-: reproductive-system; pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nectar- MQ Methods and Equipment: caloric-supplementation: experimental-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-genetics; daily-variation; flight-range; floral-fidelity; fruit -set; genetic-polymorphisms; heritability-; pollen-hoarding; pollination-; pollinator-efficiency; polylecty- AN Accession Number: 200100167102 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 140 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Appropriate time and strength for Apis mellifera L. colony division and subsequent build up in Hisar (Haryana). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sharma-S-K {a}; Kumar-Yogesh {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004, India SO Source: Annals-of-Biology-Hissar. [print] June, 2001; 17 (1): 87-90. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0970-0153 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: An experiment on appropriate time of colony division and strength of divides in Apis mellifera L. bees was carried out at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during autumn and spring seasons. On the basis of queen mating success and subsequent colony build up, it was concluded that the appropriate time for colony division during spring season is February/March and during autumn season November/December under agro-ecological conditions of Hisar (Haryana). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Hisar- (India-, Asia-, Oriental-region): Haryana- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-keeping: colony-division-timing AN Accession Number: 200100167076 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 141 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Sensitivity to a change in reward is heritable in the honeybee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ferguson-Holly-J; Cobey-Susan; Smith-Brian-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1220: smith.210@osu.edu, USA SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] March, 2001; 61 (3): 527-534. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honeybees must track changing distributions of food resources in their environment. We evaluated the genetic basis for interindividual differences in this ability by selecting lines of honeybees that differed in their tendency to reverse a learned discrimination between two odours. We show that individual variation in reversal learning performance, which is an analogue of natural foraging problems such as risk sensitivity, has a heritable component. Selection on drones, which are haploid, was sufficient to obtain a significant selection response after a single generation. In addition, worker age and/or task specialization, in terms of performance of housekeeping versus outside duties, is a source of environmental control over expression of reversal performance. Finally, we identified a correlated response in latent inhibition, in which pre -exposure to a conditioned stimulus (CS) retards learning about that CS when it is subsequently paired with reinforcement. From an ecological standpoint, our results suggest that colonies that contain a variety of genetic lineages may be able to target foragers to learning tasks in which they are genetically predisposed to do well. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: conditioned-stimulus; distribution-changes; food-resources; genetic -lineage; heritable-rewards; reversal-performance; reward-change -sensitivity AN Accession Number: 200100161972 UD Update Code: 20010531 Record 142 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Control of Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) on the honey bee by using some natural materials in Egypt. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mourad-A-K {a}; Mohanna-N-F; Zaghloul-O-A {a}; Abdel-Hamid-K-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Agriculture, Saba-Basha, Department of Plant Protection, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt SO Source: Mededelingen-Faculteit-Landbouwkundige-en-Toegepaste-Biologische -Wetenschappen-Universiteit-Gent. [print] 2000; 65 (2a): 401-421. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Three-years of study on the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans attacking the honey bee was performed in Egypt. The objectives of this study were to: (1) estimate the level of mites infestation by using four diagnostic methods, i.e. analysis of hive debris, chemical diagnosis using Apistan strips, inspection of the sealed worker brood as well as mites attached to adult bees, and (2) evaluate the varrocidal effect of some natural products such as spearmint (dry matter and water extract), wormseed (dry matter, water extract and oil), camphor, lemon juice, sugar solution, and Apilife/Var (Italian mixture), in comparison to Apistan and formic acid (65 & 83 %) as chemical products. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina -): Varroidae-, pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Apilife/Var-: miticide-; Apistan-: miticide-; spearmint-extract: miticide-; wormseed-extract: miticide- GE Geopolitical Location: Egypt- (Palearctic-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 69409-94-5: APISTAN AN Accession Number: 200100157225 UD Update Code: 20010430 Record 143 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Cloning of a catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase from the honeybee (Apis mellifera) and its localization in the brain. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Eisenhardt-D {a}; Fiala-A; Braun-P; Rosenboom-H; Kress-H; Ebert-P-R; Menzel -R AD Author Address: {a} Neurobiologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 28/30, 14195, Berlin: theodora@zedat.fu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Insect-Molecular-Biology. [print] April, 2001; 10 (2): 173-181. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-1075 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In the honeybee the cAMP-dependent signal transduction cascade has been implicated in processes underlying learning and memory. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is the major mediator of cAMP action. To characterize the PKA system in the honeybee brain we cloned a homologue of a PKA catalytic subunit from the honeybee. The deduced amino acid sequence shows 80-94% identity with catalytic subunits of PKA from Drosophila melanogaster, Aplysia californica and mammals. The corresponding gene is predominantly expressed in the mushroom bodies, a structure that is involved in learning and memory processes. However, expression can also be found in the antennal and optic lobes. The level of expression varies within all three neuropiles. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system; mushroom-body: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cAMP- [cyclic-AMP]; cAMP-dependent-protein-kinase [PKA-]: catalytic-subunit RN CAS Registry Number (R): 60-92-4: CYCLIC AMP; 142008-29-5: CAMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE MQ Methods and Equipment: molecular-cloning: cloning-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: learning-; protein-localizations AN Accession Number: 200100156686 UD Update Code: 20010430 Record 144 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Octopamine influences division of labor in honey bee colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schulz-David-J; Robinson-Gene-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology/Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801: generobi@life.uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] February, 2001; 187 (1): 53-61. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Forager honey bees have higher brain levels of octopamine than do bees tending larvae in the hive. To test the hypothesis that octopamine influences honey bee division of labor we treated bees orally with octopamine or its immediate precursor tyramine and determined whether these treatments increased the probability of initiating foraging. Octopamine treatment significantly elevated levels of octopamine in the brain and caused a significant dose-dependent increase in the number of new foragers. This effect was seen for precocious foragers in single -cohort colonies and foragers in larger colonies with more typical age demographies. Tyramine treatment did not increase the number of new foragers, suggesting that octopamine was exerting a specific effect. Octopamine treatment was effective only when given to bees old enough to forage, i.e., older than 4 days of age. Treatment when bees were 1-3 days of age did not cause a significant increase in the number of new foragers when the bees reached the minimal foraging age. These results demonstrate that octopamine influences division of labor in honey bee colonies. We speculate that octopamine is acting in this context as a neuromodulator. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): forager-, larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: octopamine-; tyramine- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 104-14-3: OCTOPAMINE; 51-67-2: TYRAMINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: division-of-labor; foraging-; neuromodulation- AN Accession Number: 200100156422 UD Update Code: 20010430 Record 145 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: An automated apparatus for conditioning proboscis extension in honey bees, Apis mellifera L. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Abramson-Charles-I {a}; Boyd-B-J AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Comparative Psychology and Behavioral Biology, Departments of Psychology and Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078: charles@okstate.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Entomological-Science. [print] January, 2001; 36 (1): 78-92. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0749-8004 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: An apparatus is described for the study of classical conditioning of proboscis extension in harnessed honey bees, Apis mellifera L., that permits automatic programming of events and recording of data. The apparatus is easy to use, accommodates a wide range of stimuli and can be used to study both associative and nonassociative learning. The technique was evaluated in a series of experiments in which the performance of bees was compared under automated and traditional methods of conditioning. The results indicated that the automated apparatus can successfully be used to study Pavlovian conditioning, discrimination learning, and habituation. A unique finding was that the odor of honeycomb can serve as an unconditioned stimulus to support Pavlovian conditioning. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: proboscis- MQ Methods and Equipment: automated-apparatus: equipment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Pavlovian-conditioning; associative-learning; discrimination-learning; habituation-; honeycomb-color; nonassociative-learning; proboscis-extension AN Accession Number: 200100156098 UD Update Code: 20010430 Record 146 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Diagnose und Therapie der Bienen- und Wespengiftallergie: Positionspapier der Arbeitsgruppe Insektengiftallergie der Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Allergologie und klinische Immunologie (DGAI). Diagnosis and therapy of bee and yellow jacket venom allergy. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Rueeff-Franziska {a}; Przybilla-B; Fuchs-T; Gall-H; Rakoski-J; Stolz-W; Vieluf-D AD Author Address: {a} Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Dermatologie und Allergologie, Ludwig -Maximilians-Universitaet, Frauenlobstrasse 9 - 11, D-80337, Muenchen, Germany SO Source: Allergologie-. [print] Februar, 2001; 24 (2): 78-92. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0344-5062 LA Language: German; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Vespula-germanica (Hymenoptera-); Vespula -vulgaris (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- DS Diseases: bee-sting-allergy: diagnosis-, immune-system-disease, treatment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: clinical-immunology AN Accession Number: 200100153048 UD Update Code: 20010430 Record 147 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Effects of ingestion of a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin and a trypsin inhibitor on honey bee flight activity and longevity. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Malone-Louise-A {a}; Burgess-Elisabeth-P-J; Gatehouse-Heather-S; Voisey -Christine-R; Tregidga-Emma-L; Philip-Bruce-A AD Author Address: {a} Mt Albert Research Centre, Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Limited, Auckland: LMalone@hortresearch.co.nz, New Zealand SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] January-February, 2001; 32 (1): 57-68. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: To assess potential impacts of transgenic pest-resistant plants, newly -emerged adult honey bees from ten colonies were tagged, placed in cages at 33 degreeC, and fed with 625 mug/g CrylBa Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin or 2.5 mg/g aprotinin proteinase inhibitor in pollen-food (equivalent to 0.25% or 1% of total soluble protein). Control bees were given similar food without additive. All foods were consumed at similar rates. After seven days, all bees were returned to their hives. Subsequent observations showed that CrylBa-fed bees did not differ significantly from control bees in the timing of their first flight, the period during which flights took place or in estimated longevity. However, aprotinin-fed bees began to fly and also died about three days sooner than CrylBa-fed or control bees. Their flight periods were similar to those of the other bees. The effects of transgenic aprotinin-plants on honey bees will thus depend on gene expression levels in pollen. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): nontarget-organism; Bacillus -thuringiensis (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): biocontrol-agent, entomopathogen-; plant- (Plantae-): transgenic- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Plants- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Bacillus-thuringiensis-toxin; Cry1Ba-toxin; aprotinin-: proteinase -inhibitor; total-soluble-protein RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9087-70-1: APROTININ MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flight-activity; gene-expression AN Accession Number: 200100145075 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 148 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Pollination of Tricyrtis dilatata Nakai (Liliaceae) in Korea. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hong-Suk-Pyo {a}; Sohn-Jea-Cheon AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Dept. of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701: sphong@khu.ac.kr, South Korea SO Source: Korean-Journal-of-Plant-Taxonomy. [print] September, 2000; 30 (3): 251-266. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1225-8318 LA Language: Korean; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Korean AB Abstract: The pollination system of Tricyrtis dilatata Nakai was investigated in the natural population of Anmyon Island (in the middle of the peninsular), Korea and the data from the natural population were compared with those of transplanted population in the Forest Research Institute located in Seoul. The various insects of 18 species, 7 families, 4 orders (mainly Hymeonoptera and Diptera) visited on the flowers of T. dilatata, and captured during the visitation. The most dominant and effective pollinators are Bumblebee (Bombus opulentus Smith), Leaf-cutter bees (Megachile spp.) and solitary mining bee (Amegilla florea Smith) and hover -fly (e.g., Allograpta balteata (de Geer)). In Anmyon Island population, the visitation frequency had a peak at 11-12 AM. The flowers of T. dilatata last for two days and they are protandrous. It is also confirmed that the flower of T. dilatata is autogamous (self-compatible), if no pollinator visit the flower, but the autogamy seems to be usually avoided by the pronounced protandry. It is confirmed that the pouch-like spur of each flower is well developed during the blooming, but the entrance of spur is so narrow that inefficient visitors can presumably be filtered effectively. The floral structures (pollen, microstructure of tepal, anther) of T. dilatata were described and discussed in connection with the pollination system. The conservation strategies (e.g., neighboring plants, the breeding place of pollinators, vegetation structure, etc.) of T. dilatata in the Korean population (in situ) were also briefly proposed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Systematics-and-Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Heteroptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Adelphocoris-suturalis (Heteroptera-): pollinator-; Allograpta-balteata (Diptera-): pollinator-; Amegilla-florea (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Andrena-spp. (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Bombus-opulentus (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Daimio-tethys (Lepidoptera-): pollinator-; Episyrphus-balteata (Diptera-): pollinator-; Megachile-spp. (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Parnara-guttata (Lepidoptera -): pollinator-; Rhopalus-sapporensis (Coleoptera-): pollinator-; Sphaerophoria-menthastri (Diptera-): pollinator-; Tricyrtus-dilatata (Coleoptera-): pollination- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Korea- (Palearctic-region) AN Accession Number: 200100144788 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 149 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Distribucion del acaro ectoparasito Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) sobre el cuerpo de la abeja Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) distribution on honeybees workers, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Marcangeli-Jorge-A {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratorio de Artropodos. Fac. Cs. Ex. y Nat., Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, 7600, Mar del Plata: jamarca@mdp.edu.ar, Argentina SO Source: Revista-de-la-Sociedad-Entomologica-Argentina. [print] 2000; 59 (1-4): 53 -57. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0373-5680 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Spanish AB Abstract: Ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni (Oud.) distribution on Apis mellifera (L.) workers was studied. The mites demonstrated a significant preference for the left side of the 3rd and 4th ventro lateral abdominal tergites of the bees. Increased parasitic prevalence was recorded towards the end of the winter. During these months, a higher number of bees carrying 2 or more mites were observed. The position adopted by the mites allows them to reach the central portion of the intestine and thus have access to higher concentrations of nutrients. The results obtained emphasize the importance of applying effective control measures towards the end of the winter season. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host, worker-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): ectoparasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ventro-lateral-abdominal-tergites CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nutrients- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: parasitic-prevalence; species-distribution AN Accession Number: 200100142107 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 150 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Risk posed to honeybees (Apis mellifera L, Hymenoptera) by an imidacloprid seed dressing of sunflowers. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schmuck-Richard {a}; Schoening-Ralf; Stork-Andreas; Schramel-Oliver AD Author Address: {a} Agricultural Centre, Bayer AG, D-51368, Leverkusen: richard.schmuck.rs@bayer-ag.de, Germany SO Source: Pest-Management-Science. [print] March, 2001; 57 (3): 225-238. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1526-498X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In a greenhouse metabolism study, sunflowers were seed-treated with radiolabelled imidacloprid in a 700 g kg-1 WS formulation (Gaucho(R) WS 70) at 0.7 mg AI per seed, and the nature of the resulting residues in nectar and pollen was determined. Only the parent compound and no metabolites were detected in nectar and pollen of these seed-treated sunflower plants (limit of detection <0.001 mg kg-1). In standard LD50 laboratory tests, imidacloprid showed high oral toxicity to honeybees (Apis mellifera), with LD50 values between 3.7 and 40.9 ng per bee, corresponding to a lethal food concentration between 0.14 and 1.57 mg kg -1. The residue level of imidacloprid in nectar and pollen of seed-treated sunflower plants in the field was negligible. Under field-growing conditions no residues were detected (limit of detection: 0.0015 mg kg-1) in either nectar or pollen. There were also no detectable residues in nectar and pollen of sunflowers planted as a succeeding crop in soils which previously had been cropped with imidacloprid seed-treated plants. Chronic feeding experiments with sunflower honey fortified with 0.002, 0.005, 0.010 and 0.020 mg kg-1 imidacloprid were conducted to assess potential long-term adverse effects on honeybee colonies. Testing end -points in this 39-day feeding study were mortality, feeding activity, wax/comb production, breeding performance and colony vitality. Even at the highest test concentration, imidacloprid showed no adverse effects on the development of the exposed bee colonies. This no-adverse-effect concentration of 0.020 mg kg-1 compares with a field residue level of less than 0.0015 mg kg-1 (= limit of detection in the field residue studies) which clearly shows that a sunflower seed dressing with imidacloprid poses no risk to honeybees. This conclusion is confirmed by observations made in more than 10 field studies and several tunnel tests. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): nontarget-organism; Helianthus -annuus [sunflower-] (Compositae-): cultivar-Fleury, oil-crop, seedling- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: nectar-; pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: imidacloprid- [Gaucho-WS-70]: insecticide-, seed-dressing RN CAS Registry Number (R): 138261-41-3: IMIDACLOPRID MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: breeding-performance; colony-vitality; feeding-activity; wax/comb-production AN Accession Number: 200100135298 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 151 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Honey bee age-dependent resistance against American foulbrood. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Crailsheim-Karl {a}; Riessberger-Galle-Ulrike AD Author Address: {a} Institut fur Zoologie, Karl-Franzens Universitat Graz, Universitatsplatz 2, 8010, Graz: karl.crailsheim@kfunigraz.ac.at, Austria SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] January-February, 2001; 32 (1): 91-103. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: American foulbrood is a fatal disease of honeybee larvae. Larvae become infected by swallowing spores of P. larvae larvae that contaminate their food. Adult bees who transfer the spores and have close contact with larvae never become infected. Resistance to this bacterium was investigated in various larval stages and in adults of different ages. Substances inhibiting the growth of P. larvae larvae could be demonstrated in 4 day old larvae and, to a lesser extent, in 1 day old larvae. No such substances could be shown in 6 day old larvae. Extracts of midguts of adult bees generally showed a stronger ability to inhibit growth of the bacteria than did extracts of larvae. It was discovered that the midguts of 8 day old adult bees show a higher growth-inhibiting potential against P. larvae larvae than midguts of freshly emerged adult bees or foragers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Development-; Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, host-, larva-; Paenibacillus-larvae-larvae [Bacillus-larvae] (Endospore-forming-Gram -Positives): entomopathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- DS Diseases: American-foulbrood: bacterial-disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-dependent-resistance; apiculture-; food-contamination; growth-inhibition AN Accession Number: 200100135239 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 152 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Genetic, ontogenetic, and tissue-specific variation of aminopeptidases of Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Del-Lama-Marco-Antonio {a}; Bezerra-Renata-Maria; Egea-Soares-Ademilson -Espencer; Ruvolo-Takasusuki-Maria-Claudia-Colla AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Genetica e Evolucao, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565.905, Sao Carlos, SP: dmdl@power.ufscar.br, Brazil SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] January-February, 2001; 32 (1): 25-35. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Four aminopeptidases were detected in Apis mellifera by starch gel electrophoresis. These enzymes were characterized on the basis of their substrate preference, effect of inhibitors, tissue and ontogenetic developmental distribution. Lap-A activity was present at all tissues and developmental stages. Lap-P was characterized by a more intense activity during the pupal stage. Lap-G activity was concentrated in the midgut and was detected in association with the presence of food inside the digestive tract. Lap-D was more proeminent in the reproductive tract of adult drones, where its activity appeared to be concentrated in the mucus. Four electrophoretic variants of Lap-D were observed, with an uncommonly high intralocus heterozygosity level. Segregational analyses demonstrated the absence of close linkage between Lap-D and Est-1a, Est-2, Est-5, Est-6, Mdh-1, Hk-1 and Pgm-1 loci of Apis mellifera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): adult- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: digestive-tract: digestive-system; midgut-: digestive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Lap-A: aminopeptidase-; Lap-D: aminopeptidase-; Lap-G: aminopeptidase-; Lap -P: aminopeptidase-; aminopeptidases- [EC-3.4.11]: tissue-distribution RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9031-94-1: AMINOPEPTIDASES MQ Methods and Equipment: starch-gel-electrophoresis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: genetic-variation; intralocus-heterozygosity; ontogeny-; reproduction- AN Accession Number: 200100132871 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 153 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Variations in chemical mimicry by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni according to the developmental stage of the host honey-bee Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Martin-Caroline {a}; Salvy-Marine; Provost-Eric; Bagneres-Anne-Genevieve; Roux-Maurice; Crauser-Didier; Clement-Jean-Luc; Le-Conte-Yves AD Author Address: {a} Unite de Zoologie-Apidologie, Laboratoire de biologie et de protection de l'abeille, INRA, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon: cmartin@avignon.inra.fr, France SO Source: Insect-Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biology. [print] 15 March, 2001; 31 (4 -5): 365-379. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0965-1748 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni poses a major threat to the survival of European honey-bee populations. Development of effective control methods is therefore much needed. Study of interspecific chemical communication between the parasite and host is a particularly promising avenue of research. Previous study has shown that the cuticular hydrocarbons of the parasite mite Varroa jacobsoni are qualitatively identical to those of its honey-bee host Apis mellifera (Nation J.L., Sanford M.T., Milne K., 1992. Cuticular hydrocarbons from Varroa jacobsoni. Experimental and Applied Acarology 16, 331-344). The purpose of the present study was to compare the cuticular hydrocarbon patterns of the two species at different stages of bee development. Cuticular components were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The proportion of each component was calculated at three stages of bee development (larvae, pupa, emerging bee). The degree of chemical mimicry between the parasite and host was evaluated by multivariate analyses using the resulting proportions for each category of individuals. There were four main findings. The first was that the proportions of some components are different at the larval, pupal and imago stage of bee development. Second, Varroa profiles vary depending on the developmental stage of the host. Third, the cuticular profile of adult mites is more similar to that of the stage of the host than that of later and/or earlier stages except for parasites collected from emerging adult bees. Fourth, the degree of mimicry by Varroa is greater during larval and pupal stages than during the emerging adult bee stages. The role of chemical mimicry - although it is not perfect - in enabling parasites to infest bee colonies by the parasite is discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): ectoparasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: gas-chromatography: analytical-method, chromatographic-techniques; mass -spectrometry: analytical-method, spectroscopic-techniques: CB-, spectroscopic-techniques: CT- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: chemical-mimicry; chemical-signature; developmental-stages; mimicry -variations AN Accession Number: 200100132167 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 154 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Some properties of the main protein of honeybee (Apis mellifera) royal jelly. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Simuth-Jozef {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84238, Bratislava: chemsim@savba.sk, Slovakia SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] January-February, 2001; 32 (1): 69-80. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Royal jelly (RJ) was separated by ultracentrifugation (245000 X g for 5 h at 6 degreeC) into three physically distinct fractions with different distribution of its components (proteins, sugars and fatty acids): yellowish fluid supernatant (61% w/w of RJ), yellowish-brown gelatinous sediment (32% w/w) and white nearly solid sediment (7%, w/w). Ultracentrifugation of the solvated gelatinous fraction was a suitable method for preparation of MRJP1, the most abundant protein of RJ in the form of gel. MRJP1 was present in RJ in different forms: a monomer (55 kDa), oligomeric subunit (ca. 420 kDa), and water-insoluble aggregates in sediment after its interaction with fatty acids. The oligomeric MRJP1 was well soluble in water and at concentrations of 30 to 50% (w/w) formed a stiff gel. It is suggested that MRJP1 is albumin-like protein. An interesting feature of the oligomeric form of MRJP1 is its ability for self-assembly in water solutions. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: royal-jelly CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: fatty-acids; oligomeric-albumin-like-protein; proteins-; sugars- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUGARS MQ Methods and Equipment: ultracentrifugation-: separation-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; gel-formation AN Accession Number: 200100132160 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 155 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Bioassay for grooming effectiveness towards Varroa destructor mites in Africanized and Carniolan honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Aumeier-Pia {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institute of Zoology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tuebingen: bieneau@uni-hohenheim.de, Germany SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] January-February, 2001; 32 (1): 81-90. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Grooming behavior is considered a varroosis tolerance factor of Africanized honey bees, but this behavior is difficult to evaluate directly within the honey bee colony. A laboratory bioassay was developed to measure the intensity and effectiveness of grooming responses by worker bees artificially infested with one Varroa mite. At a study site in tropical Brazil, the sequence of seven well-defined grooming reactions towards mites of different colonial origin was compared. In a total of 226 assays, Africanized bees responded significantly faster and more intensively than Carniolan workers. But there were no statistical differences in the removal of mites according to the bee types. Even extensive grooming behavior never resulted in damage or death of the mites. The possible use of the bioassay as a screening for the extent of the grooming behavior is discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Africanized-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Apis -mellifera-carnica [Carniolan-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-host; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region) DS Diseases: varroosis-: parasitic-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: bioassay-: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; behavioral-traits; grooming- AN Accession Number: 200100131519 UD Update Code: 20010420 Record 156 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Blocking and the detection of odor components in blends. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hosler-Jay-S; Smith-Brian-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1220: smith.210@osu.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] September, 2000; 203 (18): 2797 -2806. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Recent studies of olfactory blocking have revealed that binary odorant mixtures are not always processed as though they give rise to mixture -unique configural properties. When animals are conditioned to one odorant (A) and then conditioned to a mixture of that odorant with a second (X), the ability to learn or express the association of X with reinforcement appears to be reduced relative to animals that were not preconditioned to A. A recent model of odor-based response patterns in the insect antennal lobe predicts that the strength of the blocking effect will be related to the perceptual similarity between the two odorants, i.e. greater similarity should increase the blocking effect. Here, we test that model in the honeybee Apis mellifera by first establishing a generalization matrix for three odorants and then testing for blocking between all possible combinations of them. We confirm earlier findings demonstrating the occurrence of the blocking effect in olfactory learning of compound stimuli. We show that the occurrence and the strength of the blocking effect depend on the odorants used in the experiment. In addition, we find very good agreement between our results and the model, and less agreement between our results and an alternative model recently proposed to explain the effect. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 1-hexanol: odorant-; 1-octanol: odorant-; 2-octanone: odorant-; geraniol-: odorant- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 111-27-3: 1-HEXANOL; 111-87-5: 1-OCTANOL; 111-13-7: 2-OCTANONE; 106-24-1: GERANIOL MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: compound-stimuli; conditioning-; generalization-matrix; learning-; memory-; odor-blends; odor-components: blocking-, detection-; olfaction- AN Accession Number: 200100128601 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 157 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Colour thresholds and receptor noise: Behaviour and physiology compared. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Vorobyev-Misha {a}; Brandt-Robert; Peitsch-Dagmar; Laughlin-Simon-B; Menzel -Randolf AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250: vorobyev@umbc.edu, USA SO Source: Vision-Research. [print] March, 2001; 41 (5): 639-653. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0042-6989 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Photoreceptor noise sets an absolute limit for the accuracy of colour discrimination. We compared colour thresholds in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) with this limit. Bees were trained to discriminate an achromatic stimulus from monochromatic lights of various wavelengths as a function of their intensity. Signal-to-noise ratios were measured by intracellular recordings in the three spectral types of photoreceptor cells. To model thresholds we assumed that discrimination was mediated by opponent mechanisms whose performance was limited by receptor noise. Most of the behavioural thresholds were close to those predicted from receptor signal-to-noise ratios, suggesting that colour discrimination in honeybees is affected by photoreceptor noise. Some of the thresholds were lower than this theoretical limit, which indicates summation of photoreceptor cell signals. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavior-: comparison-; color-discrimination: accuracy-; color-threshold; photoreceptor-cell-signals; photoreceptor-noise; physiology-: comparison-; receptor-noise; signal-to-noise-ratio AN Accession Number: 200100128597 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 158 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Biologia floral e sistema de reproducao de Jacquemontia multiflora (Choisy) Hallier f. (Convolvulaceae). Floral biology and reproductive system of Jacquemontia multiflora (Choisy) Hallier f. (Convolvulaceae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Piedade-Kiill-Lucia-Helena; Taroda-Ranga-Neusa {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Botanica, Instituto de Biociencias, Letras e Ciencias Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho", 15054 -020, Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, SP: neusar@bot.ibilce.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Revista-Brasileira-de-Botanica. [print] 2000; 23 (1): 37-43. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0100-8404 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese AB Abstract: The present study deals with the aspects of phenology, floral biology and reproductive system of Jacquemontia multiflora, a caatinga species at the Fazenda Catalunha, Santa Maria da Boa Vista - PE. The species is an annual liana, with cornucopia pattern of flowering. The peak of flowering occurs between the end of March beginning of April at the end of the wet season. Its cymose inflorescences have the main axes elongated, exposing the flowers well out the foliage leaves. The blue flowers are shallow campanulate, scentless and producing a very low quantity of nectar. Anthesis is diurnal, the flowers begin to open at around 5:30 h, are ephemeral, lasting for about nine hours. The most frequent visitors are bees (Apidae and Halictidae). Apis mellifera and Trigona spinipes were considered the main pollinators of this species. J. multifora is facultatively autogamous, producing fruits either after self (30%) and cross (60%) manual pollination. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences); Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Convolvulaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Jacquemontia-multiflora (Convolvulaceae-); Trigona-spinipes (Hymenoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: cymose-inflorescence; reproductive-system: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: anthesis-; floral-biology; flowering-; phenology-; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200100128312 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 159 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Social regulation of ovary activation in 'anarchistic' honey-bees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Barron-Andrew-B {a}; Oldroyd-Benjamin-P AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Macleay Building, A12, Sydney, NSW, 2006: abarron@bio.usyd.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] January, 2001; 49 (2-3): 214 -219. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Honey-bee (Apis mellifera) colonies exhibit extreme reproductive division of labour. Workers almost always have inactive ovaries and the queen monopolises egg laying. Although extremely rare, 'anarchistic' colonies exist in which workers produce male offspring despite the presence of the queen. By comparing the rates of ovary activation in anarchistic and wild -type bees fostered to host colonies of different genotype (i.e. anarchist and non-anarchist) and queen status (i.e. queenless and queenright), we investigated the factors involved in inhibiting ovary activation. Fostered anarchist workers always had a higher level of ovary development than fostered wild-type bees in both anarchist and non-anarchist host colonies. Fostered workers of both genotypes had more active ovaries in anarchistic than in wild-type hosts. Fostered workers of both strains also had more active ovaries in queenless than in queenright hosts. The results suggest that selection for worker reproduction in the anarchistic line has both reduced the effects of brood and queen pheromones on worker ovary inhibition and increased the likelihood that workers of the anarchistic line will develop ovaries compared to wild-type workers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): female-, male-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovary-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: anarchy-; ovary-activation; queen-status; reproductive-division-of-labor; social-regulation; worker-egg-laying AN Accession Number: 200100128203 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 160 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Electron paramagnetic resonance study of honeybee Apis mellifera abdomens. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: El-Jaick-Lea-Jaccoud {a}; Acosta-Avalos-Daniel; Motta-de-Souza-Esquivel -Darci; Wajnberg-Eliane; Paixao-Linhares-Marilia AD Author Address: {a} Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud 150, 180, Rio de Janeiro: leajj@cbpf.br, Brazil SO Source: European-Biophysics-Journal. [print] 2001; 29 (8): 579-586. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0175-7571 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Although ferromagnetic material has been detected in Apis mellifera abdomens and identified as suitable for magnetic reception, physical and magnetic properties of these particles are still lacking. Electron paramagnetic resonance is used to study different magnetic materials in these abdomens. At least four iron structures are identified: isolated Fe3+ ions, amorphous FeOOH, isolated magnetite nanoparticles of about 3 X 102 nm3 and 103 nm3 volumes, depending on the hydration degree of the sample, and aggregates of these particles. A low-temperature transition (52-91 K) was observed and the temperature dependence of the magnetic anisotropy constant of those particles was determined. These results imply that biomineralized magnetites are distinct from inorganic particles and the parameters presented are relevant for the refinement of magnetoreception models in honeybees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation); Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: abdomen- MQ Methods and Equipment: EPR-: analytical-method, imaging-techniques, study-; X-band-EPR -spectrometer: Bruker-, laboratory-equipment MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: magnetoreception-models: refinement- AN Accession Number: 200100123955 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 161 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Hybrid seed production in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.): Abundance and diurnal rhythms of insect visitors on restorer and male sterile lines. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Singh-G {a}; Kashyap-R-K; Dahiya-B-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Seed Technology Centre, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004, India SO Source: Seed-Science-and-Technology. [print] 2000; 28 (3): 715-722. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0251-0952 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Abundance and diurnal rhythms of various insect visitors on 'A' and 'R' lines were studied in hybrid seed production field of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) for two years at Hisar, India. Insects belonging to 41 genera of 23 families from six orders visited the capitula of 'A' and 'R' lines. Honey bees (Apis melliferra, A. dorsata and A. florea) constituted 42.2% of the total insects visiting the capitula. Abundance of natural populations of Magachile cephalotes and Xylocopa fenestrata were relatively low. Honey bees tends to visit 'R' than 'A' lines more frequently. The bee activity was highest at 06h00 and 18h00 followed by 10h00. Possible factors for rhythms in bee populations and augmentation of natural weak pollinators to obtain higher seed set have been discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Behavior-; Biosynchronization-; Terrestrial -Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences); Genetics-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Diptera-: Insecta -, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hemiptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Neuroptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata -, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-dorsata [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): visitor-; Apis-florea [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): visitor-; Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): visitor-; Coleoptera- (Coleoptera-): visitor-; Diptera- (Diptera-): visitor-; Helianthus-annuus [sunflower-] (Compositae-): male-sterile -lines, seed-; Hemiptera- (Hemiptera-): visitor-; Hymenoptera- (Hymenoptera-): visitor-; Lepidoptera- (Lepidoptera-): visitor-; Neuroptera- (Neuroptera-): visitor- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: hybrid-seed-production; line-restoration; pollination-; reproductive -ecology; visitor-abundance; visitor-diurnal-rhythm AN Accession Number: 200100119274 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 162 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Adaptive radiation of pollination mechanisms in Ixia (Iridaceae: Crocoideae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Goldblatt-Peter {a}; Bernhardt-Peter; Manning-John-C AD Author Address: {a} Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, 63166, USA SO Source: Annals-of-the-Missouri-Botanical-Garden. [print] Fall, 2000; 87 (4): 564 -577. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0026-6493 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Field observations, floral dissections, and pollen load analyses of insects captured on 20 species of Ixia (Iridaceae), representing examples of the four major floral types in the genus, indicate that this southern African genus of 52 species is cross pollinated by a wide variety of insects. The pollination ecology of Ixia species can be divided into several distinct systems exploiting insects of four insect orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera). Ixia atrandra, I. curta, I. lutea, I. maculata, I. metelerkampiae, and I. versicolor have salver-shaped, nectarless flowers, in bright colors contrasting with dark "beetle marks" and are pollinated exclusively by hopliine scarab beetles. Four Ixia species with narrowly tubular flowers, spreading tepals, and ample nectar are pollinated by long-proboscid flies (Moegistorhynchus longirostris and Philoliche species). Three additional species with tubular flowers, and modest nectar volumes, appear to be pollinated by the pieriid butterfly, Colias electo (Ixia orientalis), or by a combination of hopliine beetles and tabanid flies with short probosces (I. aurea, I. esterhuyseniae, I. tenuifolia). The remaining species are largely pollinated by anthophorine bees or Apis mellifera, but bee pollination comprises three discrete systems. Species pollinated by Anthophora and Pachymelus species (I. capillaris, I. latifolia, I. odorata, I. rapunculoides, I. thomasiae) have cup-shaped flowers that secrete nectar. Salver-shaped flowers of I. flexuosa secrete no nectar, but are pollinated by pollen-collecting Apis mellifera. Buzz pollination by Amegilla fallax in I. scillaris is associated with vertical floral presentation, nectarless flowers, unusual in having a short, closed perianth tube, short, stubby filaments, and anthers dehiscing incompletely from the base. Outgroup comparison suggests that the ancestral pollination system in Ixia is the one in which flowers are cup-shaped, produce nectar, and are pollinated by large anthophorine bees. Exaggeration of the perianth into an elongate tube containing ample nectar, or the closure of the perianth tube and absence of nectar, or the development of basal anther dehiscense must be regarded as specialized adaptations related to their derived pollination strategies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences); Evolution-and-Adaptation; Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Iridaceae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apidae- (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Coleoptera- (Coleoptera-): pollinator-; Diptera- (Diptera-): pollinator-; Hopliini- (Coleoptera-): pollinator-; Hymenoptera- (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Ixia-atrandra (Iridaceae-); Ixia-aurea (Iridaceae-); Ixia-capillaris (Iridaceae-); Ixia-curta (Iridaceae-); Ixia -esterhuyseniae (Iridaceae-); Ixia-flexuosa (Iridaceae-); Ixia-latifolia (Iridaceae-); Ixia-longituba (Iridaceae-); Ixia-lutea (Iridaceae-); Ixia -maculata (Iridaceae-); Ixia-meterlerkampiae (Iridaceae-); Ixia-odorata (Iridaceae-); Ixia-orientalis (Iridaceae-); Ixia-paucifolia (Iridaceae-); Ixia-rapunculoides (Iridaceae-); Ixia-scillaris (Iridaceae-); Ixia -tenuifolia (Iridaceae-); Ixia-thomasiae (Iridaceae-); Ixia-versicolor (Iridaceae-); Lepidoptera- (Lepidoptera-): pollinator-; Moegistorhynchus -longirostris (Diptera-): pollinator-; Philoliche-spp. (Diptera-): pollinator-; Pieriidae- (Lepidoptera-): pollinator-; Tabanidae- (Diptera -): pollinator-; anthophorine-bees (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; beetles- (Coleoptera-): pollinator-; butterflies- (Lepidoptera-): pollinator-; scarab-beetles (Coleoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Monocots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nectar- GE Geopolitical Location: Africa- (Ethiopian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: adaptive-radiation; buzz-pollination; floral-life-span; floral-morphology; floral-phenology; floral-presentation; floral-types; flower-visitation; insect-morphology; plasticity-; pollen-load; pollination-ecology; pollination-mechanisms; pollinator-attraction; specialization- AN Accession Number: 200100118832 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 163 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Pollination of a core flowering shrub species in Mediterranean phrygana: Variation in pollinator diversity, abundance and effectiveness in response to fire. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Potts-Simon-G {a}; Dafni-Amots; Ne'-eman-Gidi AD Author Address: {a} School of Biology, Univ. of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9TS: sgp@st -and.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Oikos-. [print] January, 2001; 92 (1): 71-80. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0030-1299 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Fire in Mediterranean-type ecosystems produces catastrophic changes in plant-pollinator systems; the recovery of which has been studied by comparing an unburnt mature forest habitat with that of an adjacent recently burnt area (eight years post-fire). The composition, visitation profiles, and effectiveness of the taxonomically diverse pollinator assemblages found on a core nectar providing species (Satureja thymbra: Lamiaceae) were examined in these two contrasting habitats. S. thymbra in the freshly burnt area had low nectar standing crop and relatively less diverse bee community than an unburnt area which had twice the nectar standing crop and a higher bee diversity and abundance. Both sites supported bee assemblages dominated by the non-native bumblebee Bombus terrestris. Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of nectar standing crops and microclimatic conditions were sufficient to explain the form and magnitude of the diurnal foraging profiles at each site in relation to species specific foraging and flight abilities. B. terrestris, Apis mellifera and native solitary bees were the three primary guilds visiting S. thymbra and varied in the efficiency with which they delivered conspecific pollen grains to receptive stigmas. A pollinator effectiveness index for these three guilds was calculated based on floral visitation rates and pollen delivery efficiency and reflected the actual levels of effectiveness of each guild within and across the two habitat types. There was no overall inter-community difference in pollination effectiveness as the bee assemblages in both habitats were sufficient to produce maximum fruit set in S. thymbra, though the relative contribution of each guild varied intra -communally. Pollen limitation was not found to occur in either habitat. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Labiatae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Bombus-terrestris (Hymenoptera -): pollinator-; Satureja-thymbra (Labiatae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nectar-: standing-crop MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Mediterranean-phrygana: habitat-; community-composition; diurnal-foraging -behavior; fire-responses; flight-ability; flower-visitation; forest -habitats; habitat-differences; intra-communal-variation; plant-pollinator -systems; pollen-limitation; pollination-; species-abundance; species -diversity AN Accession Number: 200100118714 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 164 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Analise do polen encontrado em amostras de mel de Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae) em uma area de savana de Roraima, Brasil. Analyses of pollen found in honey samples of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in a savanna area in Roraima, Brazil. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: da-Silva-Silvio-Jose-Reis {a}; Absy-Maria-Lucia AD Author Address: {a} Museu Integrado de Roraima, Av. Brigadeiro Eduardo Gomes s/n - Parque Anaua, Boa Vista, RR: silviorr@mandic.com.br, luciabsy@inpa.gov.br, Brazil SO Source: Acta-Amazonica. [print] Dezembro, 2000; 30 (4): 579-588. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-5967 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese AB Abstract: Honey samples of one apiary located in Contao village, north of Roraima State, Brazil were analyzed. The samples originated from crops of October and December, 1996 and January, February and March, 1997. A total of 20 pollen types were identified; they were distributed among 18 genera and 13 families. The families: Mimosaceae (4 species), Anacardiaceae (3 species), Sterculiaceae (2 species), Caesalpiniaceae (2 species) and Amaranthaceae (2 species) were the most represented. The other families were represented by a single species. The most frequent pollen types were: Mimosa polydactyla (October and December, 1996) and Curatella americana (January,February and March, 1997).Three significant correlations among the frequencies of pollen types were found; Curatella americana L. X Mimosa polydactyla G.B.K. (r = -0,99), Curatella americana L. X Astronium sp (r = 0,95) e Mimosa polydactyla H.B.K e Astronium sp (r = -0,91). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Foods- ST Super Taxa: Anacardiaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Dilleniaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-; Astronium-sp. (Anacardiaceae-); Curatella-americana (Dilleniaceae-); Mimosa-polydactyla (Leguminosae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Roraima- (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: honey-: pollen-identification, sugar-product; palynology- AN Accession Number: 200100118341 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 165 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Ligand binding and physico-chemical properties of ASP2, a recombinant odorant-binding protein from honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Briand-Loic; Nespoulous-Claude; Huet-Jean-Claude; Takahashi-Masayuki; Pernollet-Jean-Claude {a} AD Author Address: {a} Biochimie et Structure des Proteines, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, Batiment 526, F-78352, Jouy-en-Josas Cedex: pernolle@jouy.inra.fr, France SO Source: European-Journal-of-Biochemistry. [print] February, 2001; 268 (3): 752-760. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0014-2956 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: In insects, the transport of airborne, hydrophobic odorants and pheromones through the sensillum lymph is generally thought to be accomplished by odorant-binding proteins (OBPs). We report the structural and functional properties of a honeybee OBP called ASP2, heterologously expressed by the yeast Pichia pastoris. ASP2 disulfide bonds were assigned after classic trypsinolysis followed by ion-spray mass spectrometry combined with microsequencing. The pairing (Cys(I)-Cys(III), Cys(II)-Cys(V), Cys(IV) -Cys(VI)) was found to be identical to that of Bombyx mori OBP, suggesting that this pattern occurs commonly throughout the highly divergent insect OBPs. CD measurements revealed that ASP2 is mainly constituted of alpha helices, like other insect OBPs, but different from lipocalin-like vertebrate OBPs. Gel filtration analysis showed that ASP2 is homodimeric at neutral pH, but monomerizes upon acidification or addition of a chaotropic agent. A general volatile-odorant binding assay allowed us to examine the uptake of some odorants and pheromones by ASP2. Recombinant ASP2 bound all tested molecules, except beta-ionone, which could not interact with it at all. The affinity constants of ASP2 for these ligands, determined at neutral pH by isothermal titration calorimetry, are in the micromolar range, as observed for vertebrate OBP. These results suggest that odorants occupy three binding sites per dimer, probably one in the core of each monomer and another whose location and biological role are questionable. At acidic pH, no binding was observed, in correlation with monomerization and a local conformational change supported by CD experiments. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Vertebrata-: Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Bombyx-mori (Lepidoptera-); Pichia-pastoris (Ascomycetes-); vertebrate- (Vertebrata-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: ASP2-: odorant-binding-protein; odorant-; pheromone- MQ Methods and Equipment: circular-dichroism: analytical-method; gel-filtration: analytical-method; ion-spray-mass-spectrometry-microsequencing: analytical-method; isothermal -titration-calorimetry: analytical-method; volatile-odorant-binding-assay: analytical-method; yeast-expression-system: synthetic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: protein-ligand-interaction AN Accession Number: 200100113936 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 166 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Brood pheromone modulates honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) sucrose response thresholds. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pankiw-Tanya {a}; Page-Robert-E-Jr AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616: tpankiw@ucdavis.edu, USA SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] January, 2001; 49 (2-3): 206 -213. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Foraging behavior and the mechanisms that regulate foraging activity are important components of social organization. Here we test the hypothesis that brood pheromone modulates the sucrose response threshold of bees. Recently the honeybee proboscis extension response to sucrose has been identified as a "window" into a bee's perception of sugar. The sucrose response threshold measured in the first week of adult life, prior to foraging age, predicts forage choice. Bees with low response thresholds are more likely to be pollen foragers and bees with high response thresholds are more likely to forage for nectar. There is an associated genetic component to sucrose response thresholds and forage choice such that bees selected to hoard high quantities of pollen have low response thresholds and bees selected to hoard low quantities of pollen have higher response thresholds. The number of larvae in colonies affects the number of bees foraging for pollen. Hexane-extractable compounds from the surface of larvae (brood pheromone) significantly increase the number of pollen foragers. We tested the hypothesis that brood pheromone decreases the sucrose response threshold of bees, to suggest a pheromone-modulated sensory-physiological mechanism for regulating foraging division of labor. Brood pheromone significantly decreased response thresholds as measured in the proboscis extension response assay, a response associated with pollen foraging. A synthetic blend of honeybee brood pheromone stimulated and released pollen foraging in foraging bioassays. Synthetic brood pheromone had dose-dependent effects on the modulation of sucrose response thresholds. We discuss how brood pheromone may act as a releaser of pollen foraging in older bees and a primer pheromone on the development of response thresholds and foraging ontogeny of young bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: brood-pheromone; sucrose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUCROSE MQ Methods and Equipment: extension-response-assay: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: activity-regulation-mechanisms; foraging-behavior; foraging-ontogeny; hoard -quantities; neuroethology-; response-threshold-modulation AN Accession Number: 200100113752 UD Update Code: 20010330 Record 167 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Analysis of calcium imaging signals from the honeybee brain by nonlinear models. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stetter-M {a}; Greve-H {a}; Galizia-C-G; Obermayer-K {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Computer Science, Technische Universitaet Berlin, FR2-1, Franklinstrasse 28/29, D-10587, Berlin, Germany SO Source: NeuroImage-. [print] January, 2001; 13 (1): 119-128. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1053-8119 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Recent Ca2+-imaging studies on the antennal lobe of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) have shown that olfactory stimuli evoke complex spatiotemporal changes of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, in which stimulus -dependent subsets of glomeruli are highlighted. In this work we use nonlinear models for the quantitative identification of the spatial and temporal properties of the Ca2+-dependent fluorescence signal. This technique describes time series of the Ca2+ signal as a superposition of biophysically motivated model functions for photobleaching and Ca2+ dynamics and provides optimal estimates of their amplitudes (signal strengths) and time constants together with error measures. Using this method, we can reliably identify two different stimulus-dependent signal components. Their delays and rise times, deltac1 = (0.4 +- 0.3) s, tauc1 = (3.8 +- 1.2) s for the fast component and deltac2 = (2.4 +- 0.6) s, tauc2 = (10.3 +- 3.2) s for the slow component, are constant over space and across different odors and animals. In chronological experiments, the amplitude of the fast (slow) component often decreases (increases) with time. The pattern of the Ca2+ dynamics in space and time can be reliably described as a superposition of only two spatiotemporally separable patterns based on the fast and slow components. However, the distributions of both components over space turn out to differ from each other, and more work has to be done in order to specify their relationship with neuronal activity. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Methods-and-Techniques; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe: nervous-system; brain-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: calcium- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 7440-70-2: CALCIUM MQ Methods and Equipment: photobleaching-: Imaging-Techniques, imaging-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: imaging-signals; nonlinear-models; olfactory-stimuli AN Accession Number: 200100107239 UD Update Code: 20010315 Record 168 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Genetic dissection of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) foraging behavior. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Page-R-E-Jr {a}; Fondrk-M-K; Hunt-G-J; Guzman-Novoa-E; Humphries-M-A; Nguyen-K; Greene-A-S AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616: repage@ucdavis.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Heredity. [print] November-December, 2000; 91 (6): 474-479. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1503 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: We demonstrate the effects of a new quantitative trait locus (QTL), designated pln3, that was mapped in a backcross population derived from strains of bees selected for the amount of pollen they store in combs. We independently confirmed pln3 by demonstrating its effects on individual foraging behavior, as we did previously for QTLs pln1 and pln2 (Hunt et al. 1995). QTL pln2 is very robust in its effects on foraging behavior. In this study, pln2 was again shown to affect individual foraging behavior of workers derived from a hybrid backcross of the selected strains. In addition, pln2 was shown to affect the amount of pollen stored in combs of colonies derived from a wide cross of European and Africanized honeybees. This is noteworthy because it demonstrates that we can map QTLs for behavior in interstrain crosses derived from selective breeding and study their effects in unselected, natural populations. The results we present also demonstrate the repeatability of finding QTLs with measurable effects, even after outcrossing selected strains, suggesting that there is a relatively small subset of QTLs with major effects segregating in the population from which we selected our founding breeding populations. The different QTLs, pln1, pln2, and pln3, appear to have different effects, revealing the complex genetic architecture of honeybee foraging behavior. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Genetics- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-behavior AN Accession Number: 200100101932 UD Update Code: 20010315 Record 169 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Plant-pollinator interactions: A threatened mutualism with implications for the ecology and management of rare plants. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Spira-Timothy-P {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634-0326: stimoth@clemson.edu, USA SO Source: Natural-Areas-Journal. [print] January, 2001; 21 (1): 78-88. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0885-8608 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: For the vast majority of higher plants, animal-mediated pollination is essential for reproduction by seed. Yet, plants and their pollinators currently face a variety of threats including habitat fragmentation, invasive species, and poisoning by pesticides. As land is increasingly converted to human uses, the diversity and abundance of plants and pollinators is likely to decline. Plants with small or low-density populations, including many rare species, can receive fewer pollinator visits, which could lead to fewer seeds, higher selfing rates, and more inbreeding depression. Recent research indicates that introduced honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) can competitively displace native pollinators, and because honeybees are often poor pollinators compared to native bees, the reproductive success of native plants might decline. Application of chemical pesticides can have adverse effects on pollinator populations and reduce natural pollination and subsequent seed set in wild plants. Insecticide-free buffer zones might be needed around some rare plant populations. Plant species that are most vulnerable to pollinator loss are those that depend on a single pollinator species. Many species reduce their risk of pollinator loss via compensatory mechanisms such as multiple pollinators, self-pollination, or by decreasing their dependence on seeds via vegetative reproduction or long life spans. These traits, however, are unlikely to compensate in the long term for a continuous decline in pollination services. Key to slowing the rate of species loss and keeping natural pollination systems intact is habitat preservation. For rare species that depend on pollinators, conservation managers may need to consider factors that influence the welfare of pollinators. Moreover, the size of preserves is important because pollinator nest sites, larval food plants, and foraging sites may be spatially separated and occupy different habitats. Given that pollination interactions often involve multiple species assemblages and large landscapes, a community or ecosystem-based management perspective is needed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Conservation-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): mutualist-, pollinator-; plants- (Plantae-): mutualist-, seed- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: chemical-pesticides: pesticide- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: animal-mediated-pollination; biodiversity-; biological-invasions; conservation-biology; ecological-buffer-zones; foraging-sites; habitat -fragmentation; habitat-preservation; inbreeding-depression; land -conversion; larval-food-plants; life-spans; management-implications; mutualisms-; nature-preserves: size-; nest-sites; plant-pollinator -interactions; reproductive-success; seed-set; vegetative-reproduction AN Accession Number: 200100101488 UD Update Code: 20010315 Record 170 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: The juvenile hormone analog pyriproxyfen affects ecdysteroid-dependent cuticle melanization and shifts the pupal ecdysteroid peak in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Zufelato-M-S; Bitondi-M-M-G {a}; Simoes-Z-L-P; Hartfelder-K AD Author Address: {a} Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto, SP: mmgbit@usp.br, Brazil SO Source: Arthropod-Structure-and-Development. [print] 2000; 29 (2): 111-119. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1467-8039 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The control of the pupal melanization in the honey bee by ecdysteroids, and the modulation of these processes by a juvenile hormone analog were investigated by a combination of in vivo and in vitro experiments. Injection of 1-5 mug of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) into unpigmented pupae showed a dose- and stage-dependent effect. The higher the dose and the later the injection was performed, the more pronounced was the delay in cuticle pigmentation. This inhibition of cuticular melanization by artificially elevated ecdysteroid titers was corroborated by in vitro experiments, culturing integument from unpigmented, dark-eyed pupae for 1 -4 days in the presence of 20E (2 or 5 mug/ml culture medium). Topical application (1 mug) of pyriproxyfen to unpigmented, white-eyed pupae had the opposite effect, leading to precocious and enhanced melanization of the pupal cuticle. In vitro incubation of integuments in the presence of this juvenile hormone analog (1 mug/ml) confirmed these results, showing that pyriproxyfen is apparently capable of triggering melanization. The in vivo mode of action of pyriproxyfen was further investigated by quantifying hemolymph ecdysteroids by radioimmunoassays. Topical application leads to a delay of the pupal ecdysteroid peak by 4 days. The pyriproxyfen-induced low ecdysteroid titers during early pupal development could account for precocious pigmentation by removing an inhibition on prophenoloxidase activation normally imposed by the elevated ecdysteroid titer during this phase. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Integumentary-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis); Development- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pupa- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: cuticle-: integumentary-system, pigmentation-; hemolymph-: blood-and -lymphatics CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 20-hydroxyecdysone; prophenoloxidase-; pyriproxyfen-: juvenile-hormone -analog RN CAS Registry Number (R): 5289-74-7: 20-HYDROXYECDYSONE; 9023-34-1: PROPHENOLOXIDASE; 95737-68-1: PYRIPROXYFEN MQ Methods and Equipment: radioimmunoassay-: detection-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: metamorphosis-; pupal-melanization AN Accession Number: 200100100410 UD Update Code: 20010315 Record 171 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Quantitative tests of an associative theory of risk-sensitivity in honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Shapiro-Martin-S; Couvillon-P-A; Bitterman-M-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Bekesy Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Hawaii, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822: jeffb@pbrc.hawaii.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] February, 2001; 204 (3): 565-573. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Risk-sensitivity was studied in free-flying honeybees trained individually to choose between two scented targets (A and B) with varying amounts and concentrations of sucrose solution as reward. In the first phase of experiment 1, the animals showed 'risk-aversion,' preferring A, which provided 5 mul of a 40% sucrose solution on every trial, to B, which provided 30 mul of the same solution once in every six trials (mean amount per trial 5 mul for each alternative). In the second phase, the preference reversed with reversal of the reward assignments. In experiment 2, the consistently rewarded A (5 mul of 40% sucrose solution per trial) was again preferred, although the inconsistently rewarded B now provided twice the amount of sucrose solution on average (30 mul on two of every six trials, mean amount per trial 10 mul). In experiment 3, with A providing 10 mul of a 15% sucrose solution on every trial and B providing 10 mul of a 60% sucrose solution on two of every four trials (mean concentration per trial 30%), the animals preferred B. In experiment 4, patterned after experiment 1, similar results were obtained under more natural conditions in which the animals were no longer constrained (as they were in the first three experiments) to go equally often to each alternative. The results of all four experiments were predicted quantitatively and with considerable accuracy by a simple associative theory of discriminative learning in honeybees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): free-flying TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sucrose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUCROSE MQ Methods and Equipment: quantitative-tests: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: discriminative-learning; risk-aversion; risk-sensitivity: associative -theory; scented-targets AN Accession Number: 200100096794 UD Update Code: 20010315 Record 172 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Immunotherapy despite anaphylaxis-induced myocardial infarction. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Quercia-O; Foschi-F-G {a}; Marsigli-L; Rafanelli-S; Stefanini-G-F AD Author Address: {a} Divisione di Medicina Interna, Ospedale di Faenza, Via dello Stradone, Faenza (RA): fgfoschi@tin.it, Italy SO Source: Allergy-Copenhagen. [print] January, 2001; 56 (1): 89-90. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0105-4538 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Cardiovascular-Medicine (Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Vespa-carbo (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-): White-, adult-, bricklayer-, farmer-, male-, middle-age, patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: mast-cells: activation-, immune-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Hymenoptera-venom DS Diseases: Hymenoptera-venom-allergy: immune-system-disease; anaphylaxis-: immune -system-disease; asthma-: immune-system-disease, respiratory-system -disease; myocardial-infarction: anaphylaxis-induced, heart-disease, vascular-disease; urticaria-: immune-system-disease, integumentary-system -disease MQ Methods and Equipment: allergen-specific-systemic-immunotherapy: immunological-method, side -effects, therapeutic-method; skin-prick-tests: immunological-method; specific-immunoglobulin-E-evaluation: immunological-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: angioedema-; Case-Study ALT Alternate Indexing: Anaphylaxis-(MeSH); Asthma-(MeSH); Myocardial-Infarction-(MeSH); Urticaria -(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200100088123 UD Update Code: 20010301 Record 173 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Roztocze Tropilaelaps clareae potencjalnym zagrozeniem dla pszczoly miodnej. Is Tropilaelaps clareae a threat to the health and welfare of the honey bee? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Glinski-Zdzislaw {a}; Kostro-Krzysztof AD Author Address: {a} ul. Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin: glinski@agros.ar.lublin.pl, Poland SO Source: Medycyna-Weterynaryjna. [print] 2001; 57 (1): 24-27. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0025-8628 LA Language: Polish; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: An ectoparasitic mite Tropilaelaps clareae infesting Apis dorsata in Asia has quickly moved onto a new host Apis mellifera in the middle of the twentieth century and became a problem for beekeepers in Asia and South Africa. The mite needs to be on the brood almost constantly. Mite infestation is more severe during active brood rearing periods. On hatching, the nymph feeds on the haemolymph of capped larvae and pupae, and adult mites finally emerge out from the infested cells. Adult bees do not emerge or the affected brood develops into deformed adults. Inspection of hives severely infested by the mite reveals an irregular pattern of sealed and unsealed brood. Since adults of T. clareae can survive without bee brood as food for only 2 days, restricting of brood production combined with chemical treatment can control the mite pest. Bees and queens should be subject to inspection by veterinary service at the time of importation for the purpose of determining whether they are eligible to be imported to places free of T. clareae. Veterinarians and beekeepers should constantly monitor the hives for the presence of exotic mites to prevent a threat to the health and welfare of bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Veterinary-Medicine (Medical-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): ectoparasite-host; Tropilaelaps -clareae (Acarina-): ectoparasite-, pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- DS Diseases: mite-infestation: control-, parasitic-disease, prevention- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-rearing-period; hive-welfare AN Accession Number: 200100085598 UD Update Code: 20010301 Record 174 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Espectro polinico de amostras de mel de Apis mellifera L., coletadas na Bahia. Pollen spectrum of samples of Apis mellifera L., honey collected in Bahia State, Brazil. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Moreti-Augusta-Carolina-de-Camargo-Carmello {a}; de-Carvalho-Carlos-Alfredo -Lopes; Marchini-Luis-Carlos; de-Oliveira-Patricia-Cantalino-Fernandes AD Author Address: {a} Instituto de Zootecnia, 13460-000, Nova Odessa, SP: acmoreti@izsp.br, Brazil SO Source: Bragantia-. [print] 2000; 59 (1): 1-6. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-8705 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; Portuguese AB Abstract: Pollen spectrum found in honey samples from six localities of Bahia State, Brazil, was analyzed with the objective to contribute for the knowledge of the plants used by Apis mellifera L., 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae). The identification of the pollen types was made by specialized literature and by field information. Two hundred pollen grains were studied in order to determine the percentage and the occurrence of each type. Forty three pollen types were identified, being considered as the predominant types Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae), Mimosa verrucosa Benth. (Mimosaceae), M. scabrella Benth. (Mimosaceae) and Bauhinia sp. (Caesalpiniaceae). The accessory pollen types were Alternanthera ficoidea R.Br. (Amaranthaceae), Compositae type (Asteraceae) and Cecropia sp. (Moraceae). It is intense the participation of Mimosa sp. (Mimosaceae) and other wild species in the honey composition of the six localities considered. Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae) is one of the dominant sources of bee food in some regions of Bahia State. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Amaranthaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Moraceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Myrtaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Alternanthera-ficoidea (Amaranthaceae-); Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Bauhinia-sp. (Leguminosae-); Cecropia-sp. (Moraceae-); Eucalyptus-sp. (Myrtaceae-); Mimosa-scabrella (Leguminosae-); Mimosa -verrucosa (Leguminosae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: honey-spectrum, identification-, reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Bahia-State (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) AN Accession Number: 200100085567 UD Update Code: 20010301 Record 175 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Energy metabolism during insect flight: Biochemical design and physiological performance. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Suarez-Raul-K {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9610: suarez@lifesci.ucsb.edu, USA SO Source: Physiological-and-Biochemical-Zoology. [print] November-December, 2000; 73 (6): 765-771. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1522-2152 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Flying insects achieve the highest known mass-specific rates of O2 consumption in the animal kingdom. Because the flight muscles account for >90% of the organismal O2 uptake, accurate estimates of metabolic flux rates (J) in the muscles can be made. In steady state, these are equal to the net forward flux rates (v) at individual steps and can be compared with flux capacities (Vmax) measured in vitro. In flying honeybees, hexokinase and phosphofructokinase, both nonequilibrium reactions in glycolysis, operate at large fractions of their maximum capacities (i.e., they operate at high v/Vmax). Phosphoglucoisomerase is a reversible reaction that operates near equilibrium. Despite Vmax values more than 20 -fold greater than the net forward flux rates during flight, a close match is found between the Vmax required in vivo (estimated using the Haldane relationship) to maintain near equilibrium and this net forward flux rate and the Vmax measured in vitro under simulated physiological conditions. Rates of organismal O2 consumption and difference spectroscopy were used to estimate electron transfer rates per molecule of respiratory chain enzyme during flight. These are much higher than those estimated in mammalian muscles. Current evidence indicates that metabolic enzymes in honeybees do not display higher catalytic efficiencies than the homologous enzymes in mammals, and the high electron transfer rates do not appear to be the result of higher enzyme densities per unit cristae surface area. A number of possible mechanistic explanations for the higher rates of electron transfer are proposed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Bioenergetics- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flight-muscles: muscular-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: hexokinase-; phosphofructokinase-; phosphoglucoisomerase- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-51-8: HEXOKINASE; 9001-80-3Q: PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE; 37278-03-8Q: PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE; 55326-40-4Q: PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE; 78689-77-7Q: PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE; 9001-41-6: PHOSPHOGLUCOISOMERASE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: energy-metabolism; flight-; oxygen-consumption AN Accession Number: 200100082874 UD Update Code: 20010301 Record 176 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Similarity in flight behaviour between the honeybee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and its presumed mimic, the dronefly Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Golding-Yvonne-C; Ennos-A-Roland; Edmunds-Malcolm {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE: medmunds@uclan.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] January, 2001; 204 (1): 139-145. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: It is generally accepted that the dronefly Eristalis tenax is a Batesian mimic of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Previous work has established that the foraging behaviour of droneflies is more similar to that of its model than to that of other more closely related flies, suggesting that behaviour may be important in the mimicry. Locomotor mimicry has been demonstrated in mimetic Heliconius butterflies but not in hoverflies. This study therefore investigated aspects of the flight behaviour of Eristalis tenax, Apis mellifera and two other flies, Syrphus ribesii and a Musca sp. Insects were filmed foraging on Helichrysum bracteum flowers, and flight sequences were analysed to determine flight velocities, flight trajectories and the percentage of time spent hovering. It was found that the flight behaviour of droneflies was more similar to that of honeybees than to that of the other flies. This suggests that the flight behaviour of Eristalis tenax may be mimetic. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Eristalis-tenax [drone-fly] (Diptera-); Helichrysum-bracteum (Compositae-); Musca-sp. (Diptera-); Syrphus-ribesii (Diptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flight-behavior; flight-mimicry; flight-trajectory; flight-velocity; foraging-behavior; locomotor-mimicry AN Accession Number: 200100081980 UD Update Code: 20010301 Record 177 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: The role of glomeruli in the neural representation of odours: Results from optical recording studies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Galizia-C-Giovanni {a}; Menzel-Randolf AD Author Address: {a} Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut fuer Biologie -Neurobiologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin Luise Strasse 28-30, 14195, Berlin: galizia@zedat.fu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] February, 2001; 47 (2): 115-130. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Odours are received by olfactory receptors, which send their axons to the first sensory neuropils, the antennal lobes (in insects) or the olfactory bulb (in vertebrates). From here, processed olfactory information is relayed to higher-order brain centres. A striking similarity in olfactory systems across animal phyla is the presence of glomeruli in this first sensory neuropil. Various experiments have shown that odours elicit a mosaic of activated glomeruli, suggesting that odour quality is coded in an 'across-glomeruli activity code. In recent years, studies using optical recording techniques have greatly improved our understanding of the resulting 'across-glomeruli pattern', making it possible to simultaneously measure responses in several, often identifiable, glomeruli. For the honeybee Apis mellifera, a functional atlas of odour representation is being created: in this atlas, the glomeruli that are activated by different odorants are named. However, several limitations remain to be investigated. In this paper, we review what optical recording of odour -evoked glomerular activity patterns has revealed so far, and discuss the necessary next steps, with emphasis on the honeybee. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe: 4200-; glomeruli-: excretory-system; olfactory-bulb: nervous -system MQ Methods and Equipment: optical-imaging: imaging-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: odor-quality; olfaction- AN Accession Number: 200100079654 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 178 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Sacbrood virus of the honeybee (Apis mellifera): Rapid identification and phylogenetic analysis using reverse transcription-PCR. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Grabensteiner-Elvira; Ritter-Wolfgang; Carter-Michael-J; Davison-Sean; Pechhacker-Hermann; Kolodziejek-Jolanta; Boecking-Otto; Derakhshifar -Irmgard; Moosbeckhofer-Rudolf; Licek-Elisabeth; Nowotny-Norbert {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna: Norbert.Nowotny@vu-wien.ac.at, Austria SO Source: Clinical-and-Diagnostic-Laboratory-Immunology. [print] January, 2001; 8 (1): 93-104. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1071-412X LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: Sacbrood virus (SBV) infects larvae of the honeybee (Apis mellifera), resulting in failure to pupate and death. Until now, identification of viruses in honeybee infections has been based on traditional methods such as electron microscopy, immunodiffusion, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Culture cannot be used because no honeybee cell lines are available. These techniques are low in sensitivity and specificity. However, the complete nucleotide sequence of SBV has recently been determined, and with these data, we now report a reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) test for the direct, rapid, and sensitive detection of these viruses. RT-PCR was used to target five different areas of the SBV genome using infected honeybees and larvae originating from geographically distinct regions. The RT-PCR assay proved to be a rapid, specific, and sensitive diagnostic tool for the direct detection of SBV nucleic acid in samples of infected honeybees and brood regardless of geographic origin. The amplification products were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis suggested the existence of at least three distinct genotypes of SBV. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Development-; Genetics-; Infection-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Picornaviridae-: Animal-Viruses, Viruses-, Microorganisms- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): larvae-; sacbrood-virus (Picornaviridae-): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animal-Viruses; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Viruses- MQ Methods and Equipment: reverse-transcription-PCR [reverse-transcription-polymerase-chain -reaction]: analytical-method, identification-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: nucleotide-sequence AN Accession Number: 200100072832 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 179 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: A scientific note on the dynamics of labor devoted to nectar foraging in a honey bee colony: Number of foragers versus individual foraging activity. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Thom-Corinna {a}; Seeley-Thomas-Dyer; Tautz-Juergen AD Author Address: {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Zoologie II, Biozentrum der Universitaet Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg: thom@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December, 2000; 31 (6): 737-738. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: nectar-foraging: labor-dynamics AN Accession Number: 200100071607 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 180 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: A simplified technique for counting Varroa jacobsoni Oud. on sticky boards. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ostiguy-Nancy {a}; Sammataro-Diana AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802: nxo3@psu.edu, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December, 2000; 31 (6): 707-716. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: The most common method used to assess the level of mite infestation in a bee colony is to count all the mites that fall onto sticky boards placed on the bottom of a colony. Unfortunately, this is a laborious and boring task. Therefore, a stratified sampling technique was devised to accurately estimate the number of mites on sticky boards. The technique, when compared to a census count of all mites, resulted in a coefficient of determination of 0.97 or greater. The stratified sampling protocol in which we randomly selected 33% of the cells on a sticky board and did not choose new random numbers for each sticky board resulted in an accurate estimate of the number of Varroa jacobsoni. This technique gave a mean percent error of 0.4%+-9.5% for any one estimate of a sticky board. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Methods-and-Techniques; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: sticky-board-method: sampling-method, stratified-sampling-protocol AN Accession Number: 200100071606 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 181 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: The influence of Nosema apis on young honeybee queens and transmission of the disease from queens to workers. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Czekonska-Krystyna {a} AD Author Address: {a} Bee Research Department, Agricultural University, Al. 29 Listopada 52, 31-425, Cracow: KCzekon@ogr.ar.krakow.pl, Poland SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December, 2000; 31 (6): 701-706. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: Nosema apis inoculated and non-inoculated honeybee (Apis mellifera) queens were introduced into mating nuclei. The workers accepted all queens from both groups. During the 26 days of the experiment, 47.4% of the inoculated and 50% of the non-inoculated queens were lost. Queens from both groups started egg-laying after 15.8 days. Workers did not perceive the presence of N. apis in their queens and did not supersede inoculated queens significantly more often than healthy ones. Significantly more workers were infected in the mating nuclei with inoculated queens (61%) than in those with non-inoculated ones (5.3%). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Cnidosporidea-: Protozoa-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta -, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-, queen-, worker-; Nosema -apis (Cnidosporidea-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Protozoans- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: disease-transmission AN Accession Number: 200100071605 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 182 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Changes in reproduction of Varroa destructor after honey bee queens were exchanged between resistant and susceptible colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Harris-Jeffrey-W {a}; Harbo-John-R AD Author Address: {a} Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Honey Bee Breeding, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70820: jwharris@ars.usda.gov, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December, 2000; 31 (6): 689-699. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English; French; German AB Abstract: This study examines changes in reproduction and mortality of Varroa destructor when queens from stocks of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) that differ in susceptibility to the mites were exchanged between colonies. Queens were selected for suppression of mite reproduction (SMRD). In two experiments uniform colonies of bees were established; half the colonies were given queens selected for SMRD, and half were given unselected queens. Queens were exchanged after 7 (experiment 1) and 13 weeks (experiment 2). The percentage of mites that had no progeny was determined for each colony at 5 times (2 before and 3 after exchanging queens). Mites that had no progeny included live and dead mites. Results showed (1) that reproduction of mites is suppressed by adding a queen selected for SMRD, and (2) that a mite population recovers its reproduction when a SMRD queen is replaced by an unselected queen. Selection of the SMRD trait can be reduced to counting only live mites that laid no eggs and dead mites. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-, queen-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-parasite-resistance AN Accession Number: 200100071604 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 183 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Elektrophoretische Untersuchungen der wasserloeslichen Proteine bei der Honigbiene Apis mellifera L. im Verlauf der Ontogenese. Electrophoretic study of water-soluble proteins during the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) ontogenesis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ivanova-Evgenia {a}; Popov-Petar; Dobrovolov-Ivan AD Author Address: {a} Biologische Fakultat, Sektion Genetik, Paissij-Hilendarski-Universitat Plovdiv, Zar Assenstr. 24, Plovdiv, Bulgaria SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December, 2000; 31 (6): 679-687. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: German; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; German; French AB Abstract: Two thousand specimens of Apis mellifera L. from three domesticated populations in Bulgaria were investigated by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), starch gel electrophoresis (SGE) and isoelectric focusing in ultra-thin poyacrylamide gel. Specimens of different developmental stages and sexes were compared: unsealed and sealed larvae, white-eyed and dark-eyed pupae, and imago forms (7-day worker bees, 10-day drones, and one-day queen). All samples were total extracts of individuals, except the egg samples which were made up of 20 eggs. PAGE was performed according to Maurer. SGE was performed according to Smithies as modified by Dobrovolov. The soluble proteins were visualised with Commassie Brilliant Blue R250. A total of 24 fractions of water-soluble proteins were found in the spectra of analyzed organs in PAGE: 10 in eggs, 17 in unsealed larvae, 18 in sealed larvae, 14 in pupae, 18 in workers and drones and 19 in queens (Tab. I, Fig. 1). In SGE 20 fractions were found: 8 in unsealed larvae, 11 in sealed larvae, 10 in pupae, 9 in workers, 11 in drones and 12 in queens (Tab. II, Fig. 2). With isoelectric focusing 31 fractions were found in eggs, 50 in unsealed and sealed larvae, 48 in pupae, 52 in workers and 48 in drones (Fig. 3). After separation in starch gel we found 2 queen specific and 2 drone specific bands. With PAGE, more bands were obtained but only one sex specific band (M) could be found. The best separation with up to 52 fractions was obtained by isoelectric focusing. There was 1 band at the anode and 2 bands at the cathode which occurred only in drones. With both SGE and PAGE we found protein bands which occurred during the larval and pupal but not in the adult stages (SQ and SH - F, L, W and Y respectively) which may point to specific larval proteins. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Development-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): drone-, imago-, larva-, pupa-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: water-soluble-proteins: organ-specificity MQ Methods and Equipment: polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis: analytical-method, gel-electrophoresis; starch-gel-electrophoresis: analytical-method, gel-electrophoresis AN Accession Number: 200100071603 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 184 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Elektrophoretische Untersuchungen zur Organspezifitaet der wasserloeslichen Proteine in der Ontogenese von Drohnen (Apis mellifera L.). Organ specificity of water-soluble proteins during drone (Apis mellifera L.) ontogenesis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ivanova-Evgenija {a} AD Author Address: {a} Biologische Fakultat, Sektion Genetik, Paissij-Hilendarski Universitat Plovdiv, Zar Assenstr. 24, Plovdiv, Bulgaria SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December, 2000; 31 (6): 671-677. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: German; Non-English LS Language of Summary: English; German; French AB Abstract: Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), 368 organ extracts of drones were investigated. The soluble proteins spectra were analyzed in separate organs from the different specimens at various ontogenetic stages (unsealed larvae, sealed larvae, white-eyed pupae, dark-eyed pupae and imago forms). The organs tested (heart, gut, testicle, mucus glands and eyes) were isolated by dissection, rinsed with distilled water, squashed in 0.1 M tris-phosphate buffer at pH 6.7, and left for extraction for 24 h at 4 degreeC. Then the samples were centrifuged for 30 min at 900 g. For electrophoretic separation, a 7.5% polyacrylamide vertical gel (pH 8.9) was used, together with 3.3% concentrating gel at pH 6.7 and 0.05 M tris - 0.2 M glycine electrode buffer, at pH 8.3. The soluble proteins were visualised with Commassie Brilliant Blue R 250. A total of 31 fractions of water-soluble proteins were found in the spectra of analyzed organs - 22 in heart extract, 24 in extract of gut, 21 in extracts of testes, 20 - in extracts of mucus glands and 16 - in eye extracts (Tab. I). An organ and stage specificity in the appearance of soluble proteins during development of Apis mellifera drones could be shown. Organ specific bands were found in the reproductive organs: testis ((A and G) and mucus glands (A), as well as in the intestine (K, L and ZC) and the heart (ZA + ZE) (Figs. 1 and 2). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Development-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): drone-, imago-, larva-, pupa- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: eye-: sensory-system; gut-: digestive-system; heart-: circulatory-system; mucus-gland; testicle-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: water-soluble-proteins: organ-specificity MQ Methods and Equipment: polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis: analytical-method, gel-electrophoresis AN Accession Number: 200100071602 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 185 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Functional flexibility of the honey bee hypopharyngeal gland in a dequeened colony. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ohashi-Kazuaki; Sasaki-Masami; Sasagawa-Hiromi; Nakamura-Jun; Natori -Shunji; Kubo-Takeo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo -ku, Tokyo, 113-0033: fkubo@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Zoological-Science-Tokyo. [print] November, 2000; 17 (8): 1089-1094. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0289-0003 LA Language: English LS Language of Summary: English AB Abstract: The role of the worker honey bee Apis mellifera L. changes depending on age after eclosion (age polyethism): young workers (nurse bees) take care of their brood by synthesizing and secreting brood food (royal jelly), while older workers (foragers) forage for nectar and process it into honey. Previously, we showed that the major proteins synthesized in the hypopharyngeal gland of the worker change from brood food proteins to alpha-glucosidase at the single secretory cell level in parallel with this age polyethism (Kubo et al., J. Biochem. 119, 291-295 (1996); Ohashi et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 249, 797-802 (1997)). Here, we examined whether the function of the hypopharyngeal gland has flexibility depending on the colony conditions, by creating a dequeened colony in which the older workers were compelled to feed the drone larvae. It was found that most of the older workers in the dequeened colony synthesized brood food proteins as did nurse bees. Furthermore, the percentage of workers that synthesized brood food proteins was maintained at 80-90% of the total workers for at least two months, as in a normal colony. These results indicate that the function of the hypopharyngeal gland cells of the worker has flexibility and can, if necessary, be maintained as that of the nurse bee, depending on the condition of the colony. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Development-; Nutrition- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): larva-, nurse-bees, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: hypopharyngeal-gland: functional-flexibility; royal-jelly CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: alpha-glucosidase; food-proteins RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-42-7: ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-polyethism; colony-conditions; dequeened-colony; eclosion-; nectar -foraging AN Accession Number: 200100071459 UD Update Code: 20010213 Record 186 of 929 in Biological Abstracts 2001/01-2001/06 TI Title: Does honey bee sting alarm pheromone give orientation information to defensive bees? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wager-Brook-R {a}; Breed-Michael-D {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, The University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334, USA SO Source: Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America. [print] November, 2000; 93 (6): 1329-1332. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8746 LA Language: English LS Langu