Search History * #1 (Apis Mellifera) in or (1208 records) Record 1 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Polinizacao e biologia floral de Clusia arrudae Planchon & Triana (Clusiaceae) na Serra da Calcada, municipio de Brumadinho, MG. [Pollination and floral biology of Clusia arrudae Planchon & Triana (Clusiaceae) in Serra da Calcada, Brumadinho, MG.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Carmo-Roselaini-M; Franceschinelli-Edivani-V {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Botanica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, ICB, 30161-970, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; E-Mail: edivani@icb.ufmg.br, Brazil SO Source: Revista-Brasileira-de-Botanica. [print] 2002; 25 (3): 351-360. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0100-8404 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English AB Abstract: The floral biology and pollination of Clusia arrudae was studied at "Serra da Calcada". C. arrudae does not present apomixis even when resin is deposited on the stigma. Fruits developed from flowers manually pollinated produced more seeds (6.3 per locule in average) than fruits developed from flowers naturally pollinated (4.3 seeds per locule). Blooming of C. arrudae peaks between December and mid-February. Male and female individuals of C. arrudae produce flowers daily; however, each three days there is a synchronized anthesis peak within the population. Sexual rate in the population is 1:1, with male plants producing more flowers than female. Male flowers produce about 11X106 pollen grains along the three day anthesis. Most of them (about 66%) are presented on the first day. The stigmas of female flowers remain receptive for three days or four days when pollination does not happen in the first three days. Flowers of C. arrudae were visited by six species of bees for pollen or resin collection. Workers of Apis mellifera and Trigona spinipes, and females of Xylocopa frontalis and Neocorynura sp. visited male flowers for pollen; workers of Trigona spinipes also visited female flower for resin collection. Workers of Melipona quadrifasciata and females of Eufriesea nigrohirta were observed collecting resin on both male and female flowers. Due to its frequency and behavior on flowers of both sexes, E. nigrohirta is the main pollinator of C. arrudae at "Serra da Calcada". AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Guttiferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Clusia-arrudae (Guttiferae-): floral-biology, pollination-; Eufriesea-nigrohirta (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Melipona-quadrifasciata (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Neocorynura-sp. (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Trigona-spinipes (Hymenoptera -): pollinator-; Xylocopa-frontalis (Hymenoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Serra-da-Calcada, Brumadinho-, Minas-Gerais (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flower-production; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200300130430 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 2 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Biologia reprodutiva de Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae). [Reproductive biology of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae).] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Freitas-Cristiane-V; Oliveira-Paulo-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Instituto de Biociencias, 38400 -902, Caixa Postal 593, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil; E-Mail: poliveira@ufu.br, Brazil SO Source: Revista-Brasileira-de-Botanica. [print] 2002; 25 (3): 311-321. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0100-8404 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English AB Abstract: A survey on the phenology and reproductive biology of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. was carried out in a cerradao area at Fazenda Capim Branco, Uberlandia, MG. Flowering occurs during the rain season and seed dispersal during the dry season. Flowers are pale-green, 0.5 cm in diameter, weakly zigomorphic and organized in particulate inflorescences. They are highly odoriferous, one-day flowers. Anthesis begins at about 5:00 h. The nectar production is very small (0.2 mul) with 49% of sucrose equivalents. The most frequent flower visitors and pollinators were Apis mellifera, Scaptotrigona cf. depiles and Trigona spinipes bees. Controlled hand-pollinations showed that the species is mostly self-sterile and non -apomictic. However, pollen tubes were observed growing down to the ovary and penetrating the ovules in self-pollinated pistils, a fact which suggests late-acting self-sterility phenomena or inbreeding depression. Fruit-set was always low and related to low flower to fruit conversion, may be due to inefficient pollination and fruit predation. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): flower-visitation, pollinator-; Copaifera -langsdorffii (Leguminosae-): Caesalpinioideae-, reproductive-biology; Scaptotrigona-depiles (Hymenoptera-): flower-visitation, pollinator-; Trigona-spinipes (Hymenoptera-): flower-visitation, pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: flowering-: rainy-season; fruit-set; seed-dispersal: dry-season AN Accession Number: 200300130429 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 3 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Genetic diversity within honeybee colonies prevents severe infections and promotes colony growth. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Tarpy-David-R {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Seeley G. Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; E-Mail: dt66@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-Royal-Society-Biological-Sciences-Series-B. [print] 7 January 2003 2003; 270 (1510): 99-103. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-8452 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Multiple mating by social insect queens increases the genetic diversity among colony members, thereby reducing intracolony relatedness and lowering the potential inclusive fitness gains of altruistic workers. Increased genetic diversity may be adaptive, however, by reducing the prevalence of disease within a nest. Honeybees, whose queens have the highest levels of multiple mating among social insects, were investigated to determine whether genetic variation helps to prevent chronic infections. I instrumentally inseminated honeybee queens with semen that was either genetically similar (from one male) or genetically diverse (from multiple males), and then inoculated their colonies with spores of Ascosphaera apis, a fungal pathogen that kills developing brood. I show that genetically diverse colonies had a lower variance in disease prevalence than genetically similar colonies, which suggests that genetic diversity may benefit colonies by preventing severe infections. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Evolution-and-Adaptation; Infection-; Population-Genetics (Population -Studies); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): female-, male-, social-insect; Ascosphaera-apis (Ascomycetes-): pathogen-, spore- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- DS Diseases: chronic-infection: epidemiology-, genetics-, infectious-disease, prevention -and-control MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: altruism-; colony-growth; genetic-diversity; inclusive-fitness-gains; intracolony-relatedness; multiple-matings; polyandry- AN Accession Number: 200300130285 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 4 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Spring propagation and size dynamics characteristics of two kinds of bee populations in Anhui Province. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Yu-Linsheng {a}; Meng-Xiangjin AD Author Address: {a} Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; E-Mail: chenhq@mail.hf.ah.cn, China SO Source: Yingyong-Shengtai-Xuebao. [print] September 2002 2002; 13 (9): 1127-1130. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1001-9332 LA Language: Chinese; Non-English AB Abstract: Systematical observations and researches were conducted on the population size dynamics of Apis mellifera Ligustica Spi. and Apis cerana cerana Feb. in Wanzhong, Wanxi and Wannan mountainous area in Anhui Province in 1997 -1999. The results showed that the bee population size was influenced by climate and flower fertility, which was higher in Spring and Autumn, and lower in Summer and Winter. The propagation and renewal of A. mellifera in Autumn were quicker than those of A. cerana cerana, while the effect of overcoming Summer was inferior to that of Apis cerana cerana. The sex ratio of A. mellifera was (314.4 +- 289.9): 1-(329.4 +- 305.8): 1, and that of A. cerana cerana was (334.2 +- 235.5): 1-(413.1 +- 377.2): 1. The birth of drones was seasonal, and the age structure of each bee population was variable. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Population-Studies ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana-cerana (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-structure; population-size; population-size-dynamics; sex-ratio; size -dynamics; spring-propagation AN Accession Number: 200300129972 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 5 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Reproduction of Varroa destructor in worker brood of Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Medina-Medina-Luis {a}; Martin-Stephen-J; Espinosa-Montano-Laura; Ratnieks -Francis-L-W AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Apicultura, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Apartado Postal 4-116, C.P. 97100, Merida, YUC, Mexico; E-Mail: mmedina@tunku.uady.mx, Mexico SO Source: Experimental-and-Applied-Acarology. [print] 2002; 27 (1-2): 79-88. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0168-8162 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Reproduction and population growth of Varroa destructor was studied in ten naturally infested, Africanized honey bee (AHB) (Apis mellifera) colonies in Yucatan, Mexico. Between February 1997 and January 1998 monthly records of the amount of pollen, honey, sealed worker and drone brood were recorded. In addition, mite infestation levels of adult bees and worker brood and the fecundity of the mites reproducing in worker cells were determined. The mean number of sealed worker brood cells (10,070+-1,790) remained fairly constant over the experimental period in each colony. However, the presence and amount of sealed drone brood was very variable. One colony had drone brood for 10 months and another for only 1 month. Both the mean infestation level of worker brood (18.1+-8.4%) and adult bees (3.5+-1.3%) remained fairly constant over the study period and did not increase rapidly as is normally observed in European honey bees. In fact, the estimated mean number of mites fell from 3,500 in February 1997 to 2,380 in January 1998. In May 2000 the mean mite population in the study colonies was still only 1,821 mites. The fertility level of mites in this study was much higher (83-96%) than in AHB in Brazil (25-57%), and similar to that found in EHB (76-94%). Mite fertility remained high throughout the entire study and was not influenced by the amount of pollen, honey or worker brood in the colonies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Parasitology-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Africanized-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa -destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Yucatan- (Mexico-, North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: population-growth; reproduction- AN Accession Number: 200300128340 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 6 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the important honey bee pest, Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Evans-Jay-D {a}; Lopez-Dawn-L AD Author Address: {a} Bee Research Lab, USDA-ARS, BARC-East Bldg. 476, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA; E-Mail: evansj@ba.ars.usda.gov, USA SO Source: Experimental-and-Applied-Acarology. [print] 2002; 27 (1-2): 69-78. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0168-8162 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Mites in the genus Varroa are the primary parasites of honey bees on several continents. Genetic analyses based on Varroa mitochondrial DNA have played a central role in establishing Varroa taxonomy and dispersal. Here we present the complete mitochondrial sequence of the important honey bee pest Varroa destructor. This species has a relatively compact mitochondrial genome (15,218 bp). The order of genes encoding proteins is identical to that of most arthropods. Ten of 22 transfer RNAs are in different locations relative to hard ticks, and the 12S ribosomal RNA subunit is inverted and separated from the 16S rRNA by a novel non-coding region, a trait not yet seen in other arthropods. We describe a dispersed set of 45 oligonucleotide primers that can be used to address genetic questions in Varroa. A subset of these primers should be useful for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies in other mites and ticks. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 12S-ribosomal-RNA-subunit; mitochondrial-DNA; mitochondrial-DNA-sequence; transfer-RNA MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: pollination- AN Accession Number: 200300128339 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 7 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: A simple field method for manipulating ultraviolet reflectance of flowers. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Johnson-Steven-D {a}; Andersson-Staffan AD Author Address: {a} School of Botany and Zoology, University of Natal, Scottsville, P. Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa; E-Mail: Johnsonsd@nu.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: Canadian-Journal-of-Botany. [print] December 2002 2002; 80 (12): 1325-1328. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0008-4026 LA Language: English AB Abstract: It has been difficult to manipulate the ultraviolet (UV) reflectance of flowers independently of other wavelengths to study the response of insect pollinators to this trait. One effective solution is to paint flower corollas with human sunscreen that absorbs UV wavelengths. Honeybees (Apis mellifera scutellata) foraging on the strongly UV-reflecting flowers of Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A. Mey. rejected flowers that had UV reflectance eliminated by a sunscreen coating, but continued to visit control flowers painted with sunscreen solution that did not contain the UV absorbing compound. The sunscreen technique could be useful for determining the response of a wide range of pollinators to the UV component of spectral reflectance in flowers and could be used to test the functional significance of UV-contrasting "nectar guide" patterns. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences); Methods-and-Techniques; Morphology-; Radiation-Biology; Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-scutellata [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: UV-reflectance, color-, reproductive-system MQ Methods and Equipment: flower-corolla-human-sunscreen-painting: applied-and-field-techniques; human-sunscreen: field-equipment MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: UV-reflectance-manipulation; foraging-behavior; insect-pollinator-response; nectar-guide-pattern; pollination-; reproductive-ecology AN Accession Number: 200300127218 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 8 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: The water-soluble fraction (<10 kD) of bee venom (Apis mellifera) produces inhibitory effect on apical transporters in renal proximal tubule cells. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Han-Ho-Jae {a}; Yoon-Byeong-Cheol; Oh-Young-Joon; Park-Soo-Hyun; Lee-Jang -Hern; Mar-Woong-Chon AD Author Address: {a} Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, 500-757, South Korea; E-Mail: hjhan@chonnam.ac.kr, South Korea SO Source: Kidney-and-Blood-Pressure-Research. [print] 2002; 25 (6): 375-383. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1420-4096 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Human envenomation caused by bee stings has been reported to cause acute renal failure and the pathogenetic mechanisms of these renal functional changes are still unclear. Bee venom is also a complex mixture of enzymes and proteins. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the effects of bee venom (BV, Apis mellifera) fractions on apical transporters' activity and its related signal pathways in primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells. Whole BV was extracted into three fractions according to solubility (a water-soluble fraction (BVA), an ethylacetate-soluble fraction (BVE), and a hexane-soluble fraction (BVH)). BVA fraction was further separated to three portions according to molecular weights: BF1 (>20 kD), BF2 (10-20 kD), and BF3 (<10 kD). Each fraction was treated to the PTCs to the ratio of BV (1 mug/ml). BVA (930 ng/ml) significantly decreased cell viability, but BVH (27 ng/ml) and BVE (43 ng/ml) did not. BF3 (710 ng/ml) among BVA fractions predominantly decreased cell viability and inhibited alpha -methyl-D-glucopyranoside (alpha-MG), phosphate (Pi), and Na+ uptake. In addition, BF3 increased (3H) arachidonic acid release, lipid peroxide formation, and Ca2+ uptake. These effects of BF3 were blocked by mepacrine and AACOCF3 (phospholipase A2 inhibitors) or N-acetylcysteine, vitamin C, and vitamin E (antioxidants). In conclusion, BF3 (<10 kD) among BV fractions is the most effective portion in BV-induced inhibition of alpha -MG, Pi, and Na+ uptake and these effects of BF3 are associated with phospholipase A2-oxidative stress-Ca2+ signal cascade in the primary cultured rabbit renal proximal tubule cells. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Metabolism-; Toxicology-; Urinary-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leporidae-: Lagomorpha-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [bee-] (Hymenoptera-); New-Zealand-white-rabbit (Leporidae -): adult- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Lagomorphs-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: renal-proximal-tubule-cells: apical-transporter-activity, excretory-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: N-acetylcysteine: antioxidant-; alpha-methyl-D-glucopyranoside: uptake-; arachidonic-acid: release-; bee-venom: ethylacetate-soluble-fraction, hexane-soluble-fraction, toxin-, water-soluble-fraction; calcium(II)-ion: uptake-; lipid-peroxide: formation-; mepacrine-; phosphate-: uptake-; phospholipase-A-2; sodium-ion: uptake-; vitamin-C: antioxidant-; vitamin -E: antioxidant- DS Diseases: bee-envenomation: toxicity- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 616-91-1: N-ACETYLCYSTEINE; 97-30-3: ALPHA-METHYL-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE; 506-32 -1: ARACHIDONIC ACID; 14127-61-8: CALCIUM(II) ION; 83-89-6: MEPACRINE; 14265-44-2: PHOSPHATE; 9001-84-7: PHOSPHOLIPASE A-2; 17341-25-2: SODIUM ION; 50-81-7: VITAMIN C; 1406-18-4: VITAMIN E MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: oxidative-stress AN Accession Number: 200300121907 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 9 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Social exploitation of vitellogenin. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Amdam-Gro-V; Norberg-Kari; Hagen-Arne; Omholt-Stig-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Centre for Integrative Genetics and Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, N-1432, Box 5025, Aas, Norway; E-Mail: stig.omholt@ihf.nlh.no, Norway SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-National-Academy-of-Sciences-of-the-United-States-of -America. [print] February 18 2003 2003; 100 (4): 1799-1802. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0027-8424 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Vitellogenin is a female-specific glucolipoprotein yolk precursor produced by all oviparous animals. Vitellogenin expression is under hormonal control, and the protein is generally synthesized directly before yolk deposition. In the honeybee (Apis mellifera), vitellogenin is not only synthesized by the reproductive queen, but also by the functionally sterile workers. In summer, the worker population consists of a hive bee group performing a multitude of tasks including nursing inside the nest, and a forager group specialized in collecting nectar, pollen, water, and propolis. Vitellogenin is synthesized in large quantities by hive bees. When hive bees develop into foragers, their juvenile hormone titers increase, and this causes cessation of their vitellogenin production. This inverse relationship between vitellogenin synthesis and juvenile hormone is opposite to the norm in insects, and the underlying proximate processes and life-history reasons are still not understood. Here we document an alternative use of vitellogenin by showing that it is a source for the proteinaceous royal jelly that is produced by the hive bees. Hive bees use the jelly to feed larvae, queen, workers, and drones. This finding suggests that the evolution of a brood-rearing worker class and a specialized forager class in an advanced eusocial insect society has been directed by an alternative utilization of yolk protein. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): drones-, reproductive-queen, sterile-workers TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: hemolymph-: blood-and-lymphatics; yolk-: embryonic-structure CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: vitellogenin-: female-specific-glucolipoprotein-yolk-precursor, social -exploitation MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: eusocial-insect-society; yolk-protein: utilization- AN Accession Number: 200300119011 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 10 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Observations on foraging index of European honeybee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nagaraja-N {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Apiculture, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, G.K.V.K. Campus, Bangalore, 560 065, India; E-Mail: nn_apis_99@yahoo.com, India SO Source: Journal-of-Entomological-Research-New-Delhi. [print] September 2002 2002; 26 (3): 185-192. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-9519 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The present study aimed to determine the foraging activity, load carrying capacity and foraging trip frequency of Apis mellifera during 1995-98 showed similar diurnal pattern in respect of number of pollen foragers, pollen load size and number of pollen foraging trips on one hand and number of nectar foragers, nectar load size and nectar foraging trips on the other hand. However, minimum foraging index was observed on mid day. Comparatively, the foraging performance of A. mellifera was better during 1997-98 than previous years 1995-97 of the study period. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [European-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: carrying-capacity; diurnal-pattern; foraging-performance; foraging-trip -frequency; nectar-foraging-trips; nectar-load-size AN Accession Number: 200300118471 UD Update Code: 20030409 Record 11 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Insect herbivores and pathogens of Alnus species in Uganda. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nyeko-P {a}; Edwards-Jones-G; Day-R-K AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; E-Mail: nyeko@forest.mak.ac.ug, Uganda SO Source: Agroforestry-Systems. [print] 2002; 56 (2): 117-127. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0167-4366 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Published documentation of insect pests and pathogens associated with Alnus species in Africa is very scarce. We surveyed damaging insects and pathogens, and arthropod natural enemies on Alnus acuminata and A. nepalensis in Kabale and Mbale districts, Uganda between March 1999 and August 2000 in order to identify the range and relative abundance of arthropods and pathogens associated with the Alnus species. Frequently encountered damaging insects on the Alnus species included Apis mellifera, Apion globulipenne, a Systates sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Phymateus viridipes, a Lobotrachelus sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Coloborrtics corticina and some Chrysomelidae. Some species such as Aphis fabae, Parastictococcus multispinosus and a Cacopsylla sp. (Homoptera: Psyllidae) were observed feeding on other agroforestry tree species and/or crops although they generally occurred at low population intensities. Spiders and parasitic Hymenoptera were the most common natural enemies. Diseases were more severe in nurseries than in the field. Damping-off caused by Fusarium oxysporum, Septoria brown leaf spot and stem canker were the most serious diseases of Alnus. The array of damaging insects and pathogens indicates a potential danger to the cultivation of Alnus species in Uganda as adoption of the species for agroforestry continues to expand in the country. In view of the increasing demand for Alnus species for agroforestry in Uganda, regular pest monitoring and appropriate control strategies are necessary. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Forestry-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Arachnida-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Arthropoda -: Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Betulaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata -, Animalia-; Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae-; Homoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Insecta-: Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Orthoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata -, Animalia- OR Organisms: Alnus-acuminata (Betulaceae-); Alnus-nepalensis (Betulaceae-); Alnus-spp. (Betulaceae-): multipurpose-tree-species; Aphis-fabae (Homoptera-): herbivore-; Apion-globulipenne (Coleoptera-): pest-; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pest-; Cacopsylla-sp. (Homoptera-): herbivore-; Chrysomelidae- (Coleoptera-); Coloborrtics-corticina (Insecta-); Fusarium -oxysporum (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): pathogen-; Hymenoptera- (Hymenoptera-): parasite-; Lobotrachelus-sp. (Coleoptera-): pest-; Parastictococcus-multispinosus (Homoptera-): herbivore-; Phymateus -viridipes (Orthoptera-): pest-; Septoria- (Fungi-Imperfecti-or -Deuteromycetes): pathogen-; Systates-sp. (Coleoptera-): pest-; arthropod- (Arthropoda-); insect- (Insecta-): herbivore-, pest-; spider- (Arachnida-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Dicots-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Kabale- (Uganda-, Africa-, Ethiopian-region); Mbale- (Uganda-, Africa-, Ethiopian-region); Uganda- (Africa-, Ethiopian-region) DS Diseases: brown-leaf-spot: fungal-disease; damping-off: fungal-disease; stem-canker: fungal-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: pest-monitoring: applied-and-field-techniques AN Accession Number: 200300112937 UD Update Code: 20030326 Record 12 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: A role for octopamine in honey bee division of labor. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schulz-David-J; Barron-Andrew-B; Robinson-Gene-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, 320 Morrill Hall, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; E-Mail: generobi@life.uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Brain-Behavior-and-Evolution. [print] 2002; 60 (6): 350-359. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-8977 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Efficient division of labor is one of the main reasons for the success of the social insects. In honey bees the division of labor is principally achieved by workers changing tasks as they age. Typically, young adult bees perform a series of tasks within the colony before ultimately making the transition to foraging outside the hive for resources. This lifelong behavioral development is a well-characterized example of naturally occurring behavioral plasticity, but its neural bases are not well understood. Two techniques were used to assess the role of biogenic amines in the transition from in-hive work to foraging, which is the most dramatic and obvious transition in honey bee behavioral development. First, associations between amines and tasks were determined by measuring the levels of amines in dissected regions of individual bee brains using HPLC analysis. Second, colonies were orally treated with biogenic amines and effects on the onset of foraging were observed. Octopamine concentration in the antennal lobes of the bee brain was most reliably associated with task: high in foragers and low in nurses regardless of age. In contrast, octopamine in the mushroom bodies, a neighboring neuropil, was associated with age and not behavior, indicating independent modulation of octopamine in these two brain regions. Treating colonies with octopamine resulted in an earlier onset of foraging in young bees. In addition, octopamine levels were not elevated by non-foraging flight, but were already high on return from the first successful foraging trip and subsequently remained high, showing no further change with foraging experience. This observation suggests that octopamine becomes elevated in the antennal lobes in anticipation of foraging and is involved in the release and maintenance of the foraging state. Foraging itself, however, does not modulate octopamine levels. Behaviorally related changes in octopamine are modulated by juvenile hormone, which has also been implicated in the control of honey bee division of labor. Treatment with the juvenile hormone analog methoprene elevated octopamine and octopamine treatment 'rescued' the delay in behavioral development caused by experimentally depleting juvenile hormone in bees. Although the pathways linking juvenile hormone and octopamine are presently unknown, it is clear that octopamine acts 'downstream' of juvenile hormone to influence behavior and that juvenile hormone modulates brain octopamine levels. A working hypothesis is that octopamine acts as an activator of foraging by modulating responsiveness to foraging-related stimuli. This is supported by the finding that octopamine treatment increased the response of bees to brood pheromone, a stimulator of foraging activity. Establishing a role for octopamine in honey bee behavioral development is a first step in understanding the neural bases of this example of naturally occurring, socially mediated, behavioral plasticity. The next level of analysis will be to determine precisely where and how octopamine acts in the nervous system to coordinate this complex social behavior. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Development-; Nervous-System (Neural -Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): juvenile-, mature-, young- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: juvenile-hormone; methoprene-: juvenile-hormone-analog; octopamine-: biogenic-amine RN CAS Registry Number (R): 40596-69-8: METHOPRENE; 104-14-3: OCTOPAMINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-development; behavioral-plasticity; division-of-labor; foraging -; neuromodulation-; response-thresholds; social-behavior AN Accession Number: 200300112284 UD Update Code: 20030326 Record 13 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Honeybees in food of the Blue-cheeked Bee-eater (Merops persicus) in the lower Zeravshan River valley (southern Kizilkum, Uzbekistan). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kossenko-S-M SO Source: Byulleten'-Moskovskogo-Obshchestva-Ispytatelei-Prirody-Otdel -Biologicheskii. [print] September-October 2002 2002; 107 (5): 64-68. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0027-1403 LA Language: Russian; Non-English AB Abstract: A role of the Honeybee (Apis mellifera) as a prey of the Blue-cheeked Bee -eater (Merops persicus Pall.) was studied in the lower reaches of the Zeravshan River (southern Kizilkum, Uzbekistan) in 1989-1991. The honeybees were recorded in food of the Blue-cheeked Bee-eater in 10 of 13 localities studied ranging from 0.5% to 54.7% of the total numberot prey items. There was also a large geographical and seasonal variation in the consumption rate of honeybees by Blue-cheeked Bee-eater. A strong relationship was fond between the percentage of honeybees in the diet of nestlings and distance from apiary. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Coraciiformes-: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): prey-; Merops-persicus [Blue -cheeked-Bee-eater] (Coraciiformes-): diet- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Birds-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Zeravshan-River-valley, southern-Kizilkum (Uzbekistan-, Asia-, Palearctic -region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiary- AN Accession Number: 200300106879 UD Update Code: 20030326 Record 14 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Parasitic Cape bees in the northern regions of South Africa: Source of the founder population. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Neumann-Peter {a}; Radloff-Sarah-E; Hepburn-H-Randall AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Zoologie/Molekulare Oekologie, Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg, Kroellwitzerstr. 44, 06099, Halle/Saale, Germany; E -Mail: p.neumann@zoologie.uni-halle.de, Germany SO Source: South-African-Journal-of-Science. [print] July-August 2002 2002; 98 (7-8): 404-406. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0038-2353 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Multivariate discriminant analyses of nine standard morphometric characters of honeybee workers were used to track the origin of a social parasitic pseudo-clone of thelytokous laying workers that have invaded colonies of Apis mellifera scutellata in South Africa. Twenty social parasitic workers were sampled from both of two infested A. m. scutellata colonies at two distant apiaries (Graskop and Heilbronn, about 390 km apart) and compared with data obtained from 80 colonies in four different geographical zones (zone I: thelytokous A. m. capensis morphocluster; zone II: natural thelytokous hybrids between A. m. capensis and A. m. scutellata; zone III: thelytokous A. m. scutellata morphocluster; zone IV: an arrhenotokous A. m. scutellata morphocluster). Thelytokous laying workers occur naturally in zones I-III. Highly significant morphometric differences were found among the bees in the four zones. The data support the conclusion that the social parasitic workers belong to the thelytokous A. m. capensis morphocluster. It is most likely that the social parasitic workers originated from the heart of the Cape bee's distribution range in the Western Cape region in zone I. Morphometric analysis makes it feasible to restrict the possible origin of the social parasitic workers from the natural distribution range of thelytoky (approximately 240 000 km2) down to about 12 000 km2, which represents a resolution capacity of about 95%. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Methods-and-Techniques; Pest-Assessment-Control-and -Management ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [cape-bee] (Hymenoptera-): female-producing-laying -worker-subspecies, social-parasite, social-parasitic-pseudo-clone-worker, thelytokous-subspecies; Apis-mellifera-scutellata (Hymenoptera-): arrhenotokous-subspecies, male-producing-subspecies TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: South-Africa (Africa-, Ethiopian-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: morphometric-analysis: laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; bee-identification; colony-loss; colony-usurpation; founder -population-source-identification; infestation-occurrence; neighboring -colony-invasion; thelytoky- AN Accession Number: 200300106336 UD Update Code: 20030326 Record 15 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Detection and application of Paenibacillus larvae larvae spores in honey. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Chen-Yue-Wen; Hwang-Guan-Ying; Ho-Kai-Kuang {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan; E-Mail: kkho@ccms.ntu.edu.tw, Taiwan SO Source: Formosan-Entomologist. [print] September 2002 2002; 22 (3): 261-270. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1680-7650 LA Language: Chinese; Non-English AB Abstract: For this study, we constructed methods to detect the number of Paenibacillus larvae larvae spores in honey, and found that the detection limit was 181 spores/g of honey. Honey samples were examined using this method, and we found detectable levels of P. l. larvae in 31 of 124 samples from Taiwan. This method was also used to investigate the control effects of oxytetracycline (OTC) on American foulbrood (AFB). The results showed that in bee colonies with a heavy AFB infection (AFB signs >500), the larval mortality might reach 62%, and the spore density might reach 1.2X106 spores/g of honey. All combs of these infected colonies were replaced with healthy ones and divided into three groups: one group was just fed syrup; one was medicated with 125 mg OTC; and the other one was given 50 mg OTC syrup. Their AFB signs, larval mortality, and spore density in honey were counted weekly. The results showed that 125 mg of OTC syrup eventually prevented AFB recurrence; i.e. no detectable levels of AFB signs or spores and normal larval mortality were found in the investigating period. However, good AFB prevention could not be achieved with treatment using syrup only or with 50 mg OTC medication. The larval mortality of these groups decreased with treatments but then increased again, and detectable spores and AFB signs were found in most samples in 3 -6 weeks post-treatment. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pharmacology-; Veterinary-Medicine (Medical-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species, larva-; Paenibacillus-larvae-larvae (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): spore- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxytetracycline- [OTC] GE Geopolitical Location: Taiwan- (Asia-, Palearctic-region) DS Diseases: American-foulbrood [AFB-]: bacterial-disease, prevention-and-control RN CAS Registry Number (R): 79-57-2: OXYTETRACYCLINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-colonies; honey-; honey-combs; infection-intensity; mortality-; spore -density AN Accession Number: 200300106326 UD Update Code: 20030326 Record 16 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Organization of work in the honeybee: A compromise between division of labour and behavioural flexibility. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Johnson-Brian-R {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; E-Mail: brj6@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-Royal-Society-Biological-Sciences-Series-B. [print] 22 January 2003 2003; 270 (1511): 147-152. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-8452 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Although the caste concept has been central to our understanding of the organization of work in social insect colonies, the concept has been the subject of considerable recent criticism. Theoretically, it has been suggested that temporal castes are too inflexible to allow a colony to rapidly reallocate labour in response to changing conditions. In addition, several authors have suggested that task switching is so prevalent that it precludes even the possibility of a rigidly controlled temporal caste system. This study addresses these two criticisms by presenting and testing a revision of the temporal caste concept that recognizes two categories of tasks: those that require a physiological specialization for their efficient performance, and those that all workers are equally able to perform. Only those tasks requiring a physiological specialization are relevant to the temporal caste concept. Two castes of honeybees were shown to vary in response to increased nectar influx, which requires a physiological specialization, but not to heat stress, which requires no specialization. This work suggests that the organization of work in social insect colonies reflects a compromise between selection for the benefits of division of labour and opposing selection for flexibility in task allocation. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): social-insect, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-flexibility; division-of-labor; general-tasks; heat-stress; nectar-influx; physiologically-specialized-tasks; task-switching; temporal -caste-concept; work-organization AN Accession Number: 200300102329 UD Update Code: 20030326 Record 17 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Variabilidad del ADN mitocondrial en poblaciones de Apis mellifera iberica de Galicia (NW Espana). [Mitochondrial DNA variability in Apis mellifera iberica population from Galicia (NW Spain).] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Canovas-F {a}; de-la-Rua-P {a}; Serrano-J {a}; Galian-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Zoologia y Antropologia Fisica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30071, Apdo. 4021, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; E-Mail: fcanovas@um.es, pdelarua@um.es, jserrano@um.es, jgalian@um.es, Spain SO Source: Archivos-de-Zootecnia. [print] 2002; 51 (196): 441-448. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0004-0592 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English AB Abstract: The mitochondrial DNA of Apis mellifera iberica, sampled in 72 beehives and 20 localities of Galicia (Northwest Spain) have been studied. A fragment of the subunit I of the cytochrome oxidase gene and the intergenic region between the tRNAleu and the subunit II of the cytochrome oxidase gene was amplified by PCR and digested with the endonucleases HincII and Dral respectively. Ninety-five percent of beehives from Lugo and La Coruna (the two Northern provinces) corresponds to the western European lineage (M), whereas in Orense and Pontevedra (the two Southern provinces) the haplotypes belonging to the African lineage (A) are more frequent. This pattern of haplotype distribution was previously known for other parts of the Iberian Peninsula, although in Galicia it shows the steepest transition. The presence of seven A haplotypes in Galicia suggests the occurrence of more than one colonising episode from the South. Further investigations are needed for assessing the influence of beekeeping, together with natural processes, in the genetic composition of bee populations of Galicia. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular -Biophysics); Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-iberica (Hymenoptera-): honeybee- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DraI-endonuclease; HincII-endonuclease; mitochondrial-DNA GE Geopolitical Location: Galicia- (Spain-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); Iberian-Peninsula (Europe-, Palearctic-region); La-Coruna (Spain-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); Lugo- (Spain-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); Orense- (Spain-, Europe-, Palearctic -region); Pontevedra- (Spain-, Europe-, Palearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: PCR- [polymerase-chain-reaction]: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: beehive-; beekeeping-; genetic-composition; haplotype- AN Accession Number: 200300099447 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 18 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Efficacy of formic acid in gel for Varroa control in Apis mellifera L.: Importance of the dispenser position inside the hive. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Eguaras-Martin {a}; Palacio-Maria-Alejandra; Faverin-Claudia; Basualdo -Marina; Del-Hoyo-Marcelo-Luis; Velis-Gustavo; Bedascarrasbure-Enrique AD Author Address: {a} Dpto. Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, 7600, Argentina; E-Mail: meguaras@mdp.edu.ar, tiruggi@infovia.com.ar, palacio@vet.unicen.edu.ar, Argentina SO Source: Veterinary-Parasitology. [print] 13 February 2003 2003; 111 (2-3): 241-245. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0304-4017 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The efficacy of formic acid in a gel matrix was evaluated in two groups of honeybee colonies. In Group 1, a dispenser with 120 g of formic acid (70%) in gel was placed on the brood combs and another dispenser with the same dose was located on the hive bottom (total dose, 240 g). Group 2 received two doses of 240 g of formic acid (70%) in gel and each application was applied in two dispensers containing 120 g of the formic acid solution each and they were located over the brood chamber (total dose, 480 g). In Group 2, the period between both applications was 15 days, and the efficacies after the first and both applications were calculated. Significant differences were registered for final efficacy between both groups. When final efficacy of Group 1 was compared with efficacy after first application of Group 2, significant differences were found (P=0.0005). Same doses in different positions within the hive have different final efficacy. The higher efficacy was registered when the dispensers were placed over brood combs and on the hive bottom. It is suggested that efficacy is related to dispenser position within the hive. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Ecology- (Environmental-Sciences); Parasitology-; Veterinary-Medicine (Medical-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Ixodes-nipponensis (Acarina-): parasite-; Ixodes-ovatus (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: formic-acid: brood-comb-placement, dispenser-hive-position, dosage-, efficacy-, gel-matrix, hive-bottom-placement RN CAS Registry Number (R): 64-18-6: FORMIC ACID MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Varroa-control; beekeeping-; hive-; honeybee-colony AN Accession Number: 200300097317 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 19 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Disruption of vitellogenin gene function in adult honeybees by intra -abdominal injection of double-stranded RNA. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Amdam-Gro-V; Simoes-Zila-L-P; Guidugli-Karina-R; Norberg-Kari; Omholt-Stig -W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Centre for Integrative Genetics and Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, N-1432, Aas, Norway; E-Mail: gro.amdam@ihf.nlh.no, zlpsimoe@usp.br, karina@rge.fmrp.usp.br, kari.norberg@ihf.nlh.no, stig.omholt@ihf.nlh.no, Norway SO Source: BMC-Biotechnology. [online] January 20 2003 2003; 3 (1 Cited February 14, 2003): No Pagination URLJ Journal URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6750 PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1472-6750 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Background: The ability to manipulate the genetic networks underlying the physiological and behavioural repertoires of the adult honeybee worker (Apis mellifera) is likely to deepen our understanding of issues such as learning and memory generation, ageing, and the regulatory anatomy of social systems in proximate as well as evolutionary terms. Here we assess two methods for probing gene function by RNA interference (RNAi) in adult honeybees. Results: The vitellogenin gene was chosen as target because its expression is unlikely to have a phenotypic effect until the adult stage in bees. This allowed us to introduce dsRNA in preblastoderm eggs without affecting gene function during development. Of workers reared from eggs injected with dsRNA derived from a 504 bp stretch of the vitellogenin coding sequence, 15% had strongly reduced levels of vitellogenin mRNA. When dsRNA was introduced by intra-abdominal injection in newly emerged bees, almost all individuals (96%) showed the mutant phenotype. An RNA -fragment with an apparent size similar to the template dsRNA was still present in this group after 15 days. Conclusion: Injection of dsRNA in eggs at the preblastoderm stage seems to allow disruption of gene function in all developmental stages. To dissect gene function in the adult stage, the intra-abdominal injection technique seems superior to egg injection as it gives a much higher penetrance, it is much simpler, and it makes it possible to address genes that are also expressed in the embryonic, larval or pupal stages. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Methods-and-Techniques; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular -Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, animal-model, embryo-, larva-, pupa- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: double-stranded-RNA; vitellogenin-; vitellogenin-mRNA [vitellogenin -messenger-RNA] MQ Methods and Equipment: RNA-interference: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques; egg-double -stranded-RNA-injection: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques; intra -abdominal-double-stranded-RNA-injection: genetic-techniques, laboratory -techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: gene-function AN Accession Number: 200300096218 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 20 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Rapid detection of Paenibacillus larvae from honey and hive samples with a novel nested PCR protocol. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lauro-Federico-M; Favaretto-Matteo; Covolo-Loredana; Rassu-Mario; Bertoloni -Giulio {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnology, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli, 63, 35121, Padua, Italy; E-Mail: giulio.bertoloni@unipd.it, Italy SO Source: International-Journal-of-Food-Microbiology. [print] 25 March 2003 2003; 81 (3): 195-201. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0168-1605 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The bacterial pathogen Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American foulbrood disease in honeybees (Apis mellifera). A touchdown nested PCR protocol was developed to detect the presence of P. larvae spores directly in honey and hive samples. This approach allows early discovery of the bacteria even at concentrations below pathogenic levels, opening the door to new prophylactic approaches against American foulbrood and real-time epidemiological studies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Foods-; Infection-; Methods-and-Techniques; Molecular -Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Paenibacillus-larvae (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): bee-pathogen, pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- DS Diseases: American-foulbrood: bacterial-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: PCR- [polymerase-chain-reaction]: genetic-techniques, laboratory -techniques; nested-polymerase-chain-reaction-technique: genetic -techniques, laboratory-techniques; rapid-bacterial-detection-techniques: laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; bee-hive-samples: microbial-analysis; food-microbiology; honey -: microbial-analysis, sugar-product; infection-prophylaxis; pathogenicity -; real-time-epidemiological-studies: methods- AN Accession Number: 200300096112 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 21 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Endothermic heat production in honeybee winter clusters. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stabentheiner-Anton {a}; Pressl-Helga; Papst-Thomas; Hrassnigg-Norbert; Crailsheim-Karl AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Zoologie, Universitaet Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, A -8010, Graz, Austria; E-Mail: anton.stabentheiner@uni-graz.at, Austria SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] January 2003 2003; 206 (2): 353 -358. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In order to survive cold northern winters, honeybees crowd tightly together in a winter cluster. Present models of winter cluster thermoregulation consider the insulation by the tightly packed mantle bees as the decisive factor for survival at low temperatures, mostly ignoring the possibility of endothermic heat production. We provide here direct evidence of endothermic heat production by 'shivering' thermogenesis. The abundance of endothermic bees is highest in the core and decreases towards the surface. This shows that core bees play an active role in thermal control of winter clusters. We conclude that regulation of both the insulation by the mantle bees and endothermic heat production by the inner bees is necessary to achieve thermal stability in a winter cluster. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Metabolism-; Physiology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): winter-clusters TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: endothermic-heat-production; shivering-thermogenesis; thermal-stability; winter-cluster-thermoregulation AN Accession Number: 200300095704 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 22 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Preliminary investigations into possible resistance to oxytetracycline in Melissococcus plutonius, a pathogen of honeybee larvae. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Waite-R {a}; Jackson-S; Thompson-H AD Author Address: {a} National Bee Unit, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK, UK SO Source: Letters-in-Applied-Microbiology. [print] 2003; 36 (1): 20-24. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0266-8254 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Aims: To investigate the occurrence of oxytetracycline (OTC) resistance in Melissococcus plutonius, which causes European foulbrood in honeybee colonies. Methods and Results: Strains of M. plutonius were isolated from diseased colonies in England and Wales and tested for resistance to OTC. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of OTC was also determined for selected isolates. No resistance to the antibiotic was found in any isolate and the average MIC was found to be 3.9 mug ml-1. Melissococcus plutonius was found to be susceptible to both chlortetracycline and tetracycline. Conclusions: No resistance to OTC was found in M. plutonius. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study demonstrated that OTC can continue to be used to treat European foulbrood and that resistance may not explain why some treatments fail. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection-; Pharmacology- ST Super Taxa: Bacteria-: Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-, larva-; Melissococcus -plutonius (Bacteria-): bee-pathogen, pathogen-; bacteria- (Bacteria-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxytetracycline-: antibacterial-drug, antiinfective-drug, bacterial -resistance, uses- DS Diseases: European-foulbrood: bacterial-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 79-57-2: OXYTETRACYCLINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; bacterial-drug-resistance-mechanisms: studies- AN Accession Number: 200300092515 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 23 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: A diagnostic expert system for honeybee pests. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mahaman-B-D {a}; Harizanis-P; Filis-I; Antonopoulou-E; Yialouris-C-P; Sideridis-A-B AD Author Address: {a} Informatics Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855, Athens, Greece; E-Mail: bader@aua.gr, Greece SO Source: Computers-and-Electronics-in-Agriculture. [print] October 2002 2002; 36 (1): 17-31. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0168-1699 LA Language: English AB Abstract: This paper describes the development of a rule-based expert system to diagnose pests of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and to suggest the appropriate treatments. The system can be used as a diagnostic tool for beekeepers and as for educational and extension purposes in bee pathology. It provides a diagnosis based on the description of the external appearance or behavior of the affected colony. Corresponding pictures accompany the most important symptoms and certain measures to be taken are proposed. The expert system was evaluated following the conventional expert system evaluation methodologies. The system was implementing using EXSYS for Microsoft Windows environment. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Computer-Applications (Computational-Biology); Economic -Entomology; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Greece- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: EXSYS-software: computer-software; bee-pest-management: applied-and-field -techniques; diagnostic-expert-system: applied-and-field-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-colony-behavior; expert-system-domains: multiple-causal-agents, multiple-symptoms AN Accession Number: 200300091432 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 24 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Virulence and site of infection of the fungus, Hirsutella thompsonii, to the honey bee ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Peng-Christine-Y-S; Zhou-Xinsheng; Kaya-Harry-K {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Nematology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; E-Mail: hkkaya@ucdavis.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Invertebrate-Pathology. [print] November 2002 2002; 81 (3): 185 -195. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-2011 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The Varroa mite, Varroa destructor, is recognized as the most serious pest of both managed and feral Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) in the world. The mite has developed resistance to fluvalinate, an acaricide used to control it in beehives, and fluvalinate residues have been found in the beeswax, necessitating an urgent need to find alternative control measures to suppress this pest. Accordingly, we investigated the possibility of using the fungus, Hirsutella thompsonii, as a biocontrol agent of the Varroa mite. Among the 9 isolates of H. thompsonii obtained from the University of Florida and the USDA, only the 3 USDA isolates (ARSEF 257, 1947 and 3323) were infectious to the Varroa mite in laboratory tests. The mite became infected when it was allowed to walk on a sporulating H. thompsonii culture for 5 min. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the membranous arolium of the mite leg sucker is the focus of infection where the fungal conidia adhered and germinated. The infected mites died from mycosis, with the lethal times to kill 50% (LT50s) dependent on the fungal isolates. Thus, the LT50s were 52.7, 77.2, and 96.7 h for isolates 3323, 257, and 1947, respectively. Passage of H. thompsonii through Varroa mite three times significantly reduced the LT50s of isolates 257 and 1947 (P < 0.05) but not the LT50 of isolate 3323. The fungus did not infect the honey bee in larval, prepupal, pupal, and adult stages under our laboratory rearing conditions. Our encouraging results suggest that some isolates of H. thompsonii have the potential to be developed as a biocontrol agent for V. destructor. However, fungal infectivity against the mites under beehive conditions needs to be studied before any conclusion can be made. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection-; Parasitology-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and -Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Fungi -Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Western-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, feral-, host-, larva-, pupa-; Hirsutella-thompsonii (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): biological-control-agent, pathogen-; Varroa-destructor [Varroa-mite] (Acarina-): host-, parasite-, pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: fluvalinate-: acaricide- NC Institutions and Organizations: USDA-; University-of-Florida DS Diseases: Hirsutella-thompsonii-infection: fungal-disease; Varroa-destructor -infestation: parasitic-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 69409-94-5: FLUVALINATE MQ Methods and Equipment: scanning-electron-microscopy: imaging-and-microscopy-techniques, laboratory -techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: beehive-; beeswax-; mortality-; virulence- AN Accession Number: 200300091423 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 25 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Hirsutella thompsonii and Metarhizium anisopliae as potential microbial control agents of Varroa destructor, a honey bee parasite. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kanga-L-H-B {a}; James-R-R; Boucias-D-G AD Author Address: {a} Agricultural Research Service, Beneficial Insects Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, 2413 E. Highway 83, Weslaco, TX, 78596, USA; E -Mail: lkanga@weslaco.ars.usda.gov, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Invertebrate-Pathology. [print] November 2002 2002; 81 (3): 175 -184. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-2011 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The potential of Hirsutella thompsonii Fisher and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschinkoff) as biological control agents of the parasitic mite, Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman was evaluated in the laboratory and in observation hives. In the laboratory, time required for 90% cumulative mortality of mites (LT90) was 4.16 (3.98-4.42) days for H. thompsonii and 5.85 (5.48-7.43) days for M. anisopliae at 1.1 X 103 conidia mm-2. At a temperature (34 +- 1 degreeC) similar to that of the broodnest in a honey bee colony, Apis mellifera L., H. thompsonii (LC90 = 9.90 X 101 (5.86 -19.35) conidia mm-2 at Day 7) and M. anisopliae (LC90 = 7.13 X 103 (2.80 -23.45) conidia mm-2 at Day 7) both showed significant virulence against V. destructor. The applications of H. thompsonii to observation hives resulted in significant mortality of mites, and reduction of the number of mites per bee 21 and 42 days post-treatments. The treatments did not significantly affect the mite population in sealed brood. However, the fungus must have persisted because infected mites were still observed (82.97 +- (0.6)%) 42 days post-treatment. In addition, the fungus was found to sporulate on the host. A small percentage (2.86 +- (0.2)%0) of dead mites found in the control hives also showed fungal infection, suggesting that adult bees drifted between hives and disseminated the fungus. H. thompsonii was harmless to the honey bees at the concentrations applied and did not have any deleterious effects on the fecundity of the queens. Microbial control with fungal pathogens provides promising new avenues for control of V. destructor and could be a useful component of an integrated pest management program for the honey bee industry. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Fungi -Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-, queen-; Hirsutella -thompsonii (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): biological-control -agent, pathogen-; Metarhizium-anisopliae (Fungi-Imperfecti-or -Deuteromycetes): biological-control-agent, pathogen-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): host-, mite-, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- DS Diseases: Hirsutella-thompsonii-infection: fungal-disease; Metarhizium-anisopliae -infection: fungal-disease; Varroa-destructor-infestation: parasitic -disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: fecundity-; hive-; integrated-pest-management; mortality-; virulence- AN Accession Number: 200300091422 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 26 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Social behavior and comparative genomics: New genes or new gene regulation? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Robinson-G-E {a}; Ben-Shahar-Y AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; E-Mail: generobi@life.uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Genes-Brain-and-Behavior. [print] November 2002 2002; 1 (4): 197-203. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1601-1848 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Molecular analyses of social behavior are distinguished by the use of an unusually broad array of animal models. This is advantageous for a number of reasons, including the opportunity for comparative genomic analyses that address fundamental issues in the molecular biology of social behavior. One issue relates to the kinds of changes in genome structure and function that occur to give rise to social behavior. This paper considers one aspect of this issue, whether social evolution involves new genes, new gene regulation, or both. This is accomplished by briefly reviewing findings from studies of the fish Haplochromis burtoni, the vole Microtus ochrogaster, and the honey bee Apis mellifera, with a more detailed and prospective consideration of the honey bee. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Cricetidae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Osteichthyes-: Pisces-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Haplochromis-burtoni (Osteichthyes-); Microtus-ochrogaster [vole-] (Cricetidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Fish-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals -; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: molecular-analysis: laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: comparative-genomics; gene-regulation; social-behavior; social-evolution AN Accession Number: 200300089493 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 27 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Pollen foraging response to brood pheromone by Africanized and European honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pankiw-Tanya {a}; Rubink-William-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Beneficial Insects Research Unit, Honey Bee Group, USDA-ARS, Weslaco, TX, 78596, USA; E-Mail: t-pankiw@tamu.edu, USA SO Source: Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America. [print] November 2002 2002; 95 (6): 761-767. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8746 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We examined the pollen foraging responses of Africanized and European honey bee colonies to hexane extractable compounds of Africanized and European larvae (brood pheromone). Brood pheromone was presented to broodless Africanized and European colonies equalized for numbers of bees, food stores and, empty comb space. The pheromone significantly increased the ratio of pollen to nonpollen foragers returning to colonies. There was no differential pollen foraging response to pheromone racial origin. European colonies in this study had a significantly higher proportion of pollen to nonpollen foragers entering colonies than did Africanized colonies for pheromone and control treatments. The proboscis extension response to sucrose was used to test the sensitivity to sucrose of eight Africanized (most similar to Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier) and six European colonies (most similar to Apis mellifera ligustica L.). Individual sensitivity to sucrose has been demonstrated as a neuro-sensory correlate of foraging behavior in European bees such that individuals that forage for pollen have lower response thresholds to sucrose than bees that forage for nectar. Africanized bees were significantly more likely to respond to lower concentrations of sucrose than European bees. We concluded that sucrose response threshold was a poor predictor for comparative foraging behavior of these races because the neuro-sensory systems of the two races may be differentially "tuned" by thresholds to defensive cues. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-ligustica [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): larva-; Apis -mellifera-scutellata [Africanized-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: brood-pheromones; hexane-extracts; nectar-; sucrose-: response-thresholds RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUCROSE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-size; comb-space; food-stores; foraging-responses; neuro-sensation AN Accession Number: 200300087066 UD Update Code: 20030228 Record 28 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Mating influence in the ovary differentiation in adult queens of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Patricio-K {a}; Cruz-Landim-C AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias de Rio Claro, UNESP, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil; E -Mail: karinap@rc.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Brazilian-Journal-of-Biology. [print] November 2002 2002; 62 (4A): 641-649. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1519-6984 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The present results show that in the ovarioles of a newly emerged (0 day) queen of A. mellifera only two regions may be distinguished: a proximal, short germarium and a very long distal, terminal filament. As the queen matures and gets ready for the nupcial flight, the germarium increases in lenght, advancing towered the distal end, as the terminal filament shortens. The ovarioles of queens ready to mate (6 to 8 days old) have, already one or two ovarian follicles, i.e. a very short proximal vitellarium, but a real vitellogenesis only starts after the fecundation. If the queen does not mate the ovarioles structure is disrupted (12-16 days old). In mated queen eggs the ovarioles present three differentiated regions, from the apice to the basis: a short terminal filament, a medium size germarium, and a very long basal vitellarium. As the eggs are laid, the emptied follicle collapses, degenerates and produces a corpus luteum. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): adult- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovariole-: reproductive-system; ovary-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mating-influence; ovary-differentiation; vitellarium- AN Accession Number: 200300084431 UD Update Code: 20030213 Record 29 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Mortality of Varroa destructor in broodless Africanized and Carnica honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Moretto-Geraldo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Centro de Ciencias Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, 89.010-971, Blumenau, SC, Brazil; E-Mail: gmoretto@furb.br, Brazil SO Source: Interciencia-. [print] December 2002 2002; 27 (12): 702-704. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-1844 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Varroa destructor infestation varies with climate conditions and race of Apis mellifera bees. Africanized bees show greater tolerance to varroa compared to bees of European races. Reproductive ability of female mites, hygienic behavior and grooming behavior are important factors in population dynamics of this parasite. The present study shows the mortality rate of the V. destructor mite in Africanized and Carnica bee colonies in Southern Brazil. The daily proportion of dead and live mite fallen on the bottom of the hive was determined when the total mite population was of adult bees. In Africanized bee colonies the daily proportion of dead mite was 6.30%, while in Carnica bee colonies was 2.11%. The daily proportion of live mite on the bottom of the hive was 2.45% and 0.82% in Africanized and Carnica bee colonies, respectively. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): Africanized-colony, Carnica -colony, host-; Varroa-destructor [mite-] (Acarina-): female-, pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Soutern-Brazil (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Varroa-destructor-mortality-rate; grooming-behavior; hive-; hygienic -behavior AN Accession Number: 200300081733 UD Update Code: 20030213 Record 30 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Differential expression of voltage-sensitive K+ and Ca2+ currents in neurons of the honeybee olfactory pathway. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gruenewald-Bernd {a} AD Author Address: {a} Neurobiologie, Institut fuer Biologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 28/30, D-14195, Berlin, Germany; E-Mail: gruenewa@neurobiologie.fu-berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] January 2003 2003; 206 (1): 117 -129. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In order to understand the neuronal processes underlying olfactory learning, biophysical properties such as ion channel activity need to be analysed within neurons of the olfactory pathway. This study analyses voltage-sensitive ionic currents of cultured antennal lobe projection neurons and mushroom body Kenyon cells in the brain of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Rhodamine-labelled neurons were identified in vitro prior to recording, and whole-cell K+ and Ca2+ currents were measured. All neurons expressed transient and sustained outward K+ currents, but Kenyon cells expressed higher relative amounts of transient A-type K+ (IK,A) currents than sustained delayed rectifier K+ current (IK,V). The current density of the IK,V was significantly higher in projection neurons than in Kenyon cells. The voltage-dependency of K+ currents at positive membrane potentials was linear in Kenyon cells, but N-shaped in projection neurons. Blocking of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ currents transformed the N-shaped voltage-dependency into a linear one, indicating activation of calcium -dependent K+ currents (IK,Ca). The densities of currents through voltage -sensitive Ca2+ channels did not differ between the two neuron classes and the voltage-dependency of current activation was similar. Projection neurons thus express higher calcium-dependent K+ currents. These analyses revealed that the various neurons of the honeybee olfactory pathway in vitro have different current phenotypes, which may reflect functional differences between the neuron types in vivo. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe-projection-neurons: nervous-system; brain-: nervous-system; mushroom-body-Kenyon-cells: nervous-system; neurons-: nervous-system; olfactory-pathway: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: calcium(II)-ion: current-; potassium-ion: current-; rhodamine- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 14127-61-8: CALCIUM(II) ION; 24203-36-9: POTASSIUM ION MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: membrane-potentials; sustained-delayed-rectifier-potassium-current; transient-A-type-potassium-ion-currents; voltage-sensitive-calcium(II)-ion -current: expression-; voltage-sensitive-potassium-ion-current: expression- AN Accession Number: 200300080767 UD Update Code: 20030213 Record 31 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Protein contents and physicochemical properties in honey samples of Apis mellifera of different floral origins. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Azeredo-L-da-C {a}; Azeredo-M-A-A; de-Souza-S-R; Dutra-V-M-L AD Author Address: {a} Depto de Quimica, UFRRJ-Instituto de Ciencias Exatas, BR-465, km 07, CEP: 23890-000, Seropedica, RJ, Brazil; E-Mail: azeredo@ufrrj.br, Brazil SO Source: Food-Chemistry. [print] February 2003 2003; 80 (2): 249-254. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0308-8146 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The protein contents in honey samples of different floral origins, commercialized in several states of Brazil, were determined using the method of Bradford. The spectra of pollen of the honeys collected in those areas were studied, in order to establish the correlation between the different botanical species and the protein contents. The physicochemical properties of the honeys (colour, moisture, pH and acidity, lund test, lugol test, diastase index, reducing and non-reducing sugars and hydroxymethylfurfural contents) were also determined. The colorimetric determination of the protein content of honey samples, using the method of Bradford, was shown to be efficient and it allowed the detection of elevated protein in honey samples of Borreria verticillata, known in Brazil as "vassourinha", from Piaui State. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Foods-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rubiaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Tracheophyta-: Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Borreria-verticillata (Rubiaceae -); higher-plant (Tracheophyta-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: proteins-: quantitative-analysis; sugars-: analysis- GE Geopolitical Location: Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUGARS MQ Methods and Equipment: Bradford-method: laboratory-techniques; colorimetry-: laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: food-chemistry; honeys-: chemical-analysis, color-, moisture-, origins-, pH -, physicochemical-properties, quality-; methodology- AN Accession Number: 200300073639 UD Update Code: 20030213 Record 32 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Octopamine modulates responsiveness to foraging-related stimuli in honey bees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Barron-A-B; Schulz-D-J; Robinson-G-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; E-Mail: generobi@life.uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] September 2002 2002; 188 (8): 603-610. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The biogenic amine neurochemical octopamine is involved in the onset of foraging behaviour in honey bees. We tested the hypothesis that octopamine influences honey bee behavioural development by modulating responsiveness to task-related stimuli. We examined the effect of octopamine treatment on responsiveness to brood pheromone (an activator of foraging) and to the presence of older bees in the colony (an inhibitor of foraging in young bees). Octopamine treatment increased responsiveness to brood pheromone and decreased responsiveness to social inhibition. These results identify octopamine both as an important source of variation in response thresholds and as a modulator of pheromonal communication in insect societies. We speculate that octopamine plays more than one role in the organisation of behavioural development indicating a very high level of integration between the neurochemical system and the generation of complex behaviour. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: octopamine- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 104-14-3: OCTOPAMINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-behavior AN Accession Number: 200300068182 UD Update Code: 20030213 Record 33 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Biogenic amines in the antennal lobes and the initiation and maintenance of foraging behavior in honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schulz-David-J; Elekonich-Michelle-M; Robinson-Gene-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; E-Mail: generobi@life.uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Neurobiology. [print] February 5 2003 2003; 54 (2): 406-416. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-3034 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Previous findings showed that high levels of octopamine and serotonin in the antennal lobes of adult worker honey bees are associated with foraging behavior, and octopamine treatment induces precocious foraging. To better characterize the relationship between amines and foraging behavior in honey bees, we performed a detailed correlative analysis of amine levels in the antennal lobes as a function of various aspects of foraging behavior. Flight activity was measured under controlled conditions in a large outdoor flight cage. Levels of octopamine in the antennal lobes were found to be elevated immediately subsequent to the onset of foraging, but they did not change as a consequence of preforaging orientation flight activity, diurnal pauses in foraging, or different amounts of foraging experience, suggesting that octopamine helps to trigger and maintain the foraging behavioral state. In contrast, levels of serotonin and dopamine did not show changes that would implicate them as either causal agents of foraging, or as neurochemical systems affected by the act of foraging. Serotonin treatment had no effect on the likelihood of foraging. These results provide further support for the hypothesis that an increase in octopamine levels in the antennal lobes plays a causal role in the initiation and maintenance of the behavioral state of foraging, and thus is involved in the regulation of division of labor in honey bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory -Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: octopamine-; serotonin- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 104-14-3: OCTOPAMINE; 50-67-9: SEROTONIN MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-behavior-regulation; preforaging-orientation-flight-activity AN Accession Number: 200300067944 UD Update Code: 20030213 Record 34 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Kremen-Claire {a}; Williams-Neal-M; Thorp-Robbin-W AD Author Address: {a} Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA; E-Mail: ckremen@princeton.edu, USA SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-National-Academy-of-Sciences-of-the-United-States-of -America. [print] December 24 2002 2002; 99 (26): 16812-16816. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0027-8424 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Ecosystem services are critical to human survival; in selected cases, maintaining these services provides a powerful argument for conserving biodiversity. Yet, the ecological and economic underpinnings of most services are poorly understood, impeding their conservation and management. For centuries, farmers have imported colonies of European honey bees (Apis mellifera) to fields and orchards for pollination services. These colonies are becoming increasingly scarce, however, because of diseases, pesticides, and other impacts. Native bee communities also provide pollination services, but the amount they provide and how this varies with land management practices are unknown. Here, we document the individual species and aggregate community contributions of native bees to crop pollination, on farms that varied both in their proximity to natural habitat and management type (organic versus conventional). On organic farms near natural habitat, we found that native bee communities could provide full pollination services even for a crop with heavy pollination requirements (e.g., watermelon, Citrullus lanatus), without the intervention of managed honey bees. All other farms, however, experienced greatly reduced diversity and abundance of native bees, resulting in insufficient pollination services from native bees alone. We found that diversity was essential for sustaining the service, because of year-to-year variation in community composition. Continued degradation of the agro-natural landscape will destroy this "free" service, but conservation and restoration of bee habitat are potentially viable economic alternatives for reducing dependence on managed honey bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biodiversity-; Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Cucurbitaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Citrullus-lanatus [watermelon-] (Cucurbitaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: agricultural-intensification; crop-pollination; native-bee-communities; species-diversity AN Accession Number: 200300067406 UD Update Code: 20030213 Record 35 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Prevalence, severity, and natural history of jack jumper ant venom allergy in Tasmania. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Brown-Simon-G-A {a}; Franks-Rodney-W; Baldo-Brian-A; Heddle-Robert-J AD Author Address: {a} Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Hobart Hospital, GPO Box 106L, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia, Australia SO Source: Journal-of-Allergy-and-Clinical-Immunology. [print] January 2003 2003; 111 (1): 187-192. PY Publication Year: 2003 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0091-6749 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Background: The jack jumper ant (Myrmecia pilosula) is responsible for greater than 90% of Australian ant venom allergy. However, deaths have only been recorded in the island of Tasmania. Objectives: We sought to determine the prevalence, clinical features, natural history, and predictors of severity of M. pilosula sting allergy in Tasmania. Methods: We performed a random telephone survey supported by serum venom-specific IgE analysis, review of emergency department presentations, and follow-up of allergic volunteers. Results: M. pilosula, honeybee (Apis mellifera), and yellow jacket wasp (Vespula germanica) sting allergy prevalences were 2.7%, 1.4%, and 0.6% compared with annual sting exposure rates of 12%, 7%, and 2%, respectively. Similarly, emergency department presentations with anaphylaxis to M. pilosula were double those for honeybee. M. pilosula allergy prevalence increased with age of 35 years or greater (odds ratio (OR), 2.4) and bee sting allergy (OR, 16.9). Patients 35 years of age or older had a greater risk of hypotensive reactions (OR, 2.9). Mueller reaction grades correlated well with adrenaline use. During follow-up, 79 (70%) of 113 jack jumper stings caused anaphylaxis. Prior worst reaction severity predicted the likelihood and severity of follow-up reactions; only 3 subjects had more severe reactions. Venom-specific IgE levels and other clinical features, including comorbidities, were not predictive of severity. Conclusions: Sting allergy prevalence is determined by age and exposure rate. M. pilosula sting exposure in Tasmania is excessive compared with that found in mainland Australia, and there is a high systemic reaction risk in allergic people on re-sting. Prior worst reaction severity (Mueller grade) and age predict reaction severity and might be used to guide management. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Epidemiology- (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Myrmecia-pilosula [jack-jumper -ant] (Hymenoptera-); Vespula-germanica [yellow-jacket-wasp] (Hymenoptera -); human- (Hominidae-): patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: sting-; venom- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: venom-specific-IgE [venom-specific-immunoglobulin-E] GE Geopolitical Location: Tasmania- (Australia-, Australasian-region) DS Diseases: anaphylaxis-: immune-system-disease; bee-sting-allergy: epidemiology-, immune-system-disease; jack-jumper-ant-venom-allergy: epidemiology-, immune-system-disease; wasp-sting-allergy: epidemiology-, immune-system -disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-; allergy-severity; natural-history ALT Alternate Indexing: Anaphylaxis-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200300065733 UD Update Code: 20030210 Record 36 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Method of application of tylosin, an antibiotic for American foulbrood control, with effects on small hive beetle (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) populations. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Elzen-P-J {a}; Westervelt-D; Causey-D; Ellis-J; Hepburn-H-R; Neumann-P AD Author Address: {a} ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtropical Agricultural Research Center, USDA, 2413 E. Highway 83, Weslaco, TX, 78596, USA; E-Mail: pelzen@weslaco.ars.usda.gov, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] December 2002 2002; 95 (6): 1119 -1122. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The method of application of the antibiotic tylosin (Tylan) for control of oxytetracycline-resistant American foulbrood (Paenibacillus larvae White) was tested in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. A powdered sugar mixture with tylosin, applied as a dust, was efficacious in eliminating American foulbrood symptoms at a rate of 200-mg Tylan per 20 g of powdered sugar, applied at weekly intervals for 3 weeks. A second method of treatment consisting of Tylan mixed with granulated sugar and vegetable shortening and applied once as a patty, at an equivalent total dose as the dust method, to diseased colonies also effectively eliminated symptoms of disease. In all colonies treated with patties, however, small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray) populations significantly increased, compared with the powder sugar method or untreated controls. Bee populations in patty -treated colonies also were significantly reduced, most likely the result of the invasion and proliferation of adult and larval small hive beetles. Such reduction in colony strength was not seen in dust-treated colonies. Because of the obvious damaging populations of small hive beetles, concerns about development of disease resistance, unknown risks of residues, and lack of support by regulatory agencies for the use of the patty method, the use of the dust method of tylosin is greatly favored over the patty method. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Endospore -forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Aethina-tumida (Coleoptera-); Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Paenibacillus-larvae [American-foulbrood] (Endospore-forming-Gram -Positives): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: tylosin-: antibacterial-drug, antiinfective-drug RN CAS Registry Number (R): 1401-69-0: TYLOSIN MQ Methods and Equipment: application-method: applied-and-field-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: disease-resistance AN Accession Number: 200300061120 UD Update Code: 20030210 Record 37 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Analysis of antennal proteins of the red imported fire ant. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Renthal-Robert {a}; Velasquez-Daniel {a}; Hoog-Stephen {a}; Carroll -Christopher; Weintraub-Susan-T AD Author Address: {a} Division of Life Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA, USA SO Source: Southwestern-Entomologist. [print] September 2002 2002; 25 (Supplement): 97 -104. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0147-1724 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We have found protein composition differences between male, queen and worker antennae, as analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Female antennal clubs contain three low molecular weight proteins, Siap1 (18 kDa), Siap2 (16 kDa) and Siap3 (14 kDa) with acidic isoelectric points. Tryptic peptide maps obtained by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry show that Siap1 in worker segment 9 is essentially the same protein as Siap1 in segment 10, and Siap2 from worker segments 9 and 10 are nearly identical. A mass fragment of m/z 477.1 (the 2+ ion for a 952.2-Da peptide) from Siap2 in worker segment A9 was analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and found to have the sequence (K/R)-I/L-I/L-I/L-P-V-S-I/L-A -K. This appears similar to the sequence of residues 97-107 of a putative odorant-binding protein from A. mellifera. The male antenna has one major acidic low molecular weight protein, Sim1. It is likely that Siap1-3 and Sim1 are odorant- and pheromone-binding proteins. The segments containing antennal glands in workers and queens show a prominent protein band near 23 kDa, Siap0, which is not seen in any other segment and may be a gland -related protein. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Solenopsis-invicta [red-imported-fire-ant] (Hymenoptera-): female-, male-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennae-: sensory-system; antennal-gland: sensory-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: antennal-proteins: isoelectric-point, molecular-weight; odorant-binding -proteins; pheromone-binding-proteins MQ Methods and Equipment: MALDI-TOF-mass-spectrometry: laboratory-techniques, spectrum-analysis -techniques; electrospray-ionization-mass-spectrometry: laboratory -techniques, spectrum-analysis-techniques; polyacrylamide-gel -electrophoresis: electrophoretic-techniques, laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: tryptic-peptide-maps AN Accession Number: 200300059048 UD Update Code: 20030210 Record 38 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Phylogenetic analysis of acute bee paralysis virus strains. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bakonyi-Tamas; Grabensteiner-Elvira; Kolodziejek-Jolanta; Rusvai-Miklos; Topolska-Grazyna; Ritter-Wolfgang; Nowotny-Norbert {a} AD Author Address: {a} Clinical Virology Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria; E -Mail: Norbert.Nowotny@vu-wien.ac.at, Austria SO Source: Applied-and-Environmental-Microbiology. [print] December 2002 2002; 68 (12): 6446-6450. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0099-2240 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Reverse transcription-PCR assays have been established for a quick, sensitive, and specific diagnosis of acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), a common virus of the honeybee (Apis mellifera), directly from clinical samples. A 3,071-nucleotide fragment of the ABPV genome, which includes the entire capsid polyprotein gene, was amplified from Austrian, German, Polish, and Hungarian ABPV samples and sequenced, and the sequences were compared. The alignment of a smaller fragment with ABPV sequences from the United States and the United Kingdom revealed nucleotide identity rates between 89 and 96%, respectively. Phylogenetic trees which display the molecular relationship between the viruses of different geographic origin were constructed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Evolution-and-Adaptation; Infection-; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and -Molecular-Biophysics); Systematics-and-Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Dicistroviridae-: Positive-Sense-ssRNA-Viruses, Viruses-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acute-bee-paralysis-virus (Dicistroviridae-): bee-pathogen, pathogen-; Apis -mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- SD Sequence Data: AY053366-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide -sequence; AY053367-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053368-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid -sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053369-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino -acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053370-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053371-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank -, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053372-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053373-: DDBJ-, EMBL -, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053374-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053375-: DDBJ -, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053376-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053377 -: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053378-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide -sequence; AY053379-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053380-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid -sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053381-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino -acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053382-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053383-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank -, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053384-: DDBJ-, EMBL-, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence; AY053385-: DDBJ-, EMBL -, GenBank-, amino-acid-sequence, nucleotide-sequence GE Geopolitical Location: Europe- (Palearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-pathology; diagnostics-; geography-; open-reading-frames; phylogenetic -trees: construction-; viral-genomes: analysis-, sequencing-; viral -relatedness-studies; viral-taxonomy; virus-molecular-relationships AN Accession Number: 200300056477 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 39 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Genetic correlations among honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) behavioral characteristics and wing length. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Guzman-Novoa-Ernesto {a}; Hunt-Greg-J; Page-Robert-E-Jr; Fondrk-M-Kim AD Author Address: {a} CENIFMA-INIFAP, Santa Cruz 29-B, Las Haciendas, 52140, Metepec, MEX, Mexico; E-Mail: guzmane@inifap2.inifap.conacyt.mx, Mexico SO Source: Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America. [print] May 2002 2002; 95 (3): 402-406. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8746 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Genetic correlations for behavioral characteristics and forewing length of worker honey bees, Apis mellifera L., were estimated. All characteristics associated with defensive behavior were correlated with each other. The tendency of bees to fly off the combs was correlated with their tendency to run on the combs, and with stinging behavior. Tendency to run was positively correlated with tendency to hang from combs, and with hygienic behavior, but was negatively correlated with forewing length. Forewing length was negatively correlated with hygienic behavior, but it was not significantly correlated with stinging behavior. The correlations obtained suggest that smaller bees have higher activity levels than larger bees. The implications of these results on the adaptive success of Africanized honey bee populations to tropical environments and on selective breeding are discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: combs-; forewing-; wing-: length- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: defensive-behavior; genetic-correlations; hygienic-behavior; stinging -behavior AN Accession Number: 200300055047 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 40 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: A scientific note on the distribution of Africanized honey bees and Varroa destructor in feral honey bee populations in California. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Walter-Boyce-M {a}; Rubin-Esther-S; O'-Brien-Chantal-S AD Author Address: {a} Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December 2002 2002; 33 (6): 581-582. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Biogeography- (Population-Studies); Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Bovidae-: Artiodactyla-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): Africanized-, host-; Ovis-canadensis (Bovidae-); Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Artiodactyls-; Chelicerates-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: California- (USA-, North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: artificial-water-sources; feral-populations; foraging-ecology; genetic -diversity; geographic-distribution; range-extensions; species -introduction; Note- AN Accession Number: 200300054831 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 41 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Neonicotinoids: Insecticides acting on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Matsuda-Kazuhiko {a}; Buckingham-Steven-D; Kleier-Daniel; Rauh-James-J; Grauso-Marta; Sattelle-David-B AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Pesticide Chemistry, Dept of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631 -8505, Japan; E-Mail: david.sattelle@anat.ox.ac.uk, Japan SO Source: Trends-in-Pharmacological-Sciences. [print] November 2001 2001; 22 (11): 573-580. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article-; Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0165-6147 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Imidacloprid is increasingly used worldwide as an insecticide. It is an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and shows selective toxicity for insects over vertebrates. Recent studies using binding assays, molecular biology and electrophysiology suggest that both alpha- and non-alpha-subunits of nAChRs contribute to interactions of these receptors with imidacloprid. Electrostatic interactions of the nitroimine group and bridgehead nitrogen in imidacloprid with particular nAChR amino acid residues are likely to have key roles in determining the selective toxicity of imidacloprid. Chemical calculation of atomic charges of the insecticide molecule and a site-directed mutagenesis study support this hypothesis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides-; Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Orthoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Drosophila- (Diptera-); Musca-domestica (Diptera-); cockroach- (Orthoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: epibatidine-: analgesic-drug; imidacloprid-: insecticide-; neonicotinoids-: insecticide-; nicotine-: autonomic-drug, cholinergic-drug; nicotinic -acetylcholine-receptor: alpha-subunit, non-alpha-subunit RN CAS Registry Number (R): 140111-52-0: EPIBATIDINE; 138261-41-3: IMIDACLOPRID; 54-11-5: NICOTINE MQ Methods and Equipment: site-directed-mutagenesis: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: electrostatic-interactions; structure-activity-relationship AN Accession Number: 200300052096 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 42 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Effects of acute sublethal exposure to coumaphos or diazinon on acquisition and discrimination of odor stimuli in the honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Weick-Jason {a}; Thorn-Robert-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology, Denison University, Granville, OH, 43203, USA; E -Mail: thorn@denison.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] April 2002 2002; 95 (2): 227-236. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Two organophosphate compounds, coumaphos and diazinon, were examined for effects of sublethal exposure on odor learning and generalization in honey bees, Apis mellifera L. Using proboscis extension response training as a measure of odor learning and discrimination, a series of two experiments tested whether these compounds would inhibit bees from learning a new odor or discriminating between different odors. Bees were exposed to coumaphos or diazinon in acetone applied to the thorax, or to coumaphos or diazinon in hexane injected intracranially. At no dose tested or exposure method used was coumaphos shown to inhibit acquisition of a novel odor stimulus, although it was shown to slightly reduce discriminatory ability when given by intracranial injection. Diazinon had effects on odor learning at several small doses, and a small injected dose was shown to significantly inhibit learning of an odor stimulus paired with a sucrose reward. When bee head acetylcholineasterase activity was measured after dermal applications of both pesticides, only the higher doses of diazinon showed reduced activity, indicating that externally-applied coumaphos shows no significant effect on bee brain acetylcholinesterase activity. These data suggest that acute application of coumaphos has only slight nonlethal effects upon the behavior of honey bees and should have little effect upon bee tasks that involve odor learning. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): nontarget-organism TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: head-; thorax- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: acetylcholinesterase-; coumaphos-: acute-sublethal-exposure, dermal -application, insecticide-, intracranial-injection, organophosphate -compound, toxin-; diazinon-: acute-sublethal-exposure, dermal -application, insecticide-, intracranial-injection, organophosphate -compound, toxin- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9000-81-1: ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; 56-72-4: COUMAPHOS; 333-41-5: DIAZINON MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: learning-ability; odor-stimuli: acquisition-, discrimination-; proboscis -extension-response-training AN Accession Number: 200300052048 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 43 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Can the frequency of reduced Varroa destructor fecundity in honey bee (Apis mellifera) pupae be increased by selection? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Degrandi-Hoffman-Gloria {a}; Page-Robert-E-Jr; Martin-Joseph; Fondrk-M-Kim AD Author Address: {a} Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, ARS, USDA, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA; E-Mail: gdhoff@aol.com, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December 2002 2002; 33 (6): 563-570. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Crosses were made between queens and drones from 16 different commercial sources of European honeybees to determine if reproductive rates for Varroa destructor differed. Worker brood from four different crosses averaged 4.2 mites per cell and were chosen as the high mite reproduction group. Four others averaged 2.4 mites per cell and were chosen for the low mite reproduction group. A second set of crosses within the high and low mite reproduction groups were made and the worker offspring tested for differences in mite fecundity. Worker brood of the high and low mite reproduction lines did not differ significantly in the average number of mites per cell. The proportion of infested cells with non-reproductive mites also was not affected by selection. These results suggest that the frequency of larval or pupal characteristics that we measured in worker honeybees that might influence mite reproductive rates cannot be increased by selection based on average mite fecundity. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Evolution-and-Adaptation; Parasitology-; Pest -Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): European-, commercial-species, host-, pupa-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite-, pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: fecundity-; genetic-crosses; parasite-prevalence; parasitism-; reproductive -rates; selection-pressures AN Accession Number: 200300052038 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 44 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Brain tyramine and reproductive states of workers in honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sasaki-K {a}; Nagao-T AD Author Address: {a} Department of Physiology and Genetic Regulation, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan; E-Mail: sasakik@affrc.go.jp, Japan SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] December 2002 2002; 48 (12): 1075 -1085. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English AB Abstract: To explore the role of tyramine in the transformation of reproductive states of honeybee workers, brain levels of tyramine and N-acetyltyramine were measured in both normal and queenless workers. Queenless workers had higher tyramine levels and lower N-acetyltyramine levels than normal workers did. Intermediate reproductive workers that were transferred into a normal colony from a queenless colony had intermediate levels of tyramine and N-acetyltyramine. Elevation of tyramine in the queenless workers occurred at an earlier adult stage than elevation of dopamine. Tyramine levels in intermediate reproductive workers returned to the levels seen in normal workers, but dopamine levels in intermediate reproductive workers remained elevated at the same level as in queenless workers. Thus, brain tyramine may be regulated by the colony condition with or without a queen. Injection of an amine uptake inhibitor, reserpine, depleted tyramine and elevated N-acetyltyramine. Distributions of tyramine and dopamine within the brain were distinctively different, whereas distributions of N-acetyltyramine and N-acetyldopamine were similar, suggesting that each functional amine is stored in specific neurosecretory cells and released to the relevant receptor sites but that metabolism into each N-acetylmetabolite is determined by diffusion. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: N-acetyltyramine; dopamine-; reserpine-: amine-uptake-inhibitor; tyramine- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 1202-66-0: N-ACETYLTYRAMINE; 51-61-6: DOPAMINE; 50-55-5: RESERPINE; 51-67 -2: TYRAMINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: reproductive-state AN Accession Number: 200300050456 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 45 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: A scientific note on the determination of oxytetracycline residues in honey by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pagliuca-Giampiero {a}; Gazzotti-Teresa; Serra-Giorgia; Sabatini-Anna-Gloria AD Author Address: {a} Dipartimento di Sanita Pubblica veterinaria e Patologia animale, Universita degli studi di Bologna, via Tolara di sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Italy; E-Mail: pagliuca@vet.unibo.it, Italy SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December 2002 2002; 33 (6): 583-584. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Paenibacillus-larvae-larvae (Endospore -forming-Gram-Positives): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxytetracycline-: antibiotic-, residues- GE Geopolitical Location: Europe- (Palearctic-region) DS Diseases: American-foulbrood-disease: bacterial-disease, prevention-and-control RN CAS Registry Number (R): 79-57-2: OXYTETRACYCLINE MQ Methods and Equipment: HPLC-: chromatographic-techniques, laboratory-techniques; ultraviolet -visible-spectrophotometry: laboratory-techniques, spectrum-analysis -techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: allergic-reactions; apiculture-; human-health-risk; toxicity-; Note- AN Accession Number: 200300041560 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 46 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Effects of fluvalinate and coumaphos on queen honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in two commercial queen rearing operations. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Haarmann-Timothy {a}; Spivak-Marla; Weaver-Daniel; Weaver-Binford; Glenn-Tom AD Author Address: {a} Los Alamos National Laboratory (University of California), P.O. Box 1663, MS M887, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA; E-Mail: haarmannt@lanl.gov, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] February 2002 2002; 95 (1): 28-35. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We conducted research on the potential impacts of fluvalinate and coumaphos on honey bee, Apis mellifera L., queen viability and health. Queens were reared in colonies that had been treated with differing amounts of both fluvalinate and coumaphos. Pre- and posttreatment samples of both wax and bees were collected from all of the colonies and analyzed for total concentrations of fluvalinate and coumaphos. All queens were measured for queen weight, ovarial weight, and number of sperm in the spermathecae. The queens treated with high doses of fluvalinate weighed significantly less than low-dose or control queens, but otherwise appeared to develop normally. The highest fluvalinate concentrations were observed in the wax and queen cells of the high-dose group. The developing queens in colonies treated with as little as one coumaphos-impregnated strip for more than 24 h suffered a high mortality rate. Several of the queens showed sublethal effects from the coumaphos, including physical abnormalities and atypical behavior. The queens exposed to coumaphos weighed significantly less and had lower ovary weights than the control group queens. The highest coumaphos concentrations were observed in the queen cells and wax of the high-dose groups. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: sperm-: reproductive-system; spermathecae-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: coumaphos-: acaricide-; fluvalinate-: acaricide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 56-72-4: COUMAPHOS; 69409-94-5: FLUVALINATE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: atypical-behavior; mortality-rate; ovarial-weight; physical-abnormalities; queen-cells; queen-viability; queen-weight AN Accession Number: 200300041524 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 47 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Pollinating bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) of U.S. alfalfa compared for rates of pod and seed set. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Cane-James-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5310, USA, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Economic-Entomology. [print] February 2002 2002; 95 (1): 22-27. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0493 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Alfalfa (=lucerne) flowers require visiting bees to trip the sexual column, thereby providing pollination and subsequent pod and seed set. Previous studies have compared the pollination values of different bee species solely by the speed with which they handle flowers and the proportion of visited flowers tripped. In this greenhouse study, five species of bees, including the three commercially managed U.S alfalfa pollinators, are likewise compared for their floral tripping frequencies. These bee species are also compared for the pod set and mature seed that results from their single visits to virgin flowers. Regardless of the identity of the pollinating bee, tripped flowers had the same probabilities of pod set and seed set. Thus, differences in the single-visit pollination efficiencies of the various bee species are entirely attributable to the proportion of visited flowers that they trip. Females of the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi Cockerell, and the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata F, tripped 81 and 78% of visited flowers, respectively. Males of these species are significantly less effective (61 and 51%, respectively), but still significantly superior to the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (22% of visited flowers tripped). These relationships are supported by field data for tripping frequencies. One candidate pollinator, Osmia sanrafaelae Parker, shows promise (44% tripped), but not the congeneric O. aglaia Sandhouse (13% tripped). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Megachile-rotundata [alfalfa -leafcutting-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Nomia-melanderi [alkali-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Osmia-algaia (Hymenoptera-); Osmia-sanrafaelae (Hymenoptera-); alfalfa- (Leguminosae-): forage-crop; bee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: floral-tripping-frequencies; pod-set; pollination-; seed-set AN Accession Number: 200300041523 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 48 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Effective size of populations with unequal sex ratio and variation in mating success. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nomura-T {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan; E-Mail: nomurat@cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Journal-of-Animal-Breeding-and-Genetics. [print] October 2002 2002; 119 (5): 297-310. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0931-2668 LA Language: English AB Abstract: To estimate the effective size (Ne) of populations with unequal sex ratio, a well-known formula, Ne=4NmNf/(Nm+Nf), has been frequently used, where Nm and Nf are the numbers of male and female parents, respectively. In this paper, the formula was examined under typical mating systems in animals. It was shown that the formula holds only when there are no variations in the numbers of mates (mating success) of parents of each sex. More appropriate equations were developed by accounting for the variation in mating success. It was found that for animal populations with harem mating system, an equation Ne=4NmNf/(2Nm+Nf) gives a more accurate estimate than the well-known formula. The effective population sizes of several wild, experimental and domestic animals are estimated by applying the derived equations to the published demographic and ecological data. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Genetics-; Mathematical-Biology (Computational-Biology) ST Super Taxa: Bovidae-: Artiodactyla-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Cercopithecidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Cervidae-: Artiodactyla-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Equidae-: Perissodactyla-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Phocidae-: Pinnipedia -, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Cervus-elaphus [elk-] (Cervidae -); Drosophila-melanogaster (Diptera-); Equus-caballus [horse-] (Equidae -): wild-; Macaca-fuscata [Japanese-monkey] (Cercopithecidae-); Mirounga -angustorosris [Northern-elephant-seal] (Phocidae-); cattle- (Bovidae-): breed-Japanese-Black TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Artiodactyls-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Primates; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Perissodactyls-; Pinnipeds-; Primates-; Vertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: effective-population-size: estimation-; mating-success: genetic-variation; unequal-sex-ratio AN Accession Number: 200300040914 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 49 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Honeybees Dufour's gland: Idiosyncrasy of a new queen signal. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Katzav-Gozansky-Tamar {a}; Soroker-Victoria; Hefetz-Abraham AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel; E-Mail: katzavt@post.tau.ac.il, Israel SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December 2002 2002; 33 (6): 525-537. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Dufour's gland (DG) secretion of queens in Apis mellifera is normally caste specific. In queenright (QR) workers it is composed of odd n alkanes, while in queens it also possesses long chain esters. However, glandular expression is plastic since queenless (QL) workers produce a queen-like secretion. Moreover, QR gland incubated in vitro produced these esters, indicating that glandular activity is regulated. We tested the hypothesis that the secretion is an egg marking pheromone. Chemical analysis of the egg coating revealed minute amounts of the queen esters, but neither queen secretion nor the synthetic esters were able to protect worker-laid eggs from policing, refuting the hypothesis. Analysis of abdominal tips further revealed that Dufour's egg secretion is also smeared on the abdominal cuticle, suggesting that its presence on egg surface may be due to passive contamination. Next, we tested the hypothesis that the secretion serves as a queen signal. Indeed queens, but not worker glandular secretion were attractive to workers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Communication-; Endocrine-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): egg-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: abdominal-cuticle: integumentary-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: egg-marking-pheromones; glandular-secretions; long-chain-esters; odd-n -alkanes MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: caste-specificity; chemical-communication; glandular-activity; queen -signals; retinue-behavior; worker-policing AN Accession Number: 200300040808 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 50 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Reassessing the role of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) Dufour's gland in egg marking. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Martin-Stephen-J {a}; Jones-Graeme-R; Chaline-Nicolas; Middleton-Helen; Ratnieks-Francis-L-W AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK; E-Mail: S.J.Martin@sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Naturwissenschaften-. [print] November 2002 2002; 89 (11): 528-532. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-1042 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Communication-; Development-; Endocrine-System (Chemical-Coordination-and -Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): egg-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: Dufour's-gland: endocrine-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: ester-; hydrocarbon- MQ Methods and Equipment: egg-removal-bioassay: bioassay-techniques, laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: chemical-communication; egg-marking AN Accession Number: 200300040024 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 51 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Flow cytometric analysis of lectin-stained haemocytes of the honeybee (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-Graaf-Dirk-C {a}; Dauwe-Rebecca; Walravens-Karl; Jacobs-Frans-J AD Author Address: {a} Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Brussels, Belgium; E-Mail: dideg@var.fgov.be, Belgium SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] November-December 2002 2002; 33 (6): 571-579. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The study evaluated the technical feasibility of distinguishing the different honeybee blood cells by flow cytometric analysis with and without staining by 3 lectins: soybean agglutinin (SBA), concanavalin A (ConA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Flow cytometric analysis of unstained cells provided a forward scatter-side scatter dotplot with no distinct haemocyte population. Examination of blood samples stained with FITC-labelled ConA or WGA revealed a notable population of fluorescently marked cells on FL1-histograms. Microscopic analysis, run parallel, demonstrated low fluorescence of the granular cells, strong fluorescence of the plasmatocytes, with P1's stained all over their surfaces and P2's with a rather dotted appearance. Prohaemocytes were not stained at all. SBA-FITC did not stain honeybee haemocytes as demonstrated by both the flow cytometric and the microscopic examinations. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: hemocyte-: blood-and-lymphatics, immune-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: concanavalin-A; fluorescein-isothiocyanate; lectin-; soybean-agglutinin; wheat-germ-agglutinin RN CAS Registry Number (R): 11028-71-0: CONCANAVALIN A; 27072-45-3: FLUORESCEIN ISOTHIOCYANATE MQ Methods and Equipment: flow-cytometry: histology-and-cytology-techniques, laboratory-techniques; lectin-staining: histology-and-cytology-techniques, laboratory-techniques; microscopy-: imaging-and-microscopy-techniques, laboratory-techniques AN Accession Number: 200300039626 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 52 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Juvenile hormone and circadian locomotor activity in the honey bee Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bloch-G {a}; Sullivan-J-P; Robinson-G-E AD Author Address: {a} Department of Evolution, Systematics, and Ecology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel; E-Mail: bloch@vms.huji.ac.il, Israel SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] December 2002 2002; 48 (12): 1123 -1131. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Age-related division of labor in honeybees is associated with plasticity in circadian rhythms. Young nest bees care for brood around the clock with no circadian rhythms while older foragers have strong circadian rhythms that are used for sun compass navigation and for timing visits to flowers. Since juvenile hormone (JH) is involved in the coordination of physiological and behavioral processes underlying age-related division of labor in honey bees, we tested the hypothesis that JH influences the ontogeny of circadian rhythms and other clock parameters in young worker bees. Treatments with the JH analog methoprene or allatectomy did not influence the onset of rhythmicity, overall locomotor activity, or the free-running period of rhythmic locomotor behavior. There were, however, significant differences in the onset of rhythmicity, overall locomotor activity, and longevity between bees from different source colonies, suggesting that there is significant genetic variation for these traits. Our results suggest that JH does not coordinate all aspects of division of labor in bees and that coordination of task performance with circadian rhythms is probably mediated by other regulatory systems. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Biosynchronization-; Development-; Endocrine-System (Chemical -Coordination-and-Homeostasis) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): immature-, mature- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: juvenile-hormone; methoprene-: hormone-drug, juvenile-hormone-analog RN CAS Registry Number (R): 40596-69-8: METHOPRENE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-differences; brood-care; circadian-rhythm; division-of-labor; genetic -variation; locomotion-; longevity-; ontogeny-; sun-compass-navigation AN Accession Number: 200300039385 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 53 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Biochemical and haematological studies of some solitary and social bee venoms. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Zalat-Samy {a}; Nabil-Zohour; Hussein-Aida; Rakha-Miran AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt, Egypt SO Source: Egyptian-Journal-of-Biology. [print] December 1999 1999; 1: 57-71. PY Publication Year: 1999 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1110-6859 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The protein pattern of the venoms of both Apis mellifera and Anthophora pauperata has been analysed using SDS-PAGE to clarify the structure and the degree of similarity of solitary bee venom to the most known social bee venom (Apis mellifera). The data showed that Apis mellifera venom contains eleven bands with molecular weights ranging from 108,000 to 2,000D while Anthophora pauperata venom contains eighteen bands with molecular weights ranging from 108,000 to 6,000D. Venoms of both species showed strong similarities sharing bands with molecular weights 108,000, 93,000, 49,000, 45,000, 8,000 and 6,000D. Anthophora pauperata venom is characterized by a number of bands with molecular weights 37,000, 32,000, 28,000, 25,000, 20,000, 17,000, 13,000 and 10,000D. While venom of Apis mellifera showed two unique bands with molecular weights 3,000 and 2,000D. The effect of the venom of these two species in addition to Bombus morrisoni venom on the blood indices (red blood cells count (RBCs), haemoglobin content (Hb), haematocrit value (HCT), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)) and erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) showed that there is no significant difference in the blood parameters measured. Whereas, a highly significant decrease in the plasma albumin level was determined in all bee venoms studied. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Blood-and-Lymphatics (Transport-and -Circulation); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Anthophora-pauperata (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Bombus -morrisoni (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: erythrocyte-: blood-and-lymphatics, osmotic-fragility; plasma-: blood-and -lymphatics; red-blood-cells: blood-and-lymphatics CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: albumin-; hemoglobin-; venom-: toxin- MQ Methods and Equipment: SDS-PAGE [SDS-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis]: electrophoretic -techniques, laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: blood-indices; venom-protein-pattern AN Accession Number: 200300035120 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 54 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Genomics and integrative analyses of division of labor in honeybee colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Robinson-Gene-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; E-Mail: generobi@life.uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: American-Naturalist. [print] December 2002 2002; 160 (6 Supplement): S160 -S172. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article-; Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-0147 LA Language: English AB Abstract: One approach to understanding proximate and evolutionary mechanisms of social behavior is to analyze mechanisms of neural and behavioral plasticity and their underlying genes. This article deals with such analyses in the honeybee Apis mellifera. The first part reviews the control of age-related division of labor in honeybee colonies with special attention to social, endocrine, and neurochemical factors. The second part reviews progress in studying changes in gene expression that are associated with division of labor, including a brief description of a genomics project that involves a set of 20,000 expressed sequence tags from the honeybee brain and cDNA microarrays for large-scale gene expression analysis. The article concludes by considering some of the general issues associated with studies of genes and social behavior in honeybees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cDNA- [complementary-DNA]; expressed-sequence-tags MQ Methods and Equipment: cDNA-microarray: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques; gene-expression -analysis: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques; integrative -analysis: mathematical-and-computer-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-plasticity; genomics-; honeybee-colony-division-of-labor: endocrine-factors, neurochemical-factors, social-factors; neural -plasticity; social-behavior: evolutionary-mechanisms, proximate-mechanisms AN Accession Number: 200300034949 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 55 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Deciding to learn: Modulation of learning flights in honeybees, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wei-C-A {a}; Rafalko-S-L; Dyer-F-C AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; E-Mail: weicynth@msu.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] October 2002 2002; 188 (9): 725-737. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Upon discovering new sources of food, honeybees and other insects perform learning flights to memorize visual landmarks that can guide their return. Learning flights are longest following initial visits to the food and subsequently decline in duration, which suggests that the investment in learning results from an active decision modulated by a bee's accumulating experience. We document various factors that influence this decision: (1) learning flights reappear when experienced bees encounter a delay in finding food at a familiar place and the durations of such "reorientation flights" increase with the length of the delay; (2) the decay in learning flight duration over visits following such reorientation flights is more rapid than following initial discovery of the food; (3) learning flight duration increases with the visual complexity of the scene surrounding the food, and when spatial relationships among landmarks are unstable; and (4) durations of learning flights at a new feeding place are influenced by the sucrose concentration in the food. Taken together, these experiments suggest that bees can adjust their learning efforts in response to changing needs for visual information and that both sources of spatial uncertainty and the quality of the food influence the value of such information. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: learning-flight; navigation-; visual-landmark-memorization AN Accession Number: 200300034755 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 56 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Significance of honeybee recruitment strategies depending on foraging distance (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Dornhaus-Anna {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Zoologie II, Universitaet Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Wuerzburg, Germany; E-Mail: dornhaus@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Entomologia-Generalis. [print] 2002; 26 (2): 93-100. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0171-8177 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The importance of the spatial information which is communicated in the Carnolian Race of the Western Honeybee, Apis mellifera carnica (Pollmann 1879) waggle dance relative to other cues used by bees in finding food sources was investigated. The efficiency of recruitment with and without transmission of direction information in the waggle dance was quantified using artificial, plentiful unscented food sources and hives which were turned to a horizontal position to disrupt orientation of dancing bees and thereby eliminate the spatial information from dances. Transmission of location information seems to improve recruitment effect particularly at large distances. Recruitment declines more rapidly with distance if dances are disoriented, and for large distances it takes a few hours before a foraging group is established. However, this shows that even without dance information, foragers manage to recruit some bees to their food source. This process, however, is so slow that by the time a group of recruits has reached the food source, it may not be worth exploiting any more. Transmission of spatial information thus is especially important if distant food sources which often change in nectar availability are exploited. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica [western-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: communication-; food-source; foraging-distance; recruitment-effort; recruitment-strategies; waggle-dance AN Accession Number: 200300034603 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 57 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: African bees to control African elephants. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Vollrath-Fritz {a}; Douglas-Hamilton-Iain AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK; E-Mail: fritz.vollrath@zoo.ox.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Naturwissenschaften-. [print] November 2002 2002; 89 (11): 508-511. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-1042 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Human-Ecology (Anthropology-); Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences); Wildlife -Management (Conservation-) ST Super Taxa: Elephantidae-: Proboscidea-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Spermatophyta-: Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-africana [African-bee] (Hymenoptera-): biological-control -agent; Loxodonta-africana [African-elephant] (Elephantidae-): protected -species; human- (Hominidae-); tree- (Spermatophyta-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Elephants-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Plants-; Primates-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants; Vertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: hive-; population-decline; survival-; vegetation-damage AN Accession Number: 200300034520 UD Update Code: 20030116 Record 58 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Detection of Paenibacillus larvae subspecies larvae spores in naturally infected bee larvae and artificially contaminated honey by PCR. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Piccini-Claudia {a}; D'-Alessandro-Bruno; Antunez-Karina; Zunino-Pablo AD Author Address: {a} Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas Clemente Estable, Avendia Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay; E -Mail: piccini@iibce.edu.uy, Uruguay SO Source: World-Journal-of-Microbiology-and-Biotechnology. [print] November 2002 2002; 18 (8): 761-765. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0959-3993 LA Language: English AB Abstract: American foulbrood (AFB), a severe bacterial disease of honeybee brood, has recently been found in Uruguayan apiaries. Detection of the causative agent, Paenibacillus larvae subspecies larvae, is a very important concern in order to prevent disease dissemination and decrease of honey production. Since spores are the infective forms of this pathogen, in the present work we report the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect P. l. subsp. larvae spores from in vitro cultures, larvae with clinical symptoms and experimentally contaminated honey. The set of primers was designed based on the published P. l. subsp. larvae 16S rRNA gene. Using this approach we could amplify the pathogen DNA and obtain a great sensitivity and a notable specificity. Detection limit for spore suspension was a 10-2 dilution of template DNA obtained from 32 spores, as determined by plate count. For artificially contaminated honey, we could detect the PCR product at a 10-3 dilution of template DNA obtained from 170 spores. In addition, when PCR conditions were set to improve specificity, we were able to amplify P. l. subsp. larvae DNA selectively and no cross-reactions were observed with a variety of related bacterial species, including P. l. subsp. pulvifaciens. Since spore detection is very important to confirm the presence of the disease, this method provides a reliable diagnosis of AFB from infected larvae and contaminated honey in a few hours. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Foods-; Infection-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Paenibacillus-larvae-ssp. -larvae (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): bee-pathogen, pathogen-, spore- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA-; rRNA- GE Geopolitical Location: Uruguay- (South-America, Neotropical-region) DS Diseases: American-foulbrood: bacterial-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: PCR- [polymerase-chain-reaction]: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiaries-; apiculture-; biotechnology-; disease-dissemination: prevention -methods; honey-: analysis-, artificially-contaminated, sugar-product; honey-production; methodology-; spore-detection: methodologies- AN Accession Number: 200300022191 UD Update Code: 20021230 Record 59 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Presence of chitinase in adult Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic mite of Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Colin-Marc {a}; Tchamitchian-Marc; Bonmatin-Jean-Marc; Di-Pasquale-Sylvie AD Author Address: {a} UMR INRA-UAPV "Ecologie des Invertebres", Site Agroparc, Domaine Saint -Paul, Avignon Cedex 9, 84914, France; E-Mail: colin@avignon.inra.fr, France SO Source: Experimental-and-Applied-Acarology. [print] 2001; 25 (12): 947-955. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0168-8162 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The enzyme spectrum of an ectoparasitic mite of the honeybee, Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman) was studied using a semi-quantitative method, especially designed for complex samples which have not been purified. Exopeptidases and phosphatases are shown present. A chitinase and enzymes able to transform beta carbohydrates are also present with a large range in the intensity of the reaction. The role of the chitinase can be related to the supply of nutritional needs or/and the piercing and sucking behaviour of the adult parasite. Chitinase activity could be one factor influencing the balance between the parasite and its host. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): adult-, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: chitinase- [EC-3.2.1.14]; exopeptidase-; phosphatase- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-06-3: CHITINASE; 9001-06-3: EC 3.2.1.14; 9031-96-3: EXOPEPTIDASE; 9013 -05-2: PHOSPHATASE AN Accession Number: 200300017558 UD Update Code: 20021230 Record 60 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: The elusive honey bee dance "language" hypothesis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wenner-Adrian-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; E-Mail: wenner@lifesci.ucsb.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Behavior. [print] November 2002 2002; 15 (6): 859-878. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0892-7553 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In the mid-1930s, Karl von Frisch proposed the equivalent of an odor-search hypothesis for honey bee recruitment to food sources. A decade later he switched to the equivalent of a "dance language" hypothesis (though he apparently did not consider his conclusions as hypotheses in either case). The later and more exotic hypothesis rapidly gained acceptance, but it failed its first experimental tests in the mid-1960s; searching recruits did not behave as von Frisch indicated they should under the language hypothesis. His earlier and more conservative odor-search hypothesis meshed better with results obtained in those test experiments. Language advocates then ignored basic precepts of scientific process, rejected and/or ignored results not in accord with their favored hypothesis, and instead repeatedly sought additional supportive evidence. While so doing, they inadvertently accumulated yet more evidence counter to von Frisch's original intent. By invoking ad hoc modifications and qualifications, advocates weakened, rather than strengthened, the hypothesis they continued to embrace. That strict adherence to the language hypothesis has had an unfortunate result; the exclusive investment in that line of research by various governmental agencies has failed to provide practical help to beekeepers or growers in the past half-century. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: dance-language-hypothesis; food-source-recruitment; odor-search-hypothesis AN Accession Number: 200300015755 UD Update Code: 20021230 Record 61 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: A non-policing honey bee colony (Apis mellifera capensis). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Beekman-Madeleine {a}; Good-Gregory; Allsopp-Mike-H; Radloff-Sarah; Pirk -Chris-W-W; Ratnieks-Francis-L-W AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield University, Sheffield, UK; E-Mail: mbeekman@bio.usyd.edu.au, UK SO Source: Naturwissenschaften-. [print] October 2002 2002; 89 (10): 479-482. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-1042 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In the Cape honey bee Apis mellifera capensis, workers lay female eggs without mating by thelytokous parthenogenesis. As a result, workers are as related to worker-laid eggs as they are to queen-laid eggs and therefore worker policing is expected to be lower, or even absent. This was tested by transferring worker-and queen-laid eggs into three queenright A. m. capensis discriminator colonies and monitoring their removal. Our results show that worker policing is variable in A. m. capensis and that in one colony worker-laid eggs were not removed. This is the first report of a non-policing queenright honey bee colony. DNA microsatellite and morphometric analysis suggests that the racial composition of the three discriminator colonies was different. The variation in policing rates could be explained by differences in degrees of hybridisation between A. m. capensis and A. m. scutellata, although a larger survey is needed to confirm this. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis (Hymenoptera-): egg-, female-, queen-, worker-; Apis-mellifera-scutellata (Hymenoptera-): egg-, female-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA-microsatellites MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-composition; hybridization-; mating-behavior; morphometry-; racial -composition; worker-policing AN Accession Number: 200300015611 UD Update Code: 20021230 Record 62 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Sperm competition and last-male precedence in the honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Franck-Pierre {a}; Solignac-Michel; Vautrin-Dominique; Cornuet-Jean-Marie; Koeniger-Gudrun; Koeniger-Nikolaus AD Author Address: {a} Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34988, CS30016, Saint-Gely-du-Fesc, France; E-Mail: franck@ensam.inra.fr, France SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] September 2002 2002; 64 (3): 503-509. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Five microsatellite loci were used to determine paternities in six Apis mellifera colonies headed by naturally mated queens. The last inseminating males were identified by collecting and genotyping the mating sign left in the genital tract of each queen. Significant differences in paternity frequencies were observed between males, but the proportion of worker and queen offspring sired by the last inseminating drone did not differ significantly from those of other drones. Each male kept his rank of precedence for the different cohorts, although the variance in subfamily proportions decreased over time, most notably in the colony displaying the lowest level of polyandry. These results suggest that, if sperm competition exists in the honeybee, it does not significantly increase the fitness of the last inseminating drone. The spermatozoa of the different inseminating drones are not totally mixed before they reach the spermatheca, in particular when only few males mate with the queen. The weak difference in the subfamily proportions observed between queen and worker samples confirms that nepotistic interactions are rare. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): drone-, female-, male-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: genital-tract: reproductive-system; sperm-: reproductive-system; spermatheca-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: microsatellite-loci MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: caste-differentiation; insemination-; last-male-precedence; mating -behavior; nepotistic-interactions; paternity-; polyandry-; sperm -competition AN Accession Number: 200300015541 UD Update Code: 20021230 Record 63 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: The inhibitory effect of propolis and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on cyclooxygenase activity in J774 macrophages. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Rossi-A; Ligresti-A; Longo-R; Russo-A; Borrelli-F; Sautebin-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy; E-Mail: sautebin@unina.it, Italy SO Source: Phytomedicine-Jena. [print] September 2002 2002; 9 (6): 530-535. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0944-7113 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The effect of an ethanolic extract of propolis, with and without CAPE, and some of its components on cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) activity in J774 macrophages has been investigated. COX-1 and COX-2 activity, measaured as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, were concentration -dependently inhibited by propolis (3X10-3-3X102 mugml-1) with an IC50 of 2.7 mugml-1 and 4.8X10-2 mugml-1, respectively. Among the compounds tested pinocembrin and caffeic, ferulic, cinnamic and chlorogenic acids did not affect the activity of COX isoforms. Conversely, CAPE (2.8X10-4-28 mugml -1; 10-9-10-4 M) and galangin (2.7X10-4-27 mugml-1; 10-9-10-4 M) were effective, the last being about ten-twenty times less potent. In fact the IC50 of CAPE for COX-1 and COX-2 were 4.4X10-1 mugml-1 (1.5X10-6 M) and 2X10-3 mugml-1 (6.3X10-9 M), respectively. The IC50 of galangin were 3.7 mugml-1 (15X10-6 M) and 3X10-2 mugml-1 (120X10-9 M), for COX-1 and COX-2 respectively. To better investigate the role of CAPE, we tested the action of the ethanolic extract of propolis deprived of CAPE, which resulted about ten times less potent than the extract with CAPE in the inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2, with an IC50 of 30 mugml-1 and 5.3X10-1 mugml-1, respectively. Moreover the comparison of the inhibition curves showed a significant difference (p<0.001). These results suggest that both CAPE and galangin contribute to the overall activity of propolis, CAPE being more effective. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Clinical-Immunology (Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); J774-cell-line (Muridae-): macrophage- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: macrophage-: blood-and-lymphatics, immune-system; propolis- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: caffeic-acid: enzyme-inhibitor-drug, immunologic-drug, pharmacodynamics-; caffeic-acid-phenethyl-ester: enzyme-inhibitor-drug, immunologic-drug, pharmacodynamics-; chlorogenic-acid: enzyme-inhibitor-drug, immunologic -drug, pharmacodynamics-; cinnamic-acid: enzyme-inhibitor-drug, immunologic-drug, pharmacodynamics-; cyclooxygenase-1; cyclooxygenase-2; ferulic-acid: enzyme-inhibitor-drug, immunologic-drug, pharmacodynamics-; galangin-: enzyme-inhibitor-drug, immunologic-drug, pharmacodynamics-; pinocembrin-: enzyme-inhibitor-drug, immunologic-drug, pharmacodynamics-; propolis-ethanolic-extract: antiinflammatory-drug, enzyme-inhibitor-drug, immunologic-drug, pharmacodynamics- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 331-39-5: CAFFEIC ACID; 104594-70-9: CAFFEIC ACID PHENETHYL ESTER; 327-97 -9: CHLOROGENIC ACID; 621-82-9: CINNAMIC ACID; 329967-85-3: CYCLOOXYGENASE -1; 329900-75-6: CYCLOOXYGENASE-2; 1135-24-6: FERULIC ACID; 548-83-4: GALANGIN; 480-39-7: PINOCEMBRIN AN Accession Number: 200300012657 UD Update Code: 20021211 Record 64 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Does invasion of exotic plants promote invasion of exotic flower visitors? A case study from the temperate forests of the southern Andes. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Morales-Carolina-L {a}; Aizen-Marcelo-A AD Author Address: {a} Laboratorio Ecotono, Universidad Nacional del Comahue and CONICET, Quintral 1250, 8400, Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina; E-Mail: cmorales@crub.uncoma.edu.ar, Argentina SO Source: Biological-Invasions. [print] 2002; 4 (1-2): 87-100. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1387-3547 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Habitat disturbance, particularly of human origin, promotes the invasion of exotic plants, which in turn might foster the invasion of alien -interacting animals. Here we assess whether the invasion of exotic plants - mostly mediated by habitat disturbance - facilitates the invasion of exotic flower visitors in temperate forests of the southern Andes, Argentina. We recorded visit frequencies and the identity of visitors to the flowers of 15 native and 15 exotic plant species occurring in different highly disturbed and less disturbed habitats. We identified three alien flower visitors, the hymenopterans Apis mellifera, Bombus ruderatus, and Vespula germanica. We found significantly more visitation by exotic insects in disturbed habitats. This pattern was explained, at least in part, by the association between alien flower visitors and flowers of exotic plants, which occurred more frequently in disturbed habitats. However, this general pattern masked different responses between the two main alien flower visitors. Apis mellifera exploited almost exclusively the flowers of a subset of herbaceous exotic plants that thrive under disturbance, whereas B. ruderatus visited equally flowers of both exotic and native plants in both disturbed and undisturbed habitats. We did not find any strong evidence that flowers of exotic plants were more generalist than those of native plants, or that exotic flower visitors were more generalist than their native counterparts. Our results suggest that alien plant species could facilitate the invasion of at least some exotic flower visitors to disturbed habitats. Because flowering plants as well as flower visitors benefit from this mutualism, this association may enhance, through a positive feedback, successful establishment of both exotic partners. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Angiospermae-: Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): alien-species, exotic-species, pollinator-; Bombus-ruderatus (Hymenoptera-): alien-species, exotic-species, pollinator -; Vespula-germanica (Hymenoptera-): alien-species, exotic-species, pollinator-; flowering-plant (Angiospermae-): alien-species, exotic -species; herbaceous-plant (Angiospermae-): alien-species, exotic-species TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Andes- (South-America, Neotropical-region); Argentina- (South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biological-invasions; ecological-generalization; facilitation-; flower -visitation; habitat-disturbance; mutualism-; plant-pollinator -interactions; temperate-forests AN Accession Number: 200300005082 UD Update Code: 20021211 Record 65 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Nonelemental visual learning in honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Schubert-Marco; Lachnit-Harald; Francucci-Silvia; Giurfa-Martin {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Cognition Animale, Universite Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France; E-Mail: giurfa@cict.fr, France SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] August 2002 2002; 64 (2): 175-184. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Free-flying honeybees, Apis mellifera, learn visual stimuli in the appetitive context of food search. Visual compound stimuli are relevant in nautre as bees learn flower images that consist of many visual elements. We studied whether elemental associations between each visual element and the reinforcement (elemental approach) are enough to explain the solving of visual discrimination problems that raise ambiguity at the elemental level. We asked whether bees could solve three different visual discriminations: (1) positive patterning (A-, B-, AB+); (2) negative patterning (A+, B+, AB-); and (3) biconditional discrimination (AB+, CD+, AC-, BD-). In experiments 1 and 2 bees had to discriminate a yellow-violet chequerboard from the yellow or the violet squares alone. In experiment 3, four different gratings combining one colour (yellow or violet) with one orientation (vertical or horizontal) had to be discriminated. In all three problems binary compounds were trained in such a way that each element appeared equally often as rewarded and nonrewarded. Bees could solve the three discrimination problems. They always chose the reinforced stimulus despite ambiguity at the level of the elements. For solving positive patterning, elemental processing could be used. For negative patterning and biconditional discrimination, nonelemental processing strategies (unique-cue or configural approach) are necessary to account for these results. Although we cannot decide between a configural and a unique-cue interpretation, we can clearly reject purely elemental processing in these cases. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biconditional-discrimination; food-search; negative-patterning; nonelemental-visual-learning; positive-patterning; reinforcement-; visual -discrimination AN Accession Number: 200300000983 UD Update Code: 20021211 Record 66 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Genotype and rearing environment affect honeybee perception and foraging behaviour. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pankiw-Tanya {a}; Tarpy-David-R; Page-Robert-E AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA; E-Mail: t-pankiw@tamu.edu, USA SO Source: Animal-Behaviour. [print] October 2002 2002; 64 (4): 663-672. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-3472 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We tested the effects of larval and preforaging rearing environment on the foraging behaviour and sucrose response thresholds of honeybees, Apis mellifera L., derived from high and low pollen-hoarding strains. Bees were reared as larvae and as preforaging adults in colonies containing high and low pollen-hoarding strains, then cofostered in unrelated common wild-type colonies from which to forage. Genotype, but not rearing environment, had strong effects on the likelihood to forage for pollen or nectar, the size of pollen or nectar load, and the concentration of sugar in the nectar they collected. Genotype and rearing environment affected adult wet weights and sucrose concentration response threshold, as measured with the proboscis extension response assay. Bees from the high pollen-hoarding strain were more sensitive to conditions of the rearing environment than were bees of the low strain. High- and low-strain bees produced different colony environments that affected developmental, behavioural and physical traits of the individuals they reared. This demonstrates how genotype and colony environment correlate and affect phenotype. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Genetics- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sucrose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUCROSE MQ Methods and Equipment: proboscis-extension-response-assay: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-behavior; genotype-; nectar-; phenotype-; pollen-; rearing -environment; sucrose-response-threshold; wet-weight AN Accession Number: 200300000980 UD Update Code: 20021211 Record 67 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2003/01-2003/04 TI Title: Group effect on longevity of Africanized honeybee workers (Apis mellifera L.) maintained without queen in laboratory conditions. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Betioli-Julio-V {a}; Chaud-Netto-Jose AD Author Address: {a} Centro Universitario Herminio Ometto, 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil, Brazil SO Source: Naturalia-Rio-Claro. [print] 2001; 26: 265-275. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0101-1944 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The longevity of Africanized honeybee workers (Apis mellifera L.) in laboratory conditions was evaluated. Bees from 12 colonies were placed into wooden boxes by groups of 10 to 50 individuals, and maintained in a room under controlled environmental conditions. The workers received candy and water which was renovated daily. A significant interaction between group size and workers source was detected. The mean longevity values recorded for numerically distinct groups from the same colony origin varied from colony to colony (genetic effect). No significant difference of longevity among groups of 20, 30, 40 and 50 individuals was detected. The worst group for experiments on honeybee longevity in laboratory, according to the method used in this research and considering the time wasted to mark the worker bees and to prepare the groups, was that formed by 10 bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Aging-; Evolution-and-Adaptation ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): Africanized-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: confinement-; genetic-effects; group-effects; group-size; laboratory -conditions; longevity- AN Accession Number: 200300000001 UD Update Code: 20021211 Record 68 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Microsatellite analysis of non-migratory colonies of Apis mellifera iberica from south-eastern Spain. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-la-Rua-P {a}; Galian-J; Serrano-J; Moritz-R-F-A AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidad de Murcia, 30071, Apdo. 4021, Murcia; E-Mail: pdelarua@um.es, Spain SO Source: Journal-of-Zoological-Systematics-and-Evolutionary-Research. [print] September, 2002; 40 (3): 164-168. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell.de/jzs.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0947-5745 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Forty-five unmanaged honeybee colonies from the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula (Apis mellifera iberica) were selected for analysing their genetic structure using eight microsatellite loci. These colonies were not subjected to management for queen replacement, rearing or migratory movements and previous studies showed that they had mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of African origin. Six of the microsatellite loci show intermediate levels of polymorphism with a total number of alleles detected per locus ranging from 4 to 10. Microsatellite data relate these Iberian populations to the African A. m. intermissa, although the presence of some alleles and the observed heterozygosity are characteristic of the European A. m. mellifera, thus corroborating the postulated hybrid origin of A. m. iberica. The results suggest that no recent introgression from Africa has happened and that the populations of A. m. iberica are differentiated in many demes. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-intermissa (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Apis-millifera-iberica (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: microsatellite-loci; mitochondrial-DNA GE Geopolitical Location: Spain- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: microsatellite-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: heterozygosity-; migratory-movements; queen-replacement AN Accession Number: 200200360375 UD Update Code: 20021127 Record 69 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Behavioural methods to assess the effects of pesticides on honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pham-Delegue-Minh-Ha {a}; Decourtye-Axel; Kaiser-Laure; Devillers-James AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, INRA, 91440, BP 23, Bures-sur-Yvette; E-Mail: pham@jouy.inra.fr, France SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] September-October, 2002; 33 (5): 425-432. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.edpsciences.org/docinfos/INRA-APIDO PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We reported on the use of experimental procedures dealing with these behavioural skills in the assessment of pesticide effects. The relevance of the following methods are discussed: (1) use of automatic activity counters set at the hive entrance to establish the balance between outgoing and incoming worker bees; (2) observation of the homing flights of bees; (3) the analysis of the information encoded in the dances of returning foragers; and (4) recording of the conditioned proboscis extension response on restrained bees to evaluate individual learning performances involved in foraging behaviour. These behavioural assays could be developed for sublethal toxicity assessment. However, careful validation of the tests is needed before being used in a routine evaluation procedure. At a minimum, they are valuable tools to understand the mechanisms underlying insecticide toxicity. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Methods-and-Techniques; Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): nontarget-organism, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: proboscis-: dental-and-oral-system, extension- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: pesticides- MQ Methods and Equipment: automatic-activity-counter: field-equipment MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-assays; behavioral-skills; conditioned-responses; ecotoxicology -; foraging-behavior; homing-flight; individual-learning-performance; proboscis-extension; risk-assessment; sublethal-toxicity AN Accession Number: 200200359452 UD Update Code: 20021127 Record 70 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Parasitism in the social bee Apis mellifera: Quantifying costs and benefits of behavioral resistance to Varroa destructor mites. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Vandame-Remy {a}; Morand-Serge; Colin-Marc-E; Belzunces-Luc-P AD Author Address: {a} Proyecto 'Abejas de Chiapas', ECOSUR (El Colegio de la Frontera Sur), 30700, Apdo. postal 36, Tapachula, Chiapas; E-Mail: rvandame@tap -ecosur.edu.mx, Mexico SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] September-October, 2002; 33 (5): 433-445. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.edpsciences.org/docinfos/INRA-APIDO PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The case of a host-parasite relationship may provide a good model to evaluate the costs and benefits of some behaviors, an area in which field data a currently lacking. European (EHB) and Africanized (AHB) honey bees are two Apis mellifera subspecies that coexist in Mexico, the former highly compatible with Varroa destructor, the latter less compatible. Here we examine two mechanisms that could explain the low compatibility between AHB and V. destructor in Mexico: (1) grooming behavior appeared significantly more intensive in AHB colonies, but was nevertheless ineffective; (2) EHB removed 8.03% of the infested brood, while AHB removed 32.46%, especially between 5 and 7 days post-capping. Though the cost of removing infested brood was not different between subspecies, the result, in terms of the amount of removed infested brood, was significantly higher for AHB. For both bees, there is thus a real cost, since removing a pupa results in a lower number of adult bees. We discuss the possibility that the removal of infested brood corresponds with a threshold above which the cost of removal becomes greater than the benefit. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): Africanized-, European-, adult-, host-, pupa -; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Mexico- (North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-resistance: benefits-, costs-; grooming-behavior; host-parasite -relationships; parasitism-; subspecific-differences AN Accession Number: 200200359371 UD Update Code: 20021127 Record 71 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Effects of ingestion of a biotin-binding protein on adult and larval honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Malone-Louise-A {a}; Tregidga-Emma-L; Todd-Jacqui-H; Burgess-Elisabeth-P-J; Philip-Bruce-A; Markwick-Ngaire-P; Poulton-Joanne; Christeller-John-T; Lester-Melissa-T; Gatehouse-Heather-S AD Author Address: {a} Mt Albert Research Centre, Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland; E-Mail: LMalone@hortresearch.co.nz, New Zealand SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] September-October, 2002; 33 (5): 447-458. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.edpsciences.org/docinfos/INRA-APIDO PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The insecticidal properties of biotin-binding proteins (BBPs) have recently been exploited in transgenic plants. As BBPs have a broad spectrum of insect toxicity, their potential impacts on non-target insects such as honey bees need to be assessed. In this study, the effects of feeding a purified BBP, avidin, to honey bee larvae and adults were determined. A realistic larval dosing regime was developed by estimating the pollen content of brood food in the field and adding avidin to artificial diet at rates that simulated the presence of avidin-expressing transgenic pollen in brood food. Larval survival and development were unaffected by avidin in assays which simulated larvae receiving pollen expressing 0, 4 or 40 muM avidin at concentrations of 164 mug pollen per mg food for the first 2 days and 880 mug pollen per mg food thereafter. Food consumption and survival of adult bees were also unaffected by avidin added to pollen -candy at levels corresponding to pollen expression of 0, 6.7 or 20 muM avidin. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): adult-, larva-, nontarget-organism; plant- (Plantae-): transgenic- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: avidin-: insecticide-; biotin-binding-protein: ingestion- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-food; food-consumption; larval-Development; survival-; toxicity- AN Accession Number: 200200355347 UD Update Code: 20021127 Record 72 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Honeybee colonies achieve fitness through dancing. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sherman-Gavin; Visscher-P-Kirk {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521; E-Mail: visscher@mail.ucr.edu, USA SO Source: Nature-London. [print] 31 October, 2002; 419 (6910): 920-922. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.nature.com/nature/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Letter- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-0836 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The honeybee dance language, in which foragers perform dances containing information about the distance and direction to food sources, is the quintessential example of symbolic communication in non-primates. The dance language has been the subject of controversy, and of extensive research into the mechanisms of acquiring, decoding and evaluating the information in the dance. The dance language has been hypothesized, but not shown, to increase colony food collection. Here we show that colonies with disoriented dances (lacking direction information) recruit less effectively to syrup feeders than do colonies with oriented dances. For colonies foraging at natural sources, the direction information sometimes increases food collected, but at other times it makes no difference. The food-location information in the dance is presumably important when food sources are hard to find, variable in richness and ephemeral. Recruitment based simply on arousal of foragers and communication of floral odour, as occurs in honeybees, bumble bees and some stingless bees, can be equally effective under other circumstances. Clarifying the condition-dependent payoffs of the dance language provides new insight into its function in honeybee ecology. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Sensory-Reception; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology -, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-florea (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: dance-language; floral-odor; food-source-location; symbolic-communication AN Accession Number: 200200355174 UD Update Code: 20021127 Record 73 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Side-specificity of olfactory learning in the honeybee: US input side. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sandoz-Jean-Christophe {a}; Hammer-Martin; Menzel-Randolf AD Author Address: {a} Ethologie et Cognition Animale, Universite Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 04; E-Mail: sandoz@cict.fr, France SO Source: Learning-and-Memory-Cold-Spring-Harbor. [print] September-October, 2002; 9 (5): 337-348. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.learnmem.org PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1072-0502 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In honeybees, Apis mellifera L., the proboscis extension reflex (PER) can be conditioned by associating an odor stimulus (CS) with a sucrose reward (US). As the neural structures involved in the detection and integration of CS and US are bilaterally symmetrical in the bee brain, we ask what respective role each brain side plays in the conditioning process. More specifically, the US normally used in conditioning experiments is the compound stimulation of the antennae (which triggers the PER) and of the proboscis (where bees lick the sucrose solution). Anatomically, the brain receives unilateral US input through each antenna, but bilateral input from the proboscis. By controlling each US component, we show that an antenna-US produces unilateral sensitization, whereas a proboscis-US or a compound-US induces bilateral sensitization. Bees can learn a unilateral odor CS with all three USs, but when a proboscis-US is used, new learning is inhibited on the contralateral side, owing to a possible US-preexposure effect. Furthermore, we show that the antenna-US induces both unilateral and bilateral reinforcement processes, whereas the proboscis-US produces only bilateral effects. Based on these data, we propose a functional model of the role of each brain side in processing lateralized CSs and USs in olfactory learning in honeybees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Sensory-Reception ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: proboscis-: extension-reflex MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: associative-memory; odor-stimulus; olfactory-learning: side-specificity; sucrose-reward AN Accession Number: 200200353357 UD Update Code: 20021127 Record 74 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Respiration rates in eggs of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mackasmiel-Lucas-A-M {a}; Fell-Richard-D {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 125-135. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Respiration rates in queen-laid and worker-laid eggs of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, were determined for the 3 days of embryonic development. Respiration was quantified by measuring the amount of CO2 produced during 13 h of artificial incubation at four temperature treatments: 28degreeC, 31degreeC, 34degreeC, 36degreeC (+- 0.5degreeC). The mean respiration rates for fertilized and unfertilized eggs from queens were 140.3 +- 4.0 and 141.2 +- 12.2 nl CO2/h/egg, respectively. The mean respiration rate for unfertilized eggs from laying workers was 125.1 +- 6.3 nl CO2/h/egg. Mortality results, as indicated by pre-emergence embryos, showed that 75% developed at 34degreeC compared to 37.5% at 36degreeC. Low temperatures of 28degreeC and 31degreeC had 12.5% and 50% embryos developing to pre -emergence stage, respectively. Respiration results showed significant differences (P = 0.05) between the different days of incubation and temperature treatments, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the fertilized eggs and unfertilized eggs from queens at the same temperature treatment. The comparison of unfertilized eggs from queens and those from laying workers also showed no significant difference. When CO2 output on all the days and temperature treatments were compared, a significant regression (R2 = 0.645) was obtained (P = 0.05). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproductive-System (Reproduction-); Respiration- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: carbon-dioxide RN CAS Registry Number (R): 124-38-9: CARBON DIOXIDE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: fertilization-; incubation-; mortality-; respiration-rates; temperature- AN Accession Number: 200200351179 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 75 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Egg activation and timing of sperm acceptance by an egg in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sasaki-K {a}; Obara-Y {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Ethology, Department of Veterinary and Medical Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509; E -Mail: sasaki@cc.tuat.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2002; 49 (3): 234-240. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.birkhauser.ch/journals/4000/4000_tit.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Mechanical stresses by a narrow glass capillary were applied to unfertilized eggs of honeybees to determine whether the removal of meiotic blocks of the eggs could be caused by simple mechanical stimuli. The treated eggs developed into the anaphase of the first meiotic division at 15 min after treatment, whereas the untreated eggs remained arrested at the metaphase of the first meiotic division. The results of histological examination of the common oviduct showed that its inner widths were sufficiently narrow to cause the distortion of eggs passing through it. The distorted eggs could be fertilized and develop into diploid embryos if they were exposed to the semen immediately (within 30 sec) after egg distortion. However, this would not happen if the distorted eggs were exposed to semen later (30 min). The eggs exposed to the semen but not given mechanical stimuli could initiate the embryonic development with diploid chromosomes. The interval between mechanical distortion and sperm acceptance by eggs in vitro is compatible with that of natural oviposition of fertilized eggs by honeybee queens. These results suggest that egg activation by mechanical stresses in the common oviduct is valid for the natural oviposition in honeybees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): egg- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: semen-: reproductive-system; sperm-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: egg-activation; mechanical-stresses; oviposition-; timing- AN Accession Number: 200200351037 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 76 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Sub-lethal injection of honeybee venom decreased the levels of endogenously present substances in organs of mice. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Lipps-B-V {a} AD Author Address: {a} Ophidia Products Inc., 11320 South Post Oak, Suite 203, Houston, TX, 77035; E-Mail: bvl@ophidia.com, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Venomous-Animals-and-Toxins. [online] 2002; 8 (2 Cited September 23, 2002): No Pagination URLJ Journal URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0104 -7930&lng=en&nrm=iso PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0104-7930 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Pharmacological substances such as adenosine deaminase (ADA), collagen, histamine, IgE, myoglobin, and nerve growth factor (NGF) are endogenously present in animals. Research from this laboratory reported decreased levels of ADA, histamine, IgE, and NGF in organs of mice injected with sub -lethal doses of cobra venom. The goal of this research is to observe the levels of ADA, collagen, histamine, IgE, myoglobin, and NGF in certain organs of mice injected with venom from the bee Apis mellifera. Adult Balb/c female mice IM injected with half lethal dose of bee venom were sacrificed after 2 and 8 hours for removal of organs. The homogenates of the organs were assayed by ELISA for ADA, collagen, histamine, IgE, myoglobin, and NGF using respective antisera. Organs from mice injected with PBS were used as controls. It was observed that there were decreased levels of ADA, collagen, histamine, IgE, myoglobin, and NGF in certain organs after 2 h and tremendous decrease after 8 h. This is the first report showing the pharmacokinetics of ADA, collagen, histamine, IgE, myoglobin, and NGF as consequence of honeybee envenomation. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); mouse- (Muridae-): adult-, female-, strain -Balb/c TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Apis-mellifera-venom; adenosine-deaminase: endogenous-substance; collagen-: endogenous-substance; histamine-: endogenous-substance; honeybee-venom: antidote-drug, pharmacodynamics-, sub-lethal-injection; immunoglobulin-E: endogenous-substance; myoglobin-: endogenous-substance; nerve-growth -factor: endogenous-substance; organ-based-endogenously-present-substances RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9026-93-1Q: ADENOSINE DEAMINASE; 152166-55-7Q: ADENOSINE DEAMINASE; 214692 -96-3Q: ADENOSINE DEAMINASE; 51-45-6: HISTAMINE; 9061-61-4: NERVE GROWTH FACTOR AN Accession Number: 200200350000 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 77 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Anti-inflammatory activity of propolis extracts: A review. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-Almeida-E-C {a}; Menezes-H AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Ciencias Medicas e da Saude, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, Campus de Dourados, 79804-970, Caixa Postal 533, Dourados, MS; E-Mail: soddio@zipmail.com.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Venomous-Animals-and-Toxins. [online] 2002; 8 (2 Cited September 23, 2002): No Pagination URLJ Journal URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0104 -7930&lng=en&nrm=iso PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0104-7930 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Since primeval times, the inflammatory process has been described in many different ways. Several anti-inflammatory therapies have been used in different biological models. However, in a recent "back to nature move", modern man is searching for natural products with medicinal properties, particularly those obtained from plants and bees. Propolis has been used in folk medicine for a very long time. The many compounds present in propolis require investigation. Physical-chemical analysis studies have not sufficiently established quality standards of propolis containing products. These standards should depend especially on their different pharmacological activities. There are few studies reporting on the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of propolis containing products. It is necessary to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of commercial products containing propolis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Nervous-System (Neural -Coordination); Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Animalia-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [bee-] (Hymenoptera-); animal- (Animalia-): experimental -models; human- (Hominidae-): patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: natural-products; neuropeptides-; propolis-extract: anti-inflammatory -activity, folk-medicine, physical-chemical-analysis; propolis-commercial -products; propolis-containing-products GE Geopolitical Location: Brazil- (South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: inflammation- AN Accession Number: 200200349998 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 78 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Parasitic Cape honey bee workers (Apis mellifera capensis) are not given differential treatment by African guards (A. m. scutellata). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Beekman-M {a}; Wossler-T-C; Martin-S-J {a}; Ratnieks-F-L-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield University, Sheffield; E-Mail: mbeekman@bio.usyd.edu.au, UK SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2002; 49 (3): 216-220. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.birkhauser.ch/journals/4000/4000_tit.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Workers of the Cape honey bee Apis mellifera capensis started to parasitize the African honey bee A. m. scutellata after being introduced into Gauteng (former Northern Transvaal Province) from its native territory, the Cape Province. The A. m. capensis strain that is parasitic has at least two traits that make it a serious pest of the native African bee colonies: workers rapidly develop their ovaries when in a non-capensis colony even when a queen is present, and worker-laid eggs are not killed by worker policing. Here we investigate whether A. m. capensis workers also have special mechanisms to circumvent the guard bees of A. m. scutellata thereby aiding their horizontal transmission between infected and non -infected colonies. We studied the acceptance of non-nestmate A. m. capensis and A. m. scutellata bees by guards of African bee colonies by introducing them to the hive entrance of A. m. scutellata colonies. We used 2 A. m. scutellata discriminator colonies that were both split into a queenright and a queenless portion. Our results suggest that invading workers of A. m. capensis have no special mechanisms to circumvent the African guards. Neither race of the introduced bee nor presence or absence of the queen in the guarding colony affected the proportion of introduced workers accepted. When pooled, 15% of introduced A. m. capensis and 18% of A. m. scutellata non-nestmate workers were accepted by African guards. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Parasitology-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [Cape-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): parasite-; Apis -mellifera-scutellata [African-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: mandibular-gland-pheromones GE Geopolitical Location: Gauteng- (South-Africa, Africa-, Ethiopian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: guard-bees AN Accession Number: 200200348753 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 79 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Genome-wide analysis of the odorant-binding protein gene family in Drosophila melanogaster. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hekmat-Scafe-Daria-S {a}; Scafe-Charles-R; McKinney-Aimee-J; Tanouye-Mark-A AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, Division of Insect Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720; E-Mail: daria@nature.berkeley.edu, USA SO Source: Genome-Research. [print] September, 2002; 12 (9): 1357-1369. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.genome.org/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1088-9051 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Olfaction is of considerable importance to many insects in behaviors critical for survival and reproduction, including location of food sources, selection of mates, recognition of colony con-specifics, and determination of oviposition sites. An ubiquitous, but poorly understood, component of the insect's olfactory system is a group of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) that are present at high concentrations in the aqueous lymph surrounding the dendrites of olfactory receptor neurons. OBPs are believed to shuttle odorants from the environment to the underlying odorant receptors, for which they could potentially serve as odorant presenters. Here we show that the Drosophila genome carries 51 potential OBP genes, a number comparable to that of its odorant-receptor genes. We find that the majority (73%) of these OBP-like genes occur in clusters of as many as nine genes, in contrast to what has been observed for the Drosophila odorant-receptor genes. Two of the presumptive OBP gene clusters each carries an odorant-receptor gene. We also report an intriguing subfamily of 12 putative OBPs that share a unique C-terminal structure with three conserved cysteines and a conserved proline. Members of this subfamily have not previously been described for any insect. We have performed phylogenetic analyses of the OBP-related proteins in Drosophila as well as other insects, and we discuss the duplication and divergence of the genes for this large family. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Genetics-; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Heteroptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Ceratitis-capitata [Mediterranean-fruit-fly] (Diptera-); Lygus-lineolaris (Heteroptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: dendrite-: nervous-system; olfactory-receptor-neuron: nervous-system, sensory-system; olfactory-system: sensory-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cysteines-: conserved-; odorant-receptors; odorant-binding-proteins [OBPs -]; proline-: conserved- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 52-90-4Q: CYSTEINES; 3374-22-9Q: CYSTEINES; 147-85-3Q: PROLINE; 609-36-9Q: PROLINE MQ Methods and Equipment: genome-wide-analysis: analytical-method, genetic-method; phylogenetic -analyses: analytical-method, genetic-method; polymerase-chain-reaction [PCR-]: DNA-amplification, DNA-amplification-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: reproduction-; survival- AN Accession Number: 200200342627 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 80 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Determining the time delay of honey bee (Apis mellifera) foraging response to hourly pollen release in a typical pollen flower (Cistus salvifolius). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nansen-Christian {a}; Korie-Samuel {a} AD Author Address: {a} International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), BP 08-0932, Cotonou, Benin SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 93-101. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We estimated pollen release from hourly stamen samples of a typical pollen flower, Cistus salvifolius, and determined the daily pollen presentation schedule. Half-hourly honey bee (Apis mellifera) pollen foraging on C. salvifolius varied significantly within and between days even though data were only collected on clear sunny days. We found that flower observations varied between flower patches of a very restricted area. We fitted a simple linear model to half-hourly pollen foraging and used the model to predict observed pollen release. For each day, we calculated the optimal time delay between pollen foraging and pollen release. For 9 out of 10 days the time delay was between 28 min and 60 min. The average pollen foraging was about 44 min time delayed compared to average hourly pollen release. Incorporating the time delay in the pollen foraging model to predict pollen release for each of the 10 days, we found a non-significant difference between observed and predicted hourly pollen release for all days. We therefore suggest that pollen foraging of honey bees is determined by the pollen availability and that monitoring of hourly pollen release in entomophilous flowers may be done through simple observations of pollinator foraging. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Cistaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Cistus-salvifolius (Cistaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-response; linear-model; optimal-time-delay; pollen-availability; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200200341940 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 81 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Honeybee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae), leaf damage on Alnus species in Uganda: A blessing or curse in agroforestry? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nyeko-P {a}; Edwards-Jones-G; Day-R-K AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala; E-Mail: nyeko@forest.mak.ac.ug, Uganda SO Source: Bulletin-of-Entomological-Research. [print] October, 2002; 92 (5): 405-412. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.cabi-publishing.org/JOURNALS/BER/index.asp PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0007-4853 LA Language: English AB Abstract: It is a dictum that Apis mellifera Linnaeus is innocuous in agricultural ecosystems. This study provides the first record of A. mellifera as a significant defoliator of Alnus species. Careful field observations coupled with microscopic examination provided convincing evidence implicating A. mellifera as the cause of leaf perforation on Alnus species in Uganda. Apis mellifera was observed foraging selectively on young Alnus leaves and buds in search of a sticky substance, apparently propolis. In so doing, the bee created wounds that enlarged and caused tattering of Alnus leaves as they matured. Biological surveys indicated that the damage was prevalent and occurred widely, particularly on Alnus acuminata Kunth in Uganda. Incidence of the Apis mellifera damage on Alnus acuminata peaked in the dry season, with up to 90% of leaves emerging per shoot per month damaged, and was lowest in the wet months during peak leaf emergence. Apis mellifera leaf damage was consistently higher on Alnus acuminata than A. nepalensis D. Don., on saplings than mature trees, and on sun exposed than shaded leaves. The activity of honeybees may be detrimental to the productivity of Alnus, yet the substance for which the insect forages on Alnus is a resource with potential economic importance. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Forestry-; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Betulaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Alnus-acuminata (Betulaceae-): plantation-crop; Alnus-nepalensis (Betulaceae-): plantation-crop; Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: leaf- GE Geopolitical Location: Uganda- (Africa-, Ethiopian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: agricultural-ecosystems; agroforestry-; defoliation-; economic -implications; leaf-damage; leaf-emergence AN Accession Number: 200200341450 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 82 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Heating adult honey bees to remove Varroa jacobsoni. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Harbo-John-R {a} AD Author Address: {a} ARS, Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, USDA, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70820, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 181-182. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, commercial-species; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- AN Accession Number: 200200341442 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 83 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Effectiveness of formic acid on varroa mortality in capped brood cells of Africanized honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Calderon-R-A {a}; Ortiz-R-A {a}; Arce-H-G {a}; van-Veen-J-W; Quan-J AD Author Address: {a} Centro de Investigaciones Apicolas Tropicales, Universidad Nacional, Apdo. 475-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 177-179. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Varroa -jacobsoni (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Apistan-: acaricide-; formic-acid: acaricide- GE Geopolitical Location: Costa-Rica (Central-America, Neotropical-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 69409-94-5: APISTAN; 64-18-6: FORMIC ACID AN Accession Number: 200200341440 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 84 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The effects of azadirachtin on the parasitic mite, Varroa jacobsoni and its host honey bee (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Peng-Christine-Y-S {a}; Trinh-Son; Lopez-Julio-E; Mussen-Eric-C; Hung-A; Chuang-Ronald AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616; E -Mail: cyspeng@ucdavis.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 159-168. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We conducted a series of experiments under laboratory conditions to evaluate the feasibility of using a neem-based (Azadirachta indica) insecticide to control varroa (Varroa jacobsoni). The experiments included studies of anti-feeding effects of azadirachtin, the active ingredient of neem-based insecticides, on adult worker honey bees (Apis mellifera); toxicity of azadirachtin to adult workers, worker larvae and associated mites; and the effects of azadirachtin on female V. jacobsoni reproduction. Both commercially formulated and purified azadirachtin were used in the experiments. The results of adult feeding experiments showed that azadirachtin significantly reduced syrup consumption by worker bees (P < 0.05) and exhibited a dose response in mortality: with an oral LC50 of 10.87 mug/ml in mite-free bees, 13.69 mug/ml in mite-infested bees, and 41.87 mug/ml for associated mites. The topical LC50 of azadirachtin was 12.53 mug/ml in mite-free bees, 12.31 mug/ml in mite-infested bees, and 35.43 mug/ml in the associated mites. The results of larval feeding experiments showed that worker larvae were more sensitive to azadirachtin than adult worker bees: exhibiting an LC50 of 180.92 ng/ml to purified azadirachtin and 100.13 ng/ml to formulated azadirachtin. More than 90% of treated, normal-appearing, white prepupae and pupae showed precocious and abnormal pigmentation on their mouthparts and other appendages. LC50's of topical applications of formulated azadirachtin were 104.91, 99.12 and 171.37 ng/ml for mite-free worker larvae, miteinoculated larvae and associated mites, respectively. In addition, feeding host larvae with azadirachtin significantly reduced the fecundity of mother mites (P < 0.001) as well as egg hatching rate (P < 0.001). However, more research is needed to evaluate the reproductive effects of azadirachtin on drones, queens, and varroa under hive conditions. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Meliaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Azadirachta -indica (Meliaceae-): biological-control-agent; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina -): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: azadirachtin-: pesticide- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 11141-17-6: AZADIRACHTIN MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mortality- AN Accession Number: 200200341438 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 85 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Suitability of culture media for the production of ascospores and maintenance of Ascosphaera apis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ruffinengo-S {a}; Pena-N-I; Clemente-G {a}; Palacio-M-A {a}; Escande-A {a} AD Author Address: {a} Unidad Integrada, INTA-UNMP, 7620, CC276, Balcarce, Argentina SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 143-148. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Various preparations of culture media were used to study their suitability for the production of ascospores and the maintenance of two sexually compatible local isolates of putative Ascosphaera apis (causative agent of chalkbrood) obtained from white honey bee mummies. Morphometric analysis and characterization of the isolates showed that the local isolates were A. apis. Malt yeast with 20% dextrose agar (MY20) was the most suitable medium for ascospore production. Based on mycelium aging, integral rice kernel (IRK) medium was the best for the maintenance of A. apis isolates. Spore-cyst size was the main morphometric feature affected by culture medium. IRK medium induced the development of larger spore cysts. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Ascosphaera -apis (Ascomycetes-): ascospores-, pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- MQ Methods and Equipment: morphometric-analysis: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: integral-rice-kernel-medium; spore-cyst-size AN Accession Number: 200200341436 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 86 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: PCR detection of Kashmir bee virus in honey bee excreta. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hung-A-C-F {a} AD Author Address: {a} Bee Research Laboratory, USDA, Bldg 476, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 103-106. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Using direct RT-PCR, Kashmir bee virus (KBV) was detected in the faecal material of worker and queen honey bees (Apis mellifera). This occurrence implies that KBV could be transmitted horizontally in bee colonies without involving the suspected mite vector, Varroa jacobsoni. The molecular techniques described in this study can be used to certify KBV-free queens sold to beekeepers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Nodaviridae-: Animal -Viruses, Viruses-, Microorganisms- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-, queen-, worker-; Kashmir -bee-virus (Nodaviridae-): pathogen-; Varroa-jacobsoni (Acarina-): disease -vector TN Taxa Notes: Animal-Viruses; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Viruses- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: feces-: digestive-system MQ Methods and Equipment: polymerase-chain-reaction: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: excretion- AN Accession Number: 200200341434 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 87 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Intra-colonial variability in the dance communication in honeybees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Arnold-Gerard {a}; Quenet-Brigitte; Papin-Christian; Masson-Claudine; Kirchner-Wolfgang-H AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire Populations, Genetique et Evolution, CNRS UPR 9034, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette; E-Mail: arnold@pge.cnrs-gif.fr, France SO Source: Ethology-. [print] September, 2002; 108 (9): 751-761. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell.de/eth.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0179-1613 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honeybees have evolved numerous mechanisms for increasing colony-level foraging efficiency, mainly the combined system of scout-recruit division of labour and recruitment communication. A successful forager performs waggle dances on the surface of the comb where it interacts with nectar receivers and dance followers. A forager uses tremble dance when it experiences difficulty finding a receiver bee to unload food upon return to the hive. A bee colony containing numerous subfamilies may increase its efficiency in dance communication if dances are realized by particular groups of specialized individuals or subfamilies rather than by undifferentiated workers. In this study, we determined the subfamily frequencies of waggle and tremble dancers in a colony headed by a naturally mated queen, where the 17 subfamilies can be identified by microsatellite genetic markers. Our results demonstrate that a genetic component is associated with the dance communication in honeybees. More than half of the waggle dances and the tremble dances were performed by workers from only four subfamilies in each case. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Communication- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: microsatellite-genetic-markers MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: dance-communication; intra-colonial-variability; recruitment-communication; scout-recruit-division-of-labor; waggle-dances AN Accession Number: 200200340939 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 88 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Research progress in malate dehydrogenase(MDH) of honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Liu-Yan-He {a}; Zhang-Chuan-xi {a}; Xu-Bao-hua; Chen-Sheng-Lu {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institute of Applied Entomology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029; E-Mail: yanheliu@yahoo.com.cn, China SO Source: Yichuan-. [print] Sep., 2002; 24 (5): 586-590. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.ycjournal.com PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0253-9772 LA Language: Chinese; Non-English AB Abstract: Malate dehydrogenase(MDH) is an important enzyme in glycometabolism. MDH of Apis mellifera showed three enzyme active zones, MDH I, MDH II and MDH III. MDH I and MDH III maintained relative stability in different castes and developmental phases, but MDH II was polymorphic, and controlled by three alleles, a, b and c. MDH of Apis cerana was coded by S and F alleles, but some authors reported it is monomorphic. MDH was applied to the studies of A. mellifera, which included several aspects as follows: the number of queen matings, labor division in honeybee societies, the analysis of genetic constitution in honeybee populations and so on. The combination of both MDH and molecular biology will certainly promote honeybee studies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Population-Genetics (Population -Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: malate-dehydrogenase [MDH-]: alleles-, enzyme-active-zone-I, enzyme-active -zone-II, enzyme-active-zone-III, polymorphism- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-64-3: MALATE DEHYDROGENASE MQ Methods and Equipment: genetic-constitution-analysis: molecular-genetic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: queen-mating-number; society-labor-divisions AN Accession Number: 200200338251 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 89 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Ecdysteroid titers in pupae of highly social bees relate to distinct modes of caste development. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pinto-L-Z; Hartfelder-K {a}; Bitondi-M-M-Gentile; Simoes-Z-L-P AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto, SP; E-Mail: khartfel@rgm.fmrp.usp.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] August, 2002; 48 (8): 783-790. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jinsphys PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Modifications in endocrine programs are common mechanisms that generate alternative phenotypes. In order to understand how such changes may have evolved, we analyzed the pupal ecdysteroid titers in two closely related, highly social bees: the honey bee, Apis mellifera, and a stingless bee, Melipona quadrifasciata. In both species, the ecdysteroid titers in queens reached their peak levels earlier than in workers. Titer levels at peak maxima did not differ for the honey bee castes, but in Melipona they were twofold higher in queens than in workers. During the second half of pupal development, when the ecdysteroid titers decrease and the cuticle progressively melanizes, the titer in honey bee queens remained higher than in workers, while the reverse situation was observed in Melipona. Application of the juvenile hormone analog Pyriproxyfen(R) to spinning -stage larvae of Melipona induced queen development. Endocrinologically this was manifest in a queen-like profile of the pupal ecdysteroid titer. Comparing these data with previous results on preimaginal hormone titers in another stingless bee, we conclude that the timing and height of the pupal ecdysteroid peak may depend on the nature of the specific stimuli that initially trigger diverging queen/worker development. In contrast, the interspecific differences in the late pupal ecdysteroid titer profiles mainly seem to be related to caste-specific programs in tissue differentiation, including cuticle pigmentation. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Development- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Melipona-quadrifasciata [stingless-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Pyriproxyfen- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 95737-68-1: PYRIPROXYFEN MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: caste-development; cuticle-pigmentation; interspecific-differences; tissue -differentiation AN Accession Number: 200200337042 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 90 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Policing of adult honey bees with activated ovaries is error prone. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Dampney-J-R; Barron-A-B; Oldroyd-B-P {a} AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, A12, Sydney, NSW, 2006; E-Mail: abarron@life.uiuc.edu, boldroyd@bio.usyd.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Insectes-Sociaux. [print] 2002; 49 (3): 270-274. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.birkhauser.ch/journals/4000/4000_tit.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0020-1812 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Individually-marked day-old anarchistic (from a line where workers lay eggs at high frequency) and wild-type worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) were introduced to queenless sections of anarchistic or wildtype host colonies housed in observation hives. After 14 days, some introduced workers had activated ovaries, and we then removed the screens separating the queenless from the queenright sections of the observation hives. We then observed all instances of aggression against marked workers for 3 hours. The colonies were then killed and all marked bees retrieved and scored for ovary activation. About 10-40% of workers had activated ovaries. In 3 of 6 colonies, wild-type workers were attacked more often if they had activated ovaries than workers without activated ovaries. Anarchistic workers were more likely to be attacked if they had activated ovaries in one anarchistic host colony only, but in one wild-type host they were more likely to be attacked if they had inactive ovaries. In all colonies there was no significant difference in attack rates between anarchistic and wild -type workers with activated ovaries. This indicates that, like wild-type workers, anarchistic workers are unable to mask their ovary activation from other workers. This study supports the hypothesis some policing occurs via attacks on individuals with activated ovaries, but that this system is much less accurate and acute than the policing system based on egg eating. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovary-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: anarchy-; attack-rates; policing- AN Accession Number: 200200336456 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 91 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Behavioural response of drone honey bees, Apis mellifera carnica and Apis mellifera scutellata, to worker-produced pheromone components. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Becker-Mechthild-M {a}; Brueckner-Dorothea {a}; Crewe-Robin AD Author Address: {a} Forschungsstelle fuer Bienenkunde, Universitaet Bremen, 28334, PF 330440, Bremen, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 149-152. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: To investigate the behavioural response of drone honey bees, Apis mellifera carnica and Apis mellifera scutellata, to the pheromone components isopentyl acetate (IPA) and geraniol, and the non-pheromone octanal, we conducted three different types of experiment: (1), in a glass arena; (2), in a Y-shaped maze; and (3), in a classical conditioning test. IPA caused arousal (more walking and wing beating) and avoidance, and geraniol caused arousal and attraction for drones of both subspecies. In the conditioning experiment the learning success of the drones was high for geraniol, medium for octanal and low for IPA. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-scutellata (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: geraniol-; isopentyl-acetate; octanal- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 106-24-1: GERANIOL; 123-92-2: ISOPENTYL ACETATE; 124-13-0: OCTANAL MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-response AN Accession Number: 200200336289 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 92 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles reveal age-related changes in honey bee drones (Apis mellifera carnica). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wakonigg-G {a}; Eveleigh-L; Arnold-G; Crailsheim-K {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institut fur Zoologie, Karl-Franzens-Universitat, Graz, Austria SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 137-141. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of drone honey bees (Apis mellifera carnica) of different ages were compared by gas chromatography. Chromatograms of drones from three different colonies were similar and, despite some variations, showed the same patterns as a function of age. We suggest that in addition to behavioural changes, the surface hydrocarbon profiles of the drones might be used as a cue for the worker bees to discriminate between young and old individuals. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cuticular-hydrocarbon MQ Methods and Equipment: gas-chromatography: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-differences; age-discrimination AN Accession Number: 200200336288 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 93 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Pollen dispensers (inserts) increase fruit set and yield in almonds under some commercial conditions. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Dag-A {a}; Weinbaum-S-A; Thorp-R-W; Eisikowitch-D {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Plant Science, The George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (3-4): 117-123. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Most commercial almond cultivars are self-incompatible and flowering occurs in early spring when weather conditions are often unfavourable for pollinator flight. Thus, inadequate cross-pollination frequently limits almond yield. We evaluated the effect of pollen dispensers (inserts), fixed onto honey bee hives, on almond fruit set and yield in orchards differing in planting design, i.e. varying in the arrangement and proximity of the main cultivar and pollinizers. Pollen dispensers did not increase fruit-set percentage and yield in the 1:1:1 planting design in which (a), pollinizer rows were planted on either side of the main cultivar rows; and (b), bloom overlap was good between the pollinizers (cv. Carmel and Monterey) and the main cultivar Nonpareil. In contrast, pollen dispensers increased fruit-set percentage and yield in the 1:2:1 (one pollinizer row:two Nonpareil rows:one pollinizer row) planting design in which the branches of the two Nonpareil rows facing each other were more distant from effective pollinizers, and bloom overlap between Nonpareil and one of its pollinizers (Mission) was suboptimal. The increase in fruit set and yield, attributable to the use of pollen dispensers occurred primarily on Nonpareil branches facing the adjacent Nonpareil row. The impact of pollen dispensers was significant at 50 m but not at 150 m from the hive. Although pollen dispensers have been used for more than 60 years, this is the first large-scale study with replication, conducted under commercial conditions that demonstrates their benefit when cross-pollination is limited. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); almond- (Rosaceae-): cultivar-Carmel, cultivar-Monterey, cultivar-Nonpareil, nut-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bloom-overlaps; cross-pollination; fruit-set; fruit-yield; fruit-set -percentage; pollen-dispensers; pollinator-flight AN Accession Number: 200200335693 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 94 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Estudo sobre a polinizacao do quiabeiro, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. [Pollination of okra flowers, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Malerbo-Souza-Darclet-Teresinha; Arnaut-de-Toledo-Vagner-de-Alencar {a}; Stuchi-Andreza-Cristiane; Arnaut-de-Toledo-Jussara-de-Oliveira AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringa, Parana; E-Mail: vaatoledo@uem.br, Brazil SO Source: Acta-Scientiarum-Universidade-Estadual-de-Maringa. [print] October, 2001; 23 (5): 1281-1285. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.ppg.uem.br/ctf/CTF_Index.html PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1415-6814 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English AB Abstract: This research was carried out in Ituverava SP Brazil, to evaluate frequency, nectar or pollen hoarding by insects, opening and closing time of flowers in okra crop, Abelmoschus esculentus (Malvaceae) var. Chifre-de -veado, and the effect of their visits in fruit production. Flowers were visited by insects between 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. The flowers were marked and fruit set was evaluated: 10 flowers were protected with a bag and compared to same quantity of unprotected flowers. Okra flowers began opening by 9:40 a.m. to 10 a.m. and closing by 2:45 p.m. and 3:20 p.m. of the same day, when they started to shrivel. The insects observed in nectar hoarding were Hymenoptera (Melipona sp.) and Lepidoptera. In pollen hoarding, insects most frequently were Thysanoptera, Formicidae, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera (Melipona sp. and Apis mellifera). The crop showed 100% auto fertilization and did not require pollinators to produce fruits. However, in flowers visited by insects fruits were heavier, longer and wider. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Reproductive-System (Reproduction-); Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Malvaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Thysanoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Abelmoschus-esculentus [okra-] (Malvaceae-): cultivar-Chifre-de-veado, vegetable-crop; Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Coleoptera- (Coleoptera-); Drosophila-spp. (Diptera-): pollinator-; Formicidae- (Hymenoptera-); Lepidoptera- (Lepidoptera-); Melipona-sp. (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Thysanoptera- (Thysanoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flowers-: closing-time, opening-time, reproductive-system; fruit-: production-, reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Ituverava-SP (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: auto-fertilization; nectar-hoarding; pollen-hoarding; pollination- AN Accession Number: 200200335692 UD Update Code: 20021122 Record 95 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The Cape honeybee phenomenon: The sympatric evolution of a social parasite in real time? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Neumann-P {a}; Moritz-R-F-A AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Zoologie, Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg, Kroellwitzerstrasse 44, 06099, Halle/Saale; E-Mail: p.neumann@zoologie.uni -halle.de, Germany SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] September, 2002; 52 (4): 271 -281. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honeybee workers, Apis mellifera, usually do not reproduce but can activate their ovaries under queenless conditions to produce male offspring. As an exception to this rule, laying workers of the Cape honeybee, A. m. capensis, parthenogenetically produce diploid female offspring, usually developing into workers and occasionally into queens. Some of such workers can develop into pseudoqueens, which show high ovarial development and a queenlike pheromonal bouquet. Because there is high genetic variance for these characters, this results in an extreme intracolonial selection. This process is governed by a competition for reproductive dominance among workers, leading into a facultative social parasitic reproductive pathway as part of the life history of the Cape honeybee. A. m. capensis workers show an increased potential for invading foreign colonies. Inside of the host colony, parasitic A. m. capensis workers produce queenlike pheromones and swiftly activate the ovaries, despite the presence of a queen. Eventually they establish themselves as pseudoqueens and replace the host queen. The parasitic worker offspring is preferentially fed by the host workers, leading to highly virulent intercastes and thereby completing the social parasitic life cycle of laying A. m. capensis workers. Recently, a particularly virulent parasitic strain of A. m. capensis workers has invaded the neighboring subspecies A. m. scutellata ("capensis calamity"). Because male sexuals are completely lacking in this invasive strain and female reproductives are never reared in infested A. m. scutellata host colonies, this results in reproductive isolation of the parasitic clones from the host gene pool and sets the stage for the evolution of a queenless social parasitic honeybee. The Cape honeybee may therefore constitute a unique subject for studying sympatric speciation of a social parasite. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Evolution-and-Adaptation; Parasitology-; Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): worker-; Apis-mellifera-capensis [Cape-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): female-, male-, parasite-, queen-, worker -; Apis-mellifera-scutellata (Hymenoptera-): female-, host-, male- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovary-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: pheromones- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: extreme-intraclonal-selection; queenless-conditions; reproductive -dominance; social-parasitism; sympatric-evolution AN Accession Number: 200200327974 UD Update Code: 20021104 Record 96 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Sequence requirements for the activity of membrane-active peptides. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Werkmeister-J-A; Hewish-D-R {a}; Kirkpatrick-A; Rivett-D-E AD Author Address: {a} CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052; E-Mail: dean.hewish@csiro.au, Australia SO Source: Journal-of-Peptide-Research. [print] October, 2002; 60 (4): 232-238. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwellmunksgaard.com/peptideresearch PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1397-002X LA Language: English AB Abstract: Synthetic peptides were constructed with the sequence of the first 20 residues of melittin and terminating with a range of different amino acid amides. These were found to have haemolytic and cytolytic activity similar to that of melittin, provided that certain charge constraints were observed. The nature of the 21st residue was not critical except when the residue introduced a negative charge. The presence of at least two positive charges in the molecule was found to be essential for activity. One of these charges could be the amino-terminal amine. Peptides could be inactivated by the addition of a non-acidic presequence which was acetylated at the N-terminus. Introducing a protease cleavable sequence into an N-terminal extension of the peptides produced analogues with low haemolytic activity that could be activated by proteolytic action. A peptide with extra positive charges introduced on the hydrophilic face of the helix possessed a haemolytic activity that was greater than that of melittin. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); CEM-cell-line (Hominidae-): human-lymphoma-cells TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: cell-membrane CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DMSO-; amino-terminal-amine; melittin-; membrane-active-peptides: activity -, sequence-requirements; phosphate-buffered-saline RN CAS Registry Number (R): 67-68-5: DMSO; 20449-79-0Q: MELITTIN; 37231-28-0Q: MELITTIN MQ Methods and Equipment: high-performance-liquid-chromatography: analytical-method, liquid -chromatography AN Accession Number: 200200325150 UD Update Code: 20021104 Record 97 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Evidence for genetic variation in worker task performance by African and European honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Fewell-Jennifer-H {a}; Bertram-Susan-M AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1501; E-Mail: j.fewell@asu.edu, USA SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] September, 2002; 52 (4): 318 -325. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The dramatic competitive advantage of the African honey bee over European bees in the neotropics comes in large part from their faster rates of colony growth and reproduction. In honey bees, brood production, and thus colony growth, are controlled by the workers. Thus, we tested for genetic differences between African and European workers in their preference for tasks associated with brood production by monitoring individual African and European workers cross-fostered in common colony environments. We additionally examined differences in the age of transition between tasks (age polyethism). Our data provide strong evidence for genetically based differences in a subset of tasks. African workers were more likely to collect and process pollen, the nutrient source for brood. They initiated pollen foraging at a younger age, but this result was not significant after Bonferroni adjustment. African and European workers showed no difference in brood-care task performance, and did not vary in the age at which they performed brood-care tasks. These data suggest that a significant part of the competitive advantage of this major invasive pest can be traced to a small subset of worker behaviors, those involving resource intake. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-lingustica [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis -mellifera-mellifera [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera -scutellata [African-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: nutrient-source, reproductive-system MQ Methods and Equipment: Bonferroni-adjustment: mathematical-method; brood-care-task: assessment -method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-polyethism; brood-production; colony-growth; common-colony-environment; competitive-advantage; genetic-variation; resource-intake; worker-task -performance AN Accession Number: 200200324464 UD Update Code: 20021104 Record 98 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Potential mechanism for detection by Apis mellifera of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor inside sealed brood cells. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Martin-Caroline {a}; Provost-Eric; Bagneres-Anne-Genevieve; Roux-Maurice; Clement-Jean-Luc; Le-Conte-Yves AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Biologie, UMR 406 Universite d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, UFR Sciences, 33 Rue Louis Pasteur, 84000, Avignon; E-Mail: caroline.martin@univ-avignon.fr, France SO Source: Physiological-Entomology. [print] September, 2002; 27 (3): 175-188. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell-science.com/~cgilib/jnlpage.asp?Journal=pent&File=pent PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0307-6962 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The parasitic mite Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman is a major pest of the honeybee Apis mellifera L. throughout the world. Chemical agents currently used for mite control leave contaminating residues and promote pesticide resistance. As an alternative means of control, it would be useful to identify natural substances enabling bees to detect Varroa inside brood cells. These substances could then be used to trigger mite hygienic behaviour by bees. In this study several techniques were used to screen substances that might allow detection of infested brood cells by bees. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was performed on substances extracted in dichloromethane from the contents of brood cells. Solid phase microextraction and solid injection were performed on substances obtained from living and dead Varroa, respectively. Electroantennography was performed to assess the sensitivity of olfactory receptors in bee antennae to some of these substances. Principal component analysis based on proportions of cuticular substances allowed discrimination between bees and other cell contents. Foundress Varroa exhibited the greatest dissimilarity to healthy pupae that were used as controls. Immature Varroa and faecal material were intermediate. High molecular weight compounds, mainly dimethylalkanes, were proportionally the most characteristic components of foundress Varroa. This finding suggests that these compounds would be the most apt to induce uncapping of cells infested by Varroa. Solid-phase microextraction and solid injection demonstrated the presence of aliphatic acids, esters, and one alcohol, eicosenol, in Varroa. Electroantennographic recordings showed that mite -resistant bees were more responsive to some acids and one ester. We speculate that these compounds may be involved in recognition of living Varroa by honeybees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Parasitology-; Sense-Organs (Sensory -Reception) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite-, pest-, pupa- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennae-: sensory-system; olfactory-receptor: sensory-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: aliphatic-acids; cuticular-substances; dimethylalkanes-; eicosenol-; esters- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 28061-39-4Q: EICOSENOL; 115218-60-5Q: EICOSENOL MQ Methods and Equipment: electroantennography-: recording-method; gas-chromatography-mass -spectrometry: analytical-method; principal-component-analysis: statistical-method; solid-injection-method: extraction-method; solid-phase -microextraction: extraction-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-cells; chemical-communication; hygienic-behavior; parasite-detection AN Accession Number: 200200324445 UD Update Code: 20021104 Record 99 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Safety of azadirachtin to honeybee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Foragers. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mann-G-S {a}; Dhaliwal-G-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141 004, India SO Source: Pesticide-Research-Journal. [print] June, 2001; 13 (1): 118-121. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0970-6763 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Safety of NeemAzal (azadirachtin 10,000 ppm) was evaluated at different dosages against Apis mellifera Linneaus Foragers. NeemAzal at the highest dosage (800 ppm) was found to be safe to honeybees with 7.58% mortality in direct toxicity test and 0.74% mortality when bees were caged in cotton field after spray. However, in foliage bioassay, it caused 17.19% mortality of foragers. Triazophos at the recommended dosage (2000 ppm) was highly toxic with mortality varying from 71.41 to 100% in different tests. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management; Pesticides-; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): forager- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: NeemAzal- [azadirachtin-]: pesticide-, safety-, toxicity- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 189284-01-3: NEEMAZAL; 11141-17-6: AZADIRACHTIN MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mortality-; nontarget-safety AN Accession Number: 200200322640 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 100 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Genetic variability of MDH II gene in six subspecies of Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Liu-Yan-He; Chen-Sheng-Lu {a}; Tong-Fu-Dan; Zhang-Chuan-Xi AD Author Address: {a} Institute of Applied Entomology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China SO Source: Acta-Entomologica-Sinica. [print] April, 2002; 45 (2): 188-192. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0454-6296 LA Language: Chinese; Non-English AB Abstract: The malate dehydrogenase (MDH) isozyme in six subspecies of Apis mellifera, i.e., "Zhejiang Agricultural University No.1 A. m. ligustica (Ea), A. m. ssp. (Db), A. m. carnica (Cn), A. m. carpatica (Cp), A. m. caucasica (Cc), and A. m. acervorum (Ac), was studied with isoelectrofocusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF-PAGE), and their genotype frequency, allele frequency, homozygous and heterozygous degree were analyzed. Ea, Cp and Cc showed high homozygous degree, but the allele with the highest frequency was c in Ea; b in Cp; and a in Cc. Db, Cn and Ac are highly heterozygous subspecies, but the frequency differences of the allele a, b and c in Db were less than the others; and the frequencies of the allele a, c were higher, while the allele b was rare in Cn and Ac. There were highly significant differences in the genotype frequency, the allele frequency and the heterozygous and homozygous degree among six subspecies. These differences provided some genetic clues for the discrimination of six subspecies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Systematics-and -Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-acervorum (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-carnica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-carpatica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera -caucasica (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-ligustica (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: isoelectrofocusing-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis [IEF-PAGE]: genetic -method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: allele-frequency; genetic-variability; genotype-frequency; heterozygosity-; homozygosity- AN Accession Number: 200200322256 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 101 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The honey bees of India, Hymenoptera: Apidae. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Engel-Michael-S {a} AD Author Address: {a} Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, 1460 Jayhawk Boulevard, Snow Hall, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7523, USA SO Source: Journal-of-the-Bombay-Natural-History-Society. [print] April, 2002; 99 (1): 3-7. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-6982 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A summary is given for the honey bee species (Apis Linnaeus) indigenous to India. Four indigenous species are recognized from the region; Apis cerana, A. dorsata, A. florea and A. andreniformis. All are commonly found in India except for A. andreniformis, which is only known from a few specimens collected in the northeastern boundaries of the country. A dichotomous key is presented to aid the identification of these species and notes given on how to separate them from the introduced western honey bee, A. mellifera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Systematics-and-Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-andreniformis (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-, description-; Apis-cerana (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-, description-; Apis-dorsata (Hymenoptera-): Apidae -, description-; Apis-florea (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-, description-; Apis -mellifera [western-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-, introduced -species; honey-bee (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: India- (Asia-, Oriental-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: geographic-distribution; morphology-; Taxonomic-Key; Taxonomic-Review AN Accession Number: 200200322232 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 102 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Characterization of a chemosensory protein (ASP3c) from honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) as a brood pheromone carrier. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Briand-Loic; Swasdipan-Nicharat; Nespoulous-Claude; Bezirard-Valerie; Blon -Florence; Huet-Jean-Claude; Ebert-Paul; Pernollet-Jean-Claude {a} AD Author Address: {a} Biochimie et Structure des Proteines, Unite de Recherches, INRA 477, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78352, Jouy-en-Josas Cedex; E-Mail: pernolle@jouy.inra.fr, France SO Source: European-Journal-of-Biochemistry. [print] September, 2002; 269 (18): 4586 -4596. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell -science.com/~cgilib/jnlpage.asp?journal=ejb&file=ejb&page=aims PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0014-2956 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are ubiquitous soluble small proteins isolated from sensory organs of a wide range of insect species, which are believed to be involved in chemical communication. We report the cloning of a honeybee CSP gene called ASP3c, as well as the structural and functional characterization of the encoded protein. The protein was heterologously secreted by the yeast Pichia pastoris using the native signal peptide. ASP3c disulfide bonds were assigned after trypsinolysis followed by chromatography and mass spectrometry combined with microsequencing. The pairing (Cys(I)-Cys(II), Cys(III)-Cys(IV)) was found to be identical to that of Schistocerca gregaria CSPs, suggesting that this pattern occurs commonly throughout the insect CSPs. CD measurements revealed that ASP3c mainly consists of alpha-helices, like other insect CSPs. Gel filtration analysis showed that ASP3c is monomeric at neutral pH. Using ASA, a fluorescent fatty acid anthroyloxy analogue as a probe, ASP3c was shown to bind specifically to large fatty acids and ester derivatives, which are brood pheromone components, in the micromolar range. It was unable to bind tested general odorants and other tested pheromones (sexual and nonsexual). This is the first report on a natural pheromonal ligand bound by a recombinant CSP with a measured affinity constant. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Reproduction-; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Pichia-pastoris (Ascomycetes-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: ASP3c-: brood-pheromone-carrier, characterization-, chemosensory-protein, disulfide-bonds, recombinant-; ester-derivatives; fatty-acid; odorant-; pheromone-: non-sexual, sexual- MQ Methods and Equipment: gel-filtration-analysis: analytical-method; mass-spectrometry: Spectrum -Analysis-Techniques, analytical-method; microsequencing-: characterization-method, sequencing-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: behavioral-response; olfaction- AN Accession Number: 200200322016 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 103 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Anarchy in the UK: Detailed genetic analysis of worker reproduction in a naturally occurring British anarchistic honeybee, Apis mellifera, colony using DNA microsatellites. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Chaline-N {a}; Ratnieks-F-L-W; Burke-T AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN; E-Mail: n.g.chaline@sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Molecular-Ecology. [print] September, 2002; 11 (9): 1795-1803. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell -science.com/~cgilib/jnlpage.asp?Journal=mecol&File=mecol PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-1083 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Anarchistic behaviour is a very rare phenotype of honeybee colonies. In an anarchistic colony, many workers' sons are reared in the presence of the queen. Anarchy has previously been described in only two Australian colonies. Here we report on a first detailed genetic analysis of a British anarchistic colony. Male pupae were present in great abundance above the queen excluder, which was clearly indicative of extensive worker reproduction and is the hallmark of anarchy. Seventeen microsatellite loci were used to analyse these male pupae, allowing us to address whether all the males were indeed workers' sons, and how many worker patrilines and individual workers produced them. In the sample, 95 of 96 of the males were definitely workers' sons. Given that apprxeq 1% of workers' sons were genetically indistinguishable from queen's sons, this suggests that workers do not move any queen-laid eggs between the part of the colony where the queen is present to the area above the queen excluder which the queen cannot enter. The colony had 16 patrilines, with an effective number of patrilines of 9.85. The 75 males that could be assigned with certainty to a patriline came from 7 patrilines, with an effective number of 4.21. They were the offspring of at least 19 workers. This is in contrast to the two previously studied Australian naturally occurring anarchist colonies, in which most of the workers' sons were offspring of one patriline. The high number of patrilines producing males leads to a low mean relatedness between laying workers and males of the colony. We discuss the importance of studying such colonies in the understanding of worker policing and its evolution. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Population-Genetics (Population-Studies); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA-microsatellites GE Geopolitical Location: UK- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: anarchistic-colony; relatedness- AN Accession Number: 200200321348 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 104 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Barrier treatments for red imported fire ants Solenopsis invicta in commercial honey bee operations. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Weeks-Ronald-D-Jr {a}; Drees-Bastiaan-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Texas Cooperative Extension, Department of Entomology, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA SO Source: Southwestern-Entomologist. [print] June, 2002; 27 (2): 185-189. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0147-1724 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The efficacy of using a support pallet, either with or without an insecticide treatment, and a soil area application of insecticide was evaluated for preventing red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, foraging on apiary equipment. Four replicated treatments were evaluated: 1) a single control pallet and two beehives (hive bodies), 2) support pallet treated with Lorsban-4E(R) (active ingredient chlorpyrifos) under a single pallet with beehives, 3) untreated support pallet with no insecticide application under a single pallet with beehives, and 4) soil area treatment consisted of a Lorsban-4E(R) sprayed 3m2 area with bee hives on a single pallet. Ant activity was determined by placing several olive oil-soaked index cards (2.54cm2) on or next to bee equipment for 45 min once each week for six weeks. Control and untreated support pallets all tested positive for ant activity on the equipment. Lorsban 4E(R) treated support pallets and soil treatments eliminated ant activity on all apiary equipment for up to six weeks after insecticide application. Results showed that some vegetation could grow into natural "bridges" over treated pallets providing ants access to apiary equipment. These results have implications for a variety of quarantined commodities that can be stored on support pallets in S. invicta-infested areas, for example nursery stock, hay bales, and sod. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Solenopsis -invicta [red-imported-fire-ant] (Hymenoptera-): pest- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Lorsban-4E [chlorpyrifos-]: insecticide-, soil-application RN CAS Registry Number (R): 2921-88-2: CHLORPYRIFOS MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiaries-; barrier-treatments; beehives-; foraging-activity; vegetation- AN Accession Number: 200200318431 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 105 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Nitric oxide/cGMP-mediated protein kinase A activation in the antennal lobes plays an important role in appetitive reflex habituation in the honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mueller-Uli {a}; Hildebrandt-Herbert AD Author Address: {a} Neurobiologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institut fuer Biologie, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 28/30, 14195, Berlin; E-Mail: muelleru@zedat.fu -berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Neuroscience. [print] October 1, 2002; 22 (19): 8739-8747. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.jneurosci.org/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0270-6474 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Habituation, a form of non-associative learning, is observed throughout the animal kingdom. However, in contrast to associative learning, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. Using the appetitive proboscis extension reflex in honeybees, we show that the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) in the antennal lobe (AL) is implicated in the graded decline of behavioral response during habituation. Repeated stimulation leads to a slow and gradual increase in PKA activity superimposed on a fast transient PKA activation induced by each stimulus. These temporally distinct components of PKA activation are pharmacologically dissectible and are restricted to the AL on the stimulated side. Whereas the transient PKA activation induced by each stimulus requires monoaminergic transmission, the slow component of PKA activation is mediated by the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP system. Local manipulation of the slow component of PKA activation in single ALs specifically interferes with the dynamic of habituation on the corresponding side. Our results provide strong evidence that NO/ cGMP -mediated PKA activation in each AL contributes to temporal signal integration during habituation. Dishabituation by a sensory stimulus or spontaneous recovery from habituation does not require the PKA cascade. This provides evidence that the mechanisms underlying dishabituation and spontaneous recovery differ from those underlying temporal signal integration during habituation of the proboscis extension response. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Nervous -System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: cGMP- [cyclic-GMP]; nitric-oxide; protein-kinase-A: activation- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 7665-99-8: CYCLIC GMP; 10102-43-9: NITRIC OXIDE; 142008-29-5: PROTEIN KINASE A MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: appetitive-reflex-habituation; non-associative-learning; temporal-signal -integration AN Accession Number: 200200317550 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 106 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Forewing angles of honey bee (Apis mellifera) samples from different regions of Turkey. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Guler-Ahmet {a}; Bek-Yuksel AD Author Address: {a} Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun; E-Mail: aguler@omu.edu.tr, Turkey SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2002; 41 (1-2): 43-49. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A stepwise-selection multivariate discriminate analysis was performed using forewing angles to discriminate the honey bee (Apis mellifera) samples that were collected from six different regions in Turkey. Eleven angles of forewing venation, A4, B4, D7, E9, G18, J10, J16, K19, L13, N23 and O26 were measured biometrically. Discriminant analysis showed that A4, O26, B4, D7, L13, N23 and E9 angles sufficiently discriminated the samples from different subspecies of Turkish honey bees. The first three-subset out of five canonical discriminant functions explained 96.1% of total variations. All samples collected from central and north-east Anatolia regions were 100% correctly classified into their original regions. The samples of other regions were overlapped with each other. The overall percentage of cases classified correctly was 88.9% (32 out of 36 cases). In conclusion, there are high biometrical variations between different regions of Turkey in terms of forewing angles of honey bees and forewing angles can be used for discrimination of Turkish honey bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Morphology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Beypazari-, Anatolia- (Turkey-, Asia-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); Erdemli - (Turkey-, Asia-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); Fethiye-, Anatolia- (Turkey-, Asia-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); Gokceada-Island, Anatolia- (Turkey-, Asia-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); Posef-, Anatolia- (Turkey-, Asia-, Europe-, Palearctic-region); Saray-, Thrace-region (Turkey-, Asia-, Europe-, Palearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: step-wise-selection-multivariate-discriminate-analysis: mathematical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biometric-measurement; forewing-angles; forewing-venation-angles AN Accession Number: 200200316562 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 107 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Nuclear DNA PCR-RFLPs that distinguish African and European honey bee groups of subspecies. II: Conversion of long PCR markers to standard PCR. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Suazo-Alonso; Hall-H-Glenn {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL, 32611; E-Mail: hgh@ifas.ufl.edu, USA SO Source: Biochemical-Genetics. [print] August, 2002; 40 (7-8): 241-261. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0006-2928 PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-2928 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Nuclear DNA PCR-RFLPs previously found in amplifications of three long (>5 kbp) anonymous regions of DNA were made analyzable using standard PCR procedures. RFLP analyses were simplified by restricting the amplifications to sections, within each locus, that contained most of the informative polymorphic sites. AluI digests of locus L-1 section 2 (L-1S2) revealed three suballeles of which one was African-specific (Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier) and one was east European-predominant (A. m. ligustica Spinola, A. m. carnica Pollman, and A. m. caucasica Gorbachev). Alleles found originally at locus L-2 with AvaI were determined in RFLP analysis of two sections, L-2S1int and L-2S2, resulting in two African-specific and two east European-predominant suballeles. Suballele identity was determined by the combination of banding patterns from both fragments. Polymorphisms revealed by HaeIII in locus L-2 were analyzed in amplifications and digests of L-2S1int, an 830 bp fragment within L-2S1. Seven suballeles were found of which two were African -specific and three were east European-specific or predominant, including one suballele specific to the east European subspecies A. m. caucasica. In locus L-5, RFLPs were detected with HaeIII, DdeI, and SpeI. HaeIII polymorphisms were analyzed by amplification and digestion of fragments L -5S1xt and L-5S1ter. Five suballeles were found of which three were African-specific and one east European-predominant. For DdeI, all five alleles originally found with long PCR could be identified in RFLP analyses of three sections. Two African-specific, one east European -specific, and one west European-predominant (A. m. mellifera L. and A. m. iberica Goetze) suballeles were found. A west European-predominant suballele was also found in RFLP analysis of L-5S3 with SpeI. Allele frequency data from Old World and U.S. populations are presented. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Methods-and-Techniques; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and -Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-ligustica [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis -mellifera-mellifera [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera -scutellata [African-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA-; genetic-markers; polymerase-chain-reaction-markers MQ Methods and Equipment: long-polymerase-chain-reaction: analytical-method, comparison-; nuclear-DNA -polymerase-chain-reaction-restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism: analytical-method; standard-polymerase-chain-reaction: analytical-method, comparison- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: polymorphisms- AN Accession Number: 200200316478 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 108 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Nuclear DNA PCR-RFLPs that distinguish African and European honey bee groups of subspecies. I: Comparison of long PCR and standard PCR to screen for polymorphisms. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Suazo-Alonso; Hall-H-Glenn {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL, 32611; E-Mail: hgh@ifas.ufl.edu, USA SO Source: Biochemical-Genetics. [print] August, 2002; 40 (7-8): 225-239. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0006-2928 PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-2928 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Nuclear DNA RFLPs between African and European honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) were sought by amplifying short (1-2 kbp) and long (>5 kbp) anonymous regions of DNA and digesting the respective PCR products with a collection of restriction enzymes. Three short and three long regions were each screened with 26-31 enzymes. From a total of 163 locus enzyme combinations (LECs), seven revealed informative polymorphisms. One of these LECs came from one of the three short regions (S-3 with AluI), producing a total of seven alleles, five of which were African-specific. The search for useful RFLPs was far more effective within the long regions. The other six informative LECs came from the three long regions (L-1 with AluI, L-2 with AvaI and HaeIII, and L-5 with HaeIII, DdeI, and SpeI), producing a total of 43 alleles, of which 18 were African-specific, 13 were European -specific, and two were predominantly found in the European samples. Among the European alleles, two were predominantly found in west European honey bee subspecies. Strong associations between alleles generated by pairs of enzymes at a locus were found. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Methods-and-Techniques; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and -Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-ligustica [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis -mellifera-mellifera [European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera -scutellata [African-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA- MQ Methods and Equipment: long-polymerase-chain-reaction: analytical-method, comparison-; nuclear-DNA -polymerase-chain-reaction-restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism: analytical-method; standard-polymerase-chain-reaction: analytical-method, comparison- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: polymorphisms- AN Accession Number: 200200316477 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 109 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Environmental and genetic influences on flight metabolic rate in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Harrison-Jon-F {a}; Fewell-Jennifer-H AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1501; E-Mail: j.harrison@asu.edu, USA SO Source: Comparative-Biochemistry-and-Physiology-Part-A-Molecular-and-Integrative -Physiology. [print] October, 2002; 133A (2): 323-333. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/cbpa PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1095-6433 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Flying honey bees demonstrate highly variable metabolic rates. The lowest reported values (approximately 0.3 W g-1) occur in tethered bees generating the minimum lift to support their body weight, free-flying 2 -day old bees, winter bees, or bees flying at high air temperatures (45degreeC). The highest values (approximately 0.8 W g-1) occur in foragers that are heavily loaded or flying in low-density air. In different studies, flight metabolic rate has increased, decreased, or remained constant with air temperature. Current research collectively suggests that this variation occurs because flight metabolic rates decrease at thorax temperatures above or below 38degreeC. At 30degreeC, approximately 30% of colonial energy is spent during typical foraging, so variation in flight metabolic rate can strongly affect colony-level energy balance. Higher air temperatures tend to increase colonial net gain rates, efficiencies and honey storage rates due to lower metabolic rates during flight and in the hive. Variation in flight metabolism has a clear genetic basis. Different genetic strains of honey bees often differ in flight metabolic rate, and these differences in flight physiology can be correlated with foraging effort, suggesting a possible pathway for selection effects on flight metabolism. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Metabolism-; Movement-and-Support ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Africanized-honey-bee (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: air-temperature; development-; flight-metabolic-rate: environmental -influences, genetic-influences; foraging-; season-; thermoregulation- AN Accession Number: 200200315811 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 110 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The future of pollinators for Australian agriculture. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Cunningham-Saul-A {a}; FitzGibbon-Frances {a}; Heard-Tim-A AD Author Address: {a} CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia SO Source: Australian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Research. [print] 2002; 53 (8): 893-900. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.publish.csiro.au/journals/ajar PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0004-9409 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Agriculture in Australia is highly dependent on insect pollination, in particular from the introduced western honeybee, Apis mellifera. Most agricultural pollination is provided as an unpaid service by feral A. mellifera and native insects. A smaller proportion of agricultural pollination is provided as a paid service by beekeepers. Insect pollination is threatened by misuse of insecticides and the loss of remnant vegetation, but most potently by the likelihood that the honeybee mite, Varroa destructor, will enter the country. Now is the time to prepare for the effect of these changes, and international experience with pollinator decline should serve as a guide. We need to protect and manage our remnant vegetation to protect wild pollinators. Insurance against declining A. mellifera will come through the development of management practices for alternative pollinator species. By developing native insects as pollinators we can avoid the risks associated with the importation of additional introduced species. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agriculture-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Insecta-: Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [western-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): feral-, introduced -species, pollinator-; Varroa-destructor [honeybee-mite] (Acarina-): pest -; insects- (Insecta-): native-, pollinators- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: insecticides-: misuse- GE Geopolitical Location: Australia- (Australasian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Australian-agriculture; alternative-pollinator-species-development; beekeepers-; pollinator-decline: international-experience; remnant -vegetation-loss AN Accession Number: 200200308679 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 111 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Resistance to Acarapis woodi by honey bees from far-eastern Russia. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-Guzman-Lilia-I {a}; Rinderer-Thomas-E; Delatte-Gary-T; Stelzer-J -Anthony; Beaman-Lorraine; Kuznetsov-Victor AD Author Address: {a} Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, USDA, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70820; E-Mail: ldeguzman@ars.usda.gov, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] July-August, 2002; 33 (4): 411-415. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.edpsciences.org/docinfos/INRA-APIDO PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honey bees from the Primorsky region of far-eastern Russia were evaluated for their resistance to Acarapis woodi. Results from a field test in Louisiana showed that Primorsky honey bees showed strong resistance to tracheal mites. The Primorsky honey bees maintained nearly mite-free colonies throughout the experiment while the domestic stocks were ultimately parasitized by high levels of tracheal mites. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Acarapis-woodi (Acarina-): parasite-, tracheal-mite; Apis-mellifera [honey -bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-, parasite-resistance TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: far-eastern-Russia (Russia-, Asia-, Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture- AN Accession Number: 200200308671 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 112 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Differential infestation of honey bee, Apis mellifera, worker and queen brood by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Calderone-Nicholas-W {a}; Lin-Sisi; Kuenen-Lodewyk-P-S AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853; E -Mail: nwc4@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] July-August, 2002; 33 (4): 389-398. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.edpsciences.org/docinfos/INRA-APIDO PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We examined the distribution of Varroa destructor on worker and queen brood in colonies of A. mellifera. With both worker and queen hosts present, the mite prevalence value for worker hosts was 75.0+-4.0% (lsmean+-SE), compared to 5.1+-4.0% for queen hosts (P<0.0001). We also examined the response of mites to cuticular extracts of 5th instar worker and queen larvae using arrestment bioassays. In binary-choice tests at 0.5 larval equivalents (Leq), worker extract arrested 84.79+-4.98% of the mites, while queen extract arrested 15.21+-4.98% (P<0.0001). At 0.8 Leq, worker extract arrested 89.75+-4.98%, while queen extract arrested 10.25+-4.98% (P<0.0001). We also measured the repellent activity of royal jelly extract in a repellent bioassay. Royal jelly extract repelled 78.5+-2.6% of mites at 5 mg royal jelly equivalents (Rjeq); 85.6+-3.7% at 10 mg Rjeq; and 89.2+-3.8% at 20 mg Rjeq. The response at each dose was greater than the 10.5+-2.9% mites repelled by solvent controls (P<0.0001). Our findings suggest that the low incidence of mites in queen brood is due, in part, to the repellent activity of royal jelly, and possibly to intrinsic differences between larval chemistries. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): queen-brood, worker-; Varroa -destructor (Acarina-): differential-infestation, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: arrestment-bioassay: bioassay-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture- AN Accession Number: 200200308670 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 113 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: How a honey bee colony mustered additional labor for the task of pollen foraging. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Rotjan-Randi-D; Calderone-Nicholas-W; Seeley-Thomas-D {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853; E-Mail: tds5@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] July-August, 2002; 33 (4): 367-373. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.edpsciences.org/docinfos/INRA-APIDO PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: This study examined how a honey bee colony supplied additional labor for a foraging task, pollen collection, when the demand for this task was increased. When we experimentally raised a colony's pollen need from one day to the next, we found that the colony boosted the labor devoted to pollen collecting (measured in terms of the number of pollen collection trips per day, P) by a factor of 24.8. The number of pollen foragers (N) was increased (by recruiting and task switching) by a factor of 12.4, while the number of collecting trips per pollen forager per day (T) was increased by a factor of 2.0 (note that P=NXT). The increase in number of pollen foragers was produced mostly (73%) by the recruiting of non -foragers to the task and to a smaller extent (27%) by the switching of non-pollen foragers to the task. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture-; bee-colony-labor-division: recruiting-, task-switching; pollen -foraging AN Accession Number: 200200308668 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 114 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: First report of Varroa destructor resistance to pyrethroids in the UK. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Thompson-Helen-M {a}; Brown-Michael-A; Ball-Richard-F; Bew-Medwin-H AD Author Address: {a} National Bee Unit, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ; E-Mail: H.Thompson@csl.gov.uk, UK SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] July-August, 2002; 33 (4): 357-366. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.edpsciences.org/docinfos/INRA-APIDO PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Varroa destructor resistance to pyrethroids has been reported in mainland Europe since the early 1990's. V. destructor was first detected in the UK in 1992 and since then there has been widespread use of the only two authorised pyrethroid treatments. A routine national screening programme for resistance to pyrethroids was established in 2000 and in August 2001 resistance was detected in southwest England. The resistance outbreak was limited to 25 apiaries, was associated with product misuse, and the resistance factors to fluvalinate and flumethrin were approximately 10 fold when compared to susceptible mites. There was no cross-resistance with amitraz, coumaphos or cymiazole. This level of resistance is far lower than that detected following widespread colony collapse in Italy and highlights the importance of the correct use of varroacides and of early detection of resistance to enable its control. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [European-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite-, pesticide-resistance TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: pyrethroids-: miticide- GE Geopolitical Location: UK- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apiculture- AN Accession Number: 200200308667 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 115 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: (Correction of Previews 200000130300. Increased food supply to all larvae after dequeening honey bee colonies. Correction of abstract.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Woyke-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Bee Division, Agricultural University - SGGW, 166 Nowoursynowska, 02 -787, Warsaw, Poland SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (1-2): 90. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article-; Article-Erratum IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Please note that on page 117 (Journal of Apicultural Research 38(3-4): 117 -123), Summary, should read: "In queenless (not queenright as printed) colonies, larvae of all ages received 124% of the nourishment received in queenright (not queenless as printed) colonies." And: "In queenless (not queenright as printed) colonies, larvae of all ages received 175% of the nourishment in queenright (not queenless as printed) colonies." AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): larva- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: dequeening-; food-ration; food-supply; queenless-colonies; Corrected-Article AN Accession Number: 200200308657 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 116 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Swarming and migration in the honey bees (Apis mellifera) of Ethiopia. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Nuru-A; Amssalu-B; Hepburn-H-R {a}; Radloff-S-E AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140; E-Mail: R.Hepburn@ru.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2002; 41 (1-2): 35-41. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: To determine the tendency and phenology of reproductive swarming and migration of the honey bee populations of Ethiopia, 240 beekeepers from 57 localities representing different ecological areas of the country were interviewed based on a pre-structured questionnaire. Extent of reproductive swarming and migration, number of swarms per colony, occupation rate of bait hives and periods of swarming and migration were assessed for about 3000 honey bee colonies. Significantly high reproductive swarming proportions were noted for Apis mellifera jemenitica and A. m. scutellata, and low proportions for A. m. bandasii, A. m. woyi -gambella and A. m. monticola. Temporal distribution of swarming varies both within and between subspecies and is related to physiographic and climatic factors of the areas. The proportions of migrated colonies differed significantly among the five subspecies and resource depletion was the most persistent factor associated with migration. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Population-Studies; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Apis -mellifera-bandasii (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Apis-mellifera -jemenitica (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Apis-mellifera-monticola (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Apis-mellifera-scutellata (Hymenoptera -): commercial-species; Apis-mellifera-woyi-gambella (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Ethiopia- (Africa-, Ethiopian-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: bee-keeper-pre-structured-questionnaire MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bait-hive-occupation-rate; climatic-factors; migration-period; physiographic-factors; reproductive-migration; reproductive-swarming; resource-depletion; swarming-period; swarming-temporal-distribution; swarms-per-colony AN Accession Number: 200200308655 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 117 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Diurnal activity, floral visitation and pollen deposition by honey bees and bumble bees on field-grown cucumber and watermelon. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stanghellini-Michael-S {a}; Ambrose-John-T; Schultheis-Jonathan-R AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695; E-Mail: mike_stanghellini@ncsu.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2002; 41 (1-2): 27-34. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honey bees (Apis mellifera) and bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) were compared for three aspects of pollinating behaviour on field-grown cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). We measured: (1), diurnal for-aging activity periods (as related to anthesis); (2), floral visitation rates (number of flowers visited per min by individual foragers); and (3), stigmatic pollen deposition (number of pollen grains deposited on stigmas after single bee visits to female flowers). B. impatiens was more effective than A. mellifera for all three parameters on both crops. B. impatiens initiated foraging activity 15-40 min before A. mellifera; both species continued foraging until flowers closed in early afternoon. B. impatiens consistently visited more flowers per min (P<0.001) and deposited equal or greater amounts of pollen (P<0.001) than A. mellifera, particularly during the initial hours of floral anthesis which is when these crops are most receptive to pollination. The data additionally suggest that researchers evaluating different pollinator candidates should consider time-of-day effects when comparing pollen deposition rates between pollinators, as time-of-day had a marked influence on pollen deposition in these studies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Terrestrial -Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Cucurbitaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Bombus-impatiens [bumble-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Citrullus-lanatus [watermelon-] (Cucurbitaceae-): commercial-species, vegetable-crop; Cucumis-sativus [cucumber-] (Cucurbitaceae-): commercial-species, vegetable-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system; pollen-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: diurnal-activity; diurnal-foraging-activity-periods; floral-anthesis; floral-visitation; floral-visitation-rates; pollination-; pollinator -evaluation; stigmatic-pollen-deposition; time-of-day-effects AN Accession Number: 200200308654 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 118 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Usage of green coconut water and different tissue culture media for in vitro honey bee semen storage (Apis mellifera; Hymenoptera: Apoidea). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Almeida-Rosana {a}; Soares-Ademilson-Espencer-Egea AD Author Address: {a} Depto. de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogenicos, FMRP -USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900; E-Mail: rosanal@rge.fmrp.usp.br, Brazil SO Source: Interciencia-. [print] June, 2002; 27 (6): 317-321. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-1844 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honey bee semen was stored in green coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water plus dihydrostreptomycin and in commercial tissue culture media at different temperatures. Glass capillary microtubes of 0.1cm diameter and centrifuge microtubes 0.2ml capacity were used for semen storage. Sperm motility was assessed after 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 50, 80 and 120 days. Queens were instrumentally inseminated with diluted semen and their laying behavior evaluated. Storage in coconut water shows living sperm until 80 days. However, the queen's laying was normal and resulted in viable worker brood only when semen stored up to 15 days in coconut water medium was used for insemination. Coconut water seems to be an ideal natural diluent for short periods in vitro storage of honey bee semen and can be an appropriate method for genetic improvement programmes for honey bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Equipment-, Apparatus-, Devices-and-Instrumentation; Reproductive-System (Reproduction-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Palmae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species, female-, male-, queen-, worker-; Cocos-nucifera [green-coconut] (Palmae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Monocots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: semen-: in-vitro-storage, reproductive-system; sperm-: motility-, reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: dihydrostreptomycin- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 128-46-1: DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN MQ Methods and Equipment: centrifuge-microtubes: laboratory-equipment; commercial-tissue-culture -media: laboratory-equipment; glass-capillary-microtubes: laboratory -equipment; green-coconut-water-medium: laboratory-equipment MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: genetic-improvement-programs; queen-laying-behavior; temperature- AN Accession Number: 200200308652 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 119 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Inicio de um programa de selecao de abelhas Africanizadas para a melhoria na producao de propolis e seu efeito na producao de mel. [Start of Africanized honey bee selection program for increased propolis production and its effect on honeybee production.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Manrique-Antonio-Jose {a}; Soares-Ademilson-Espencer-Ege AD Author Address: {a} INIA-Presidencia, Parque Central, Torre Este, piso 11, Caracas, 1010; E -Mail: tonyman77@terra.com.ve, aesoares@fmrp.usp.br, Venezuela SO Source: Interciencia-. [print] June, 2002; 27 (6): 312-316. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0378-1844 LA Language: Portuguese; Non-English AB Abstract: Some colonies of Apis mellifera bees produce much more propolis than others, a trait that could be under genetic control. This possibility was investigated in an experiment carried out from April to July 1999, in the "cerrado" forest reserve Pe de Gigante, Santa Rita de Passa Quatro, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The objective was to begin a genetic breeding program of bees to improve propolis production and verify the correlation between propolis and honey production. In seven apiaries, 100 colonies of Africanized honeybees originating in swarms and captured in forest reserve "Pe de Gigante" were used. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used. The propolis was collected in an Apis Flora collector. Only 25 colonies produced propolis, 87.45g on average, while the other 75 colonies did not produce propolis. The colonies, producers of propolis were better (P<0.001) in honey production, with an average of 26.98 kg/colony vs 13.93 kg/colony for non-propolised colonies. A positive correlation between propolis and honey production with r=0.422 and P=0.00001256 was found, showing that the bees that produced more propolis also produced more honey. The results show that it is possible to select bees for an increase of propolis production and improve the honey productivity. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Genetics- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Africanized-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: propolis-: increased-production GE Geopolitical Location: Pe-de-Gigante, Santa-Rita-de-Passa-Quatro, Sao-Paulo-State (Brazil-, South -America, Neotropical-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: Apis-Flora-collector: field-equipment MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-selection-program; cerrado-forest-reserve; genetic-breeding-program; honey-: production-, sugar-product AN Accession Number: 200200308651 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 120 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Lupeol alkanoates in Brazilian propolis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pereira-Alberto-S {a}; Nascimento-Evandro-A; de-Aquino-Neto-Francisco-R AD Author Address: {a} LADETEC, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundao, CT, Bloco A, Sala 607, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-900; E -Mail: ladetec@iq.ufrj.br, Brazil SO Source: Zeitschrift-fuer-Naturforschung-Section-C-Journal-of-Biosciences. [print] July-August, 2002; 57 (7-8): 721-726. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.znaturforsch.com/c.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0939-5075 LA Language: English AB Abstract: High temperature high resolution gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HT-HRGC-MS) is a powerful analytical tool. In this work we applied this technique to the study of crude extracts of propolis collected near the city of Uberlandia - Minas Gerais State. Eucalyptus trees and native plants from "cerrado" (savannah) were the material sources disposable for the Apis mellifera bees. A lot of known propolis constituents were identified, however, several high molecular weight compounds including lupeol alkanoates were identified for first time in propolis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Myrtaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [bee-] (Hymenoptera-); eucalyptus- (Myrtaceae-); plant- (Plantae-): native-cerrado-species TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: lupeol-alkanoates: high-molecular-weight-compounds; propolis-crude-extracts GE Geopolitical Location: Uberlandia-, Minas-Gerais-State (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: high-temperature-high-resolution-gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry [HT -HRGC-MS]: characterization-method, identification-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: savannah- AN Accession Number: 200200304868 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 121 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Apisimin, a new serine-valine-rich peptide from honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) royal jelly: Purification and molecular characterization. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bilikova-K; Hanes-J; Nordhoff-E; Saenger-W; Klaudiny-J; Simuth-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, SK-84238, Bratislava; E-Mail: chemsim@savba.sk, Slovakia SO Source: FEBS-Letters. [print] 25 September, 2002; 528 (1-3): 125-129. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/febs PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0014-5793 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A peptide named apisimin was found in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) royal jelly (RJ). N-terminal sequencing showed that this peptide corresponded to the sequence of a cDNA clone isolated from an expression cDNA library prepared from heads of nurse honeybees. No homology was found between the protein sequence of apisimin with a molecular mass of 5540.4 Da and sequences deposited in the Swiss-Prot database. The 54 amino acids of apisimin do not include Cys, Met, Pro, Arg, His, Tyr, and Trp residues. The peptide shows a well-defined secondary structure as observed by CD spectroscopy, and has the tendency to form oligomers. Isoelectrofocusing showed apisimin to be an acidic peptide. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: acidic-peptide: assessment-method; apisimin-: molecular-characterization, purification-; royal-jelly; serine-valine-rich-peptide MQ Methods and Equipment: CD-spectroscopy: assessment-method; Swis-Prot-database: laboratory -equipment; amine-terminal-sequencing: sequencing-method AN Accession Number: 200200304706 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 122 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Discrimination of coloured patterns by honeybees through chromatic and achromatic cues. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: de-Ibarra-N-Hempel {a}; Giurfa-M; Vorobyev-M AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Biologie-Neurobiologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 28/30, 14195, Berlin; E-Mail: nhempel@neurobiologie.fu -berlin.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] August, 2002; 188 (7): 503-512. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We investigated pattern discrimination by worker honeybees, Apis mellifera, focusing on the roles of spectral cues and the angular size of patterns, Free-flying bees were trained to discriminate concentric patterns in a Y -maze. The rewarded pattern could be composed of either a cyan and a yellow colour, which presented both different chromatic and achromatic L -receptor contrast, or an orange and a blue colour, which presented different chromatic cues, but the same L-receptor contrast. The non -rewarded alternative was either a single-coloured disc with the colour of the central disc or the surrounding ring of the pattern, a checkerboard pattern with non-resolvable squares, the reversed pattern, or the elements of the training pattern (disc or ring alone). Bees resolved and learned both colour elements in the rewarded patterns and their spatial properties. When the patterns subtended large visual angles, this discrimination used chromatic cues only. Patterns with yellow or orange central discs were generalised toward the yellow and orange colours, respectively. When the patterns subtended a visual angle close to the detection limit and L-receptor contrast was mediating discrimination, pattern perception was reduced: bees perceived only the pattern element with higher contrast. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: L-receptor; compound-eye: sensory-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: achromatic-cues; chromatic-cues; color-vision; colored-pattern -discrimination; pattern-vision AN Accession Number: 200200303189 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 123 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Honeybee nestmate recognition: The thermal behaviour of guards and their examinees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stabentheiner-Anton {a}; Kovac-Helmut {a}; Schmaranzer-Sigurd {a} AD Author Address: {a} Institut fur Zoologie, Universitat Graz, Universitatsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz; E-Mail: anton.stabentheiner@uni-graz.at, Austria SO Source: Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. [print] September, 2002; 205 (17): 2637 -2642. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-0949 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In honeybee colonies, guards protect their nest from various robbers including bees from other colonies. Infrared thermography showed that the guards and the bees examined by them (examinees) differ considerably in their thermal behaviour according to their particular role in the nestmate recognition process. The thorax surface temperature was on average higher and more variable in the examinees (36.1 degreeC, S.D.=4.14, N=1545, 303 bees) than in the guards (34.0 degreeC, S.D.=2.00, N=1681, 772 bees). During thorough examinations lasting longer than 30 s, more than 60% of the examinees showed phases of intense thoracic heating of more than 2 degreeC (maximum temperature 48.5 degreeC), whereas most guards cooled down. Our data suggest that these examinees heat up their surface to enhance chemical signalling during examinations. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Metabolism- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): guard-bee TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: nestmate-recognition; thermal-behavior; thermography-; thermoregulation- AN Accession Number: 200200302886 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 124 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Factors affecting size and shape of cells of the honeybee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Eskov-E-K SO Source: Entomologicheskoe-Obozrenie. [print] 2002; 81 (2): 292-297. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0367-1445 LA Language: Russian; Non-English AB Abstract: Variability of the cell size and symmetry in the honeycombs has been studied. The distance between opposite corners of cells varies from 4.1 to 7.7 mm (mostly 5.0-5.5 and 6.1-7.0 mm). The asymmetry of cells grows in parallel to increase of their size. The size and asymmetry of cells depend on the space of the nest, thus manifesting the ability of honey bees to control the size of their nest. The mechanism of control of both the nest size and empty space inside it is associated with physiological evaluation of the energy expenditure by leg muscles. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cell-shape; cell-size; energy-expenditure; honeycombs-: symmetry-; nest -morphology; physiology- AN Accession Number: 200200302738 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 125 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Bees floral visitors in a mixed orchard in central Mexico. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Vergara-Carlos-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Quimica y Biologia, Universidad de las Americas-Puebla, Santa Catarina Martir, Puebla, PUE, 72820; E-Mail: cvergara@mail.udlap.mx, Mexico SO Source: Crop-Research-Hisar. [print] July, 2002; 24 (1): 113-116. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0970-4884 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A relatively low diversity of bee pollinators was sampled from a fruit orchard in the Central Plateau of Mexico. The effect of agricultural practices that have occurred in the region for the last 2,000 years was discussed and recommendations for future research were given. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Cucurbitaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Onagraceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Bidens-odorata (Compositae-): native-weed; Cucurbita-pepo (Cucurbitaceae-): vegetable-crop; Dalea -leporina (Leguminosae-): native-weed; Lopezia-racemosa (Onagraceae-): native-weed; Phaseolus-coccineus (Leguminosae-): vegetable-crop; Phaseolus -vulgaris (Leguminosae-): vegetable-crop; Prunus-domestica [plum-] (Rosaceae-): temperate-fruit-crop; Prunus-persica [peach-] (Rosaceae-): temperate-fruit-crop; Pyrus-communis [pear-] (Rosaceae-): temperate-fruit -crop; Pyrus-malus [apple-] (Rosaceae-): temperate-fruit-crop; Pyrus -serotina [capulin-] (Rosaceae-): temperate-fruit-crop; Sicyos-deppei (Cucurbitaceae-): native-weed; Simsia-amplexicaulis (Compositae-): native -weed; Viguiera-sp. (Compositae-): native-weed; bees- (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-, wild-species TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Mexico- (North-America, Nearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mixed-orchard AN Accession Number: 200200302232 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 126 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Pollen mobilization in selected Cucurbitaceae and the putative effects of pollinator abundance on pollen depletion rates. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stanghellini-M-S {a}; Schultheis-J-R; Ambrose-J-T AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Box 7626, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7626, USA SO Source: Journal-of-the-American-Society-for-Horticultural-Science. [print] September, 2002; 127 (5): 729-736. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0003-1062 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Very little is known about the rate at which pollen grains are mobilized within insect-pollinated crop systems, and this is especially true the for commercial production of field-grown cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), monoecious muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.), and triploid watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai). The rates of pollen depletion for these crops were therefore investigated on plots simulating commercial crop production using a mixed honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) and bumble bee (Bombus impatiens Cresson) pollinator complex. At anthesis, staminate cucumber, muskmelon, and watermelon flowers contained on average 10539, 11176, and 30739 pollen grains/flower, respectively. At the time flowers closed in the early afternoon (1300 to 1400 HR), only 61% of the total pollen produced had been removed from staminate cucumber flowers, 44% to 62% from muskmelon, and 81% from watermelon flowers. The results suggest that total pollen production in these crops may not necessarily reflect total pollen availability to floral visitors (bees). However, of the total amount of pollen actually removed per flower, >57% occurred during the 2 h following flower anthesis of cucumber and muskmelon, and >77% occurred during the 2 h following flower anthesis of watermelon. Thus, most of the accessible pollen was removed shortly after anthesis, which is when these crops are most receptive to pollination. Nonviable triploid and viable diploid watermelon pollen were removed at similar rates (P=0.4604). While correlation analyses were not possible for the influence of variable bee abundance on pollen depletion rates, higher bee populations in one year appeared to increase the rate at which pollen grains were removed from staminate flowers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Reproductive -System (Reproduction-); Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental -Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Cucurbitaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Bombus-impatiens [bumblebee-] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Cucumis-melo [muskmelon-] (Cucurbitaceae-): vegetable-crop; Cucumis-sativus [cucumber-] (Cucurbitaceae-): vegetable-crop; Cucurbitaceae- (Cucurbitaceae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mixed-pollinator-complex; pollen-depletion-rates; pollen-mobilization; pollinator-abundance AN Accession Number: 200200302069 UD Update Code: 20021028 Record 127 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Effect of honey bee venom on proliferation of K1735M2 mouse melanoma cells in-vitro and growth of murine B16 melanomas in-vivo. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Liu-Xing; Chen-Dawei; Xie-Liping; Zhang-Rongqing {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084; E-Mail: rqzhang@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn, China SO Source: Journal-of-Pharmacy-and-Pharmacology. [print] August, 2002; 54 (8): 1083 -1089. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.pharmpress.com/jpp PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-3573 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Bee venom has been reported to exhibit antitumour activity in-vitro and in -vivo. Apoptosis, necrosis and lysis of tumour cells were suggested as possible mechanisms by which bee venom inhibited tumour growth. The aim of this study was to investigate potential mechanisms by which bee venom inhibits K1735M2 mouse melanoma cells in-vitro and B16 melanoma, a transplantable solid melanoma in C57BL/6 mice, in-vivo. The proliferation of K1735M2 cells in-vitro was inhibited by bee venom in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The inhibition was indicated by the arrest of the cell cycle at the G1 stage, as detected by flow cytometric measurements. The bee venom induced apoptosis-like cell death as identified by histological observations and by DNA fragmentation. In the in-vivo experiments, the bee venom (1.0, 3.0, 9.0 mg kg-1 of body weight, on days 1-12) was injected intraperitoneally into mice 24 h after the mice were inoculated with B16 cells. Inhibition of the solid tumour was observed. Apoptosis of the K1735M2 cells was suggested as the possible mechanism by which bee venom inhibited cell proliferation and induced K1735M2 cell differentiation in-vitro. The in-vivo experiment indicated that bee venom could be used as a chemotherapeutic agent against malignant tumours. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-); Tumor-Biology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); B16-cell-line (Muridae-); K1735M2-cell-line (Muridae-); mouse- (Muridae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: cell- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: honey-bee-venom: antineoplastic-drug DS Diseases: melanoma-: neoplastic-disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: apoptosis-; cell-proliferation ALT Alternate Indexing: Melanoma-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200200299337 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 128 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Development of a bioassay to test the orientation behaviour of the honey bee ectoparasite, Varroa jacobsoni. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: LeDoux-Monique-N {a}; Pernal-Stephen-F {a}; Higo-Heather-A {a}; Winston -Mark-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (1-2): 47-54. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A bioassay was developed to test various aspects of the orientation behaviour of the honey bee ectoparasite, Varroa jacobsoni. The bioassay arena consisted of a petri dish, 60 mm in diameter, in which live honey bee larvae and previously frozen adults were used as hosts. Bioassays were conducted in a dark incubator at 32degreeC for 60 min. Greater numbers of mites parasitized worker larvae than drone larvae, but this trend was not significant. Mites of various ages given a choice between nurse bees and fifth instar worker larvae preferred nurse bees at all ages of mites tested, excluding newly emerged mites. When given a choice between a nurse bee and a pollen forager, V. jacobsoni did not show a preference, and similarly when given a choice between a nurse bee and an adult drone no preference was observed. Finally, when given a choice between a nurse bee extracted with hexane and a non-extracted nurse bee, V. jacobsoni preferred the non-extracted host. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Infection-; Parasitology-; Terrestrial -Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): adult-, drone-, host-, larva-, nurse-, pollen-forager, worker-; Varroa-jacobsoni [mite-] (Acarina-): ectoparasite-, parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: hexane- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 110-54-3: HEXANE MQ Methods and Equipment: bioassay-: bioassay-method; dark-incubator: laboratory-equipment MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: orientation-behavior AN Accession Number: 200200298245 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 129 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Segregation of visual input to the mushroom bodies in the honeybee (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ehmer-Birgit {a}; Gronenberg-Wulfila AD Author Address: {a} ARLDN, University of Arizona, 611 Gould-Simpson Science Building, Tucson, AZ, 85721; E-Mail: birgit@neurobio.arizona.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Neurology. [print] September 30, 2002; 451 (4): 362 -373. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-9967 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Insect mushroom bodies are brain regions that receive multisensory input and are thought to play an important role in learning and memory. In most neopteran insects, the mushroom bodies receive direct olfactory input. In addition, the calyces of Hymenoptera receive substantial direct input from the optic lobes. We describe visual inputs to the calyces of the mushroom bodies of the honeybee Apis mellifera, the neurons' dendritic fields in the optic lobes, the medulla and lobula, and the organization of their terminals in the calyces. Medulla neurons terminate in the collar region of the calyx, where they segregate into five layers that receive alternating input from the dorsal or ventral medulla, respectively. A sixth, innermost layer of the collar receives input from lobula neurons. In the basal ring region of the calyx, medulla neuron terminals are restricted to a small, distal part. Lobula neurons are more prominent in the basal ring, where they terminate in its outer half. Although the collar and basal ring layers generally receive segregated input from both optic neuropils, some overlap occurs at the borders of the layers. At least three different types of mushroom body input neurons originate from the medulla: (a) neurons with narrow dendritic fields mainly restricted to the vicinity of the medulla's serpentine layer and found throughout the medulla; (b) neurons restricted to the ventral half of the medulla and featuring long columnar dendritic branches in the outer medulla; and (c) a group of neurons whose dendrites are restricted to the most ventral part of the medulla and whose axons form the anterior inferior optic tract. Most medulla neurons (groups a and b) send their axons via the anterior superior optic tract to the mushroom bodies. Neurons connecting the lobula with the mushroom bodies have their dendrites in a defined dorsal part of the lobula. Their axons form a third tract to the mushroom bodies, here referred to as the lobula tract. Our findings match the anatomy of intrinsic mushroom body neurons (Strausfeld, 2002) and together indicate that the mushroom bodies may be composed of many more functional subsystems than previously suggested. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system; mushroom-bodies: nervous-system; optic-lobe: nervous-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: visual-input: segregation- AN Accession Number: 200200297772 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 130 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Evaluation of the defensive behavior of two honeybee ecotypes using a laboratory test. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Andere-Cecilia {a}; Palacio-M-A; Rodriguez-E-M; Figini-E; Dominguez-M-T; Bedascarrasbure-E AD Author Address: {a} Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil; E -Mail: candere@vet.unicen.edu.ar, Argentina SO Source: Genetics-and-Molecular-Biology. [print] March, 2002; 25 (1): 57-60. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.sbg.org.br/revista_menu.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1415-4757 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honeybee defensive behavior is a useful selection criterion, especially in areas with Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera L). In all genetic improvement programs the selected characters must be measured with precision, and because of this we evaluated a metabolic method for testing honeybee defensive behavior in the laboratory for its usefulness in distinguishing between honeybee ecotypes and selecting honeybees based on their level of defensive responses. Ten honeybee colonies were used, five having been produced by feral queens from a subtropical region supposedly colonized by Africanized honeybees and five by queens from a temperate region apparently colonized by European honeybees. We evaluate honeybee defensive behavior using a metabolic test based on oxygen consumption after stimulation with an alarm pheromone, measuring the time to the first response, time to maximum oxygen consumption, duration of activity, oxygen consumption at first response, maximum oxygen consumption and total oxygen consumption, colonies being ranked according to the values obtained for each variable. Significant (p<0.05) differences were detected between ecotypes for each variable but for all variables the highest rankings were obtained for colonies of subtropical origin, which had faster and more intense responses. All variables were highly associated (p<0.05). Total oxygen consumption was the best indicator of metabolic activity for defensive behavior because it combined oxygen consumption and the length of the response. This laboratory method may be useful for evaluating the defensive behavior of honey bees in genetic programs designed to select less defensive bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Methods-and-Techniques ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): ecotype- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: alarm-pheromone MQ Methods and Equipment: metabolic-test: assessment-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: defensive-behavior; genetic-breeding-program; oxygen-consumption AN Accession Number: 200200297437 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 131 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The control of the proventriculus in the honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica L.) II. Feedback mechanisms. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Blatt-Jasmina {a}; Roces-Flavio AD Author Address: {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Zoologie II, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Theodor-Boveri -Institut der Universitaet Wuerzburg, D-97074, Wuerzburg; E-Mail: fam.blatt@gmx.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] July, 2002; 48 (7): 683-691. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jinsphys PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The mechanisms underlying the control of solution transport rates through the proventriculus in foraging honeybees were investigated in individuals trained to collect defined amounts of sugar solutions. Following feeding, bees were injected either with metabolisable (glucose, fructose, trehalose), or non-metabolisable (sorbose) sugars, in order to distinguish between haemolymph osmolarity and haemolymph sugar levels as factors controlling the solution transport rates through the proventriculus. After a fixed period, workers were dissected in order to measure crop content and haemolymph sugar titers. Between feeding and dissection, the metabolic rate of every investigated forager was measured using open-flow respirometry. Bees injected with metabolisable sugars 15 min after feeding were observed to reduce their solution transport rates through the proventriculus, but injection of non-metabolisable sugars had no influence on them. This suggests that the solution transport rate through the proventriculus is controlled by the concentration of metabolisable compounds in the haemolymph, and not by the haemolymph osmolarity. A period of 10 min after injection of metabolisable sugars was enough to observe reduced solution transport rates. However, if bees were injected only 5 min after feeding, no reduced solution transport rates were observed 10 min after injection. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: crop-: digestive-system; hemolymph-: blood-and-lymphatics, osmolarity-; proventriculus-: control-, digestive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: fructose-; glucose-; sorbose-; sugars-: metabolizable-, non-metabolizable; trehalose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-48-7Q: FRUCTOSE; 30237-26-4Q: FRUCTOSE; 50-99-7Q: GLUCOSE; 58367-01-4Q: GLUCOSE; 87-79-6Q: SORBOSE; 3615-39-2Q: SORBOSE; 57-50-1: SUGARS; 99-20-7: TREHALOSE MQ Methods and Equipment: dissection-: examination-method; open-flow-respirometry: measurement-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: crop-emptying; feedback-mechanisms; feeding-physiology; foraging-biology; solution-transport-rates AN Accession Number: 200200294305 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 132 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The control of the proventriculus in the honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica L.) I. A dynamic process influenced by food quality and quantity? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Blatt-Jasmina {a}; Roces-Flavio AD Author Address: {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Zoologie II, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Theodor-Boveri -Institut der Universitaet Wuerzburg, D-97074, Wuerzburg; E-Mail: fam.blatt@gmx.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Physiology. [print] June, 2002; 48 (6): 643-654. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jinsphys PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1910 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The control of crop emptying in foraging honeybees was investigated in individuals trained to collect defined amounts of sugar solutions. Following feeding, they were dissected after fixed periods of time in order to measure crop content and haemolymph sugar titers. Between feeding and dissection, the metabolic rate of every investigated forager was measured using open-flow respirometry, so as to assess the effects of both food quality (concentration, molarity and viscosity of the fed sugar solution) and food quantity on the transport rate through the proventriculus. The sugar transport rate through the proventriculus was observed to be mainly dependent on the metabolic expenditure of the individual. Bee foragers were able to precisely adjust the sugar transport rate of their metabolic rates, but under certain conditions, an excess of sugars was transported through the proventriculus, more than needed to cover the bee's energetic demands. This excess depended on the nutritive value and quantity of the fed sugar solution, and on the time after feeding. It did not depend on the metabolic rate of the bee, the molarity, or the viscosity of the fed sugar solution. As long as the bees did not exhaust their crop contents, the haemolymph sugar titers were unaffected by this excess amount transported, by the time after feeding, the concentration and the viscosity of the fed sugar solution. For all feeding conditions assayed, the haemolymph trehalose titer remained constant, while the titers of other haemolymph sugars varied. It is suggested that the trehalose concentration in the haemolymph is regulated in honeybees, and that it represents the controlled variable in the feedback loop responsible for the transport rate through the proventriculus. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Digestive-System (Ingestion-and-Assimilation) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: crop-: digestive-system; hemolymph-: blood-and-lymphatics; proventriculus-: control-, digestive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sugar-solutions: concentration-, molality-, viscosity-; trehalose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 99-20-7: TREHALOSE MQ Methods and Equipment: dissection-: examination-method; open-flow-respirometry: measurement-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: crop-content; crop-emptying; dynamic-processes; energetic-demands; feeding -conditions; food-quality; food-quantity; metabolic-rates; sugar-transport AN Accession Number: 200200294304 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 133 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Progress of Paenibacillus larvae larvae infection in individually inoculated honey bee larvae reared singly in vitro, in micro colonies, or in full-size colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Brodsgaard-Camilla-J {a}; Hansen-Henrik {a}; Ritter-Wolfgang AD Author Address: {a} Department of Crop Protection, Research Centre, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Flakkebjerg, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (1-2): 19-27. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The progress of infection of American foulbrood (AFB), Paenibacillus larvae larvae, in honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae, prepupae, and pupae were studied in in vitro rearings, micro colonies and full-size colonies. P. I. larvae spores in various known numbers (3-1384 spores per larva) were inoculated at a larval age of 24-28 h. The in vitro study suggested that survival time decreased with increasing spore inoculation dose. No larvae inoculated with three spores died before day 6, but 30% of the larvae inoculated with 1384 spores had died at day 4, 36 h before the time of capping (in a bee colony). On day 4, approximately 480 000 bacterial colonies were cultured per larvae inoculated with 1384 spores at a larval age of 24 h. Viable counts of P. I. larvae per larvae from inoculation and four weeks onwards fitted (R2 = 0.917) a standard model for bacterial growth: Iny = b ln (1 + exp (a = rt)), where y is predicted viable count, r is growth rate, t is larval age in hours, and b and a are constants. Bacterial growth rate in the four weeks infection period was estimated to be r = 0.179+-0.030 h-1. In the queenless micro colonies and full-size colonies the first signs of AFB were not visible to human eyes until day 4. By day 3 nurse bees removed 40% and 50% of the inoculated larvae, respectively, indicating that they are able to detect infected larvae before disease symptoms are visible. An early removal behaviour probably is a very important trait to focus on when breeding for resistance against AFB. The removal behaviour of nurse bees in micro colonies was well correlated with removal in full-size colonies. We conclude that, the micro colonies may serve as a labour and time saving model for full-size colonies when testing the removal behaviour of selected bee lines. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Development-; Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Bacteria-: Microorganisms-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-, larva-, nurse-, prepupa-, pupa-; Paenibacillus-larvae-larvae (Bacteria-): pathogen-, spore-; human- (Hominidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Chordates-; Eubacteria-; Humans-; Insects -; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Microorganisms-; Primates-; Vertebrates- DS Diseases: American-foulbrood: bacterial-disease, infectious-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: single-in-vitro-rearing: experimental-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bacterial-colonies; bacterial-growth; full-size-colonies; queen-less-micro -colonies; removal-behavior AN Accession Number: 200200293901 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 134 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Pollination ecology of Geoffroea decorticans (Fabaceae) in central Argentine dry forest. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Eynard-C {a}; Galetto-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), 5000, Casilla de Correo 495, Cordoba; E-Mail: ceynard@imbiv.unc.edu.ar, leo@imbiv.unc.edu.ar, Argentina SO Source: Journal-of-Arid-Environments. [print] May, 2002; 51 (1): 79-88. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.academicpress.com/jae PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0140-1963 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We examined whether fruit production in the South American endemic tree Geoffroea decorticans depends on pollinators. Although diverse native pollinators were recorded, Apis mellifera reached >60% of the visits. Honey bees can pollinate efficiently but promote mainly geitonogamous pollination. Geoffroea decorticans is facultatively xenogamous and can produce few fruits from selfing. The best fruit set was produced by hand -xenogamous pollination. Fruit set by hand self- and natural-pollination were similarly less. Although floral display was relatively constant throughout the reproductive season, a decrease was observed in both pollinator activity and fruit production. We conclude that successful fruit production in G. decorticans depends on pollinator activity, but is actually limited by the quality of the pollen transferred by A. mellifera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Geoffroea-decorticans (Leguminosae-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Argentina- (South-America, Neotropical-region); South-America (Neotropical -region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Argentine-dry-forest; fruit-production; fruit-set; geitonogamous -pollination; hand-xenogamous-pollination; natural-pollination; pollination-ecology; reproductive-season; self-pollination AN Accession Number: 200200293293 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 135 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The foraging activity of honey bees Apis mellifera and non-Apis bees on hybrid sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) and its influence on cross -pollination and seed set. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Degrandi-Hoffman-Gloria {a}; Watkins-Joseph-C AD Author Address: {a} Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, ARS, USDA, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (1-2): 37-45. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The repercussions of concurrent foraging by honey bee (Apis mellifera) and non-Apis bee populations on cross-pollination and seed set in hybrid sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) was investigated. The amount of sunflower pollen on the bodies of honey bees foraging in rows of male-sterile (MS) sunflowers was positively correlated with the size of the non-Apis bee population. The combined population of non-Apis bees and honey bees foraging on male-fertile (MF) and MS sunflowers also was positively correlated to seed set in MS rows. There were more honey bees than non -Apis bees foraging in MF and MS rows, but there was no evidence of competition for resources between the two populations. The size of the honey bee population was positively correlated to the area of open flowers on sunflower capitula, while the non-Apis population remained relatively constant throughout bloom. Results from this study indicate that a combined honey bee and non-Apis bee population might result in better pollination of hybrid sunflowers than either population alone. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Population-Studies; Reproductive-System (Reproduction-); Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Helianthus-annuus [sunflower-] (Compositae-): fertile-, hybrid-, male-, sterile-; non-Apis-bee (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: capitula-: reproductive-system; pollen-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: cross-pollination; foraging-activity; population-size; seed-set AN Accession Number: 200200293241 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 136 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The effect of carbon dioxide enrichment on nectar production in melons under greenhouse conditions. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Dag-A {a}; Eisikowitch-D {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Plant Sciences, The George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (1-2): 88-89. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Cucurbitaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Cucumis-melo [melon-] (Cucurbitaceae-): commercial-species, seedling-, vegetable-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system; fruit-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sugar- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUGAR MQ Methods and Equipment: carbon-dioxide-enrichment: cultivation-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-activity; greenhouse-; nectar-production; photosynthesis- AN Accession Number: 200200292934 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 137 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Comb and propolis waxes from Brazil: Triterpenoids in propolis waxes. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Negri-Giuseppina {a}; Marcucci-Maria-Cristina {a}; Salatino-Antonio; Salatino-Maria-Luiza-Faria AD Author Address: {a} UNIBAN, Bandeirante University of Sao Paulo, Rua Maria Candida 1813, CEP: 02071-013, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (1-2): 86-88. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [bee-] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: alpha-amyrin: antiinflammatory-drug, immunologic-drug; beta-amyrin; fatty -acids; hydrocarbons-; lupeol-: antiinflammatory-drug, immunologic-drug; monoesters-; pentacyclic-triterpenoids: pharmaceutical- GE Geopolitical Location: Ribeirao-Preto, Sao-Paulo (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 638-95-9: ALPHA-AMYRIN; 559-70-6: BETA-AMYRIN; 545-47-1: LUPEOL MQ Methods and Equipment: TLC- [thin-layer-chromatography]: analytical-method, liquid-chromatography; gas-chromatography/electronic-impact-mass-spectrometry [GC/EIMS-]: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: beeswax-; comb-waxes; propolis-waxes AN Accession Number: 200200292933 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 138 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Genetic control of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) dance language: Segregating dance forms in a backcrossed colony. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Johnson-R-N; Oldroyd-B-P; Barron-A-B; Crozier-R-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811; E-Mail: ross.crozier@jcu.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Journal-of-Heredity. [print] May-June, 2002; 93 (3): 170-173. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1503 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We studied the genetic control of the dance dialects that exist in the different subspecies of honey bees (Apis mellifera) by observing the variation in dance form observed in a backcross between two lines that showed widely different dance dialects. To do this we generated the reciprocal of the cross performed by Rinderer and Beaman (1995), thus producing phenotypic segregation of dance forms within a single colony rather than between colonies. Our results are consistent with Rinderer and Beaman (1995) in that inheritance of the transition point from round dancing fwdarw waggle dancing is consistent with control by a single locus with more than one allele. That is, we found one dance type to be dominant in the F1, and observed a 1:1 segregation of dance in a backcross involving the F1 and the recessive parent. However, we found some minor differences in dance dialect inheritance, with the most significant being an apparent reversal of dominance between our cross (for us "black" is the dominant dialect) and that of Rinderer and Beaman (1995) (they report "yellow" to be the dominant dialect). We also found that our black bees do not perform a distinct sickle dance, whereas the black bees used by Rinderer and Beaman (1995) did perform such a dance. However, our difference in dominance need not contradict the results of Rinderer and Beaman (1995), as there is no evidence that body color and dominance for dance dialect are linked. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular -Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): backcrossed-colony TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: body-color; dance-form-segregation: phenotypic-; dance-language: genetic -control; dominance-for-dance-dialect AN Accession Number: 200200291192 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 139 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Exploitation of pollen resources by Xylocopa splendidula in the Argentine pampas. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Telleria-Maria-C {a} AD Author Address: {a} CONICET, Catedra de Palinologia, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900, La Plata, Argentina SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2000; 39 (1-2): 55-60. PY Publication Year: 2000 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The pollen choice by native carpenter bees (Xylocopa splendidula) in the Argentine pampas was surveyed by means of the pollen harvest in nests. Samples were taken in January 1996, 1997 and December 1998. The data obtained were compared with data from introduced honey bees, Apis mellifera, in the same region (Telleria, 1993). 16 species belonging to 11 families of Angiosperms are present in the foraging spectrum of X. splendidula. The carpenter bees principally collected pollen from the plants which are isolated or in small populations. In contrast forage plants for honey bees are in dense populations. Such differences may be attributed to different skills needed to exploit the resources, and to displacement of native carpenter bees towards less productive environments, by introduced honey bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Amaryllidaceae-: Monocotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Euphorbiaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Lythraceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Myrtaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Oleaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Rutaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Solanaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Umbelliferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Verbenaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Amaryllis-spp. (Amaryllidaceae-); Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera -); Carduus-spp. (Compositae-); Citrus-spp. (Rutaceae-); Eryngium-spp. (Umbelliferae-); Eucalyptus-spp. (Myrtaceae-); Helianthus-annuus (Compositae-); Lagerstroemia-indica (Lythraceae-); Ligustrum-spp. (Oleaceae-); Medicago-sativa (Leguminosae-); Sesbania-punicea (Leguminosae -); Solanum-spp. (Solanaceae-); Styphnolobium-japonicum (Euphorbiaceae-); Trifolium-pratense (Leguminosae-); Trifolium-repens (Leguminosae-); Verbena-spp. (Verbenaceae-); Xylocopa-splendidula [carpenter-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Monocots-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: harvest-, reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Argentine-pampas (Argentina-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: foraging-behavior; nests-; plant-populations AN Accession Number: 200200289396 UD Update Code: 20021002 Record 140 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Acute renal failure following massive attack by Africanized bee stings. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bresolin-Nilzete-L {a}; Carvalho-Francisca-Ligia-C; Goes-Jose-Eduardo-C; Fernandes-Vera-Regina; Barotto-Adriana-M AD Author Address: {a} Joana de Gusmao Children's Hospital, Rui Barbosa, 154 Agronomica, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, 88025-301; E-Mail: nilzete@central148.com.br, Brazil SO Source: Pediatric-Nephrology. [print] August, 2002; 17 (8): 625-627. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0931-041X LA Language: English AB Abstract: Bee venom is a complex substance, which acts in several tissues. Although severe allergic reactions have occurred after one or more stings, several deaths have been reported without allergic manifestations, emphasizing the toxic effects of massive poisoning. A number of about 500 stings have been considered necessary to cause death by direct toxicity, but as few as 30 -50 stings have proved fatal in children. Among the major toxic effects are hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure (ARF), and shock. ARF may be due to a common toxic-ischemic mechanism with hypovolemic or anaphylactic shock, pigment tubulopathy (myoglobinuria and hemoglobinuria), or acute tubular necrosis (ATN) from a direct kidney toxicity of the venom. We present a case of rhabdomyolysis and hemolysis with consequent ARF which developed after about 800 bee stings. The patient recovered completely after peritoneal dialysis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Hematology- (Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Nephrology- (Human -Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Pediatrics- (Human-Medicine, Medical -Sciences); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Africanized-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pest-; human- (Hominidae -): child-, female-, human-, patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: bee-venom; kidney-: excretory-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: antihistamines-: antihistamine-drug, immunologic-drug; hydrocortisone-: hormone-drug DS Diseases: acute-renal-failure: diagnosis-, etiology-, pathology-, therapy-, urologic -disease; bee-sting: complications-, injury-, pathology-, toxicity-; hemolysis-: blood-and-lymphatic-disease, etiology-, pathology-; rhabdomyolysis-: etiology-, muscle-disease, pathology- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 50-23-7: HYDROCORTISONE MQ Methods and Equipment: peritoneal-dialysis: therapeutic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: massive-attack; multiple-stings; Case-Study ALT Alternate Indexing: Kidney-Failure,-Acute-(MeSH); Rhabdomyolysis-(MeSH) AN Accession Number: 200200281221 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 141 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Trees, birds and bees in Mauritius: Exploitative competition between introduced honey bees and endemic nectarivorous birds? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hansen-Dennis-M {a}; Olesen-Jens-M; Jones-Carl-G AD Author Address: {a} Department of Ecology and Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Aarhus, Building 540, 8000, Aarhus C; E-Mail: marinus_hansen@hotmail.com, Denmark SO Source: Journal-of-Biogeography. [print] May-June, 2002; 29 (5-6): 721-734. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell -science.com/~cgilib/jnlpage.asp?Journal=jbiog&File=jbiog PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0305-0270 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Aims: To investigate effects of introduced honey bees, Apis mellifera L., on the nectar-feeding activity of two species of endemic nectarivorous birds, the Grey White-eye, Zosterops borbonicus mauritianus Gmelin, and the Olive White-eye, Z. chloronothos Viellot, on two endemic flowering trees, Sideroxylon cinereum Lam. and S. puberulum DC. (Sapotaceae), and to examine pollination efficiency of birds and honey bees. Location: An upland heath area on the island of Mauritius, Indian Ocean. Methods: We quantified visitation rates of endemic birds and introduced honey bees at two endemic species of flowering trees. Diurnal variation in nectar standing crop and nectar production was measured. Pollination efficiency of flower visitors was examined using bagging and caging experiments. Results: White-eyes were only nectar-feeding at the two Sideroxylon species early in the morning, stopping when honey bee foraging activity rapidly lowered nectar standing crops. White-eyes continued nectar-feeding at other flowering plant species, exploited less by honey bees, throughout the day. Honey bees were less efficient pollinators of the two Sideroxylon species than white-eyes. Main conclusions: Our results indicate that introduced honey bees could be interfering with endemic interactions between the two Sideroxylon species and the two white-eye species. However, because of lack of a neutral control site without honey bees, we cannot exclude other explanations. We do recommend, although, that honey bees need to be taken into consideration in the future conservation management of Mauritian ecosystems. We suggest that island ecosystems are especially vulnerable to introduced honey bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Conservation-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Aves-: Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Passeriformes-: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Sapotaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Spermatophyta-: Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): introduced-, pollination -efficiency; Sideroxylon-cinereum (Sapotaceae-): endemic-flowering-tree; Sideroxylon-puberulum (Sapotaceae-): endemic-flowering-tree; Zosterops -borbonicus-mauritianus [gray-white-eye] (Passeriformes-): endemic-, nectar-feeding-activity, nectarivorous-, pollination-efficiency; Zosterops -chloronothos [olive-white-eye] (Passeriformes-): endemic-, nectar-feeding -activity, nectarivorous-, pollination-efficiency; birds- (Aves-): nectarivorous-; honey-bee (Hymenoptera-); trees- (Spermatophyta-) TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Birds-; Chordates-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular -Plants; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: nectar-: production-, standing-crop GE Geopolitical Location: Mauritius- (Indian-Ocean) MQ Methods and Equipment: bagging-experiment: experimental-method; caging-experiment: experimental -method; conservation-management: management-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: exploitative-competition; nectar-production: diurnal-variation; nectar -standing-crop: diurnal-variation; upland-heath-area; visitation-rates AN Accession Number: 200200278790 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 142 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Control effects of oxytetracycline on American foulbrood, Paeniacillus larvae larvae, of honey bee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Yue-Wen-Chen; Jui-Shen-Liu; Kai-Kuang-Ho; Chung-Hsiung-Wang; An-James {a} AD Author Address: {a} National Taiwan Museum, Taipei, 100; E-Mail: kan@eden.tpm.gov.tw, Taiwan SO Source: Formosan-Entomologist. [print] September, 2001; 21 (3): 209-220. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.entsoc.org.tw/english.htm PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1680-7650 LA Language: Chinese; Non-English AB Abstract: In vitro tests, oxytetracycline (OTC) showed a highly inhibitory effect on spores of Paeniacillus larvae larvae isolated from colonies of honey bee (Apis mellifera) in Taiwan (MIC = 0.125 mug/ml), but showed no sporicidal effect. In field tests, honey bee colonies were medicated with OTC syrup to determine its effectiveness in prevention of American foulbrood (AFB) in young larvae. Results showed that two doses of OTC syrup, 125 mg/colony and 50 mg/colony, prevented AFB signs for a period of, at least, 9 days and 3 days, respectively. Colonies with a mild AFB infection treated with hive replacement recovered from the disease, and no AFB recurrence was seen in an investigation period of 15 weeks. In addition to hive replacement, colonies with a heavy infection should also be medicated with 125 mg of OTC on the 5th day post-replacement. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Paenibacillus-larvae-larvae (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxytetracycline-: antibacterial-drug, antiinfective-drug GE Geopolitical Location: Taiwan- (Asia-, Palearctic-region) DS Diseases: American-foulbrood: bacterial-disease RN CAS Registry Number (R): 79-57-2: OXYTETRACYCLINE AN Accession Number: 200200278427 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 143 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Pollination ecology of Apis cerana Fab. and Apis mellifera L. on plum. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Shu-Young-Chang; Feng-Kuo-Hsieh; Chi-Tung-Chen {a}; Kai-Kwang-Ho AD Author Address: {a} Miaoli District Agricultural Improvement Station, 261 Kuannan Village, Kungkuan, 363, Miaoli; E-Mail: mite01@mdais.gov.tw, Taiwan SO Source: Formosan-Entomologist. [print] September, 2001; 21 (3): 197-208. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.entsoc.org.tw/english.htm PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1680-7650 LA Language: Chinese; Non-English AB Abstract: This experiment was conducted in a plum orchard in which half-and-half peach root-stocked plums and California plums are cultivated. Two colonies of Apis cerana and five colonies of Apis mellifera were moved in before flowering to investigate the pollinating ecology of the two pollinator species. The plum blooming period was 21 d, and there were more than six flowers per twig from the 7th to 12nd days after blooming. The pollination activity of A. cerana on plums peaked between 0900 and 1100 h, while that of A. mellifera peaked between 1100 and 1300 h, coinciding with the time period of daytime gathering of maximal amount of plum pollen for both species. The number of foraging bees on blooming plums decreased with increasing distance from plums to the beehive. However, the high-stem planting surrounding the orchard created a wall effect that resulted in similar number of foragers on plums 50 and 150 m from the beehive. During the plum blooming period, the total number of non-plum pollen pellets gathered by A. cerana has a 13.5-fold increase compared with that of plum pollen pellets. But the number of plum pollen pellets gathered by A. mellifera was 2.6 fold higher than the number of non-plum pollen pellets. The final fruit sets were 8% and 13% of the initial number of flowers for bagged and non-bagged twigs, respectively, for peach root-stocked plums, and were 0% and 5%, respectively, for California plums. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Rosaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-cerana (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); plum- (Rosaceae -): temperate-fruit-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: pollen-: reproductive-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: blooming-period; flowering-; fruit-set; pollination-; pollination-ecology AN Accession Number: 200200278426 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 144 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Effects of oxytetracycline of larval honey bee, Apis mellifera, reared in vitro. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Yue-Wen-Chen; Chung-Hsiung-Wang; Kai-Kuang-Ho {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106; E -Mail: kkho@ccms.ntu.edu.tw, Taiwan SO Source: Formosan-Entomologist. [print] March, 2002; 22 (1): 53-64. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.entsoc.org.tw/english.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1680-7650 LA Language: Chinese; Non-English AB Abstract: An artificial method was developed for rearing 1-day-old worker honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae to the adult stage in the laboratory. The proportion of adult emergence was 57.1%. This method subsequently was used to study the effects of oxytetracycline (OTC) on larval growth and development. With a concentration of 25 ppm OTC in the diet, larval and postdefecation mortalities, and larval growth rates were similar to those of the controls, while doses higher than this retarded larval growth and caused higher mortality. Feeding with 0.2 ppm OTC effectively reduced larval and postdefecation mortalities of larvae inoculated with 4.5 X 105 spores/ml of Paenibacillus larvae larvae. But it appeared in 1% of American foulbrood (AFB) individuals. When fed 1.0 ppm OTC and spores, no additional mortalities or AFB-infected individuals were found. This reveals that a low concentration of OTC can effectively protect young larvae from P. l. larvae infection. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species, larva-; Paenibacillus-larvae-larvae [American-foulbrood] (Endospore-forming-Gram -Positives): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxytetracycline- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 79-57-2: OXYTETRACYCLINE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: adult-emergence; artificial-rearing; diet-; larval-growth; larval -mortality; postdefecation-mortalities AN Accession Number: 200200278425 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 145 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Foraging reactivation in the honeybee Apis mellifera L.: Factors affecting the return to known nectar sources. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gil-Mariana; Farina-Walter-Marcelo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Grupo de Estudios de Insectos Sociales, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellon II, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires; E -Mail: walter@bg.fcen.uba.ar, Argentina SO Source: Naturwissenschaften-. [print] July, 2002; 89 (7): 322-325. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de/journals/nawi PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-1042 LA Language: English AB Abstract: This paper addresses, what determines that experienced forager honeybees return to places where they have previously exploited nectar. Although there was already some evidence that dance and trophallaxis can cause bees to return to feed, the fraction of unemployed foragers that follow dance or receive food from employed foragers before revisiting the feeder was unknown. We found that 27% of the experienced foragers had no contact with the returning foragers inside the hive. The most common interactions were dance following (64%) and trophallaxis (21%). The great variability found in the amount of interactions suggests that individual bees require different stimulation before changing to the foraging mode. This broad disparity negatively correlated with the number of days after marking at the feeder, a variable that is closely related to the foraging experience, suggesting that a temporal variable might affect the decision-making in reactivated foragers. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Communication-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental -Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: decision-making; experience-; feeding-behavior; foraging-reactivation; honeybee-dances; intraspecific-interactions; nectar-sources; resource -exploitation; temporal-variables; trophollaxis- AN Accession Number: 200200274339 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 146 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Hot spots in the bee hive. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Bujok-Brigitte {a}; Kleinhenz-Marco; Fuchs-Stefan; Tautz-Juergen AD Author Address: {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Biozentrum, Universitaet Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg; E-Mail: thermo@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, Germany SO Source: Naturwissenschaften-. [print] July, 2002; 89 (7): 299-301. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de/journals/nawi PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0028-1042 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera) maintain temperatures of 35-36degreeC in their brood nest because the brood needs high and constant temperature conditions for optimal development. We show that incubation of the brood at the level of individual honeybees is done by worker bees performing a particular and not yet specified behaviour: such bees raise the brood temperature by pressing their warm thoraces firmly onto caps under which the pupae develop. The bees stay motionless in a characteristic posture and have significantly higher thoracic temperatures than bees not assuming this posture in the brood area. The surface of the brood caps against which warm bees had pressed their thorax were up to 3.2degreeC warmer than the surrounding area, confirming that effective thermal transfer had taken place. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: thorax- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: bee-hives; brood-development; postural-behavior; temperature-; thermal -transfer AN Accession Number: 200200274337 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 147 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Floral biology, pollination ecology and seed production of the ornamental plant Salvia splendens sello. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sanchez-L-A {a}; Picado-A; Sommeijer-M-J; Slaa-E-J AD Author Address: {a} Centro de Investigaciones Apicolas Tropicales (CINAT), Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, Apartado Postal 475-3000, Heredia; E-Mail: lsanchez@una.ac.cr, Costa Rica SO Source: Journal-of-Horticultural-Science-and-Biotechnology. [print] July, 2002; 77 (4): 498-501. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1462-0316 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In this paper, the floral biology and pollination ecology of Salvia splendens are described. All flower characteristics (red corolla, large tubular flowers with abundant but dilute nectar) indicate that S. splendens is adapted to hummingbird pollination. Honeybees, however, were also found to be good pollinators of this plant. Apis mellifera was equally effective in pollinating S. splendens as hand pollination and open pollination, resulting in a 300% increase in seed set compared with bagged control plants. The much smaller stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula was not an effective pollinator of these flowers since during visitation its body failed to touch the stigma. Although pollination seemed not to be the only limiting factor in seed production, external pollinators enhance seed production in S. splendens, and Apis mellifera is an effective, commercially available pollination agent of this economically important ornamental plant. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Horticulture- (Agriculture-); Reproduction-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Apodiformes-: Aves-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Labiatae-: Dicotyledones -, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Salvia-splendens (Labiatae-): commercial-seed-production, cultivar-Vista-Red, ornamental-crop; Tetragonisca-angustulata (Hymenoptera-): ineffective-pollinator; hummingbird- (Apodiformes-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Birds-; Chordates-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular -Plants; Vertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Costa-Rica (Central-America, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: floral-biology; pollination-ecology AN Accession Number: 200200273746 UD Update Code: 20020913 Record 148 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Venom production by Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera) and Africanized -European hybrids. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Funari-S-R-C {a}; Zeidler-P-R; Rocha-H-C; Sforcin-J-M AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Producao e Exploracao Animal - Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia, UNESP, CEP 18.618-000, Botucatu, SP; E-Mail: srcfunari@fca.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Venomous-Animals-and-Toxins. [online] Dec., 2001; 7 (2 Cited June 10, 2002): No Pagination URLJ Journal URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0104 -7930&lng=en&nrm=iso PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0104-7930 LA Language: English AB Abstract: This study used 15 beehives: five with Africanized queens sisters (Apis mellifera), five with Italian queens sisters (Apis mellifera ligustica), and five with Carniolan queens sisters (Apis mellifera carnica). The queens were fertilized naturally. This experiment was performed in the apiary of the Botucatu School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, UNESP, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The following data were obtained from the foraging bees: venom quantity in reservoir, 0.117+-0.015, 0.139+ -0.020, and 0.147+-0.024 (mg); venom quantity liberated in extraction apparatus, 0.073+-0.012, 0.057+-0.011 and 0.059+-0.013 (mg); and sting electro stimulus threshold (volts), 10.75+-1.37, 15.11+-2.00, and 15.01+ -1.63 for Africanized, Italian X Africanized and Carniolan X Africanized, respectively. The Africanized honeybees possess less venom in reservoir than the European hybrids (Carniolan and Italian). However, they liberated a larger quantity of venom in the extraction apparatus and required lower electro stimulus threshold to promote stinging. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-carnica (Hymenoptera-): African-European-hybrid, Carniolan-queens-sisters; Apis-mellifera -lingustica (Hymenoptera-): Africanized-European-hybrid, Italian-queens -sisters TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: venom- MQ Methods and Equipment: venom-extraction-apparatus: extraction-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: defensive-behavior; venom-production; venom-reservoir AN Accession Number: 200200272483 UD Update Code: 20020909 Record 149 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The Africanization of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) of the Yucatan: A study of a massive hybridization event across time. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Clarke-Kylea-E {a}; Rinderer-Thomas-E; Franck-Pierre {a}; Quezada-Euan -Javier-G; Oldroyd-Benjamin-P {a} AD Author Address: {a} School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, A12, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006; E-Mail: kclarke@bio.usyd.edu.au, trinderer@ars.usda.gov, franck@ensam.inra.fr, qeuan@tunku.uady.mx, boldroyd@bio.usyd.edu.au, Australia SO Source: Evolution-. [print] July, 2002; 56 (7): 1462-1474. URLJ Journal URL: http://evol.allenpress.com/evolonline/?request=get-current-issue PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0014-3820 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Until recently, African and European subspecies of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) had been geographically separated for around 10,000 years. However, human-assisted introductions have caused the mixing of large populations of African and European subspecies in South and Central America, permitting an unprecedented opportunity to study a large-scale hybridization event using molecular analyses. We obtained reference populations from Europe, Africa, and South America and used these to provide baseline information for a microsatellite and mitochondrial analysis of the process of Africanization of the bees of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. The genetic structure of the Yucatecan population has changed dramatically over time. The pre-Africanized Yucatecan population (1985) comprised bees that were most similar to samples from southeastern Europe and northern and western Europe. Three years after the arrival of Africanized bees (1989), substantial paternal gene flow had occurred from feral Africanized drones into the resident European population, but maternal gene flow from the invading Africanized population into the local population was negligible. However by 1998, there was a radical shift with both African nuclear alleles (65%) and African-derived mitochondria (61%) dominating the genomes of domestic colonies. We suggest that although European mitochondria may eventually be driven to extinction in the feral population, stable introgression of European nuclear alleles has occurred. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biogeography- (Population-Studies); Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and -Molecular-Biophysics); Population-Genetics (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): feral-population, invading -population, resident-population TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: mitochondria- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: nuclear-alleles GE Geopolitical Location: Africa- (Ethiopian-region, Palearctic-region); Europe- (Palearctic-region); South-America (Neotropical-region); Yucatan-Peninsula (Mexico-, North -America, Nearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: microsatellite-molecular-analysis: molecular-genetic-method; mitochondrial -molecular-analysis: molecular-genetic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Africanization-; introgression-; massive-hybridization-event; maternal-gene -flow; paternal-gene-flow; population-genetic-structure AN Accession Number: 200200271448 UD Update Code: 20020909 Record 150 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Insectos asociados con flores de malezas del Jardin Botanico de Santiago de Cuba, con enfasis en Hymenoptera. [Insects associated with flowers of weeds of the Botanical Garden of Santiago de Cuba, with enfasis on Hymenoptera.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Fernandez-Jose-L {a}; Garces-G-G; Portuondo-F-E; Valdes-T-P {a}; Exposito-E -I {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratorio de Control Biologico, Facultad de Ciencias Agricolas, Universidad de Granma, Apartado Postal No. 21, Bayamo, CP 85100; E-Mail: jlft@udg.granma.inf.cu, eduardo@bioeco.ciges.inf.cu, Cuba SO Source: Revista-de-Biologia-Tropical. [print] September-December, 2001; 49 (3-4): 1013-1026. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0034-7744 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English AB Abstract: The insect visitors of flowers in nine weeds species were studied in the Botanical Garden of Santiago de Cuba, Eastern Cuba, during 1993 (March - June, spring season) and 1994 (January - March, end of winter and beginning of spring season). About 50 hours of collecting efforts were made at three times (0900-0930 hr in 1993; 0900-0930 hr, 1200-1230 hr and 1500-1530 hr in 1994). More than 140 species of at least 37 families were found; Hymenoptera dominated (with more than a half of specimens), followed by Diptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Among Hymenoptera, bees (Apoidea) were the largest group, especially Apis mellifera L; followed by wasps (Vespidae, Pompilidae, Sphecidae) and ichneumon flies (Ichneumonidae); Microhymenopterans were not sampled. Hymenopterans of each weed were compared for diversity, similarity, dominant and subdominant species, visitation time, sampling efficiency, etc. Each plant species had a particular Hymenoptera complex, almost one third of which were natural enemies of agricultural pests, and most are believed to be potential pollinators. Closely related species showed similar patterns of daily activity, with a peak at 0900-0930 hr for all plant species. Second grade polynomial equations were the best fitted models to describe the relationships between number of species and number of specimens, and between total number of species and number of samples (R2 = 0.9734 and R2 = 0.9573, p < 0.01). The role of weeds in the biodiversity of the agroecosystems is analyzed; as well as the effectiveness of this collection method to study Hymenoptera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biogeography- (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Coleoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Lepidoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda -, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Coleoptera- (Coleoptera-); Diptera- (Diptera -); Hymenoptera- (Hymenoptera-); Lepidoptera- (Lepidoptera-); plant- (Plantae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: flower-: reproductive-system GE Geopolitical Location: Botanical-Garden, Santiago-de-Cuba (Cuba-, West-Indies, Neotropical-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: similarity-; species-diversity AN Accession Number: 200200271163 UD Update Code: 20020909 Record 151 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Absence of seasonal effect on the immunomodulatory action of Brazilian propolis on natural killer activity. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sforcin-J-M {a}; Kaneno-R; Funari-S-R-C AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociencias, UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, 18618-000, Botucatu, SP; E-Mail: sforcin@ibb.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Venomous-Animals-and-Toxins. [online] 2002; 8 (1 Cited June 10, 2002): No Pagination URLJ Journal URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0104 -7930&lng=en&nrm=iso PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0104-7930 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Propolis, a beehive product widely used in folk medicine as an antiinflammatory agent, has been attracting researchers' attention to scientifically elucidate its biological properties and therapeutic activities. The aim of this paper was to study the possible effect of propolis on natural killer activity, since propolis immunomodulatory action has been suggested, especially on non-specific immunity. Propolis was produced by africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera L.), collected throughout a whole year, and pooled by season. Hydroalcoholic solutions of propolis were prepared with each pool and administered to rats by gavage over three days. Natural killer activity of non-adherent spleen cells was evaluated by the 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assay against Yac-1 target cells. Our results indicated that the natural killer activity was increased in spleen cells from propolis-treated animals. There were no significant differences related to the seasonal effect on the immunomodulatory action of propolis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis); Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Muridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); rat- (Muridae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: natural-killer-cell: blood-and-lymphatics, immune-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: propolis-: immunologic-drug, immunomodulatory-action MQ Methods and Equipment: cytotoxic-assay: drug-evaluation-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: immunomodulation-; season- AN Accession Number: 200200270667 UD Update Code: 20020909 Record 152 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The antibacterial activity of propolis produced by Apis mellifera L. and Brazilian stingless bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Fernandes-A-Jr {a}; Leomil-L; Fernandes-A-A-H; Sforcin-J-M AD Author Address: {a} Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociencias de Botucatu, UNESP, Distrito de Rubiao Junior s/n, CEP 18618-000, Botucatu, Sao Paulo; E-Mail: ary@ibb.unesp.br, Brazil SO Source: Journal-of-Venomous-Animals-and-Toxins. [online] Dec., 2001; 7 (2 Cited June 10, 2002): No Pagination URLJ Journal URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0104 -7930&lng=en&nrm=iso PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0104-7930 LA Language: English AB Abstract: This study investigated the antibacterial activity of propolis produced by A. mellifera and Brazilian stingless bees, called "meliponineos". Susceptibility tests to ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) were performed using bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus sp, and Escherichia coli) isolated from human infections. Dilution of EEP in agar (%v/v) was used for determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The stingless bee species (and common names) were: Nannotrigona testaceicornis ("Irai"), Tetragonisca angustula ("Jatai"), Trigona spinipes ("Arapua"), Scaptotrigona sp ("Tiuba"), Partamona sp ("Cupira"), Melipona scutellaris ("Urucu"), Melipona sp ("Manduri"), and Melipona mandacaia ("Mandacaia"). EEP inhibitory efficiencies according to bacterial strains were: S. aureus - "Cupira" > "Manduri" = A. mellifera > "Urucu" > "Mandacaia" > "Irai" > "Tiuba" > "Jatai" > "Arapua" = Ethanol; Enterococcus sp - "Cupira" > "Manduri" > A. mellifera > "Mandacaia" > "Urucu" > "Tiuba" > "Jatai" > "Arapua" = Ethanol; E. coli - "Manduri" > "Jatai" > Ethanol > A. mellifera > "Urucu" > "Cupira" > "Irai". Propolis produced by "Cupira" and "Manduri" bees showed higher antibacterial activity than A. mellifera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Infection-; Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-); Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Enterobacteriaceae-: Facultatively-Anaerobic-Gram-Negative-Rods, Eubacteria -, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Gram-Positive-Cocci: Eubacteria-, Bacteria -, Microorganisms-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Micrococcaceae-: Gram-Positive-Cocci, Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-); Enterococcus-sp. (Gram-Positive-Cocci); Escherichia-coli (Enterobacteriaceae-); Melipona-mandacaia (Hymenoptera-); Melipona-scutellaris (Hymenoptera-); Melipona-sp. (Hymenoptera-); Nannotrigona-testaceicornis (Hymenoptera-); Partamona-sp. (Hymenoptera-); Scaptotrigona-sp. (Hymenoptera-); Staphylococcus-aureus (Micrococcaceae-); Tetragonisca-angustula (Hymenoptera-); Trigona-spinipes (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-): patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Chordates-; Eubacteria-; Humans-; Insects -; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Microorganisms-; Primates-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Brazilian-stingless-bee-derived-propolis: antibacterial-activity, antibacterial-drug, antiinfective-drug, efficacy-, minimum-inhibitory -concentration, pharmacodynamics- AN Accession Number: 200200270666 UD Update Code: 20020909 Record 153 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Different functions of two alarm substances in the honeybee. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Balderrama-N; Nunez-J; Guerrieri-F; Giurfa-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Laboratoire de Cognition Animale, Universite Paul-Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 4; E-Mail: giurfa@cict.fr, France SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] July, 2002; 188 (6): 485-491. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In the honeybee, isopentyl acetate and 2-heptanone are described as alarm substances. We asked whether both substances have a similar role by testing the effect of their exposure on the appetitive proboscis extension reflex and on the aversive stinging reflex. In the appetitive context of sucrose stimulation no differences were found between isopentyl acetate and 2-heptanone. Small amounts of isopentyl acetate or 2-heptanone (3 mul of 1:9 dilution) yielded a response similar to that of a non-exposed control. Larger amounts of both substances (125 mul of 1:9 dilutions) as well as mixtures led to a decrease of responsiveness to sucrose. In the aversive context of electrical stimulation, significant differences between isopentyl acetate and 2-heptanone were found. Exposure to a small amount of isopentyl acetate (3 mul of 1:9 dilution) or to a large amount of 2-heptanone (125 mul of 1:9 dilution) led to an increase of responsiveness to the electric shock. Larger quantities of isopentyl acetate (125 mul of 1:9 dilution) decreased the responsiveness to the shock. 2-Heptanone never decreased the responsiveness to the shock. Our results indicate that isopentyl acetate and 2-heptanone have different functions even if both are capable of evoking deterrent responses in a defensive context. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Physiology- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: 2-heptanone: alarm-substance; isopentyl-acetate: alarm-substance; sucrose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 110-43-0: 2-HEPTANONE; 123-92-2: ISOPENTYL ACETATE; 57-50-1: SUCROSE MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: defensive-context; deterrent-responses; electrical-stimulation; proboscis -extension-reflex; stinging-reflex AN Accession Number: 200200258995 UD Update Code: 20020909 Record 154 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Demand for task performance and workforce replacement: Undertakers in honeybee, Apis mellifera, colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Breed-Michael-D {a}; Williams-Dionne-B; Queral-Alejandro AD Author Address: {a} Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Campus Box 334, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334; E-Mail: michael.breed@colorado.edu, USA SO Source: Journal-of-Insect-Behavior. [print] May, 2002; 15 (3): 319-329. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0892-7553 PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0892-7553 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Undertakers are a specialized task group of honey bees that remove dead bees from the colony. The mean adult age of undertakers is 12.5 days; this is similar to that of other specialized task groups, such as guards. The mean number of undertakers in colonies was 544. However, because the number of bees expressing this behavior is dependent on the demand for task performance, undertaker estimates vary depending on the experimental technique. Increasing the demand for undertaking resulted in more bees engaging in the task. Depleting the number of undertakers by removal of bees carrying corpses resulted in new bees assuming undertaking duties. These results support a response-threshold model for engagement of worker bees in task performance. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): corpse-, undertaker-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: division-of-labor; mortality-; task-performance; undertaking-; workforce -replacement AN Accession Number: 200200258985 UD Update Code: 20020909 Record 155 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Sex determination and the evolution of polyandry in honey bees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Tarpy-David-R {a}; Page-Robert-E-Jr AD Author Address: {a} Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Seeley G. Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853; E-Mail: dt66@cornell.edu, USA SO Source: Behavioral-Ecology-and-Sociobiology. [print] July, 2002; 52 (2): 143-150. URLJ Journal URL: http://link.springer.de PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-5443 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Many hypotheses attempt to explain why queens of social insects mate multiply. We tested the sex locus hypothesis for the evolution of polyandry in honey bees (Apis mellifera). A queen may produce infertile, diploid males that reduce the viability of worker brood and, presumably, adversely affect colony fitness. Polyandry reduces the variance in diploid male production within a colony and may increase queen fitness if there are non-linear costs associated with brood viability, specifically if the relationship between brood viability and colony fitness is concave. We instrumentally inseminated queens with three of their own brothers to vary brood viability from 50% to 100% among colonies. We measured the colonies during three stages of their development: (1) colony initiation and growth, (2) winter survival, and (3) spring reproduction. We found significant relationships between brood viability and most colony measures during the growth phase of colonies, but the data were too variable to distinguish significant non-linear effects. However, there was a significant step function of brood viability on winter survival, such that all colonies above 72% brood viability survived the winter but only 37.5% of the colonies below 72% viability survived. We discuss the significance of this and other "genetic diversity" hypotheses for the evolution of polyandry. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Development-; Evolution-and-Adaptation; Genetics-; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): female-, male-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-viability; evolution-; fitness-; genetic-diversity; kin-selection; polyandry-; reproduction-; sex-determination; survival- AN Accession Number: 200200258861 UD Update Code: 20020909 Record 156 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Deciding on a new home: How do honeybees agree? AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Britton-N-F {a}; Franks-N-R; Pratt-S-C; Seeley-T-D AD Author Address: {a} Centre for Mathematical Biology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY; E -Mail: n.f.britton@bath.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Proceedings-of-the-Royal-Society-Biological-Sciences-Series-B. [print] 7 July, 2002; 269 (1498): 1383-1388. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0962-8452 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A swarm of honeybees (Apis mellifera) is capable of selecting one nest-site when faced with a choice of several. We adapt classical mathematical models of disease, information and competing beliefs to such decision -making processes. We show that the collective decision may be arrived at without the necessity for any bee to make any comparison between sites. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: collective-decision-making; mathematical-models AN Accession Number: 200200258805 UD Update Code: 20020909 Record 157 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: A locus with restriction fragment-length polymorphisms characteristic of African and European honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) groups of subspecies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Suazo-Alonso {a}; Lee-Myeong-Lyeol; Hall-H-Glenn {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL, 32611; E-Mail: hgh@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu, USA SO Source: Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America. [print] January, 2002; 95 (1): 115-124. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0013-8746 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Within an anonymous region of honey bee DNA (locus 227) digested with AluI, informative restriction fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLP) were found in Southern blots with a cloned honey bee DNA probe. The probe was subcloned, so that smaller sections of the locus could be analyzed with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Further screening of these amplified sections revealed additional useful RFLPs with HinfI. The informative AluI and HinfI polymorphic sites were mapped to a narrow section of the original probe. A total of 14 sub-alleles was found in this region of which five were found only or predominantly in our African samples (Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier), three were found only or predominantly in our east European samples (A. m. ligustica Spinola' A. m. carnica Pollman, and A. m. caucasica Gorbachev), one was found predominantly in our west European samples (A. m. mellifera L. and A. m. iberica Goetze). Significant associations were found between the AluI and HinfI sub -alleles, reinforcing their subspecies group specificity. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Systematics-and -Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-; Apis-mellifera-caucasica (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-; Apis-mellifera-iberica (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-; Apis-mellifera-ligustica (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-; Apis-mellifera-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): Apidae-; Apis-mellifera-scutellata (Hymenoptera-): Apidae- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: DNA-; genetic-loci; restriction-fragment-length-polymorphisms [RFLPs] GE Geopolitical Location: Africa- (Ethiopian-region, Palearctic-region); Europe- (Palearctic-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: PCR- [polymerase-chain-reaction]: DNA-amplification-method; Southern-blot: genetic-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: allele-frequencies AN Accession Number: 200200256381 UD Update Code: 20020820 Record 158 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The control of Varroa destructor using oxalic acid. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Gregorc-A {a}; Planinc-I AD Author Address: {a} Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbiceva 60, 100, Ljubljana; E-Mail: ales.gregorc@vf.uni-lj.si, Slovenia SO Source: Veterinary-Journal. [print] May, 2002; 163 (3): 306-310. URLJ Journal URL: http://intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/tvjl/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1090-0233 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Twenty-four honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies were used to monitor the efficacy of a solution of 2.9% oxalic acid (OA) and 31.9% sugar against the mite Varroa destructor. Mite mortality was established prior to and after OA treatments, which were conducted in August and September. The treatments resulted in 37% mite mortality as opposed to 1.11% in the controls. OA treatment conducted in September on previously untreated colonies resulted in 25% mite mortality. OA treatments in October and November resulted in approximately 97% mite mortality. These results suggest that OA is effective during the broodless period and less effective when applied to colonies with capped broods. The possible use of OA against the Varroa mite in honeybee colonies as an alternative to routine chemical treatments is discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pesticides- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-; Varroa-destructor [mite-] (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: oxalic-acid: acaricide-; sugar- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 144-62-7: OXALIC ACID; 57-50-1: SUGAR MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: mite-mortality AN Accession Number: 200200253869 UD Update Code: 20020820 Record 159 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Differential parallel processing of olfactory information in the honeybee, Apis mellifera L. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Mueller-D {a}; Abel-R; Brandt-R; Zoeckler-M; Menzel-R AD Author Address: {a} Institut fuer Biologie-Neurobiologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 28-30, 14195, Berlin; E-Mail: mmdmueller@gmx.de, Germany SO Source: Journal-of-Comparative-Physiology-A-Sensory-Neural-and-Behavioral -Physiology. [print] June, 2002; 188 (5): 359-370. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0340-7594 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Two distinct neuronal pathways connect the first olfactory neuropil, the antennal lobe, with higher integration areas, such as the mushroom bodies, via antennal lobe projection neurons. Intracellular recordings were used to address the question whether neuroanatomical features affect odor -coding properties. We found that neurons in the median antennocerebral tract code odors by latency differences or specific inhibitory phases in combination with excitatory phases, have a more specific activity profile for different odors and convey the information with a delay. The neurons of the lateral antennocerebral tract code odors by spike rate differences, have a broader activity profile for different odors, and convey the information quickly. Thus, rather preliminary information about the olfactory stimulus first reaches the mushroom bodies and the lateral horn via neurons of the lateral antennocerebral tract and subsequently odor information becomes more specified by activities of neurons of the median antennocerebral tract. We conclude that this neuroanatomical feature is not related to the distinction between different odors, but rather reflects a dual coding of the same odor stimuli by two different neuronal strategies focusing different properties of the same stimulus. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination); Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-lobe: nervous-system; antennal-lobe-projection-neurons: nervous -system; median-antennocerebral-tract: nervous-system; mushroom-bodies: nervous-system; olfactory-neuropil: nervous-system, sensory-system MQ Methods and Equipment: intracellular-recording: analytical-method, cytological-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: differential-parallel-processing; electrophysiology-; odor-coding; odor -coding-properties; olfaction-; olfactory-information; spatial-temporal -coding AN Accession Number: 200200253161 UD Update Code: 20020820 Record 160 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Laboratory bioassays to assess the pathogenicity of mitosporic fungi to Varroa destructor (Acari: Mesostigmata), an ectoparasitic mite of the honeybee, Apis mellifera. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Shaw-Katie-E; Davidson-Gillian; Clark-Suzanne-J; Ball-Brenda-V {a}; Pell -Judith-K; Chandler-David; Sunderland-Keith-D AD Author Address: {a} Plant and Invertebrate Ecology Division, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ; E-Mail: brenda.ball@bbsrc.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Biological-Control. [print] July, 2002; 24 (3): 266-276. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.academicpress.com/biocon PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1049-9644 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A laboratory bioassay was developed to measure the pathogenicities of isolates of mitosporic fungi to Varroa destructor, an ectoparasite of the European honeybee, Apis mellifera. Forty isolates of entomopathogenic fungi were assessed against V. destructor in a single-dose experiment (conidial concentration 1X108 ml-1) at 25degreeC and 100% RH. The fungal species were Verticillium lecanii (nine isolates), Hirsutella spp. (16 isolates), Paecilomyces spp. (three isolates), Beauveria bassiana (four isolates), Metarhizium spp. (six isolates), and Tolypocladium spp. (two isolates). All isolates could infect and kill V. destructor and 26 caused mean times to death of less than 100 h. Control (Tween-treated) mortality was 5% at 7 days post-treatment. Nineteen isolates were also examined for side effects against bees. Caged bees sprayed with conidial suspensions (1X108 ml-1) of seven of these isolates died within 14 days. However, not all mortality could be attributed to fungal infection as confirmed by sporulation; the mortality of control bees was 27%. Nine isolates were selected for further examination against V. destructor at 30degreeC and 40% RH to simulate the conditions in bee colonies. Of these, three isolates of M. anisopliae, one of V. lecanii, and one of B. bassiana killed 100% of V. destructor within 7 days at a conidial concentration of 1X108 ml-1. One isolate of M. anisopliae also killed 97% of V. destructor within 7 days at a conidial concentration of 1X106 ml-1. These results indicate that entomopathogenic fungi have potential as microbial control agents of V. destructor in honeybee colonies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Pest-Assessment-Control-and-Management ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Fungi -Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Beauveria -bassiana (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): biological-control-agent; Hirsutella-spp. (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): biological-control -agent; Metarhizium-spp. (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): biological -control-agent; Paecilomyces-spp. (Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): biological-control-agent; Tolypocladium-spp. (Fungi-Imperfecti-or -Deuteromycetes): biological-control-agent; Varroa-destructor (Acarina-): parasite-, pest-; Verticillium-lecanii (Fungi-Imperfecti-or -Deuteromycetes): biological-control-agent TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: microbial-control; pathogenicity-; sporulation- AN Accession Number: 200200246522 UD Update Code: 20020820 Record 161 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Sociogenomics takes flight. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Robinson-Gene-E {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Entomology and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801; E-Mail: generobi@uiuc.edu, USA SO Source: Science-Washington-D-C. [print] 12 July, 2002; 297 (5579): 204-205. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/current/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0036-8075 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: genome- NC Institutions and Organizations: NIH's-National-Human-Genome-Research-Institute MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: caste-determination; gene-expression AN Accession Number: 200200244470 UD Update Code: 20020820 Record 162 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Importancia de Apis mellifera L. en la producccion de Cucurbita maxima Duch. (Zapallito de tronco). [Implication of Apis mellifera L. in the production of Cucurbita maxima Duch.] AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Passarelli-L-M {a} AD Author Address: {a} Catedra de Palinologia. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900, La Plata; E-Mail: lilipa@mailcity.com, Argentina SO Source: Investigacion-Agraria-Produccion-y-Proteccion-Vegetales. [print] Abril, 2002; 17 (1): 5-13. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0213-5000 LA Language: Spanish; Non-English AB Abstract: The implication of Apis mellifera in the production of Cucurbita maxima in both cropping systems, plants under cover, excluding any insect visit, and plants with free pollination allowed, were studied. Differences between treatments were observed. Plants which received Apis mellifera visits produced more fruits, of higher weight and with a higher number of seeds. The influence of floral attractiveness and the number of flowers per plant were taken into account in visits frequency. Pollen/ovule ratios defines C. maxima as facultatively xenogamous. Results indicate that a controlled pollination has a high production and a better fruit quality. Considering that the natural pollinators of Cucurbita, Xenoglossa and Peponapis are distributed in a reduced area of America, the honey bee seems to be the best option in places where these pollinators are not present. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Horticulture- (Agriculture-) ST Super Taxa: Cucurbitaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Cucurbita-maxima (Cucurbitaceae-): vegetable-crop; Peponapis- (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Xenoglossa- (Hymenoptera-): pollinator- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: crop-production AN Accession Number: 200200241371 UD Update Code: 20020820 Record 163 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The regulatory anatomy of honeybee lifespan. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Amdam-Gro-Vang; Omholt-Stig-W {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, 1432, P.O. Box 5025, Aas; E-Mail: stig.omholt@ihf.nlh.no, Norway SO Source: Journal-of-Theoretical-Biology. [print] 21 May, 2002; 216 (2): 209-228. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.academicpress.com/jtb PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-5193 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honeybee workers (Apis mellifera) may be classified as either short-lived summer bees or long-lived winter bees in temperate zones. The protein status appears to be a major determinant of honeybee lifespan, and the lipoprotein vitellogenin seems to play a crucial role. Here, we give a review of the vitellogenin in honeybee workers, and present a data-driven mathematical model describing the dynamics of this representative protein in the individual bee as a function of its task profile under various regimes. The results support the hypothesis that vitellogenin is a true storage protein that is utilized for various metabolic purposes including the synthesis of brood food. Except for workers having been foragers for many days, they also suggest that the previous life histories of workers do not constrain them from becoming winter bees as long as they get ample food and time to build up their protein reserves before wintering. The results also indicate that it may not be necessary to introduce the ovary as a storage organ for vitellogenin in order to generate normal winter bees. The insights gained from these results are then discussed in a broader gerontological and life history context. Remarkably similar features concerning regulation of ageing in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and honeybees are pointed out and discussed. Furthermore, we show that in contrast to the "mutation accumulation" and the "antagonistic pleiotropy" evolutionary theories of ageing, the "disposable soma" theory is capable of explaining the bimodal longevity distribution of honeybees when interpreted in a group selection context. Finally, by showing that depletion of nutrient stores can be actively controlled by pathways connected to regulation of ageing, we strengthen the claim that age-based division of labour, with performance of risky tasks delayed until late in life by workers with depleted nutrient stores, may have evolved as an energy-saving mechanism in insect colonies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Aging-; Behavior-; Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Evolution-and -Adaptation; Models-and-Simulations (Computational-Biology) ST Super Taxa: Diptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Nematoda-: Aschelminthes -, Helminthes-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): worker-; Caenorhabditis-elegans (Nematoda-); Drosophila-melanogaster (Diptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Aschelminths-; Helminths-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: ovary-: reproductive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: brood-food: accumulation-, nutrient-; nutrient-: stores-; protein-; vitellogenin-: storage-protein MQ Methods and Equipment: data-driven-mathematical-model: characterization-method, mathematical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: age-based-division-of-labor: evolution-; antagonistic-pleiotropy-aging -theory; disposable-soma-theory; lifespan-regulatory-anatomy; mutation -accumulation-aging-theory; risky-task-performance AN Accession Number: 200200240994 UD Update Code: 20020820 Record 164 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Enhanced pepsin digestion: A novel process for purifying antibody F(ab')2 fragments in high yield from serum. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Jones-R-G-A {a}; Landon-J AD Author Address: {a} Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 48-53 Bartholomew Close, London, EC1A 7BE; E-Mail: r.g.jones@qmul.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Journal-of-Immunological-Methods. [print] 1 May, 2002; 263 (1-2): 57-74. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jim PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0022-1759 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Enzyme-cleaved antibodies are used widely for the treatment of envenoming. Such products should comprise only 'highly pure' immunoglobulin fragments since Fc or other contaminating protein fragments or their aggregates may lead to side effects. The digestion of ovine antiserum and its purified IgG were investigated using pepsin and trypsin. Trypsin was effective at digesting purified IgG but unsuitable for the direct digestion of serum. In contrast, pepsin was highly effective at digesting all unwanted serum components to low molecular weight (ltoreq 13 kDa) fragments while leaving the apprx 100-kDa F(ab')2 intact. The optimum pH for pepsin digestion was between 3.25 and 3.50. The effects of salt concentration and pH on the digestion products were investigated by size exclusion chromatography under various conditions, which revealed a pH-dependent aggregation of some of the low molecular weight Fc and non-IgG fragments. These high molecular weight aggregates were not shown by SDS-PAGE. Unwanted low molecular weight fragments could be removed simply by diafiltration with a 30-kDa nominal molecular weight cutoff membrane and piperazine buffer (containing 150 mM NaCl, pH 6), leaving an F(ab')2 solution contaminated only with some pepsin and a small amount of the aggregated low molecular weight fragments. These highly acidic contaminants were then removed easily using an anion exchanged column and the F(ab')2 produced following a subsequent concentration step was essentially free from pepsin and aggregates with a purity of over 96% and a yield of 19.3 g F(ab')2/l serum. This novel, high yield method for processing serum to highly pure F(ab')2 avoids salt precipitation and centrifugation and should be suitable for large-scale production. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Enzymology- (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Immune-System (Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis); Methods-and-Techniques; Toxicology- ST Super Taxa: Bovidae-: Artiodactyla-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): pest-; sheep- (Bovidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Artiodactyls-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: serum-: blood-and-lymphatics CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: IgG- [immunoglobulin-G]; antibody-fragment; antiserum-; pepsin-; sodium -chloride; trypsin-; venom-: toxin- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-75-6: PEPSIN; 7647-14-5: SODIUM CHLORIDE; 9002-07-7: TRYPSIN MQ Methods and Equipment: BioRad-Mini-Protean-II-system: Bio-Rad, laboratory-equipment; FPLC-system: laboratory-equipment; Mono-Q-HR-anion-exchange-column: laboratory -equipment; SDS-PAGE [SDS-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis]: Electrophoretic-Techniques, detection-method; Superose-12-HR-column: laboratory-equipment; Superose-6-HR-column: laboratory-equipment; XK26 -column: Pharmacia-, laboratory-equipment; antibody-fragment-purification: Extraction-, Isolation-, Purification-and-Separation-Techniques, purification-method; enhanced-pepsin-digestion: Molecular-Biology -Techniques-and-Chemical-Characterization, biochemical-method; size -exclusion-chromatography: Chromatographic-Techniques, detection-method, liquid-chromatography; trypsin-digestion: Molecular-Biology-Techniques-and -Chemical-Characterization, biochemical-method AN Accession Number: 200200235157 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 165 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Recombinant Hymenoptera venom allergens. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Muller-U-R {a} AD Author Address: {a} Medical Division, Spital Bern Ziegler, Morillonstrasse 75-91, CH-3007, Bern, Switzerland SO Source: Allergy-Copenhagen. [print] July, 2002; 57 (7): 570-576. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwellmunksgaard.com/allergy PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Literature-Review IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0105-4538 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Pharmacology- ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Dolichovespula-maculata (Hymenoptera-); Polistes-annularis (Hymenoptera-); Solenopsis-invicta [fire-ant] (Hymenoptera-); Vespula-vulgaris (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-): patient- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: recombinant-Hymenoptera-venom-allergens DS Diseases: Hymenoptera-venom-allergy: diagnosis-, immune-system-disease, therapy-; bee -venom-allergy: diagnosis-, immune-system-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: immunotherapy-: therapeutic-method AN Accession Number: 200200232771 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 166 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Differentiation of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the cause of American foulbrood of honeybees, by using PCR and restriction fragment analysis of genes encoding 16S rRNA. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Alippi-Adriana-M {a}; Lopez-Ana-Claudia; Aguilar-O-Mario AD Author Address: {a} Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatologia, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 60 y 118, 1900, c.c. 31, La Plata; E-Mail: alippi@biol.unlp.edu.ar, Argentina SO Source: Applied-and-Environmental-Microbiology. [print] July, 2002; 68 (7): 3655 -3660. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.journals.asm.org PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0099-2240 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A rapid procedure for the identification of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the causal agent of American foulbrood (AFB) disease of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.), based on PCR and restriction fragment analysis of the 16S rRNA genes (rDNA) is described. Eighty-six bacterial strains belonging to 39 species of the genera Paenibacillus, Bacillus, Brevibacillus, and Virgibacillus were characterized. Amplified rDNA was digested with seven restriction endonucleases. The combined data from restriction analysis enabled us to distinguish 35 profiles. Cluster analysis revealed that P. larvae subsp. larvae and Paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens formed a group with about 90% similarity; however, the P. larvae subsp. larvae restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern produced by endonuclease HaeIII was found to be unique and distinguishable among other closely related bacteria. This pattern was associated with DNA extracted directly from honeybee brood samples showing positive AFB clinical signs that yielded the restriction profile characteristic of P. larvae subsp. larvae, while no amplification product was obtained from healthy larvae. The method described here is particularly useful because of the short time required to carry it out and because it allows the differentiation of P. larvae subsp. larvae-infected larvae from all other species found in apiarian sources. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection-; Methods-and-Techniques; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics) ST Super Taxa: Bacteria-: Microorganisms-; Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): host-, larva-; Paenibacillus -larvae-spp.-larvae (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): bee-pathogen, differentiation/identification-methods, pathogen-; bacteria- (Bacteria-): 39-species, 86-strains; bee- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: rRNA- [ribosomal-RNA]: analysis-, gene-sequencing; restriction -endonucleases: uses- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9075-08-5: RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES MQ Methods and Equipment: polymerase-chain-reaction-techniques: analytical-method, applications-, molecular-method; restriction-fragment-analysis-technique: analytical -method, applications-, molecular-method AN Accession Number: 200200231684 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 167 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Pollination of the invasive exotic shrub Lupinus arboreus (Fabaceae) by introduced bees in Tasmania. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stout-Jane-C {a}; Kells-Andrea-R; Goulson-Dave AD Author Address: {a} Botany Department, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, 2; E -Mail: stoutj@tcd.ie, Ireland SO Source: Biological-Conservation. [print] August, 2002; 106 (3): 425-434. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-3207 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Exotic plant invasions threaten ecological communities world-wide. Some species are limited by a lack of suitable pollinators, but the introduction of exotic pollinators can facilitate rapid spread. In Tasmania, where many non-native plants are naturalised, exotic honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) have become established. We determined how these species affect the pollination of Lupinus arboreus, an invasive, nitrogen-fixing shrub, which is rarely visited by native pollinators. The proportion of flowers setting seed and the number of ovules fertilised per flower were positively related to the visitation rates of both exotic bee species. There was no effect of bee visitation rates on the proportion of seeds aborted prior to maturity, possibly due to post-fertilisation fertilisation environmental constraints. We conclude that the spread of B. terrestris may not alter the fecundity of L. arboreus because of the pollination service provided by A. mellifera, and discuss potential interactions between these two bee species. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Leguminosae -: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Bombus-terrestris [bumblebee-] (Hymenoptera-); Lupinus-arboreus (Leguminosae-): exotic- TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Tasmania- (Australia-, Australasian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: fecundity-; pollination-; visitation-rates AN Accession Number: 200200230521 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 168 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Cuticular volatiles, attractivity of worker larvae and invasion of brood cells by Varroa mites. A comparison of Africanized and European honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Aumeier-Pia {a}; Rosenkranz-Peter; Francke-Wittko AD Author Address: {a} Department of Developmental Biology, Zoological Institute University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076, Tuebingen; E-Mail: bieneau@uni-hohenheim.de, Germany SO Source: Chemoecology-. [print] 2002; 12 (2): 65-75. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.birkhauser.ch/journals/4900/4900_tit.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0937-7409 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Africanized honey bees (AHBs) of Brazil and Mexico have proven to be tolerant to Varroa destructor mites. In contrast, European honey bees (EHBs: Apis mellifera carnica) at the same tropical study site are highly intolerant to these ectoparasites. A lower attractiveness of Varroa -tolerant AHB larvae has been hypothesised to be an important trait in reducing the susceptibitlity of AHBs to these mites. Thus, selection for EHB brood that is less attractive to mites is thought to be one possibility for limiting mite population growth and thus increase the tolerance of EHBs to the mite. In Ribeirao Preto, Brazil, European A. m. carnica bees and AHBs were tested with respect to their rate of brood infestation and brood attractiveness to Varroa mites. For the comparison of brood infestation rates, we introduced combs with pieces of EHB and AHB brood into honey bee colonies (18 repetitions). The relative infestation rate of EHB brood was significantly higher compared to AHB brood. The preference behaviour of single Varroa mites was tested in a laboratory bioassay where either living host stages were offered or host extracts were presented on dummies. By these tests we could confirm the preference of Varroa females for certain developmental host stages and for their corresponding extracts. In contrast to the within-colony results, Varroa mites in the laboratory bioassay showed a slight preference for AHB compared to EHB larvae. The gas chromatographic analysis revealed differences in the chemical spectrum of extracts obtained from different larvae. In accord with the results of the bioassays, we could detect stage -specific odour differences in larval cuticular compounds, including methyl esters and hydrocarbons that have been described as kairomones. None of these substances, however, revealed significant race-specific differences. Therefore, the quantity and composition of certain cuticular compounds seem to be responsible only for the recognition of a suitable host stage by Varroa females. The different infestation rates in the colonies, however, seem to be caused neither by race-specific differences in attractiveness of bee larvae nor by an extended attractive period of EHB larvae: both AHB and EHB larvae become attractive approximately 21 h before capping of the brood cell, and thus have the same window of time when they can be parasitised. Therefore differential Varroa-infestation rates are not related to larval attraction but probably are determined by other race-specific and colony-related factors. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Methods-and-Techniques; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Africanized-honey-bee [AHB-] (Hymenoptera-): host-, larva-, worker-; Apis -mellifera-carnica [EHB-, European-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): host-, larva -, worker-; Varroa-destructor [mite-] (Acarina-): ectoparasite-, female- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brood-cell: invasion-; cuticle-: integumentary-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: host-larval-cuticular-extracts: analysis-, chemical-spectrum, cuticular -volatiles; hydrocarbons-: kairomone-; methyl-esters: kairomone- GE Geopolitical Location: Ribeirao-Preto (Brazil-, South-America, Neotropical-region) MQ Methods and Equipment: Hewlett-Packard-3365-Series-II-Chemstation [HP-3365-Series-II-Chemstation]: Hewlett-Packard, laboratory-equipment; Hewlett-Packard-5890-II-gas -chromatograph [HP-5890-II-gas-chromatograph]: Hewlett-Packard, laboratory -equipment; gas-chromatography: Chromatographic-Techniques, identification -method; laboratory-bioassay: Bioassays/Physiological-Analysis, assessment -method; mass-selective-detector-MSD-5972: laboratory-equipment; nonpolar -fused-silica-DB-5-column: laboratory-equipment; plexiglass-arena: laboratory-equipment MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-attractivity; brood-infestation-rate; developmental-stage-specific -odors; preference-behavior AN Accession Number: 200200226578 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 169 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Behavioral studies of learning in the Africanized honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Abramson-Charles-I {a}; Aquino-Italo-S AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Comparative Psychology, and Behavioral Biology, Departments of Psychology and Zoology, Oklahoma State University, 215 North Murray, Stillwater, OK, 74078; E-Mail: Charles@okstate.edu, USA SO Source: Brain-Behavior-and-Evolution. [print] 2002; 59 (1-2): 68-86. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.karger.com/journals/bbe/bbe_jh.htm PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-8977 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Experiments on basic classical conditioning phenomena in adult and young Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are described. Phenomena include conditioning to various stimuli, extinction (both unpaired and CS only), conditioned inhibition, color and odor discrimination. In addition to work on basic phenomena, experiments on practical applications of conditioning methodology are illustrated with studies demonstrating the effects of insecticides on learning and the reaction of bees to consumer products. Electron microscope photos are presented of Africanized workers, drones, and queen bees. Possible sub-species differences between Africanized and European bees are discussed. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Neural-Coordination ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [Africanized-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): drone-, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: classical-conditioning: analytical-method; electron-microscopy: imaging -method, microscopy- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: color-discrimination; learning-; odor-discrimination AN Accession Number: 200200225808 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 170 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Successive olfactory reversal learning in honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Komischke-Bernhard; Giurfa-Martin {a}; Lachnit-Harald; Malun-Dagmar AD Author Address: {a} Ethologie et Cognition Animale, Universite Paul-Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 04; E-Mail: giurfa@cict.fr, France SO Source: Learning-and-Memory-Cold-Spring-Harbor. [print] May-June, 2002; 9 (3): 122 -129. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.learnmem.org PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1072-0502 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honeybees Apis mellifera can associate an originally neutral odor with a reinforcement of sucrose solution. Forward pairings of odor and reinforcement enable the odor to release the proboscis extension reflex in consecutive tests. Bees can also be conditioned differentially: They learn to respond to a reinforced odor and not to a nonreinforced one. They can also learn to reverse their choice. Here we ask whether honeybees can learn successive olfactory differential conditioning tasks involving different overlapping pairs of odors. The conditioning schedules were established in order to train the animals with 3, 2, 1, or 0 reversals previous to a last differential conditioning phase in which two additional reversals were present. We studied whether or not successive reversal learning is possible and whether or not learning olfactory discrimination reversals affects the solving of subsequent discrimination reversals. Therefore we compared the responses of bees that had experienced reversals with those of bees that had not experienced such reversals when both are confronted with a new reversal situation. In experiment 1 we showed that bees that had experienced three previous reversals were better in solving the final reversal task than bees with no previous reversal experience. In experiment 2, we showed that one reversal learning is enough for bees to perform better in the final reversal task. The successive different reversals trained in our experiments resemble the natural foraging situation in which a honeybee forager has to switch successively from an initial floral species to different ones. The fact that experiencing such changes seems to improve a bee's performance in dealing with further new exploited food sources has therefore an adaptive impact for the individual and for the colony as a whole. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: proboscis-: dental-and-oral-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: sucrose- RN CAS Registry Number (R): 57-50-1: SUCROSE MQ Methods and Equipment: differential-conditioning: psychiatric-method; reinforcement-: psychiatric -method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: food-sources; odor-; olfactory-discrimination-reversals; proboscis -extension-reflex; reversal-learning; successive-olfactory-reversal -learning; successive-reversal-learning AN Accession Number: 200200225616 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 171 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Cotton pollination by honey bees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Rhodes-J {a} AD Author Address: {a} NSW Agriculture, RMB 944, Tamworth, NSW, 2340; E-Mail: john.rhodes@agric.nsw.gov.au, Australia SO Source: Australian-Journal-of-Experimental-Agriculture. [print] 2002; 42 (4): 513 -518. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.publish.csiro.au/journals/ajea PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0816-1089 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In a field trial, significant increases for the total number of bolls harvested (11.1%), total mass of bolls (16.5%), total lint mass (15.8%), total seed mass (19.7%) and total number of seeds per sample (16.5%) were obtained from plots receiving the highest number of bee visits compared with plots receiving the lowest number of bee visits. Lint-quality examinations resulted in a significant improvement for micronaire and fineness with increased bee visits. Non-significant increases were obtained for the mass of 100 seeds (3.8%), average single seed weight (3.9%), average number of seeds per boll (4.7%) and average weight of lint per boll (5.0%). Caged plots with honey bees had significantly greater total boll mass; total seed mass; and average single-seed weight than caged plots without honey bees. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Malvaceae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): pollinator-; Gossypium-hirsutum [cotton-] (Malvaceae-): cultivar-Siokra-V-16, fiber-crop, oil-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: lint-quality: fineness-, micronaire-; seed-production AN Accession Number: 200200224828 UD Update Code: 20020731 Record 172 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Molecular diagnosis of chronic bee paralysis virus infection. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Ribiere-Magali {a}; Triboulot-Carole; Mathieu-Laetitia; Aurieres-Clement; Faucon-Jean-Paul; Pepin-Michel AD Author Address: {a} Unite Abeille, AFSSA Sophia Antipolis, 06902, BP 111, Sophia Antipolis; E-Mail: m.ribiere@sophia.afssa.fr, France SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2002; 33 (3): 339-351. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: A new RT-PCR test was developed for the diagnosis of chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) infection. Used in parallel with an experimental infection test, the RT-PCR test was less fastidious and allowed the detection of latent CBPV infection in colonies. The new test is based on the fact that clinical CBPV infections (but not latent infections) yield a high viral antigen load that can be easily revealed using the agarose gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test. The combination of the AGID and the RT-PCR tests allowed us to characterise the CBPV status of hives from various apiaries in France as non infected, latently infected or clinically infected. The RT-PCR test proved highly sensitive for detecting inapparent infections. It may be a useful tool for studying the epidemiology of the disease. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Epidemiology- (Population-Studies); Infection- ST Super Taxa: Animal-Viruses: Viruses-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species, host-; chronic-bee-paralysis-virus (Animal-Viruses): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animal-Viruses; Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Viruses- DS Diseases: chronic-bee-paralysis-virus-infection: viral-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: agarose-gel-immunodiffusion-test: analytical-method; reverse-transcriptase -polymerase-chain-reaction: analytical-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: viral-antigen-load AN Accession Number: 200200222724 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 173 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Records and notes on some aculeate Hymenoptera (Apoidea, Vespidae, Pompilidae) of Mali, West Africa. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Rathjen-Hilmar {a} AD Author Address: {a} Itzehoer Weg 4, D-20251, Hamburg, Germany SO Source: Bonner-Zoologische-Beitraege. [print] Dezember, 2001; 50 (1-2): 79-87. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0006-7172 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Investigations at different sites in the southern parts of Mali (West Africa) revealed the presence of 26 species of Apoidea, 3 of Pompilidae and 10 of Vespidae. Most of the specimens were collected near human settlements. Watering places and gardens showed a high attraction to bees and wasps during the dry season. Until now, only Apis mellifera ssp. adansonii and Anthidium (Icteranthidium) ferrugineum ssp. discoidale were recorded in Mali. Apis mellifera ssp. adansonii is threatened by human activities. But man-made environmental changes seem to produce effects on the composition of many other aculeate Hymenoptera. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biogeography- (Population-Studies) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Anthidium-ferrugineum-discoidale (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera-adansonii (Hymenoptera-); Apoidea- (Hymenoptera-); Pompilidae- (Hymenoptera-); Vespidae- (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Mali- (Africa-, Ethiopian-region) AN Accession Number: 200200222647 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 174 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Field testing of honeybee-dispersed Trichoderma spp. to manage sunflower head rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Escande-A-R {a}; Laich-F-S; Pedraza-M-V AD Author Address: {a} Department of Agronomy, Unidad Integrada INTA, University of Mar del Plata (UIB), CC 276, 7620, Balcarce; E-Mail: aescande@mdp.edu.ar, Argentina SO Source: Plant-Pathology-Oxford. [print] June, 2002; 51 (3): 346-351. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.blackwell -science.com/~cgilib/jnlpage.asp?Journal=ppath&File=ppath PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0032-0862 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Efficacy of Trichoderma spp. to reduce sunflower head rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was evaluated in the field. A mixture of six isolates, including Trichoderma koningii, T. aureoviride and T. longibrachiatum, was tested in five field trials at Balcarce, Argentina. Trichoderma formulation (TF) included Trichoderma conidia and viable hyphal fragments, industrial talc and milled corn kernels. Honeybees (Apis mellifera) were used to disperse TF for six weeks from the onset of flowering. Two days after the first TF delivery, sunflower heads were inoculated with S. sclerotiorum ascospores. When 100 g TF was taken by honeybees in a 10-h per day period, head rot incidence was significantly reduced. This approach was successful in reducing disease incidence until physiological maturity of the crop, in environments highly conducive to head-rot development. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Agronomy- (Agriculture-); Economic-Entomology; Infection-; Pest-Assessment -Control-and-Management; Vector-Biology ST Super Taxa: Ascomycetes-: Fungi-, Plantae-; Compositae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Fungi-Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes: Fungi-, Plantae-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): biocontrol-vector; Sclerotinia -sclerotiorum (Ascomycetes-): phytopathogen-; Trichoderma-spp. (Fungi -Imperfecti-or-Deuteromycetes): biocontrol-agent; sunflower- (Compositae -): host-, oilseed-crop TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Dicots-; Fungi-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms-; Nonvascular-Plants; Plants-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular-Plants GE Geopolitical Location: Balcarce- (Argentina-, South-America, Neotropical-region) DS Diseases: sunflower-head-rot: fungal-disease MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: biological-control; disease-incidence; phytopathology-; spore-dissemination AN Accession Number: 200200220465 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 175 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Honeybee heads weigh less in winter than in summer: A possible explanation. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Meyer-Rochow-Victor-Benno {a}; Vakkuri-Olli AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Engineering and Science, International University Bremen (IUB), Campus-Ring 1, D-28759, Bremen, Germany SO Source: Ethology-Ecology-and-Evolution. [print] April, 2002; 14 (1): 69-71. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0394-9370 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Sciuridae-: Rodentia-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); Sciurus-carolinensis (Sciuridae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Nonhuman-Mammals; Nonhuman-Vertebrates; Rodents-; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: brain-: nervous-system; head- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: neurogenesis- AN Accession Number: 200200219651 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 176 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: An autopsy approach to bee sting-related deaths. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Riches-Karen-J {a}; Gillis-David; James-Ross-A AD Author Address: {a} Forensic Science Centre, 21 Divett Place, Adelaide, SA, 5000; E-Mail: karen.riches@imvs.sa.gov.au, Australia SO Source: Pathology-. [print] June, 2002; 34 (3): 257-262. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0031-3025 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Although severe reactions to the sting of the common honey bee (Apis mellifera) are a common problem in Australia, reported deaths are uncommon, with the estimated mortality varying from one to four persons each year. The following study presents the postmortem findings in three cases of bee sting fatality, including one in which no observable sting was found. An autopsy approach to such cases is detailed. Over-reporting of bee sting-related deaths may occur due to the inclusion of deaths unrelated to a reaction to bee venom, while under-reporting may be due to unexplained deaths where a history of a bee sting is not available or apparent at autopsy. A classification of bee sting-related deaths is proposed, which would allow more accurate reporting of bee sting-related fatalies. A serum tryptase and specific IgE to bee venom on serum obtained at autopsy can assist in confirming anaphylactic reaction to bee venom as the cause of death, particularly in the absence of observable stings. Although there are limitations to the usefulness of serum tryptase tests in the postmortem situation, it may still be useful to confirm suspected anaphylaxis in autopsy cases with an undetermined cause of death. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Allergy- (Clinical-Immunology, Human-Medicine, Medical-Sciences); Forensics- ST Super Taxa: Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-); human- (Hominidae-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Humans-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Primates-; Vertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: IgE- [immunoglobulin-E]; bee-venom: toxin-; tryptase- DS Diseases: bee-sting-anaphylaxis: immune-system-disease, mortality- MQ Methods and Equipment: autopsy-: diagnostic-method AN Accession Number: 200200214618 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 177 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Sexing of newly hatched live larvae of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, allows the recognition of diploid drones. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Santomauro-Giulia; Engels-Wolf {a} AD Author Address: {a} Zoologisches Institut, LS Entwicklungsphysiologie, Universitaet Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tuebingen; E-Mail: wolf.engels@uni-tuebingen.de, Germany SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2002; 33 (3): 283-288. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In the honey bee, it is difficult to recognise the sex in first instar larvae. As workers and haploid drones develop in differently sized brood cells, they can be discriminated without sex inspection. However, because diploid drone larvae originate from fertilised eggs like workers, they hatch in brood cells of the same type and cannot be sampled according to cell size. In search of a reliable method of sexing live first instar larvae, we found that the contour and size proportions of the epiproct can be used for discrimination. The sex diagnosis based on these characters is carried out rapidly under a stereo microscope and allows the collection of pure samples of newly hatched diploid drone larvae from brood combs of inbred colonies. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera (Hymenoptera-): female-, larva-, male- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-cells; cell-size; diploid-drones; sex-diagnosis AN Accession Number: 200200213843 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 178 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Varroa destructor infestation impact on Apis mellifera carnica capped worker brood production, bee population and honey storage in a Mediterranean climate. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Murilhas-Antonio-Manuel {a} AD Author Address: {a} Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias Mediterranicas, Universidade de Evora, 7000, Evora; E-Mail: murilhas@uevora.pt, Portugal SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2002; 33 (3): 271-281. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: This study investigated the impact of Varroa destructor infestation on the amount of capped worker brood, the adult bee population and honey production of authenticated Apis mellifera carnica colonies kept in a Mediterranean climate. For this purpose, colonies were set-up and either maintained mite-free or artificially mite-infested and allowed to develop an infestation. Periodical evaluations of those colonies unravelled the pattern of the previously mentioned variables across the season, and allowed for comparative numerical analyses. Progressive reductions on the amount of capped worker brood, bee population and honey storage in mite -infested colonies only became increasingly evident during spring and summer, apparently associated with impressive mite population increases. By the end of the experiment, mite-infested colonies showed a unitary average reduction of 45% in the amount of capped honey they stored, meaning an average annual loss of apprxeq 24 kg of honey per colony. However, the amount of capped honey stored per bee and day was found to be independent from colony V. destructor status, indicating a lack of direct effect of mite infestation on honey hoarding behaviour. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Parasitology- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Varroa -destructor (Acarina-): parasite- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: Mediterranean-climate; honey-hoarding-behavior; honey-storage; worker-brood -production AN Accession Number: 200200213842 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 179 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Purification and characterization of beta-glucosidase from honey bees (Apis mellifera). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Pontoh-J; Low-N-H {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Applied Microbiology and Food Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada SO Source: Insect-Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biology. [print] June, 2002; 32 (6): 679 -690. URLJ Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ibmb PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0965-1748 LA Language: English AB Abstract: beta-glucosidase has been purified from the ventriculus and honey sac of Apis mellifera using a combination of anion- and cation-exchange, hydroxyapatite and gel-permeation chromatography. In addition, beta -glucosidase from the hypopharyngeal glands has been partially purified using anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. The purified beta -glucosidase gave a positive result by glycoprotein staining. This beta -glucosidase consists of only one subunit and has Mr of 72 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. IEF-PAGE showed several bands with pIs ranging from 4.5 to 4.8. These multiform proteins have been proposed as having different degrees of glycosylation. The pH optimum of the purified beta -glucosidase from the ventriculus and honey sac are 5.0. These enzymes were stable at temperatures up to 50 degreeC and have a relatively wide pH stability range of 4.0 to 9.0. MALDI-TOF-MS peptide mass maps of purified beta-glucosidase from the ventriculus, honey sac and hypopharyngeal glands showed six matching masses. These results indicate that the beta -glucosidase isolated from the hypopharyngeal glands, honey sac and ventriculus is the same. It is proposed that beta-glucosidase is produced in the hypopharyngeal glands, secreted into the mouth during feeding and then passes to the honey sac. From the honey sac, this enzyme is transferred into honeycomb cells and the ventriculus. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: honey-sac; hypopharyngeal-glands; ventriculus-: digestive-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: beta-glucosidase RN CAS Registry Number (R): 9001-22-3: BETA-GLUCOSIDASE MQ Methods and Equipment: anion-exchange-chromatography: analytical-method; cation-exchange -chromatography: analytical-method; hydroxyapatite-chromatography MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: pH- AN Accession Number: 200200209891 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 180 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: The influence of different bee traps on undertaking behaviour of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and development of a new trap. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Illies-Ingrid {a}; Muehlen-Werner; Duecker-Gerti; Sachser-Norbert AD Author Address: {a} Aufgabengebiet Bienenkunde (Department of Apiculture and Beekeeping), Landwirtschaftskammer Westfalen-Lippe, 48143, Postfach 5980, Muenster; E -Mail: illiesi@gmx.de, Germany SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] May-June, 2002; 33 (3): 315-326. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: In this study the efficiency of bee traps used to evaluate mortality in a bee colony and their influence on undertaking behaviour was tested in twelve colonies of Apis mellifera L. Four types of bee traps (Original -Gary-Trap, a Modified-Gary-Trap, the IPSAB-Trap and the Muenster-Trap), commonly used in practical research, were compared to each other and to control colonies without a trap. The use of different bee traps led to incomparable results. In the Original-Gary-Trap, many stray bees were trapped and eventually died within the glass collecting jars, leading to artificially high estimates of mortality. Bees removed the dead bees from the Modified-Gary-Trap, especially during good flight conditions. Dead bees disappeared from the IPSAB-Trap because of predators and wind. Both Gary-Traps had a negative effect on undertaking behaviour; the number of behavioural components involved in removing a dead bee from the colony was large and thus, undertaking took a long time. In IPSAB-Trap, the undertaker bees showed the same number of behavioural components and took similar times to remove dead bees as the control colonies without traps. The newly developed Muenster-Trap, equipped with an easily accessible hive entrance, a collecting box for dead bees and an outlet for stray bees, gave a significantly improved performance. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Equipment-, Apparatus-, Devices-and-Instrumentation ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MQ Methods and Equipment: IPSAB-Trap: equipment-; Modified-Gary-Trap: equipment-; Muenster-Trap: equipment-; Original-Gray-Trap: equipment- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: undertaking-behavior AN Accession Number: 200200209366 UD Update Code: 20020724 Record 181 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Antennal sensilla of the queen, half-queen and worker of the Egyptian honey bee, Apis mellifera lamarckii. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Zeid-A-S-Abou {a}; Schricker-B AD Author Address: {a} Faculty of Science, Aln Shams University, Cairo; E-Mail: abouzeid13@hotmail.com, Egypt SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2001; 40 (2): 53-58. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The number and distribution of the various types of antennal sensilla of queens, half-queens and workers of Apis mellifera lamarckii were examined. Sensilla placodea (SP), sensilla ampullacea (SA), sensilla coeloconica (SC), sensilla campaniformia (SCF), sensilla basiconica (SB) and sensilla trichodea (ST) (types A, B1+B2 and C+D) were observed on flagella of the three female types of bee. Queens and half-queens had similar numbers of most types of sensilla; queens had fewer SC and more ST types C+D. The numbers of SCF and SC varied most among bee types. The total number of ST type B, ST type A and SB showed greatest weights in discrimination analysis of the three types of flagella. Three well-separated groups representing the three types of flagella were obtained by using discriminant analysis. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Sense-Organs (Sensory-Reception) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-lamarckii [Egyptian-honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial -species, half-queen, queen-, worker- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: antennal-sensilla; sensilla-ampullacea: sensory-system; sensilla -basiconica: sensory-system; sensilla-campaniformia: sensory-system; sensilla-coeloconica: sensory-system; sensilla-placodea: sensory-system; sensilla-trichodea: sensory-system MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: caste-differentiation AN Accession Number: 200200207117 UD Update Code: 20020627 Record 182 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Polyisoprenylated benzophenones in Cuban propolis; biological activity of nemorosone. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Cuesta-Rubio-Osmany; Frontana-Uribe-Bernardo-A; Ramirez-Apan-Teresa; Cardenas-Jorge {a} AD Author Address: {a} Instituto de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, C. P. 04510, Mexico, DF; E-Mail: rjcp@servidor.unam.mx, Mexico SO Source: Zeitschrift-fuer-Naturforschung-Section-C-Journal-of-Biosciences. [print] March-April, 2002; 57 (3-4): 372-378. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0939-5075 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The Copey tree (Clusia rosea) has a large distribution in Cuba and its floral resin is a rich source of polyisoprenylated benzophenones. To determine the presence of these natural products, we carried out a study by HPLC of 21 propolis samples produced by honey bees (Apis mellifera) from different provinces of Cuba. Nemorosone resulted to be the most abundant polyisoprenylated benzophenone and the mixture of xanthochymol and guttiferone E was also observed, but in minor proportion. We studied the biological activity of the pure natural product nemorosone and its methyl derivatives. We found that nemorosone has cytotoxic activity against epitheloid carcinoma (HeLa), epidermoid carcinoma (Hep-2), prostate cancer (PC-3) and central nervous system cancer (U251). It also exhibited antioxidant capacity. Methylated nemorosone exhibited less biological activity than the natural product. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Pharmacognosy- (Pharmacology-) ST Super Taxa: Guttiferae-: Dicotyledones-, Angiospermae-, Spermatophyta-, Plantae-; Hominidae-: Primates-, Mammalia-, Vertebrata-, Chordata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-); Clusia-rosea [Copey-tree] (Guttiferae-); HeLa-cell-line (Hominidae-): human-epithelioid-carcinoma -cells; Hep-2-cell-line (Hominidae-): human-epidermoid-carcinoma-cells; PC -3-cell-line (Hominidae-): human-prostate-cancer-cells; U251-cell-line (Hominidae-): human-central-nervous-system-cancer-cells TN Taxa Notes: Angiosperms-; Animals-; Arthropods-; Chordates-; Dicots-; Humans-; Insects -; Invertebrates-; Mammals-; Plants-; Primates-; Spermatophytes-; Vascular -Plants; Vertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: propolis- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: guttiferone-E; nemorosone-: antineoplastic-drug, antioxidant-, biological -activity, cytotoxin-; nemorosone-methyl-derivatives: biological-activity; polyisoprenylated-benzophenones; xanthochymol- GE Geopolitical Location: Cuba- (West-Indies, Neotropical-region) RN CAS Registry Number (R): 147782-04-5: GUTTIFERONE E; 182250-24-4: NEMOROSONE; 52617-32-0: XANTHOCHYMOL MQ Methods and Equipment: HPLC- [high-performance-liquid-chromatography]: identification-method, liquid-chromatography AN Accession Number: 200200205755 UD Update Code: 20020627 Record 183 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Investigations of hygienic behaviour and disease resistance in organic beekeeping of two honeybee ecogeographic varieties from Serbia. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Stanimirovic-Z {a}; Pejovic-D; Stevanovic-Jevrosima; Vucinic-Marijana; Mirilovic-M AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bul. JNA 18, 11000, Belgrade, Yugoslavia SO Source: Acta-Veterinaria-Belgrade. [print] 2002; 52 (2-3): 169-180. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0567-8315 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Hygienic behaviour of the carniolan honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica Pollm.) was investigated in 20 localities in Serbia (10 localities from the Machva region and 10 localities from the Rudnik region). The results revealed that the grey bees from Rudnik have a more expressed form of hygienic behavior, compared to the yellow bees from Machva. The obtained data indicate that colonies of both investigated honeybee varieties, yellow bees from Machva and grey bees from Rudnik, belong to a category of the so called "hygienic colonies", as the efficiency of elimination of damaged pupae amounted to 91.45% in Machva honeybees and 93.60% in Rudnik honeybees. Our results point to an indisputable relationship between hygienic behaviour and the strength of honeybee colonies, i.e. the potent colonies have more expressed hygienic behaviour. Both investigated honeybee varieties can be used for improving breeds selection and for organic beekeeping in Serbia, owing to the manifested hygienic behaviour and thence, resistance to some diseases (Varroa, American foulbrood, and especially Chalkbrood). AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Behavior-; Economic-Entomology; Genetics-; Veterinary-Medicine (Medical -Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-carnica (Hymenoptera-): honeybee- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Machva- (Europe-, Palearctic-region); Rudnik- (Europe-, Palearctic-region); Serbia- (Europe-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: disease-resistance; hygienic-behavior; organic-beekeeping AN Accession Number: 200200202266 UD Update Code: 20020627 Record 184 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) infestation in queen, worker, and drone brood of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Santillan-Galicia-M-T {a}; Otero-Colina-G; Romero-Vera-C; Cibrian-Tovar-J AD Author Address: {a} Instituto de Fitosanidad. Programa de Entomologia y Acarologia, Colegio de Postgraduados, 56230, Montecillo; E-Mail: tgalicia@colpos.colpos.mx, Mexico SO Source: Canadian-Entomologist. [print] May-June, 2002; 134 (3): 381-390. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0008-347X LA Language: English AB Abstract: Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman females were placed in contact with queen; worker, and drone brood cells of Apis mellifera L. that were soon to be sealed. In a non-choice test, V. destructor adult females were introduced into a comb containing either queen or worker brood cells; 0.62 and 18.28% of the mites entered the queen and worker brood cells, respectively. Only 1 of the 11 mites that entered queen brood cells oviposited, laying a single egg. In another test, brood cells were combined in the same comb in a 1:25:3 queen:worker:drone ratio. The percentages of egg-laying mites in queen, worker, and drone brood cells were 16.66, 61.86, and 79.06%, respectively. When queen, worker, and drone brood cells were combined in equal proportions (33.3:33.3:33.3), percent infestation was significantly different among queen (3.25%), worker (49.12%), and drone (90.07%) brood. Multiple infestation was found in drone brood cells but not in others. Also, mites were inoculated into sealed queen cells. These cells contained either one or two mites (either at the egg or protonymph stage). Conversely, in a simultaneous test with worker brood cells, the offspring per foundress mite included a mean of three individuals (either at the egg, protonymph, or deutonymph stage). It is concluded that V. destructor can infest queen, worker, and drone brood cells, but drone brood cells are preferred; in addition, queen brood cells do not provide an optimal environment for reproduction because it causes a delay in mite oviposition and (or) progeny development. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Acarina-: Chelicerata-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia-; Hymenoptera -: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Varroa -destructor (Acarina-): pathogen- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Chelicerates-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: drone-brood-cells; pest-infestation; queen-brood-cells; worker-brood-cells AN Accession Number: 200200197273 UD Update Code: 20020627 Record 185 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Effect of shaking honey bee colonies affected by American foulbrood on Paenibacillus larvae larvae spore loads. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Del-Hoyo-M-L {a}; Basualdo-M; Lorenzo-A; Palacio-M-A; Rodriguez-E-M; Bedascarrasbure-E AD Author Address: {a} Area de Produccion Apicola, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, PROAPI, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pinto 399, 7000, Tandil; E-Mail: mdelhoyo@vet.unicen.edu.ar, Argentina SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2001; 40 (2): 65-69. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies exhibiting clinical symptoms of American foulbrood (AFB, causative agent Paenibacillus larvae larvae) were divided into 2 groups that received different shaking treatments: (1), shaking adult bees into a new hive; and (2), shaking adult bees in front of the entrance to a new hive. Honey bee and honey samples were taken before shaking and 1, 22, 44 and 66 days after shaking. Microbiological cultures were made from honey and honey bee samples to determine P. I. larvae development. The average number of P. I. larvae cfu/g honey before shaking was 89.86 +- 17.93 (x +- s.e.) and more than 500 cfu/bee for honey bee samples. Honey bee samples had more colony-forming units before shaking but differences were not statistically significant after shaking. An important reduction in the number of colony-forming units in honey bee and honey samples was detected after shaking by both methods and no significant difference was detected between them. Honey and honey bee samples were positive for the presence of P. I. larvae in every sampling but no AFB clinical symptoms were detected in the honey bee colonies after 5 months. These results allow us to conclude that both shaking methods reduce spore loads in new colonies without using chemicals and, using them with other management procedures would allow development of an integrated AFB control method. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology; Infection- ST Super Taxa: Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives: Eubacteria-, Bacteria-, Microorganisms-; Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honey-bee] (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Paenibacillus-larvae-ssp.-larvae (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): pathogen-, spore- TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Bacteria-; Eubacteria-; Insects-; Invertebrates-; Microorganisms- DS Diseases: American-foulbrood: bacterial-disease MQ Methods and Equipment: shaking-treatments: pest-control-method MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-forming-units AN Accession Number: 200200197248 UD Update Code: 20020627 Record 186 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Seasonal cycles of Apis mellifera syriaca under Jordanian desert conditions. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Al-Ghzawi-Abdul-Majeed-Ahmed {a}; Zaitoun-Shahera-Talat; Shannag-Hail-Kamel AD Author Address: {a} Department of Plant Production, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid; E-Mail: ghzawi@just.edu.jo, Jordan SO Source: Journal-of-Apicultural-Research. [print] 2001; 40 (2): 45-51. PY Publication Year: 2001 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0021-8839 LA Language: English AB Abstract: This experiment was conducted in northern Badia, Jordan, during 1997 and 1998, to investigate the feasibility of beekeeping in this arid region. 12 colonies of Apis mellifera syriaca were used. Half of the colonies remained in Badia during the experimental period (stationary hives), the rest were transported between the study area and the Jordan Valley (migratory hives). Results showed that colonies began their brood rearing activity in Badia during the early stages of the nectar flow and pollen yield in January, but it dropped almost to zero at the end of August. The peaks of brood rearing occurred during March and June. Maximum adult populations for the entire season were found during April and July, dropping to a minimum for the year in December. Behaviour of migratory colonies was very similar to that of the stationary colonies. Seasonal brood rearing activity and population of adult bees in both treatment groups showed the same general trend in the second year. Annual average honey production was estimated to be 10 kg per colony for stationary hives and 6 kg per colony for migratory hives. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Economic-Entomology ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-syriaca (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- GE Geopolitical Location: Jordan- (Asia-, Palearctic-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: brood-rearing; colony-behavior; desert-conditions; migratory-hives; nectar -flow; pollen-yield; seasonal-cycles; stationary-hives AN Accession Number: 200200197246 UD Update Code: 20020627 Record 187 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Identification and punctate nuclear localization of a novel noncoding RNA, Ks-1, from the honeybee brain. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Sawata-Miyuki; Yoshino-Daisuke; Takeuchi-Hideaki; Kamikouchi-Azusa; Ohashi -Kazuaki; Kubo-Takeo {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033; E-Mail: stkubo@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp, Japan SO Source: RNA-New-York. [print] June, 2002; 8 (6): 772-785. URLJ Journal URL: http://uk.cambridge.org/journals/rna/ PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1355-8382 LA Language: English AB Abstract: We identified a novel gene, Ks-1, which is expressed preferentially in the small-type Kenyon cells of the honeybee brain. This gene is also expressed in some of the large soma neurons in the brain and in the suboesophageal ganglion. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction experiments indicated that Ks-1 transcripts are enriched in the honeybee brain. cDNA cloning revealed that the consensus Ks-1 cDNA is over 17 kbp and contains no significant open reading frames. Furthermore, fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed that Ks-1 transcripts are located in the nuclei of the neural cells, accumulating in some scattered spots. These findings demonstrate that Ks-1 encodes a novel class of noncoding nuclear RNA and is possibly involved in the regulation of neural functions. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Cell-Biology; Molecular-Genetics (Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics); Nervous-System (Neural-Coordination) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera [honeybee-] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- PS Parts, Structures and Systems of Organisms: Kenyon-cells: nervous-system; brain-: nervous-system; mushroom-bodies: nervous-system CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: Ks-1: punctate-nuclear-localization; cDNA- [complementary-DNA]; nuclear-RNA MQ Methods and Equipment: cDNA-cloning [complementary-DNA-cloning]: molecular-genetic-method; reverse -transcription-polymerase-chain-reaction: amplification-method AN Accession Number: 200200195529 UD Update Code: 20020627 Record 188 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Apis mellifera capensis: An essay on the subspecific classification of honeybees. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Hepburn-Randall {a}; Radloff-Sarah-E AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140; E-Mail: r.hepburn@ru.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] March-April, 2002; 33 (2): 105-127. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: The history of the classification of Apis mellifera capensis is traced. The distributions of the traits thelytoky, ovariole number and spermatheca size of workers are given. Thelytoky in workers extends over 240 000 km2 and the ratio of female/male progeny in laying worker offspring is clinal. Ovariole numbers are also clinal but spermatheca size is not. Allozymically, southern African honeybees are homogeneous; but differ in mtDNA haplotypes and nuclear DNA diversity. Morphometric analyses yield three distinct morphoclusters (A. m. capensis, A. m. scutellata, and unnamed mountain bees). Conventional morphometric classification is incongruous with the mode of parthenogenesis and distribution of mtDNA and nuclear DNA diversity in the honeybees of southern Africa. The terms "A. m. capensis" and "A. m. scutellata" are only meaningful if the precise geographical origins of the bees are specified. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Evolution-and-Adaptation; Systematics-and-Taxonomy ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Apis-mellifera -scutellata (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: morphoclusters-; ovariole-number; spermatheca-size; thelytoky- AN Accession Number: 200200190532 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 189 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Usurpation of African Apis mellifera scutellata colonies by parasitic Apis mellifera capensis workers. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Martin-Stephen {a}; Wossler-Theresa; Kryger-Per AD Author Address: {a} Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insect, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN; E-Mail: s.j.martin@sheffield.ac.uk, UK SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] March-April, 2002; 33 (2): 215-232. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Thelytokous Apis mellifera capensis workers recently brought into regions occupied by the arrkenotokous African bee A. m. scutellata, parasitise these colonies, causing colony death. These capensis workers are genetically almost identical and are referred to as a 'pseudo-clone'. We surveyed 120 scutellata colonies, 27 in detail, at various stages of usurpation by the pseudo-clone. The scutellata queen could co-exist with egg-laying pseudo-clones for 50+ days in one case but disappeared 1-15 days in three other cases. Despite the presence of emerged queen cells no new adult queens of either race were observed in usurped colonies. Only 11+-13% of the pseudo-clone population had fully active ovaries, suggesting ovarian development is inhibited in the majority of the pseudo -clones. Only 2.7+-1.7% of the foraging force were pseudo-clones. The data were modelled and showed the rapid (56-105 days) growth of the pseudo -clone population and colony death over a wide range of initial conditions. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproduction-; Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-, Environmental-Sciences) ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [Cape-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-); Apis-mellifera -scutellata [African-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: colony-death; egg-laying-pseudo-clones; queen-cells; usurpation- AN Accession Number: 200200189930 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 190 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: A scientific note on the ovarial and pheromonal development of drifted and non-drifted Cape honeybee workers (Apis mellifera capensis). AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Reece-Sacha-L {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, 0002, Pretoria; E-Mail: slreece@zoology.up.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] March-April, 2002; 33 (2): 213-214. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English MC Major Concepts: Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis [Cape-honeybee] (Hymenoptera-) TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: dispersal-; pheromonal-development; queenless-mother-colonies; queenright -colonies; social-parasitism AN Accession Number: 200200189929 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 191 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: Pheromone mimicry by Apis mellifera capensis social parasites leads to reproductive anarchy in host Apis mellifera scutellata colonies. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Wossler-Theresa-Clair {a} AD Author Address: {a} Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002; E-Mail: tcwossler@zoology.up.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] March-April, 2002; 33 (2): 139-163. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB Abstract: Queen mandibular, tergal, tarsal and Dufour's gland secretions, as well as brood pheromones regulate worker reproduction in honeybees. In South Africa two contiguous populations of honeybees exist, Apis mellifera capensis and A. m. scutellata. Queenless A. m. capensis workers are reproductively distinct from workers of other races, in that they readily develop into pseudoqueens with rapid ovary and signal development. A. m. capensis queens are pheromonally competent in regulating reproduction in the resident workers. Recently however Cape honeybee workers have successfully invaded queenright A. m. scutellata colonies and simultaneously escaped reproductive suppression from the resident queen and brood. These "social parasites" rapidly develop into reproductives, lay acceptable eggs and mimic a series of queen pheromones. This pheromone mimicry by invading A. m. capensis workers causes a breakdown in reproductive regulation, resulting in reproductive anarchy. AI Abstract Indicator: Y MC Major Concepts: Reproduction- ST Super Taxa: Hymenoptera-: Insecta-, Arthropoda-, Invertebrata-, Animalia- OR Organisms: Apis-mellifera-capensis (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species; Apis-mellifera -scutellata (Hymenoptera-): commercial-species TN Taxa Notes: Animals-; Arthropods-; Insects-; Invertebrates- CB Chemicals and Biochemicals: pheromones- GE Geopolitical Location: South-Africa (Africa-, Ethiopian-region) MI Miscellaneous Descriptors: caste-plasticity; pheromone-mimicry; reproductive-anarchy; reproductive -regulation; signal-development; social-parasitism; worker-reproduction AN Accession Number: 200200189928 UD Update Code: 20020612 Record 192 of 1208 in Biological Abstracts 2002/07-2002/12 TI Title: A method for estimating variation in the phenotypic expression of morphological characters by thelytokous parthenogenesis in Apis mellifera capensis. AU Author, Editor, Inventor: Radloff-Sarah-E {a}; Hepburn-Randall; Neumann-Peter; Moritz-Robin-F-A; Kryger-Per AD Author Address: {a} Department of Statistics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140; E-Mail: s.radloff@ru.ac.za, South Africa SO Source: Apidologie-. [print] March-April, 2002; 33 (2): 129-137. PY Publication Year: 2002 DT Document Type: Article- IS ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 0044-8435 LA Language: English AB