(1992) International animal health code: mammals, birds and bees. Paris, France, Office International des Epizooties. A. G. Matheson. The aim of this publication is to facilitate international trade in animals and animal products through defining the minimum health guarantees required of trading partners and avoiding the risk of spreading animal diseases. It discusses the principles of notifying diseases, veterinary ethics and international certification, import risk analysis and import/export procedures. The Office International des Epizooties includes no bee diseases in its List A (for which the most stringent requirements are made) but does have 5 in List B: acariasis (Acarapis woodi infestation), American foul brood (Bacillus larvae), European foul brood (Melissococcus pluton), nosemosis (Nosema apis) and varroasis (Varroa jacobsoni). Specific certification requirements are included for these. This is an important reference for those responsible for bee disease control strategies and certification of bees. Page(s): xv + 550 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600642 bee diseases/honey bees/diseases/control methods/international trade/certification/books/animal diseases/regulations. (1992) Note on markets in the United Kingdom, France and Italy for selected products of the bee-keeping industry. Prospects and developments. Geneva, Switzerland, International Trade Centre UNCTAD/GATT. See AA 644/90. The original version of this booklet, in French, was published in 1986. Page(s): vii + 38 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: 54-56 rue de Montbrillant, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601119 hive products/imports/UK/France/Italy/pollen/propolis/royal jelly/as hive products/trade. (1992) Biology and evolution of social insects. Leuven, Belgium, Leuven University Press. The majority of the 48 papers are devoted to ants and termites; there are a few on bees (abstracted separately) and wasps. Editor(s): Billen, J. Page(s): 390. Accession date: 22 Sept 1999. Call number: 595.7. Library code: Bd. Language: En. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA640/99 Hymenoptera/insects, social. (1993) Estimates of the number of beekeepers and colonies of bees, production and value of honey and wax in Canada, 1992 and 1993. Beelines(95), 7-8. A. G. Matheson. Estimates of the numbers of beekeepers and honey bee [Apis mellifera] colonies, honey production and the value of honey and beeswax produced, are given for each Canadian province. Figures are given for 1992 and 1993 (provisional), and an average for 1987-91. In Canada in 1992, 13100 beekeepers kept 501420 colonies and produced 30339 t of honey worth $C 48328000 and beeswax worth $C 1170000. For 1987-91 the average figures were 15753, 576445, 33566 t, $C 46229000 and $C 1078000 respectively. Corporate source: Beelines. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600152 honey bee colonies/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/beekeeping/beekeepers/Canada/honey/beeswax/production. (1993) Code of practice for assuring the quality of Australian honey. Sydney, Australia, Australian Honey Board. D. G. Lowe. This manual has been produced with the aim of maintaining, or even improving, the quality of Australian honey. It has 10 sections, with those for beekeepers separate where possible from those for packers. The pages are printed on shiny, cleanable paper in a loose-leaf binder in order to make the manual more usable in the apiary and in honey processing buildings. Aspects covered include: physical properties of honey; honey quality and grading standards [Australia]; honey production, including harvesting, extracting, hygiene and bulk honey storage; honey packing; general quality issues. The manual ends with a short reference list (14 references), an appendix of government apicultural offices, and a subject index. Page(s): 94 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700312 honey/quality/processing/packing/removing/hives/from hives/Australia/books/handbooks. (1993) Proceedings of the American Bee Research Conference. American Bee Journal, 133(12), 863-872. Items of special significance are reported individually in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. The 1993 American Bee Research Conference was held at the Texas A&M University on 26-28 September. Abstracts of 23 papers presented at the conference are given, and addresses of participants are listed. Corporate source: American Bee Journal. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600470 conferences/beekeeping/USA. (1993) A teachers' manual for beekeeping in Tanzania. Arusha, Tanzania, Njiro Wildlife Research Centre. D. G. Lowe. This is a typed, duplicated document intended as a basic text for beekeeping training in Tanzania. The authors plan to upgrade it, incorporating comments and suggestions made by users of this version, and to translate it into Kiswahili. It covers bee biology, historical aspects of beekeeping, equipment including log hives, bark hives and modified Dadant hives, frames and top-bars, rendering beeswax and extracting honey, starting beekeeping, bee forage, diseases and pests, and management techniques. More advanced topics are also discussed, such as bee genetics, bees and biodiversity, and bee research in Tanzania. A short glossary of terms and a reading list are included. Page(s): 105 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Njiro Wildlife Research Centre, PO Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600497 beekeeping/Tanzania/books. (1993) Proceedings of the 1993 Annual Conference, Apiary Inspectors of America, Louisiana State University, Burden Research Plantation, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, January 26-30, 1993. Annapolis, USA, Apiary Inspectors of America. D. G. Lowe. The proceedings include news items and research reports on aspects of current importance to beekeeping in the USA, such as control of parasitic mites, Africanized honey bees, and honey bee viruses. Page(s): ii + 110 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600506 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/bee viruses/parasites/Acari/beekeeping/USA/conferences. (1993) Seeds for beekeepers, conservationists and gardeners. Ripley, UK, British Isles Bee Breeders' Association. D. G. Lowe. The introduction to this booklet gives general advice about sowing seeds and suggests situations in which the seeds listed could be sown. The list itself is in 4 sections: garden flowers, native plants, shrubs, and trees. The entries are set out by scientific name, in alphabetical order, and each contains information on plant type, nectar/pollen source, size, flowering period, and notes on cultivation. Each section ends with an alphabetical list of common names. Page(s): 40 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600615 gardens/gardening/honey bee forage/planting/UK/books/seeds. (1993) Apitherapy and apiculture. Vilnius, Lithuania, Ukrainian Institute of Apiculture and Lithuanian Apitherapists Association. This book contains the proceedings of a conference held in Palanga, Lithuania, in 1992. All the articles include short English summaries. Page(s): 238 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600753 honey/bee-collected pollen/propolis/royal jelly/honey bee venom/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/beekeeping/hive products/medicinal properties/conferences/Lithuania/books. (1993) UK market notes: natural honey and beeswax. Sutton, UK, DeCTA. D. G. Lowe. This booklet, published by an export development consultancy in the UK, gives details (for honey and beeswax) of tariff classifications, the UK market, distribution channels, shipping specifications, product specifications, regulations, market prospects and likely trading terms. The information will be of use to exporters of honey and beeswax from developing countries. Page(s): 5 pp. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Bank House, Sutton Court Road, Sutton, Surrey SM14SP, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601097 honey/beeswax/trade/UK/marketing/regulations. (1993) Zooming in on [beekeeping in] Ghana. Beekeeping & Development(28), 13. Corporate source: Beekeeping & Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700566 beekeeping/Ghana. (1993) Zooming in on [beekeeping in] Argentina. Beekeeping & Development(29), 11. Corporate source: Beekeeping & Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700572 beekeeping/Argentina. (1993) On men, walls and honey bees. Salon-de-Provence, France, Musee de Salon et de la Crau. Original title or source: Des hommes, des murs et des abeilles. P. Walker. Bee boles in stone walls at 14 sites in SW France are described; most sites are shown in a photograph or drawing. Some of the walls contain 20-60 recesses. The IBRA Register of Bee Boles for France already includes a few of the sites, and the others have now been added. Page(s): 27 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701396 beekeeping/wall apiaries/France/books. (1993) Opinion 1713. Some bee family-group names (Insecta, Hymenoptera): names based on Colletes Latreille, 1802, on Paracolletes Smith, 1853, on Halictus Latreille, 1804, on Anthidium Fabricius, 1804 and on Anthophora Latreille, 1803, given precedence over some senior names. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 50(1), 85-89. Corporate source: International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800420 Apidae/Colletes/Paracolletes/Halictus/Anthidium/Anthophora/taxonomy. (1993) [Ecology and protection of the environment: third All-Russian conference, Ryazan, 17-18 September 1993]. Editor(s): Es'kov, E K. Page(s): 80. Accession date: 22 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bd. Language: Ru. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA727/99 ecology/environment/Russia. (1994) Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Trinidad and Tobago, 1992. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association. D. G. Lowe. This book contains the texts of 49 contributions presented at the conference, the addresses made at the opening and closing sessions, the conference resolutions, names of conference officers and delegates, and an author index. The papers are grouped under 7 subjects: biology and behaviour of tropical bees; honey bee management; honey bees and the environment; mite parasites, pests and diseases of honey bees; beekeeping and development; Africanized honey bees; stingless bees. There are also 4 country reports and brief accounts of 3 workshops, involving African delegates, Caribbean delegates, and a discussion on top-bar hive beekeeping. The mixture of research results, techniques, reports and experiences contained in the Proceedings will be of interest to beekeepers, bee scientists and those involved in development work in tropical countries. Page(s): 319 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600150 conferences/beekeeping/Trinidad and Tobago/tropics/books. (1994) Report on the state of [Polish] beekeeping. Puawy, Poland, Pszczelnicze Towarzystwo Naukowe. Original title or source: Raport o stanie pszczelarstwa. Page(s): 98 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Pl. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700117 beekeeping/Poland/books. (1994) Future development of the Australian honey industry. Bee Briefs, 11(3), 11-15. D. G. Lowe. This article describes and discusses the Australian honey industry's relationship with the Australian Horticultural Corporation (AHC), a statutory marketing organization set up in 1988. The role of the Australian Honey Bureau is also dealt with. Corporate source: Bee Briefs. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700295 honey/marketing/government organizations/Australia. (1994) German bee research institute seminar. Report on the 41st meeting in Lunz am See, Austria, 29-31 March 1994. Apidologie, 25(5), 433-509. Papers of particular significance are reported individually in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. This meeting took place in Lunz, Austria, to mark the occasion of F. Ruttner's 80th birthday. Summaries of 23 of the 53 papers presented at the meeting are given (in English, German and French). Full versions of several of the other papers have already been published. Summaries are also given for 23 of the 34 poster presentations. Topics discussed included bee botany, pests and diseases, pesticides, and bee biology. Corporate source: Germany, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Institute fur Bienenforschung. Library code: Bj. Language: En\De\Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600471 honey bees/beneficial insects/Apis mellifera/conferences/beekeeping/Austria. (1994) Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament. Discussion paper on European apiculture (COM 94 256 final). Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. D. G. Lowe. Part 1 of this discussion paper describes the present situation of apiculture, in terms of honey production, trade and consumption, at world level and in the European Union. Details are given of the structure of the honey market, prices and access to the market. Part 2 describes support measures for apiculture in the European Union. In the past these have included aid for purchase of sugar, aid by number of hives and financing of research into bee diseases. Current general measures (which are available to beekeepers) comprise aid for structural adjustment (e.g. aid for investment in agricultural holdings, aid for farming in less-favoured areas, aid for vocational training), quality support (e.g. honey labelling) and specific regional measures (e.g. for the Canary and Aegean Islands). Part 3 identifies the problems and requirements of European beekeepers and calls for further support. The final part of the paper gives an outlook for European apiculture and discusses measures which could improve honey production and marketing. Page(s): 34 pp. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600479 beekeeping/European Union/support measures/honey/production/trade. (1994) COPA's and COGECA's remarks on the communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: discussion paper on European agriculture (COM (94) 256 final). Brussels, Belgium, Copa/Cogeca. D. G. Lowe. The EC discussion paper is criticized on the grounds that it contains important contradictions between the analysis of the situation in the beekeeping sector on one hand and the measures which are proposed on the other. In particular, the pollination function of bees has largely been ignored, and hive products other than honey have not been dealt with. The current support measures described by the EC paper are, in general, not specific to apiculture. COPA and COGECA propose a pollination grant, aid to offset income losses caused by honey imports, measures to improve consumer information, and the introduction of a 'Common Market Organisation' for honey. Page(s): 10 pp. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600480 beekeeping/European Union/support measures/honey/production/trade. (1994) International animal health code: mammals, birds and bees 1993 & 1994 updates. Paris, France, Office International des Epizooties. A. G. Matheson. This update to the Office International des Epizooties International Animal Health Code (6th edition, 1992) includes revisions of the principles of certification and a much more detailed discussion of import risk analysis, as well as new requirements for a number of animal diseases (but no bee diseases). Page(s): xv + 138 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600643 honey bees/diseases/control methods/international trade/certification/books/animal diseases/regulations. (1994) Pollination working group of the National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA), France. Report on the meeting in Montfavet, March 8-9, 1994. Apidologie, 25(4), 422-432. P. Walker. Speakers at the annual meeting of the Pollination Working Group included, for the first time, some non-members. Titles of the 14 papers presented are listed, with abstracts for 7 of them. The crops dealt with included oilseed rape, soyabeans, carrot, almond, kiwifruit, faba beans, melons and figs. Pollinators mentioned included Apis mellifera, Megachile rotundata and Bombus spp. Corporate source: France, Groupe de Travail Pollinisation de l'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Library code: Bj. Language: En\Fr\De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600778 beneficial insects/pollinators/Apis mellifera/Bombus/Megachile rotundata/rape/soyabeans/almonds/carrots/kiwifruits/faba beans/melons/figs/pollination/honey bees/Apoidea/crops/by honey bees/by Apoidea/of crops/France/conferences/conferences/Pollination working group/insects. (1994) Proceedings of the American Bee Research Conference. American Bee Journal, 134(12), 829-840. D. G. Lowe. The American Bee Research Conference was held at the Texas Agricultural Station in Weslaco on 7-10 October. Abstracts of 25 papers presented at the conference are given, and addresses of participants are listed. Corporate source: American Bee Journal. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600919 conferences/beekeeping/USA. (1994) Russian Federation annual honey report. National Honey Market News(11), 13-14. A. G. Matheson. This report outlines the current state of beekeeping in the Russian Federation and recent changes, and includes statistics for 1993 and 1994 with estimates for 1995. In 1993 4.7 10 colonies produced 49600 t of honey, 13 t of pollen, 19 t of propolis and 9 t of royal jelly. There were only 12000 state and collective farms but 900000 private beekeepers, however, 28% of honey was produced in state or collective enterprises. From being a major honey exporter Russia has moved to being a net importer (despite the recent imposition of a 15% duty and new quality standards), because of decreased export prices and increased domestic prices (the latter attributed to a rise in consumers' real incomes). Details are given of decreasing extension services, the failure of state organizations to support beekeeping, the recent establishment of a beekeepers' association, equipment supplies and research services. Corporate source: National Honey Market News. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601022 international trade/honey/crop yield/records/Russia/hive products/beekeeping. (1994) 1080 must have IVA, Pesticide Board says. New Zealand Beekeeper, 1(10), 4. A. G. Matheson. The pesticides licensing authority in New Zealand now requires poison bait used for control of the marsupial possum, active ingredient 1080 [monosodium fluoroacetate], to contain 1% of the bee repellent isovaleric acid (IVA). The use of IVA will remove the requirement for poison baits not to be laid within 400 m of beehives. Previous trials using oxalic acid as a repellent gave inconsistent results. Corporate source: New Zealand Beekeeper. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601092 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/nontarget effects/poisoning/honey bees/prevention/of honey bees/repellents/isovaleric acid/poisoning of animal pests/monosodium fluoroacetate/New Zealand. (1994) Proceedings of the 1994 Annual Conference of the Apiary Inspectors of America, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 25-29 January, 1994. Annapolis, MD, USA, Apiary Inspectors of America. D. G. Lowe. The contents of the proceedings include several articles on the detection and control of mite pests of honey bees, particularly Varroa jacobsoni and Acarapis woodi. The other main topic of the meeting was Africanized honey bees and 13 information bulletins of the Arizona Africanized Honey Bee Advisory Committee are reproduced in the proceedings. Page(s): ii + 94 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601326 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/parasites/Acarapis woodi/Varroa jacobsoni/beekeeping/conferences/USA. (1994) Bee pasture for fallow arable areas. Results from field trials 1992 and 1993 with Tubingen mixture. Tubingen, Germany, Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Tubingen. Original title or source: Bienenweide auf stillgelegten Ackerflachen, Ergebnisse der Feldversuche 1992 und 1993 mit Tubinger Mischung. P. Walker. The seed mixture referred to as Tubingen mix (TM) was developed in Germany for providing long-lasting honey bee forage on set-aside land [see Engels et al. (1994) in Forage for bees in an agricultural landscape. Cardiff, UK; IBRA; pp. 57-65]. This report presents results and conclusions from field studies lasting several years. TM, sown at 7 kg seed/ha, proved to be ecologically and economically beneficial for fallow/set-aside fields. It provides a series of nectar- and pollen-producing flowers throughout the summer and autumn and often also in the next year (without further sowing). It is valuable during the summer gap, especially in providing pollen for insects. Honey bee colonies forage on TM flowers and do not need feeding during the summer; a colony often produces c. 10 kg honey/month, mainly from Phacelia. The colonies rear plenty of brood and overwinter well. Nuclei can be moved to TM fields from June onwards. Bumble bees and other wild bees, and many other insects, forage on the flowers, but tend not to compete for the same species as honey bees. Page(s): 156 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601407 Apis mellifera/honey bees/Apidae/insects/land use/agricultural land/fallow/Germany/honey bee forage/seed mixtures/planting/agriculture/ecology. (1994) Cost of production study, 1992. Beelines(97), 8-14. P. Walker. The cost of honey production in Saskatchewan, Canada, was studied in 1987, 1991 and 1992, using incomes and costs of 13 beekeepers (average holding 966 colonies). The 1992 figures are presented and compared with those for the earlier years. Average gross income in 1992 was almost double that of 1987 due to higher production and much higher honey prices. In 1992, cash costs were slightly lower than in 1991; it is calculated that the first 110 lb [50 kg ] of honey production would cover the cash costs of production. Corporate source: Beelines. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601414 beekeeping/management/honey/production/Canada/Saskatchewan/economics. (1994) Other types of hives. Layens or Dadant. Vida Apicola(68), 22-24. Original title or source: Otra de tipos de colmenas. Layens o Dadant. A 4-year trial comparing 100 hives of each of the 2 types (2 apiaries) showed that average honey production was consistently greater using Dadant hives. Corporate source: Vida Apicola. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601417 movable-comb hives/Dadant hives/Layens hives/honey/production. (1994) Workshop on American foul brood. Ciencia y Abejas, 4(12), 8-10. Original title or source: Workshop sobre loque americana. D. G. Lowe. A short account is given of a workshop held on 28-30 November 1994, at Tandil, Argentina, to discuss the problem of American foul brood in Argentina. The recommendations of the meeting, dealing with control programmes, colony management, destruction of diseased colonies, import restrictions, and use of antibiotics, are listed. Corporate source: Ciencia y Abejas. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601439 Apis mellifera/bee diseases/Bacillus larvae/beneficial insects/honey bee brood/American foul brood/Argentina. (1994) Selling honey. Medina, OH, USA, A. I. Root Company. D. G. Lowe. This book is aimed primarily at beekeepers with only a few hives and a relatively small amount of honey to sell. It covers advertising, labelling, jars, selling at markets and craft fairs, gift shops and roadside stands. The 16 chapters are by a number of authors, and are based on previous contributions to the magazine Bee Culture [formerly Gleanings in Bee Culture]. Page(s): vi + 46 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601479 USA/honey/marketing techniques/labelling/books. (1994) Zooming in on [beekeeping in] India. Beekeeping & Development(30), 13. Corporate source: Beekeeping & Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700563 beekeeping/India. (1994) Zooming in on [beekeeping in] Guatemala. Beekeeping & Development(32), 13. Corporate source: Beekeeping & Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700570 beekeeping/Guatemala. (1994) Zooming in on [beekeeping in] Rodrigues. Beekeeping & Development(31), 13. Corporate source: Beekeeping & Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700568 beekeeping/Indian Ocean islands. (1994) Technical proceedings, XIII Beekeeping Fair in Castilla-La Mancha, 14-17 April 1994. Pastrana, Spain, Patronato Rector de la Feria Apicola de Castilla-La Mancha. Original title or source: Jornadas tenicas, XIII Feria Apicola de Castilla-La Mancha 14-17 Abril de 1994. P. Walker. The texts are given for 12 papers presented at this meeting; 8 of them are concerned with the control of Varroa jacobsoni in Spain. Other papers include: beekeeping development programme in Chile (pp. 23-54), feeding colonies (pp. 55-78), bee products and apitherapy (pp. 79-125). Page(s): 190 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700879 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/control methods/hive products/feeding/honey bees/Spain/Chile/beekeeping/conferences/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/books. (1994) Market brief on honey: overview of the European Union and the USA markets. Geneva, Switzerland, International Trade Centre UNCTAD/GATT. P. Walker. The first part of this report consists of an overview of the EU honey market and Annexes giving statistics for 1989-1993 for individual countries: production, imports and where from. Total annual production averaged 100000 t, with Germany, Spain, France and Greece contributing most. Germany accounts for about 50% of total EU imports and is the main exporter. Imports from non-EU countries are mainly from Argentina (26%), China (24%) and Mexico (21%). The second part is a similar review for the USA. Production peaked at 100245 t in 1992; imports increased from c. 35000 t in 1985 to 60600 t in 1993, but exports have remained fairly constant (maximum 56000 t). Since 1990, China and Argentina have increased their share of honey imported to USA. Useful addresses for both regions are given. Page(s): 25 pp. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701086 Germany/France/Spain/Greece/Argentina/China/Mexico/honey/trade/European Union/USA. (1994) Effect of location and geology on the population density at nest sites provided for wild bees. Wild bees as an indicator of the environment. Bienenvater, 115(116), 211-212;372-376. Original title or source: Einfluss des Standortes und der Geologie auf die Besiedelungsdichte von Wildbienen-Nisthilfen. Wildbienen als Massstab fur die intakte Umwelt. P. Walker. In a 4-yr study, a school group made artificial nest sites at 12 locations throughout the Tyrol, Austria, and monitored their occupancy by wild bees. Overall, 53% of reed stems were occupied, 17% of 8-mm diameter tunnels in wood, 15% of similar 6-mm holes and 14% of 4-mm holes. Populations were highest in rural locations with a variety of flowering plants. The smaller bee species favoured the reed stems at the edge of a wood, in a sunny, sheltered position. Geological factors appeared to have little or no effect. Corporate source: Bienenvater. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701207 Apidae/beneficial insects/Apoidea/Austria/monitoring/nests/schools/projects. (1995) Making a beeline for dairy. Dairy Foods, 96(2), 32-33. The use of honey as a flavouring for butter and a sweetener for ice cream, low-fat ice cream and frozen yoghurt, is briefly discussed. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700336 cows/low fat products/butter/ice cream/honey/utilization/yoghurt/frozen yoghurt/uses/milk products. (1995) Proceedings of the 32nd Scientific Beekeeping Conference, 14-15 March 1995, Puawy, Poland. Puawy, Poland, Oddzia Pszczelnictwa, Instytut Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa. Original title or source: XXXII Naukowa Konferencja Pszczelarska, Puawy 14-15 Marca 1995. Summaries are given for 61 papers (5 are in English) presented at this conference. Page(s): 99 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Pl. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700106 conferences/beekeeping/Poland. (1995) Report of the Landesanstalt fur Bienenkunde der Universitat Hohenheim (730) for 1994. Allgemeine Deutsche Imkerzeitung, 29(3), 20-22, 27-32. Original title or source: Bericht der Landesanstalt fur Bienenkunde der Universitat Hohenheim (730) fur das Jahr 1994. P. Walker. The main fields of study, and some results, are summarized briefly, including: practical beekeeping, honey analysis, residues, HPLC, honeydew flow, colony development (comparison of queens from different sources), pesticides, varroa control. Corporate source: Germany, Landesanstalt fur Bienenkunde der Universitat Hohenheim. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700111 beekeeping/research institutes/Germany/reports. (1995) Beekeeping with varroa [in Denmark]. Tidsskrift for Biavl, 129(3,supplement), 1-32. Original title or source: Biavl med varroa. Corporate source: Tidsskrift for Biavl. Library code: Bj. Language: Da. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700277 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/acaricides/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/Denmark/control methods. (1995) Statistics show a further decrease in the number of beekeepers and colonies. Canadian Beekeeping, 18(5), 105. A. G. Matheson. Statistics are given, by province, for the number of beekeepers and honey bee colonies in Canada, with the volume and value of honey production: averages for 1988-1992, actual figures for 1993 and estimates for 1994. In 1994, 12339 beekeepers with a total of 503986 colonies produced an estimated 32920 t honey. Corporate source: Canadian Beekeeping. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601325 beekeeping/Canada/honey/production/records. (1995) Might be bee mites. AQIS Bulletin, 8(1), 9. A. G. Matheson. Varroa (Varroa jacobsoni) has been detected in feral colonies of the Asian honey bee Apis cerana on Dauan Island, in the far north of the Torres Strait adjacent to Papua New Guinea. This island and the neighbouring Saibai and Boigu Islands, all Australian territory, have been declared an infected zone. The remaining Australian islands in the Torres Strait (which is c. 150 km across) have been declared a surveillance zone, monitored by the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service. The Australian mainland remains free of both V. jacobsoni ad A. cerana. Corporate source: AQIS Bulletin. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601466 beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/Apis cerana/Australian Oceania/Australia/diseases/prevention. (1995) New Zealand imports OK'd, but only for transshipments. Speedy Bee, 24(1), 1-2. A. G. Matheson. In a final rule published in the Federal Register, the USDA has permitted the trans-shipment of honey bees (Apis mellifera) from New Zealand through the USA to another country, subject to specified conditions. This restores the situation which prevailed before a recent legal opinion which barred New Zealand honey bees from transiting Hawaii, USA. Corporate source: Speedy Bee. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601508 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/international trade/honey bees/hive products/as hive products/exports/New Zealand/imports/USA/regulations. (1995) New designs for the 'flexible' insemination technique. Bee World, 76(4), 214-216. D. G. Lowe. A modification to Kuhnert & Laidlaw's apparatus for instrumental insemination of queen honey bees [see Apidologie (1994) 25 (2) 144-154] is described. It replaces the expensive, traditional syringe with a glass capillary tube and tip transport mechanism, and a combined capillary drive and pump. Corporate source: Bee World. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700651 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/queen honey bees/artificial insemination. (1995) Bumble bees in Australia: Bombus terrestris now established in Tasmania. BumbleBee Quest(2), 1. D. G. Lowe. B. terrestris has established itself in Tasmania, Australia, and is spreading out from its original location sighting in February 1992. The bees possibly came ashore at the docks from a vessel from New Zealand. Corporate source: BumbleBee Quest. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700461 Bombus terrestris/Apidae/Bombus/Australia/Tasmania. (1995) Manitoba Agriculture 1995. Recommendations for administering antibiotics and acaricides to honey bee colonies. Manitoba Beekeeper(Spring), 16-22. Recommended doses and methods of application are given for oxytetracycline hydrochloride, fumagillin, menthol, fluvalinate and 65% formic acid. Corporate source: Manitoba Beekeeper. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700656 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/chemical control/Canada/oxytetracycline/fumagillin/menthol/fluvalinate/formic acid/bee diseases/honey bees/diseases/control methods/antibiotics/acaricides. (1995) California defines 'colonized'. From the U C Apiaries, University of California(March/April), 6. P. Walker. The criteria used (April 1995) to define an area in the state of California, USA, as being colonized with Africanized honey bees are set out. If a single colony is confirmed in an area of 1600 square miles [414400 ha], the area is designated as colonized. Neighbouring areas assumed to be at risk are defined. Corporate source: From the U. C. Apiaries. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700617 honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa/USA/California. (1995) Industry stats alarming. From the U C Apiaries, University of California(March/April), 1-4. D. G. Lowe. This article presents and discusses beekeeping statistics for California, USA, for 1993. Figures are given for honey and beeswax production, pollination services, package bees, queens and nuclei. Beekeeping total income was nearly $70 10 and the worth of pollinated crops was nearly $3900 10, but the number of honey bee colonies has fallen from over 550000 in 1987 to about 400000 in 1994. The number of beekeepers, honey yield/colony and the price of honey have also fallen and concern is expressed at this decline. Corporate source: From the U. C. Apiaries. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700552 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey/beeswax/pollination/commercial beekeeping/USA/California/beekeeping/economic evaluation. (1995) H. B. R. & D. C. research project 'Oxytetracycline in honey'. Australian Bee Journal, 76(4), 19-21. A. G. Matheson. Oxytetracycline (OTC) was fed to honey bee colonies [to prevent European foul brood] in Victoria, Australia, in 3 different ways: 1 g a.i. OTC in 500 ml of 50% sugar syrup (A); 1 g a.i. OTC in 99 g of castor (fine granulated) sugar (B); 0.3 g a.i. OTC in 200 ml sugar syrup, repeated twice at 7-d intervals (C). Whether fed during a poor honey flow, a good honey flow or 5 wk prior to a honey flow, treatment B always resulted in lower residues of OTC in honey. Beekeepers in Victoria are recommended to discontinue feeding OTC in sugar syrup and use castor sugar only. Corporate source: Australian Bee Journal. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700730 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/bee diseases/Australia/honey bee brood/European foul brood/prevention/honey/drug residues/oxytetracycline/feeding/sugar. (1995) 1994-95 pollen yields & returns from the Apiculture Unit Telford Rural Polytechnic. New Zealand Beekeeper, 2(5), 10-11. P. Walker. The contents of pollen traps on 37 hives were monitored from October 1994 until March 1995 at Telford Rural Polytechnic near Balclutha, South Island, New Zealand. Collections were lowest in March (average 0.03 kg/hive, 'bush/clover' pollen) and January (0.4 kg/hive, 'bush/clover' pollen), and highest in October (1.20 kg/hive, 'willow' pollen) and February (1.30 kg/hive, 'bush/clover' pollen). Total production during the study period was 188.24 kg, giving a return of $73.77/hive for cleaned pollen. Corporate source: New Zealand Beekeeper. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700752 bee-collected pollen/pollen/hive products/as hive products/New Zealand/pollen/yields/pollen trapping. (1995) Zooming in on [beekeeping in] South Korea. Beekeeping & Development(35), 13. Corporate source: Beekeeping & Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700560 beekeeping/Korea Republic. (1995) Bees and apiculture in Switzerland. La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle. D. G. Lowe. This booklet was published on the occasion of the 34th International Beekeeping Congress in Lausanne, 15-19 August 1995. It gives details of the following aspects of Swiss beekeeping: history, industry organization, numbers of bees and beekeepers, honey bee races, honey production, honey bee biology. The booklet is profusely illustrated in colour and was designed to accompany an exhibit created by 2 Swiss museums Musee Cantonal de Zoologie (Lausanne) and Musee d'Histoire Naturelle (La Chaux-de-Fonds). Page(s): 71 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700556 beekeeping/Switzerland/books. (1995) A guide to managing bees for crop pollination. Guelph, Canada, Canadian Association of Professional Apiculturists. D. G. Lowe. This guide provides basic information on crop pollination requirements and how honey bees (Apis mellifera) and other bees can improve seed set and fruit yield. There are chapters on the management of honey bee colonies for pollination, management of alternative bee pollinators (Megachile rotundata, Osmia lignaria propinqua, Bombus spp.), pollination requirements of specific crops, and pesticide hazards. The 2 appendices give details of the economic value of honey bee pollination in Canada, and recommended honey bee stocking rates (colonies/ha) for specific crops. Page(s): 34 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700782 Apis mellifera/Megachile rotundata/Osmia lignaria propinqua/ Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/pollination/honey bees/crops/by honey bees/of crops/Canada/economic evaluation/in Canada/honey bee colonies/manipulations/for pollination. (1995) Proceedings of the 1995 Annual Conference, Apiary Inspectors of America, Annapolis, Maryland, 24-28 January, 1995. Annapolis, USA, Apiary Inspectors of America. D. G. Lowe. The contents of the proceedings include several articles on honey bee diseases, such as AFB, and parasites, especially Varroa jacobsoni. There are also several contributions concerning Africanized honey bees. Other topics discussed included: biodiversity, genetics, solitary bees for pollination, bee stings, apitherapy. Page(s): ii + 123 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700571 beekeeping/conferences/USA. (1995) MAF Quality Management (MQM) Report to the Annual Conference of the National Beekeepers' Association of New Zealand, Christchurch 13-14 July 1995. New Zealand Beekeeper, 2(7), 16-18. P. Walker. Statistics are reported for the year ending 30 June 1995. The 8409 registered beekeepers had a total of just over 293000 colonies; total honey production was 8047 t (27.5 kg/colony). Incidence of AFB is also reported. Work under the Honey Bee Exotic Disease Surveillance Programme is summarized; no exotic diseases were found in inspections of 338 apiaries, and in tests of other bee samples. Corporate source: New Zealand Bee Keeper. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700897 honey/bee diseases/beekeepers/beekeeping/New Zealand/reports. (1995) German bee research institutes seminar. Report on the 42nd meeting in Bonn-Rottgen, 28-30 March 1995. Apidologie, 26(4), 305-360. Papers of particular interest are reported individually in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. Summaries of 31 of the 53 papers presented at the meeting are given (in English, German and French); 3 films were also shown at the meeting. Topics discussed included honey, pollination, honey bee diseases and pests (especially Varroa jacobsoni), genetics, morphometry, physiology, mating behaviour, bumble bees, solitary bees and other Hymenoptera. Corporate source: Germany, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Institute fur Bienenforschung. Library code: Bj. Language: En\De\Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700880 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/conferences/beekeeping/Germany. (1995) Pollination Working Group of the National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA), France. Meeting in Montpellier, March 17, 1995. Apidologie, 26(5), 431-437. D. G. Lowe. The titles of 9 papers presented at the meeting are listed, with abstracts for 4 of them. The crops dealt with included lucerne, Helianthus, Trifolium regpens and Theobroma cacao. Pollinators studied included Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris, Megachile rotundata and Dasypoda hirtipes. Five papers were concerned with gene flow or pollen flow. Corporate source: France, Groupe de Travail Pollinisation de l'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Library code: Bj. Language: En\Fr\De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701154 Apis mellifera/Bombus terrestris/Megachile rotundata/Dasypoda hirtipes/Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/Medicago sativa/Helianthus/Trifolium repens/Theobroma cacao/gene flow/pollination/honey bees/Apoidea/crops/by honey bees/by Apoidea/of crops/conferences/France. (1995) Beeswax. Honeybee Science, 16(4), 163-166. P. Walker. It is stated that the world's annual production of beeswax is c. 50000 t. Composition and uses of beeswax are reviewed briefly, and differences between the waxes of different bee species are pointed out. Research on medical uses of beeswax is mentioned briefly. Corporate source: Cerarica Noda Co. Ltd. Library code: Bj. Language: Ja. Author address: 7202 Nakatsu, Aikawa, Aiko, Kanagawa 243-03, Japan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701117 beeswax. (1995) Proceedings of the American Bee Research Conference. American Bee Journal, 135(12), 825-833. Papers are reported individually in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. The American Bee Research Conference for 1995 was held on 23-25 September at the University of Georgia in Athens. Abstracts of 19 papers presented at the conference are given, and addresses of participants are listed. Corporate source: American Bee Journal. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700881 conferences/beekeeping/USA. (1995) Canadian Honey Council Research Symposium Proceedings 1995. Nipawin, Canada, Canadian Honey Council. Individual papers are reported separately.\0BD. G. Lowe. The proceedings of this symposium, which was held on 15 January 1995 in Edmonton, Alberta, represent the product of a 3-year research programme on a diversity of topics. The research described in the 17 papers which were presented covered most management areas of current concern to Canadian beekeepers, including control of mite pests (Varroa jacobsoni, Acarapis woodi), Africanized honey bees, border closure issues, queen breeding, viruses, overwintering management, and pollination. Page(s): 148 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700892 beekeeping/Canada/conferences. (1995) Stamps of beekeeping interest. Abeille de France et l'Apiculteur(807), 405-407. Original title or source: Les timbres a interet apicole. Corporate source: Abeille de France et l'Apiculteur. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701289 honey bees/beekeeping/philately. (1995) More than 25000 colonies die in Andalucia [Spain] as a result of great heat. Vida Apicola(73), 54. Original title or source: Mas de 25.000 colmenas mueren en Andalucia por efecto del fuerte calor. P. Walker. In summer 1995, when temperatures reached 50C in southern Spain, large numbers of honey bee colonies died in Seville (c. 43% of total), Cordoba (50-60%) and Huelva ( 38%). Corporate source: Vida Apicola. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701438 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/injuries/honey bees/heat/to honey bees/by heat/honey bee colonies/death/Spain. (1995) What do SIRA [Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis] values mean? Speedy Bee, 24(10), 9. This article explains the use of carbon isotope ratios (C:C) for detecting honey adulteration with high-fructose corn syrup. Corporate source: Speedy Bee. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701484 honey/adulteration/detection/high fructose corn syrup/carbon/isotopes/composition/fructose syrup/carbon isotope ratios. (1995) South Tipperary Beekeepers' Association Golden Jubilee 1945-1995. Clonmel, Irish Republic, South Tipperary Beekeepers' Association. D. G. Lowe. This booklet contains contributions from 9 writers and also extracts from the Irish Bee Journal and other publications. It will be of interest not only to members of the South Tipperary Beekeepers' Association but also to those concerned with the development of Irish beekeeping in general. Page(s): 48 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800120 beekeepers' associations/Irish Republic/history/beekeeping/books. (1995) Program and proceedings, International Symposium on bee breeding on the islands, April 19-26, 1995, Island of Vis, Croatia. Bucharest, Romania, Apimondia Publishing House. D. G. Lowe. This book contains the texts of 16 papers presented at this symposium and also includes details of 6 other contributions given as posters. A list of participants is also included. Most of the papers concern honey bee breeding, but only a small proportion are specifically concerned with island mating stations. Contributions from Croatia deal with beekeeping, bee breeding, oilseed rape and honey bees, radioactive isotopes in honey, poisoning of honey bees, and propolis. Other subjects dealt with include breeding projects with Apis mellifera carnica, A. m. ligustica and A. m. caucasica, queen rearing in Slovenia, South Australia and Greece, breeding for resistance to diseases and parasites, technical aspects of bee breeding (4-allele and 6-allele systems, inbreeding coefficients), and beekeeping in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Page(s): 92 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800207 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/Slovenia/Herzegovina/Bosnia/Australia/Greece/bee diseases/poisoning/pollination/honey/propolis/queen honey bees/conferences/honey bees/breeding/Croatia/honey bees/honey bees/honey bees/islands/books. (1995) First Regional and Third National Workshop on Apiculture: Technical aspects and perspectives for regional apiculture, 10-13 May 1995, San Jose, Costa Rica. San Jose, Costa Rica, Pram/Cinat. Original title or source: Primer Taller Regional y Tercer Taller Nacional de Apicultura: 'Aspectos tecnicos y perspectivas para la apicultura regional', 10-13 Mayo 1995, San José, Costa Rica. D. G. Lowe. This document contains the programme of meetings held at this workshop, and 3 papers, each covering topics discussed. The first, dealing with the control of pollination for the improvement of crop production, discusses hive management, ways of increasing pollination efficiency and the integrated use of pesticides. Specific crops mentioned are melon (Cucumis melo), mango (Mangifera indica), apple (Malus domestica) and avocado (Persea americana). The second paper discusses prospects for women in beekeeping, including practical aspects such as hive types (e.g. Kenya top-bar hive) and the management of stingless bees (Meliponinae). The final paper deals with tropical honeys, including their composition and characteristics, antibacterial activity, granulation, and deterioration after harvesting and during processing. The text of the Costa Rican standard for honey (1982) is given. Page(s): 44 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800463 Apis mellifera/Cucumis melo/Mangifera indica/Malus pumila/Persea americana/conferences/beekeeping/Costa Rica/Meliponinae/pollination/honey bees/fruit crops/by honey bees/of fruit crops/honey/tropics. (1995) National pest management strategy American foulbrood eradication. Public discussion document. Hastings, New Zealand, National Beekeepers' Association of New Zealand, Inc. D. G. Lowe. The New Zealand Beekeepers' Association has proposed a strategy for eradicating AFB, caused by Bacillus larvae [Paenibacillus larvae], and this discussion document deals with measures by which this might be achieved. Aspects discussed include inspection and diagnosis, registration of apiaries, treatment of colonies and destruction of equipment, management and funding of the strategy, and the statutory powers required to implement the strategy. Page(s): 74 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800579 Paenibacillus larvae/bee diseases/honey bee brood/American foul brood/control methods/New Zealand/control. (1995) Queen management: growing, caring and feeding the most important honey bee. Medina, USA, A. I. Root Co. D. G. Lowe. This is a collection of 11 articles on various aspects of queen honey bees which were published originally in Bee Culture [previously Gleanings in Bee Culture] in the period 1989-1995. Page(s): vi + 49 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900239 books/queen honey bees/manipulations/production/beekeeping/management. (1995) Bumble bees. Natura, 92(9), 195-235. Original title or source: Hommels. This special issue of Natura contains 22 articles on bumble bees. A special project started by the Koninklijke Nederlandse Natuurhistorische Vereniging, the Nederlandse Jeugdbond voor Natuurstudie and the Natuurhistorisch Genootschap Limburg in 1994 is described and results so far are discussed. Corporate source: Natura. Library code: Bc. Language: Nl. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900432 Bombus/Netherlands. (1995) Apitherapy today. Proceedings of the IVth scientific and practical conference on apitherapy, 11-13 June 1995. Rybnoe, Russia, Institut Pchelovodstva. Original title or source: Apiterapia segodnya. Materialy IV Nauchno-Prakticheskoi Konferentsii po Apiterapii (11-13 Iyunya 1995). The proceedings of this conference contain 63 abstracts of papers concerning the medical and therapeutic uses of hive products (propolis, royal jelly, honey bee venom, honey, pollen). Page(s): 141 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900679 propolis/honey bee venom/pollen/royal jelly/honey. (1995) Japanese Propolis Association defines importation standards. Revista Brasileira de Apicultura, 5(11), 7. Original title or source: Associacao Japonesa de Propolis define padroes para importacao. Corporate source: Revista Brasileira de Apicultura. Library code: Bj. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901052 propolis/imports/standards/hive products. (1995) 1st International conference on conserving the European dark bee, Apis mellifera mellifera, Norway, 8-11 September 1995. Contributions to the conference included short reports from 14 countries and 2 papers on morphology of the bee. There is also a statement produced by members from 8 countries. Editor(s): Drivdal, N J. Page(s): 67. Accession date: 21 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.123. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA764/99 Apis mellifera mellifera/conferences/Apoidea/conservation/Europe. (1996) Hive insurance: special conditions of the UNAF contract. Revue Francaise d'Apiculture(559), 71-74. Original title or source: Assurance ruches: conditions particulieres du contract UNAF. P. Walker. Beekeepers in France are offered two options in an insurance contract drawn up by the Union Nationale de l'Apiculture Francaise: civil liability or multirisk cover. The conditions of the contract are set out. Corporate source: Revue Francaise d'Apiculture. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701288 beekeeping/insurance/France. (1996) Leaf-cutter bees fly in from NZ. AQIS Bulletin, 8(10), 5. D. G. Lowe. The Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service has approved the importation of 2500 leafcutter bees (Megachile rotundata) from New Zealand. This is the first importation of M. rotundata since 100000 bees were imported from New Zealand in 1987. The bees will be imported as prepupae, screened for a variety of diseases and reared in quarantine on arrival, and will be used as pollinators of lucerne in S. Australia. Corporate source: AQIS Bulletin. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701523 beneficial insects/Apidae/pollinators/South Australia/lucerne/Megachile rotundata/imports/Australia/exports/New Zealand/quarantine/Australia. (1996) European notebook [honeydews]. Abeilles et Fleurs(443), 13-20. Original title or source: Le carnet Europeen. P. Walker. A map shows the main honeydew flow areas of France. A table gives the honeydew-producing insects present on 11 types of tree and their flow periods, together with colour photographs of the most important insects. Additional information is included for Metcalfa pruinosa, first found in France (Bouches-du-Rhone) in 1985. In some areas in 1995, honeydew honey was so hard that it could not be extracted; this problem is discussed. Finally, characteristics useful in identifying honeydew honey are summarized. Corporate source: European Documentation in Apiculture (EDAPI). Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701391 Metcalfe pruinosa/beneficial insects/honey bee forage/honeydew flows/France/honeydew/honey/honeydew/excretion/Hemiptera/honeydew/honey/honeydew. (1996) Report of the Landesanstalt fur Bienenkunde der Universitat Hohenheim for 1995. Bienenpflege(3), 83-105. Original title or source: Bericht der Landesanstalt fur Bienenkunde der Universitat Hohenheim fur das Jahr 1995. P. Walker. Work in the following fields is reported: practical beekeeping, honey composition, bee biology including pheromones, Varroa biology, forecasting honeydew flows, colony development, treatment of varroosis, determination of residues in bee products, protection of bees and their products from pesticides. Corporate source: Germany, Landesanstalt fur Bienenkunde der Universitat Hohenheim. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800119 beekeeping/research institutes/Germany/reports. (1996) A brief report on the control of the Cape honeybee and the provision of financial assistance to beekeepers in the summer rainfall region. South African Bee Journal, 68(1), 7-10. See AA 816/94.\0BP. Walker. Results of the scheme introduced in South Africa in early 1993 [see South African Bee Journal (1993) 65 (2) 26-32] are reported. Approximately 50000 colonies [Apis mellifera scutellata] infested with A. m. capensis have been destroyed and 68 beekeepers have had financial assistance. The boundary line introduced to prevent further introduction of A. m. capensis into A. m. scutellata areas seems suitable, and it is recommended that the line is retained. During the 1994 aloe season, examination of 100 colonies showed that 59 were infested with A. m. capensis. Reasons are suggested for the lack of success of the scheme in this area. Some further actions to eliminate capensis from scutellata areas have been suggested by beekeepers. Corporate source: South African Bee Journal. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800187 Apis mellifera scutellata/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera capensis/South Africa/control/pests/as pests. (1996) Notifiable bee diseases in Switzerland. Liebefeld, Switzerland, FAM, Sektion Bienen. Original title or source: Die Meldepflichtigen Bienenkrankheiten in der Schweiz. P. Walker. The first part of this booklet contains instructions issued by the Bee Department at Liebefeld for procedures for colonies with American or European foul brood. Part 2 consists of recommendations for the control of mite infestations (Varroa jacobsoni, Acarapis woodi). Page(s): 24 pp. Library code: Ba. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800218 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/bee diseases/parasites/chemical control/Bacillus larvae/Melissococcus pluton/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/Acarapis woodi/control methods/honey bee brood/American foul brood/European foul brood. (1996) Specifications for the biological production of honey. Abeille de France et l'Apiculteur(814), 174-181. Original title or source: Cahier des charges concernant le mode de production biologique du miel. P. Walker. Orders issued in France on 23.2.96 are reproduced here. They cover in some detail the conditions in which 'biological' (organic) honey is produced, e.g. colonies must be placed in an area of organic farming, or in natural vegetation; hives and parts must be made from natural products; biological control of Varroa jacobsoni. The regulations also cover the harvesting, treatment and storage of honey and other hive products. An introductory note regrets the lack of consultation with beekeepers and the Association Promo Miel during preparation of the specifications. It is also pointed out that all honey is 'biological'. Corporate source: France. Laws and Statutes. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800251 honey/organic foods/legislation/France/food legislation. (1996) Opinion 1828. Apis terrestris Linnaeus, 1758, A. muscorum Linnaeus, 1758 and A. lucorum Linnaeus, 1761 (currently Bombus terrestris, B. muscorum and B. lucorum) and Bombus humilis Illiger, 1806 (Insecta, Hymenoptera): specific names conserved, and neotypes designated for B. terrestris and B. muscorum. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 53(1), 64-65. Corporate source: International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800414 Apidae/Bombus/Apis/taxonomy. (1996) New Zealand commercial beekeeping at a glance. Bee Biz(2), 29. Corporate source: Bee Biz. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800464 commercial beekeeping/New Zealand/beekeeping. (1996) Zooming in on [beekeeping in] Iraq. Beekeeping & Development(39), 8-9. Corporate source: Beekeeping & Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800472 beekeeping/Iraq. (1996) MAF Quality Management (MQM) Report to the Annual Conference of the National Beekeepers' Association of New Zealand, Wanganui 17-18 July 1996. New Zealand Beekeeper, 3(8), 18-20. P. Walker. Statistics for the year ended 30 June 1996 showed that there were 5306 registered beekeepers owning 286806 colonies, which yielded 8610 t honey (average yield 30 kg/colony). In a disease control programme, 8% of the country's apiaries were inspected; many were in areas where AFB might be expected. This disease was found in 17.7% of apiaries and 6.1% of hives inspected. These levels are slightly lower than in 1994/95 when they were 18.9% and 6.8%, respectively. Corporate source: New Zealand Beekeeper. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800477 honey bees/Apis mellifera/honey/American foul brood/Paenibacillus larvae/beekeeping/New Zealand/reports. (1996) Beekeeping ready reckoners. Bee Biz(2), 16-17. A number of 'ready reckoners' are given for calculations which are necessary in various beekeeping operations (e.g. making syrup, calculating areas of forage available, making up fumagillin treatments). Corporate source: Bee Biz. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800556 beekeeping/management. (1996) Honey containers and labels: legal requirements in Zimbabwe. Beeline, 33(2), 26-27. Corporate source: Beeline. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800633 honey/containers/labelling/Zimbabawe/food legislation/Zimbabwe. (1996) Sunflowers [field day, Rietondale Research Station, Pretoria, 19 April 1996]. South African Bee Journal, 68(5), 132-159. Original title or source: Sonneblomme. P. Walker. This issue of the South African Bee Journal consists of papers presented at a 'sunflower field day' held in Pretoria, South Africa, on 19 April 1996. Most papers are in Afrikaans with an English summary. The following relate to honey bees: A. Schehele, pp. 137-140, 'The present status of the South African beekeeping industry'; L. Erasmus, pp. 143-146, 'Preparing colonies for [sunflower] pollination on the Highveld'; D. de Klerk, pp. 146-149, 'Migrating with beehives old practices and new developments'; T. Engelbrecht, pp. 149-153, 'Some factors which influence bee activity, pollination and seed yield in sunflower'. An article by M. Johannsmeier (pp 140-142), in English, describes 'Nectar and pollen production of sunflower breeding lines'. Corporate source: South African Bee Journal. Library code: Bj. Language: Af. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800714 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/seed production/beekeeping/South Africa/pollination/of Helianthus annuus/by honey bees/Helianthus annuus/helianthus annuus/nectar/pollen/Helianthus annuus/helianthus annuus. (1996) [Asian honeybee species]. Apidologie, 27(5), 329-432. All papers and notes are abstracted separately in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BP. Walker. This special issue of Apidologie is devoted to Asian honey bee (Apis) species, including two species confirmed as distinct species by research reported here. These are A. nuluensis (Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia) and A. nigrocincta (Sulawesi, Indonesia). The 9 papers and 3 scientific notes also deal with A. laboriosa, A. cerana, A. koschevnikovi and A. dorsata. Corporate source: Apidologie. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800848 Apis/species/Asia/honey bees. (1996) German bee research institutes seminar. Report on the 43rd meeting in Berlin-Spandau, 26-28 March 1996. Apidologie, 27(4), 261-325. Papers of particular interest are reported individually in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts\0BD. G. Lowe. Summaries of 33 of the 34 talks and 25 posters presented at the meeting are given (in German, English and French). Topics discussed included honey bee forage, hive products, effects of plant protection products on bees, bee diseases and parasites (especially Varroa jacobsoni), breeding and genetics, physiology, behaviour, and beekeeping management. Corporate source: Germany, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Institute fur Bienenforschung. Library code: Bj. Language: En\De\Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800877 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/conferences/beekeeping/Germany. (1996) Research Report 1980-1995. Barton, Australia, Honeybee Research and Development Council. D. G. Lowe. This report contains summaries of research projects funded by the statutory research levy introduced in the Australian Honey Research Act 1980. Since 1980, there have been 13 projects on bee diseases and pests, 1 on hive husbandry and management, 7 on honey bee nutrition, 10 on pollination, 6 on the effects of pesticides, 7 on the marketing of Australian honey, 7 on breeding and genetics, 10 on resources (bee forage), and 3 on economic aspects. During the period under review, the HRDC held 7 workshops and also published 5 reports on commercial beekeeping (in New South Wales, Tasmania, Western Australia, South Australia and Queensland). A bibliography lists 178 publications, by author, for research relating to the Australian honey industry, including work carried out before 1980. Page(s): vii + 104 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800881 honey/commercial beekeeping/government research/beekeeping/research/Australia/reports. (1996) Zooming in on [beekeeping in] Ethiopia. Beekeeping & Development(40), 11. Corporate source: Beekeeping & Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800895 beekeeping/Ethiopia. (1996) Proceedings of the 1996 Annual Conference, Apiary Inspectors of America, Portland, Oregon, 16-20 January, 1996. Annapolis, USA, Apiary Inspectors of America. D. G. Lowe. The contents of the proceedings include several articles on the parasites Varroa jacobsoni and Acarapis woodi. Other topics discussed included: Africanized honey bees, bee viruses, queen honey bees, swarm control, honey adulteration, beekeeping in Oregon, and beekeeping economics in Washington State. Page(s): ii + 96 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800900 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/bee diseases/parasites/Varroa jacobsoni/Acarapis woodi/honey/Oregon/Washington/conferences/beekeeping/USA. (1996) A new organisation to head up the Australian beekeeping industry. Australasian Beekeeper, 97(11), 451-454. P. Walker. The proposed body will be provisionally known as the Honey Industry Council of Australia (or possibly the Council of Australian Honeybee Industries). The preferred plan is to form a council consisting of members from all sections of the industry and all states. Its proposed structure and budget are outlined and its responsibilities, which will devolve from the FCAAA, are set out. Corporate source: Australasian Beekeeper. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800901 commercial beekeeping/Australia. (1996) Improving honey and tree seed production in Indonesia and Australia. ACIAR Research Notes(RN 17), 4. D. G. Lowe. This research note summarizes results from a project to improve beekeeping management for honey production and pollination in the tropical forests of Indonesia. In trials in Australia and Indonesia, the importance of high quality pollen sources (at least 20% crude protein) or the feeding of pollen supplements based on yeast, soyabean flour and pollen, was established. In Indonesia, in 1994, feeding before the kapok [Ceiba pentandra] honey flow increased average colony populations from 8 to 10.5 combs of bees, and increased honey yields (kapok plus rubber [Hevea brasiliensis]) from 24.4 kg/hive to 68.7 kg/hive. The introduction of hives to Eucalyptus plantations increased seeds/fruit and mean seed weight in E. alba and E. camaldulensis but not in E. globulus or E. nitens. Corporate source: Australia, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800988 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/forests/seed production/Eucalyptus alba/Eucalyptus camaldulensis/Eucalyptus globulus/Eucalyptus nitens/feeding/honey bees/pollen substitutes/pollination/of Eucalyptus/by honey bees/Eucalyptus/beekeeping/management/honey/production/honey/production/Indonesia/forest trees/multipurpose trees/tropics/forest plantations/non-wood forest products/minor forest products/Australia/Hevea brasiliensis/Eucalyptus/Eucalyptus/Ceiba pentandra/Eucalyptus/soyabean flour. (1996) Investing in commercial honey production. The 4th Mansfield Report. Australasian Beekeeper, 97(11), 454, 458-462. P. Walker. Individual capital outlay costs, production costs and standing costs are compared for a 600-hive apiary in 1979, 1981 and 1996; present costs for a 1000-hive apiary are also included. The figures are discussed and, using average yield figures for honey and wax, a cost analysis is set out and examined. Corporate source: Australasian Beekeeper. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800990 beekeeping/management/economics/commercial beekeeping/Australia. (1996) Varroa search in England and Wales. York, UK, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. D. G. Lowe. This report summarizes information about Varroa jacobsoni infestations of apiaries in England and Wales at 31 December 1996. A total of 3474 apiaries in 49 counties were infested. Page(s): 2 pp. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801012 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/UK/incidence/distribution/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/England/Wales. (1996) Honey imports and exports in France and the European market. Abeille de France et l'Apiculteur(821), 500. Original title or source: Importations et exportations de miel en France, le marche europeen. Figures for 1990-1995 are tabulated. Corporate source: COPA/COGECA. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801051 honey/trade/France/Europe. (1996) Annnual report 1995. Birkteren, 112(6), 162-172. Original title or source: Arsmelding 1995. I. Fries. Four main goals for the organization Norges Birkterlag are set out and discussed: (1) to provide individual beekeepers with the best possible economic and social conditions; (2) to work for the development of beekeeping so that the industry makes effective use of its capacity; (3) to ensure that organized beekeeping meets its social responsibilities; (4) to maintain natural resources and increase environmental awareness. Aspects which are dealt with include industry organization, training, complementary sources of income for beekeepers, registration of apiary sites, areas for migratory beekeeping, information dissemination, promoting work opportunities in rural areas, producing honey and other hive products in a pure state without pesticide residues. Corporate source: Birkteren. Library code: Bj. Language: No. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801234 beekeepers' associations/beekeeping/Norway. (1996) Honey situation and outlook in selected countries. Circular Series, Foreign Agricultural Service, United States Department of Agriculture(FS 2-96), 37-47. D. G. Lowe. Honey production in 6 major producing countries in 1996 is forecast at 338000 t, down 26% from 1995. Reduced honey output is expected in China, Argentina, Germany, Canada and USA, but production in Mexico is forecast to be 20% higher than in 1995. Figures for production, yield/colony, imports, exports and domestic consumption in 1992-1996 for these countries are tabulated. Corporate source: USA, Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801393 international comparisons/exports/imports/China/Argentina/Germany/Canada/USA/Mexico/honey/trade/world/production/reports. (1996) Study of honey consumption in Uruguay. Actualidad Apicola(69), 30. Original title or source: Estudio del consumo de miel en el Uruguay. P. Walker. From a survey of almost 1000 families, average annual honey consumption was calculated as about 700 g per capita; this figure agrees with that calculated from total production, exports and population of the country. Uruguay is therefore one of the 15 leading honey-consuming countries in the world. Nevertheless it should be possible to double domestic demand. Production increased by 5% annually from 1990 to 1994 and a figure of 10000 t is projected for the year 2000. Corporate source: Actualidad Apicola. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801394 honey/consumption/Uruguay/production. (1996) Opinion 1852. Melissodes desponsa Smith, 1854 and M. agilis Cresson, 1878 (Insecta, Hymenoptera): specific names conserved. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 53(3), 218-219. Corporate source: International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900097 Melissodes despona/Melissodes agilis/Apidae/Melissodes/taxonomy. (1996) International animal health code: mammals, birds and bees 1993-1996 updates. Paris, France, Office International des Epizooties. This update to the International animal health code (6th edition, 1992) contains the texts of modifications made in 1993, 1994, 1995 and 1996, but none of these concern bees. See AA 642, 643/95. Page(s): xv + 214 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900131 mammals/birds/honey bees/animal health/animal products/code of practice/international trade/animals/books. (1996) Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines: lists A and B diseases of mammals, birds and bees. Paris, France, Office International des Epizooties. D. G. Lowe. The purpose of this Manual is to contribute to the harmonization of methods of surveillance and control of important animal diseases. Standard methods are described for laboratory diagnostic tests and the production and control of biological products (principally vaccines) for veterinary use in laboratories. The availability of such standards should increase the effectiveness of measures undertaken to improve animal health world-wide. The Manual complements the International Animal Health Code in that standard methods are given for the diagnostic tests and for the control of biological products referred to in the Code. Volumes I, II and III of the Manual were first published in 1989, 1990 and 1991, respectively, and a combined volume (second edition) was released in October 1992. This third edition contains essentially the same information. The Manual chapters include detailed descriptions of all prescribed tests required by the Code for the screening of animals before they are transported internationally. All the OIE Lists A and B diseases (excluding fish diseases) are covered in this volume, including the 5 honey bee diseases in List B: acariosis (Acarapis woodi infestation), American foul brood (Bacillus larvae [Paenibacillus larvae]), European foul brood (Melissococcus pluton), nosemosis (Nosema apis) and varroosis (Varroa jacobsoni). Page(s): xxxii + 723 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900132 Apis mellifera/Acarapis woodi/Paenibacillus larvae/Melissococcus pluton/Nosema apis/Varroa jacobsoni/mammals/birds/laboratory tests/animal diseases/diagnosis/standards/books/honey bees/diseases. (1996) An Beachaire, The Irish Beekeeper: Golden jubilee edition 1947-1997. Cork, Irish Republic, Federation of Irish Beekeepers' Associations. This collection of articles covers many aspects of Irish beekeeping over the past 50 years. Page(s): 63 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900138 Irish Republic/beekeeping/journals. (1996) The horse-radish tree. Beeline, 33(4), 19-26. P. Walker. Information collected here on Moringa oleifera includes distribution and economic uses. Its fragrant flowers can provide a good nectar flow and attract many bees and other insects. In Africa it grows throughout the tropics and is very common in parts of East Africa and South Africa. A pilot planting scheme in an arid area (in Mashonaland Central Province) was successful, and a further 100 million trees will be planted. Corporate source: Beeline. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900214 forest trees/forestry development/nectar plants/Zimbabwe/Moringa oleifera/multipurpose trees. (1996) Is there money in honey? The economics of beekeeping in Zimbabwe, 1996. Beeline, 33(4), 4-6. Corporate source: Beeline. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900226 beekeeping/management/economics/Zimbabwe. (1996) Honey bee exotic diseases and pests. Tauranga, New Zealand, Ministry of Agriculture. D. G. Lowe. The 6 overseas pests and diseases which could threaten New Zealand beekeeping are named as: European foul brood (Melissococcus pluton), varroa (Varroa jacobsoni), the Asian bee mite (Tropilaelaps clareae), the tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi), Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera scutellata), and the bee louse (Braula coeca). Distinguishing features of these are described and precautions which can be taken by the Ministry of Agriculture and by beekeepers are outlined. Page(s): 4 pp. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900243 European foul brood/Melissococcus pluton/Varroa jacobsoni/Tropilaelaps clareae/Acarapis woodi/Apis mellifera scutellata/Braula coeca/bee diseases. (1996) Results with Kramer-plates. Bienenwelt, 38(5), 125-129. Original title or source: Erfahrungen mit der Kramer-Platte. P. Walker. At a meeting in the Tyrol, Austria, beekeepers' results of varroa treatment with formic acid on Kramer plates were discussed and some experiments were reported. These showed that colonies should be treated immediately after removal of honey; an additional autumn treatment was unnecessary. Efficiency is highest when 7-10 g acid evaporate daily in the hive, but the evaporation rate is affected by several factors including the type of hive and its insulation, and the local microclimate. Corporate source: Bienenwelt. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900255 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/Austria/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/formic acid. (1996) European notebook. Special issue on biological honeys. Abeilles & Cie(55, supplement), 8. Original title or source: Le Carnet Europeen. Special miels biologiques. D. G. Lowe. This article discusses the criteria which must be met before a honey can be labelled 'bio-honey'. Hives must be made of natural materials and some wood preservatives are not allowed. The foraging area must be in a zone free from the risk of pollution, where agricultural chemicals are not used. The use of chemicals in the apiary for disease treatment, honey harvesting, comb preservation etc. are limited to natural 'biological' products (e.g. essential oils, pyrethrins and tobacco for varroa control). Methods of control and certification in Europe and France are discussed; in France, honeys meeting the necessary norms can use the logo AB (Agriculture Biologique). Corporate source: European Documentation in Apiculture (EDAPI). Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900295 honey/quality/Europe/France/food legislation. (1996) Proposal for a Council Regulation (EC) laying down general rules for the application of measures to improve the production and marketing of honey. Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Page(s): 11 pp. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900474 beekeeping/European Union/support measures/honey/production. (1996) NWRC Annual report 1995. Arusha, Tanzania, Njiro Wildlife Research Centre. This summary of the Research Centre's activities includes interim results of a project on the design of a top-bar hive. Aspects dealt with include: shape of the hive, volume, design of the top-bars, materials, swarm attractants, smokers, apiary pests, extension techniques for the introduction of top-bar hives to rural communities. Page(s): 37 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900570 beekeeping/research projects/Tanzania/movable-comb frameless hives. (1996) Foul brood disease of honey bees: recognition and control. Leaflet - Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food(PB3053), 15. Diagnosis and control of American foul brood and European foul brood are described. Other brood diseases and disorders are described briefly. Corporate source: UK, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900593 Paenibacillus larvae/Melissococcus pluton/UK. (1996) Statutory procedures for controlling foul brood. Leaflet - Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food(PB3054), 10. Statutory procedures for the control of American foul brood and European foul brood of honey bees, under the Bee Disease Control Order 1982, are described. Corporate source: UK, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900595 Paenibacillus larvae/Melissococcus pluton. (1996) The honey market. Revue Francaise d'Apiculture(561;562;563), 179-182;203-205;271-274. Original title or source: Le marche du miel. Honey (167 samples) was purchased at retail outlets in the Aude and 4 other departments in France. Characteristics reported include: plant source, country of origin, price in relation to these and other factors such as type and size of container. Results are also given of a survey of honey consumers. Trade in France, Europe and worldwide is discussed briefly. Corporate source: Revue Francaise d'Apiculture. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900649 Europe/international trade. (1996) New machines on the market. Imkerei-Technik Magazin(3), 8-9. Original title or source: Neue Maschinen auf dem Markt. Equipment for uncapping and extracting honey is described. Corporate source: Imkerei-Technik Magazin. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900661 honey/extraction/uncapping. (1996) 4th Symposium on propolis and 3rd on apitherapy, 21-24 August 1996, Instituto de Farmacia y Alimentos, La Habana, Cuba. Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba, Estacion Experimental Apicola. Original title or source: IV Simposio de propoleos y III de Apiterapia, 21-24 Agosto 1996, Instituto de Farmacia y Alimentos, La Habana, Cuba. Most (48) of these summaries of papers presented at this combined symposium concern the composition, antimicrobial properties and medical and therapeutic properties of propolis. Properties and uses of honey, pollen, royal jelly and honey bee venom in the treatment of various conditions, are described in a further 21 summaries. There is also a list of participants in the symposium. Page(s): 72 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900693 propolis/hive products/medicinal properties/conferences/Cuba. (1996) National observations on the production and sale of honey [in Italy]. Rivista di Apicoltura, 4(5), 3-6. Original title or source: Osservatorio nazionale della produzione e del mercato del miele. Corporate source: Rivista di Apicoltura. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901311 honey/production/Italy/trade. (1996) Proceedings of the International Conference Environmental factors and bee productivity and healthiness, Dotnuva-Akademija, 1-4 August, 1996. Lietuva, Lithuania, Lietuvos zemdirbystes institutas. Eight of the 14 papers are in Lithuanian with English summaries, and the rest are in English. Several of the papers are abstracted separately. Editor(s): Dabkevicius, Z; Apanaviciene, M; Ceksteryte, V; Racys, J. Original collective title: Tarptautines konferencijos Aplinkos veiksniai ir biciu produktyvumas bei sveikatingumas pranesimai, Dotnuva-Akademija, 1996 m. rugpjucio 1-4 d. Page(s): 88 . Accession date: 23 March 1999. Call number: 638.12. Library code: Bdx. Language: Li, En, en. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA426/99 conferences/beekeeping/Lithuania/diseases/races/Apis mellifera. (1996) Proceedings of the Italian Section of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects (IUSSI), Pavia, June 8-10, 1995. Parma, Italy, Universita di Parma (pub. as Insect Social Life, 1, 1996). The subjects of the 38 papers presented at this conference include termites (5 papers), wasps (11) and ants (8); the 7 papers on bees are abstracted separately. There are indexes to authors and to subjects. Editor(s): Le Moli, F; Mori, A; Grasso, D A. Page(s): 245. Accession date: 2 June 1999. Call number: 595.7. Library code: Bd-It. Language: En. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA347/99 social insects/Hymenoptera/Apidae/ants/conferences. (1996) Selezione Veterinaria. This special issue of the journal contains the text of 31 papers presented at the meeting in which the sessions included: beekeeping and modern agriculture; quality and hygiene of bee products; bee pathology. Titles are listed in English on pp. IV-VI. Several of them are abstracted separately. Editor(s): Colombo, M; Lavazza, A; Spreafico, M. Book title: Atti del Convegno Apilombardia 1994. 'Giornate di studio sull'apicoltura', Minoprio (Como) - Villa Raimondi, 6-9 Ottobre 1994. Editors: Colombo, M; Lavazza, A; Spreafico, M. Accession date: 2 June 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bj. Language: It, en. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA410/99 conferences/beekeeping/Italy/honey, composition. (1996) Technical sessions, XV Beekeeping meeting, Castilla-La Mancha. Pastrana, Spain, Feria apícola de Castilla-La Mancha. At this meeting in Pastrana, Guadalajara, Spain (28-31 March 1996), 5 of the 15 papers presented the results of detailed local studies in central and southern Spain. Editor(s): Feria apícola de Castilla-La Mancha [Spain]. Original collective title: Jornadas técnicas, XV Feria apícola de Castilla-La Mancha. Page(s): 155. Accession date: 3 August 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bd. Language: Es. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA728/99 beekeeping/Spain/honey/honey bee colonies/winter/propolis/Senotainia/conferences. (1996) Magazine of international seminar: infections in bees and brood in Central and Eastern European countries, September 8-9, 1995, Nitra, Slovak Republic. Bratislava, Slovak Republic, State Veterinary Administration of the Slovak Republic. This book, which is published in an English and a Russian version, contains the texts of the 5 main papers and 10 shorter papers presented at the seminar; 3 have separate entries in AA. Most papers deal with brood diseases or Varroa jacobsoni. Conclusions and recommendations are included. Editor(s): Sokol, J; Blecha, J; Halaša, M. Page(s): 151; 163. Accession date: 21 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.15. Library code: Bd/d Ru. Language: En, Ru. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA812/99 honey bee brood, diseases/Varroa jacobsoni/conferences, Slovak Republic. (1997) Proceedings of the American Bee Research Conference. American Bee Journal, 137(3), 221-229. Papers of particular interest are reported individually in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. The American Bee Research Conference for 1997 was held on 10-11 January at the Memphis Marriott in Memphis, Tennessee. Abstracts of 20 papers presented at the conference are given, and addresses of authors are listed. Corporate source: American Bee Journal. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801231 conferences/beekeeping/USA. (1997) Proposals for a new beekeeping industry peak body. Australasian Beekeeper, 98(7), 275-278, 282. D. G. Lowe. This article provides information on the proposed replacement of the FCAAA (Federal Council of Australian Apiarists' Associations) by a new national body for the beekeeping industry [see also Australasian Beekeeper (1996) 98 (6) 233-234, 238]. Corporate source: Australasian Beekeeper. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801232 beekeeping/beekeepers' associations/Australia. (1997) Varroa search in England and Wales. York, UK, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. D. G. Lowe. This report summarizes information about Varroa jacobsoni infestations of apiaries in England and Wales at 7 April 1997. A total of 3643 apiaries in 50 counties were infested. Page(s): 2 pp. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801380 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/England/Wales. (1997) Proposed regulations: Honey Fees Order. Canadian Beekeeping, 19(8), 184-185. P. Walker. The proposed regulations, which are still under discussion, are reprinted here from Canada Gazette (Part 1) February 8 1997. Their purpose is to introduce fees for the inspection and certification of exported and imported honey, and for the registration of establishments that process and pack honey. Corporate source: Canada. Laws and Statutes. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801396 food legislation/Canada/honey/legislation/certification. (1997) Report of the Landesanstalt fur Bienenkunde der Universitat Hohenheim for 1996. Bienenpflege(3), 67-89. Original title or source: Bericht der Landesanstalt fur Bienenkunde der Universitat Hohenheim fur das Jahr 1996. P. Walker. Work in several fields is briefly summarized, including: honey composition and quality; bee biology and pheromones; Varroa jacobsoni biology; bee tolerance of varroa; varroa control methods; residues in hive products and effects of varroacide residues in beeswax; effects of pesticides on bees. Publications by staff are listed. Corporate source: Germany, Landesanstalt fur Bienenkunde der Universitat Hohenheim. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900135 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/Varroa jacobsoni/pesticide residues/hive products/beeswax/beekeeping/research institutes/Germany/reports. (1997) European noteboook. Queen pheromone. Abeilles & Cie(56, Supplement), 1-8. Original title or source: Le Carnet Europeen. Pheromone royale. Corporate source: European Documentation in Apiculture (EDAPI). Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: 4 Place Croix du Sud, B-1348 Louvain-1a-Neuve, Belgium. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900169 Apis mellifera/queen pheromones/queen honey bees/pheromones. (1997) Honey. Apitec(2), 13-17. Original title or source: Miel. P. Walker. Production and exports by Mexico are compared with figures for some other exporting countries. From 1992 to 1995, Mexico's production has decreased by 7.6% per year, although production in Chiapas has remained steady. The total amount of honey exported has also decreased, but quantities sold to Saudi Arabia, USA, and a few other countries have increased. Corporate source: Bancomext. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900279 honey/exports/Mexico/production/international trade. (1997) Publication list of Professor Dr. I. Okada. Honeybee Science, 18(3), 117-128. A 12-page list of references, covering the years 1925-1997, is presented; the majority of the publications are on aspects of honey bee (Apis cerana, A. mellifera) biology. Corporate source: Honeybee Science. Library code: Bj. Language: Ja. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900468 honey bees/Apis cerana/Apis mellifera/bibliographies/Okada, I./publications. (1997) German bee research institutes seminar. Report on the 44th meeting in Jena, 18-20 March 1997. Apidologie, 28(3/4), 151-233. Summaries of 44 of the 35 talks and 41 posters presented at the meeting are given (in German, English and French). Topics discussed included bee forage, hive products, honey bees and bumble bees as environmental indicators, bee pathology (especially Varroa jacobsoni, bee viruses and Paenibacillus larvae), behaviour and physiology, genetics and bee breeding, and beekeeping management. [Papers of particular interest are reported individually in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts]. Corporate source: Germany, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Institute fur Bienenforschung. Library code: Bj. Language: En\De\Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900471 conferences/beekeeping/Germany. (1997) B. Triwaks Bee Research Center: Report for 1976-1997. Rehovot, Israel, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. This report summarizes research carried out at the Bee Research Laboratory (1958-1975) and at the Triwaks Center (1976-1997) on the following aspects of honey bees: caste differentiation; swarming; reproduction, including queen and drone pheromones; thermoregulation; defensive behaviour of honey bee colonies, including alarm pheromones of queens and workers; glands and their products; honey bee proteins, inducing those of the body surface, body compartments and haemolymph; floral attractants and pollination; control of Varroa jacobsoni. The report includes lists of staff, graduate research students and visiting scientists, and a list of 57 Triwaks Bee Research Center publications and 42 Bee Research Laboratory publications. Teaching activities are also described. Page(s): 43 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900472 honey bees/Apis mellifera. (1997) Report on the proposal for a Council Regulation (EC) laying down general rules for the application of measures to improve the production and marketing of honey. Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. The proposal is for individual measures to improve the production and marketing conditions for honey in the European Union. These include: technical assistance to beekeepers with a view to improving the quality of honey production; the control of Varroa jacobsoni and bee diseases; rationalization of migratory beekeeping; the establishment of laboratories to analyse honey. Page(s): 26 pp. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900475 beekeeping/European Union/support measures/honey/production. (1997) Beekeeping statistics of Slovakia [1996]. Vcelar, 71(4), 51. Original title or source: Z minulorocnej vcelarskej statistiky. The Slovak Union of Beekeepers has nearly 23000 members, who possess nearly 250000 colonies. Average honey production in 1996 was 10.7 kg/colony, and total production was 2690 t. Total production of beeswax was 61 t. Corporate source: Vcelar. Library code: Bj. Language: Sk. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900476 honey/beeswax/beekeepers. (1997) Regular delegates' meeting of the Luxembourg Beekeepers' Associations. Letzebuerger Beien-Zeitung, 108(5), 103-109. Original title or source: Ordentliche Delegiertenversammlung 1997 des Luxemburger Landesverbandes fur Bienenzucht. In 1996 the number of beekeeper members decreased (to 604), as it has done every year since 1989 (when there were 827) and the number of honey bee colonies fell to 9179 (in 1989 there were 11874). Corporate source: Letzebuerger Beien-Zeitung. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900477 beekeeping/beekeepers' associations/Luxembourg. (1997) Zooming in on [beekeeping in] Albania. Beekeeping & Development(43), 14-15. Corporate source: Beekeeping & Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900480 beekeeping/Albania. (1997) The XXXIVth International Apicultural Congress of Apimondia, Lausanne, Switzerland, 15-19 August 1995. Bucharest, Romania, Apimondia Publishing House. Part 1 of these proceedings includes details of the opening and closing speeches, resolutions made at the congress, reports by the presidents of the Apimondia standing commissions, a list of exhibitors and details of the medals and diplomas awarded at the congress. The second part (pp. 59-446) gives details of the several hundred papers presented at the various sessions of the congress; for some, the full text is given, for others there is a brief summary. The subjects of the 7 sessions were beekeeping economy, bee biology, bee pathology, melliferous flora and pollination, beekeeping technology and equipment, apitherapy and beekeeping for rural development. The proceedings end with a list of participants. Page(s): 510 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900481 conferences/beekeeping/Switzerland. (1997) Marketing of hive products: proceedings of the workshop held at the National Beekeeping Station Lenana, Nairobi on 9th April 1997. Nairobi, Kenya, Ministry of Agriculture. This workshop was held in order to increase awareness of beekeeping and the marketing of hive products. The 9 papers which were presented covered beekeeping in Kenya, activities of the National Beekeeping Station, production and marketing of honey and beeswax in Kenya, and the role of the Kenya Bureau of Standards in quality control of honey and beeswax. Recommendations and resolutions of the meeting concerning research, training, dissemination of information and marketing are listed. Page(s): 70 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900485 beekeeping/Kenya/honey/beeswax/trade/conferences/hive products. (1997) The situation worldwide in beekeeping (1990-1994). Revue Francaise d'Apiculture(570), 62-63. Original title or source: Situation mondiale de l'apiculture (1990-1994). Statistics are given for annual honey production by continent and by 15 different countries, and for the main honey exports and imports. In Europe consumption per inhabitant varies from 300 g in Finland to 1.6 kg in Austria; the average is 700 g. A few additional statistics are given for France. Corporate source: Revue Francaise d'Apiculture. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900565 Finland/Austria/France/Europe. (1997) Chalkbrood quarantine restrictions removed for imported honey. AQIS Bulletin, 10(8), 9. Quarantine restrictions for chalk brood disease (Ascosphaera apis) have been removed from honey, propolis and royal jelly entering all states of Australia except Western Australia (where honey imports must still be heat treated). Comb honey, chunk honey, pollen and beeswax still require a permit. Corporate source: AQIS Bulletin. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900596 import controls/Western Australia/pollen/beeswax/propolis/royal jelly. (1997) Varroa mites found on Vancouver Island [Canada]. Beelines(101), 1. On 25 March 1997, Varroa jacobsoni was detected on Vancouver Island, which can therefore no longer be used as a quarantine zone; also, bees can no longer be exported from the island to Saskatchewan. Corporate source: Beelines. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900609 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/incidence. (1997) Decree no. 20984, 10 March 1997. Apicoltore Moderno, 88(2), 67-77. Original title or source: Decreto n. 20984 del 10 Marzo 1997. D. G. Lowe. This Italian beekeeping legislation approves the National Institute of Apiculture at Bologna for queen rearing and the genetic improvement of Italian honey bees, sets up a national register of queen producers, establishes morphological standards for Apis mellifera ligustica and A. m. sicula, and sets out regulations for mating stations. Corporate source: Italy, Ministero delle Risorse Agricole Alimentari e Forestali. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900853 Apis mellifera ligustica/Apis mellifera sicula/standards/queen honey bees/mating/genetics/mating stations/beekeeping/legislation. (1997) Beekeeping in Albania. Beekeepers News(76;77), 5-7;6-8. Corporate source: Beekeepers News. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900858 beekeeping. (1997) Zoom in on [beekeeping in] Benin. Beekeeping & Development(44), 11. Corporate source: Beekeeping & Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900859 beekeeping. (1997) Study of bee botany in the province of Entre Rios. Gestion Apicola, 1(2), 26-28. Original title or source: Estudio apibotanico en la provincia de Entre Rios. D. G. Lowe. This is the first in a series of articles giving information on plant families which provide honey bee forage in this province in NE Argentina. It gives details of spring and summer sources of nectar and pollen in the Sauce district of the department of Parana, including flowering periods, common names, colour of honeys and whether a source of nectar and/or pollen. The information is represented by symbols on an 'apibotanical map'. Some statistics, such as average honey yield/hive, and an analysis of a typical honey, are also presented. Corporate source: Gestion Apicola. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900922 honey bee forage/honey. (1997) Honey situation and outlook in selected countries. Circular Series, Foreign Agricultural Service, United States Department of Agriculture(FS 2-97), 42-52. D. G. Lowe. Honey production in 6 major honey-producing countries (China, Canada, Argentina, Mexico, USA, Germany) in 1997 is forecast at 395000 t, a 3% increase from 1996. Figures for production, yield/colony, imports and exports for these 6 countries for the years 1993-1997 are tabulated. Corporate source: USA, Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900936 China/Canada/Argentina/Mexico/USA/Germany. (1997) [Australia's native bees]. Aussie Bee(1), 1-16. D. G. Lowe. This new publication is produced by the Australian Native Bee Research Centre, which aims to 'promote the preservation and enjoyment of Australian native bees'. The work of the Centre is described in one article and others (all written by Dr. A. Dollin) are about Trigona carbonaria, distinguishing features of bees, searching for T. clypearis in northern Australia, and accounts of 2 Trigona species written in 1883. There is also a contributors' page. Aussie Bee is well illustrated and aims to be 'informative but fun'. Corporate source: Aussie Bee. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Australian Native Bee Research Centre, PO Box 74, North Richmond, NSW 2754, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901098 Apidae/Trigona/Australia. (1997) Opinion 1882 Dialictus Robertson, 1902 and Chloralictus Robertson, 1902 (Insecta, Hymenoptera): given precedence over Paralictus Robertson, 1901. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 54(3), 201-202. Corporate source: International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901151 Apidae/Dialictus/Chloralictus/Paralictus/taxonomy. (1997) Resolutions of the 35th International Apicultural Congress of Apimondia. Apiacta, 32(4), 97-98. The 20 resolutions of this Congress, held in Antwerp on 1-6 September 1997, are published here. Corporate source: Apiacta. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901213 beekeeping/conferences/international organizations/Belgium. (1997) A candid look at bee sting treatments for MS sufferers. Canadian Beekeeping, 20(3), 57-58. P. Walker. The sting treatment described is being carried out by a beekeeper. Two of the 3 multiple sclerosis (MS) sufferers whose treatment is described have noticed improvements. The possible beneficial effects of honey bee venom and problems of bee sting treatments are discussed. Corporate source: Canadian Beekeeping. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901423 honey bees/stings/therapy/honey bee venom/therapeutic effects/multiple sclerosis. (1997) The evolution of social behavior in insects and arachnids. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press. The main purpose of this book is to examine the factors involved in the evolution of social behaviour, particularly the development of cooperation between individuals, parental care, allo-parental care and other forms of altruism. Insects and arachnids provide the most varied and numerous instances and forms of the evolution of cooperation in animals and therefore provide a useful database for analysing social evolution. Apart from an introductory chapter and a final integrative chapter by the editors, there are 23 chapters covering a wide range of species. Those of most interest to readers concerned with bees are 'The evolution of social behavior in the augochlorine sweat bees based on a phylogenetic analysis of the genera' by B. N. Danforth & G. C. Eickwort (pp. 270-292), 'Demography and sociality in halictine bees' by D. Yanega (pp. 293-315), 'Behavioral environments of sweat bees (Halictinae) in relation to variability in social organization' by W. T. Wcislo (pp. 316-332) and 'Intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with social evolution in allodapine bees' by M. P. Schwarz, L. X. Silberbauer & P. S. Hurst (pp. 333-346). The book as a whole has been skilfully edited, and each chapter comprises a thorough review, an analysis from a comparative, phylogenetic perspective, and a discussion on future research. There is an organism index and a subject index. Editor(s): Choe, J C; Crespi, B J. Page(s): xiii + 541. Accession date: 5 august 1998. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bd. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA10/99 insects/Apoidea/Arachnida/social behaviour/evolution/books. (1997) Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Hazards of Pesticides to Bees; September 17-19, 1996, Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (BBA) Braunschweig, Germany. Braunschweig, Germany, Biologische Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft. This publication contains a summary of the meeting and a list of its recommendations, together with the texts of 27 papers presented at the following sessions: test methodology; development of established methods; residue testing; larval toxicity and growth regulators; poisoning incidents and monitoring schemes; varroa and varroacides; work with other bee species. Some of the papers are abstracted separately. Editor(s): Lewis, G. Page(s): unpaginated. Accession date: 2 June 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA549/99 honey bees/poisoning/ by pesticides/conferences. (1997) Biodiversity II. Understanding and protecting our biological resources. Washington, DC, Joseph Henry Press. This book contains 33 chapters by different authors. A few are concerned with plants or certain insect groups, but Hymenoptera are mentioned only briefly. Editor(s): Reaka-Kudla, M L; Wilson, D E; Wilson, E O. Page(s): 551. Accession date: 30 July 1997. Call number: 57. Library code: Bd. Language: En. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA637/99 biodiversity/insects/plants. (1998) Biodiversity of honey bees in Thailand. Vol. 3. Bangkok, Thailand, Dept. Biology, Chulalongkorn University and National Science and Technology Development Agency. Reprints of previously published papers. Editor(s): Wongsiri, S; Tangkanasing, P; Lekprayoon, C; Rinderer, T E; Sylvester, H A; Oldroyd, B; Deowanish, S. Page(s): iv + 116 . Accession date: 23 March 1999. Call number: 595.799.Apis. Library code: Bd. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA406/99 Apis/Thailand/biodiversity/Thailand. (1998) Ecology and Apoidea protection. II International Scientific-Practical Conference (27-29 May 1998): scientific reports. Saransk, Russia, Academy of Apiculture. This publication contains the 64 reports presented at the conference; they cover a wide range of topics. Titles are given in English on pp. 273-283. Editor(s): Eskov, E K. Original collective title: . Page(s): 283. Accession date: 16 april 1999. Call number: 638.12. Library code: Bd. Language: Ru. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA427/99 beekeeping/Russia/Apis mellifera/Bombus. (1998) Provisional atlas of the aculaete Hymenoptera of Britain and Ireland. Part 2. Huntingdon, UK, Biological Records Centre, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. Part 1 of the provisional atlas was published in 1997. Part 2 covers a further 55 species of bees (6 species of Melittinae and 7 of Megachilinae), wasps and ants. The entry for each species includes a distribution map and information (where available) on distribution, status (Britain only), habitat, flight period, pollen or prey collected, nesting biology, flowers visited and parasites. There are also: a bibliography, a gazetteer of places, list of plant names and indexes to species in each part of the atlas. [Part 1., AA1092/98]. Editor(s): Edwards, R. Page(s): 138. Accession date: 16 April 1999. Call number: 595.79. Library code: Bd. Language: En. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA352/99 Hymenoptera/distribution, zoology/UK/Ireland/Channel islands/Apoidea/Bethlyidae/Chrysididae/Tiphidae/Mutillidae/ Sapygidae/Formicidae/Pompilidae/Vespidae/Sphecidae/Apidae/ maps. (1998) Proceedings of the III meeting on bees, Ribeirão Preto, 11-14 June 1998. Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras. The last part of this book (pp. 241-292) contains nearly 90 abstracts, in Portuguese, arranged under broad subject headings. The rest of the book consists of 40 papers presented at 7 symposia; most are in Portuguese but a few are in English. Many of the papers are short but useful reviews, and a minority give research results (a few are abstracted separately in AA). The titles of the symposia were: pollination of cultivated plants; advances in the biology of Africanized bees and their impact on beekeeping; role of bees in the pollination and maintenance of plants; morphology of bees; Euglossini; endocrine physiology of bees; advances in the biology of bees. There is an index to authors. Editor(s): Simões P, Z L; et al. . Original collective title: Anais do III Encontro sobre Abelhas, Ribeirão Preto, 11 a 14 junho de 1998. Page(s): xx + 295. Accession date: 23 June 1999. Call number: 638.12. Library code: Bdx. Language: Pt. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA434/99 Apis mellifera/conferences/Apoidea/Brazil. (1998) Proceedings of the 1999 Annual Conference of Apiary Inspectors of America, Lawrence, Kansas, January 20-24, 1998. Annapolis, MD, USA, Apiary Inspectors of America. This publication contains useful information, including the constitution of the AIA, 1997 apiary inspection statistics (pp.66-60), maps showing the movement of Africanized honey bees in South California and Texas (pp.70-71), directories of state and provincial apiarists (pp.74-81) and USDA-ARS research directory (pp. 84-85. Editor(s): Smith, I B. Page(s): 85. Accession date: 2 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bdo. Language: En. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA735/99 beekeeping, USA/Canada/Africanized honey bees/conferences. (1998) Beekeeping in Western Canada. Edmonton, Canada, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development. This illustrated book is intended to help beekeepers who are managing honey bees under prairie conditions. Among the topics of the chapters are: supplementary feeding, spring management, harvesting and extracting honey, marketing honey and other hive products, requeening, diseases and pests. Five appendices provide other useful information, such as further reading and addresses. There is no index, but the contents list is detailed. Editor(s): Gruszka, J. Page(s): 172. Accession date: 21 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bdo. Language: En. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA731/99 management, beekeeping/Canada, Prairie Provinces. (1998) Report of activities 1992-1996. Teresina, Brazil, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (EMBRAPA), Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Meio-Norte (CPAMN). This report describes the activities carried out at the Research Centre for Agriculture and Cattle Breeding in central northern Brazil, including beekeeping. Editor(s): Bandeira, L M R. Original collective title: Relatorio de atividades 1992-1996. Page(s): 151. Accession date: 31 August 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: X. Language: Pt. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA715/99 beekeeping/Brazil/research institutes. (1998) Habitat management for wild bees and wasps. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association. This publication contains the papers presented to a meeting held at Cardiff University on 7 April 1998: 'Habitat requirements of British bees and wasps' (P. Westrich); 'Planning, implementing and reporting a site survey for wild bees and wasps' (M. Edwards); 'The Chafford Hundred experience: surveying aculeate Hymenoptera in a large, post-industrial building development' (C. O'Toole); 'Habitat development, management philosophy and practice at Center Parcs' (B. Collins); 'Conservation of native wild bees and wasps: UK priorities and funding' (D. Sheppard). Editor(s): Jones, R; Munn, P. Page(s): 38. Accession date: 6 October 1999. Call number: 595.79. Library code: Bd. Language: En. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA947/99 Hymenoptera/habitats/surveys/nature conservation/UK/Apoidea. (1999) 50 years of the study group of the Institute for Bee Research 1949. Celle, Germany, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Institute für Bienenforschung e.V. Report on 22 bee research institutes in various parts of Germany. Editor(s): Dustmann, J H; Geffcken, H; Büchler, R. Original collective title: 50 Jahre Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Institute für Bienenforschung e.V. 1949-1999. Page(s): 71. Accession date: 2 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bd. Language: De. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA726/99 research institutes/beekeeping/Germany. (1999) Proceedings of meetings on social insects. Vol. 12 – Report of the annual meeting, Albi, 2-4 September 1998. This meeting was concerned mainly with ants and termites; papers on bees are abstracted separately. Editor(s): Lachaud, J-P; Fourcassie, V. Original collective title: Actes des colloques insectes sociaux. Vol. 12 – Compte rendu colloque annuel, Albi 2-4 Septembre 1998. Page(s): 205. Accession date: 22 Sept 1999. Call number: 595.7. Library code: Bd. Language: Fr, en. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA642/99 Apoidea/meetings, France/conferences. (1999) Built for honey bees. Vernacular architecture in traditional beekeeping. Saint-Faust, France, Écomusée de la Cité des Abeilles. These are the illustrated proceedings of a meeting held at Saint-Faust, 14-16 November 1998. Several papers described walls and other structures with hive recesses in different parts of France: Provence, southern Massif Central, Normandy, Béarn area. Other papers dealt with stone enclosures in the Roya valley, wall hives in Aude, traditional beekeeping in France, and ancient hives excavated since 1970. Editor(s): Chevet, R. Original collective title: Bâtir pour les abeilles. L'architecture vernaculaire en apiculture traditionnelle. Page(s): 204. Accession date: 26 October 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: X. Language: Fr. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1007/99 beekeeping/France/history/meetings/wall apiaries/wall hives/hives, fixed-comb. (1999) Nordic beekeeping, Nordisk Biråd. This booklet contains summary statistics for beekeeping in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden (p. 3), many short articles describing beekeeping in these countries, and summaries of 3 research projects. Editor(s): Vejsnæs, F. Page(s): 35. Accession date: 27 October 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bd. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1024/99 beekeeping/Denmark/Finland/Norway/Sweden/research. Aarhus, A. (1991) Bees and flowers a partnership with economic and cultural importance. Smaskrift - SFFL(1/91), 20. Original title or source: Bier og blomster et samspill med konomisk og kulturell betydning. Brief details, including number of honey bee colonies/ha required, are given for the pollination of 27 crops. Library code: Ba. Language: No. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900342 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/pollinators/crops/pollination/by honey bees/of crops. Abak, K., Kaftanoglu, O., Dasgan, H. Y., Ikiz, O., Sayalan, M., Uygun, N. and Yeninar, H. (1997) Pollen production and quality of pepper grown in unheated greenhouses during winter and the effects of bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) pollination on fruit yield and quality. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Pollination, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, 23-28 June 1996 [edited by Richards, K. W.]. Leiden, Netherlands, International Society for Horticultural Science, 303-307. Pepper [Capsicum] plants were grown in greenhouses, with or without a bumble bee (Bombus terrestris) colony. The numbers of pollen grains produced in February, March and April were 4.05 10, 2.89 10 and 4.07 10, respectively. Viability of pollen was 47, 31.5 and 61.8% and pollen germination ratios in vitro were 1, 3 and 17% for these months, respectively. The average yield, fruit weight, fruit diameter and number of seeds were greater by 4, 10, 6 and 12.5%, respectively in plants pollinated by bumble bees compared with controls. In commercial greenhouses the average early and total yields were higher by 29.6 and 22.4% compared with controls; fruit weight, diameter, volume and flesh thickness were also positively influenced. Page(s): 303-307. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Balcaly 01330 Adana, Turkey. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900400 Bombus terrestris/Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/International symposium on pollination. Abak, K., Sar, N., Paksoy, M., Kaftanoglu, O. and Yeninar, H. (1995) Efficiency of bumble bees on the yield and quality of eggplant and tomato grown in unheated glasshouses. Acta Horticulturae(412), 268-274. Plants of the aubergine cultivar Munica and tomato cultivar Fantastic F were grown in glasshouses with colonies of bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) containing 50-60 worker bees. Control plots were covered to prevent bee pollination. Plants which were bee pollinated had yield (kg/m) increases of 23% (aubergine) and 17% (tomato) compared with the controls. The numbers of fruits/m were increased by 22% (aubergine) and 6% (tomato), and the number of seeds/fruit were increased by 62% (aubergine) and 100% (tomato). There were no significant differences in fruit quality characters, average fruit weight and fruit diameter in tomato or in fruit diameter and length in aubergine, between bee-pollinated and non-pollinated plants. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900035 Lycopersicon esculentum/Solanum melongena/fruit set/seed set/conferences/International symposium on solanacea for fresh market/aubergines/tomatoes/pollination/pollinators/Bombus terrestris/protected cultivation/fruits/set/Bombus/of Lycopersicon/by Bombus/Lycopersicon/Bombus/of Solanum melongena/greenhouse culture. Abak, K., Sari, N., Paksoy, M., Kaftanoglu, O. and Yeninar, H. (1995) Efficiency of bumble bees on the yield and quality of eggplant and tomato grown in unheated glasshouses. Acta Horticulturae(412), 268-274. D. G. Lowe. Plants of the aubergine (Solanum melongena) cultivar Munica and the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivar Fantastic were grown in 2 500-m glasshouses. Bumble bee (Bombus terrestris) colonies containing 50-60 workers were placed in each glasshouse. Some control plots were covered by a net to prevent bumble bee visits. In bumble bee pollinated plants, yield was higher than in the control plants (23% in aubergine, 17% in tomato). Number of fruits/m (22% in aubergine, 6% in tomato) and the number of seeds/fruit (62% in aubergine, 100% in tomato) were also higher. There were no significant differences in fruit quality characteristics. Bumble bees visited an average of 4.7 flowers/min (maximum 14.8 flowers/min). Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Dept. of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901118 Bombus terrestris/Apidae/pollinators/aubergines/tomatoes. Abbas, T., Hasnain, A. and Ali, R. (1995) Black gram as a pollen substitute for honey bees. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 54(1-4), 357-359. P. Walker. Four honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies, each with 4 frames of bees, were fed during the rainy season with a pollen substitute containing 55% soya bean flour (also 25% sugar, 5% yeast, 5% milk powder, 10% water); another 4 colonies were fed with a diet containing the flour of Phaseolus mungo [= Vigna mungo] instead of soya bean flour. After 3 months, the first group contained an average of 4.75 frames/colony and 7.12 kg honey/box, whereas colonies on the black gram diet had 5.75 frames and 8.62 kg/box. Four colonies which received no pollen substitute had only 2.5 frames/colony and 1.87 kg honey/box. In Pakistan, black gram flour could be used as a cheaper alternative to soya bean flour, which has to be imported. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800206 apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey-getting capacity/Pakistan/feeding/honey bees/pollen substitutes/Vigna mungo/flours/honey bee colonies/development. Abd-Al-Fattah, M. A., Hemeida, H. H. and Nour, M. E. (1993) The antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of propolis as a natural honeybee product: 1. The antimicrobial activity of propolis. Bulletin of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cairo, 44(3), 637-648. P. Walker. Propolis was collected from Apis mellifera colonies in 3 areas of Egypt. The antimicrobial properties of ethanol extracts of propolis (50-250 ppm) were assayed on 11 species of microorganisms. The growth of the fungus Aspergillus niger was not affected at lower concentrations; the yeast Candida albicans was more sensitive than a species of Saccharomyces. Among the bacteria tested, the most sensitive were Staphylococcus aureus and S. thermophilus. Spore-forming species (Bacillus subtilis and 2 others) and the Gram-negative Escherichia coli were very sensitive to the propolis extracts. The results showed some differences between samples from different areas. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Dept. of Economic Entomology & Pesticides, Fac. of Agric., Cairo Univ., Cairo, Egypt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601129 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/Aspergillus niger/Saccharomyces/Candida albicans/Staphylococcus aureus/Staphylococcus thermophilus/Bacillus subtilis/Escherichia coli/propolis/hive products/as hive products/inhibition/microorganisms/of microorganisms/by propolis. Abdalla, F. C. and Cruz-Landim, C. d. (1996) Comparative study of the area occupied by the corpora pedunculata in the brain of two bee species (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 13(4), 955-962. Original title: Estudo comparativo da área ocupada pelos corpos pedunculados no cérebro de duas espécies de abelhas (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). The present study compares the size of the corpora pedunculata (mushroom bodies) in the brain of Exomalopsis aureopilosa, a semi-social species, and Apis mellifera, a eusocial species of honey bee. The aim was to correlate the degree of development of such structures with the behavioural complexity. The results show that the corpora pedunculata of females of both species are of the same relative size. However, the area occupied by the cell bodies of the neurones (glomeruli) is greater in the workers of A.mellifera. In E.aureopilosa the total size of the corpora pedunculata is larger in females, but the glomerula area is relatively larger in the males. Accession date: 6 May 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt, en. Author. Author address: Depto de Biologia, Instituto de Biocienias de Rio Claro, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Caixa Postal 199, 13500 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA453/99 Hymenoptera/Apoidea/Apis mellifera/Exomalopsis aureoilosa/brain/corpora pedunculata/mushroom bodies/glomeruli/behaviour. Abd-Alla, M. S., Mishref, A. and Ghazi, I. M. (1995) Antimicrobial potency of royal jelly collected from queen cells at different larvae ages. Annals of Agricultural Science (Cairo), 40(2), 597-608. Ten healthy honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies without queens were artificially fed with sugar solution for 2 weeks before grafting on artificial queen cells inoculated with 18- to 24-h-old worker larvae. Experimental colonies were placed in a clover field in Fayoum Province, Egypt. Royal jelly was collected from larvae of different ages (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 days) and frozen at 20C. The average yields of royal jelly were 140, 185, 160, 130 and 100 mg/cell for larvae aged 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 days, respectively. Bacteriostatic tests showed that royal jelly from 3-day-old larval cells had the highest antimicrobial activity. A 1/20 v/v suspension of royal jelly in water caused 100% mortality to cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, and 71% and 83% mortality to Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, respectively, after 3 h of exposure. Royal jelly combined with honey appeared to exhibit enhanced antimicrobial activity when tested against the same bacteria. S. aureus could not be detected on culture plates after only 2 h of exposure. Library code: 22 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum, Egypt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901035 Apis mellifera/queens/Trifolium/larvae/age/Staphylococcus aureus/Bacillus subtilis/Escherichia coli/honey/antibacterial agents/bactericides/honey bees/bacteria/royal jelly/antibacterial properties. Abdulsalam, K. S. (1995) Bioactivity of propolis extract against certain soil borne fungi. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research, 40(3), 305-313. The bioactivity of 5 concentrations (0-800 p.p.m.) of propolis ethanol extract (PEE) against ten soilborne fungi (Fusarium solani, F. moniliforme [Gibberella fujikuroi], F. oxysporum, F. xylairoides, Diplodia phoenicis, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis sp., Helminthosporium sp. and Curvularia lunata [Cochliobolus lunatus]) was studied. The fungi were isolated from date palm and other plants grown in Al-Hassa Province, Saudi Arabia. The results indicated that the growth diameter of the tested fungi decreased significantly with each increase in PEE concentration. The higher concentrations of PEE (800 p.p.m.) were more effective than lower concentrations against all the tested fungi. The greatest decrease in growth diameter was observed in F. solani, Botrytis sp., C. lunata and Helminthosporium sp. A mean separation test showed that F. solani was most sensitive to PEE concentrations, while D. pheonicis was the least affected. The percentage of growth inhibition increased with the increasing of PEE concentrations. F. solani, A. alternata and Helminthosporium sp. were the most sensitive to PEE, their LCs being 71.6, 74 and 100 p.p.m., respectively. Library code: 14 ref. Language: En. Author address: Plant Protection Department, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900682 Fusarium oxysporum/Fusarium solani/Gibberella fujikuroi/Rhizoctonia solani/Alternaria alternata/Botrytis/Helminthosporium/Cochliobolus lunatus/plant pathogenic fungi/plant diseases/plant pathogens/propolis/antifungal properties/antimicrobial properties/dates/control/fungi/fungi/hive products/as hive products/inhibition/fungi/of fungi/by propolis/fungi. Abdulsalam, K. S. and Mohamed, M. I. (1989) Effect of propolis on some Fusarium spp. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology, 21(2), 149-155. Propolis was collected from honey bee colonies located at Al-Hassa, Egypt, during November 1987, and an ethanolic extract was tested against Fusarium solani, F. tabacinum, F. oxysporum and F. heterosporum. Each concentration of 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 ppm of unfractionated propolis extract (EEP) was added to 4 petri dishes (8 cm in diameter) containing potato dextrose agar (PDA). Petri dishes of PDA only as a control were also inoculated with each Fusarium species and kept at 28°C. The growth diameter was taken as an indicator of the effect of EEP on Fusaria. The EC50 for EEP against F. tabacinum, F. solani, F. heterosporum and F. oxysporum was 250, 320, 420 and 420 ppm respectively. Accession date: 13 August 98. Call number: 638.178. Library code: X. Language: En, ar. . Author address: Coll. Agric. Food Sci., King Faisal Univ., Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA287/99 propolis/inhibition/Fusarium. Abdulsalam, K. S., Mohamed, M. I. and El-Nawawy, M. A. (1989) Effect of propolis on some bacterial species. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology, 21(1), 61-68. A sample of propolis was collected from honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies housed in Langstroth hives at Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia. A propolis-ethanol mixture (1:15) was prepared. The unfractionated extract (PEE) was then used to find out its antimicrobial activities on 13 bacterial species (5 Gram-positive, 8 Gram-negative). Eight extract levels, 50-2000 ppm, were incorporated into dextrose-yeast extract medium. All Gram-positive species were inhibited by 100 ppm PEE in the medium (Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermis and Streptococcus pyogenes). Of the Gram-negative species, Enterobacter cloacae and Proteus vulgaris were inhibited at 400 ppm, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, and Serratia sp. at 800 ppm. The other 3 species (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhimurium) were inhibited at 1200 ppm of PEE. It is concluded that PEE could be used as an antibacterial agent against Gram-positive species. Language: En. Author address: College Agric. Food. Sci., King Faisal Univ., Al-Hassa 31982, Saudi Arabia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700345 inhibition/bacteria/propolis/of bacteria/by propolis/hive products/as hive products. Abeilles et, F. (1999) Siting of hives: prefectoral decrees setting the distances to be observed. Abeilles et Fleurs(594), 170-171. Original title: Implantation des ruches: arrêtés préfectoraux déterminant les distances à observer. Tabulates permitted distances of hives from neighbouring properties, public roads, etc., in different parts of France. Accession date: 26 July 1999. Call number: 638.14. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA787/99 apiary sites, selection/legislation/beekeeping/France. Abeilles et, F. (1999) Note on the documents of the honey directive. Abeilles & Fleurs(597), 325-328. Original title: Note sur l'écriture de la directive miel. Various suggested amendments to the European Directive on honey were drafted by the co-operative France-Miel and handed to the French Minister of Agriculture on 3 June 1999. They are set out here. Accession date: 15 September 1999. Call number: 638.16. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1161/99 honey/legislation/Europe/honey composition. Abell, D. C., Friebe, H., Schweger, C., Kwok, A. S. K. and Sporns, P. (1996) Comparison of processed unifloral clover and canola honey. Apidologie, 27(6), 451-460. Author. Although clover honey is generally considered to be superior to canola [rape] honey, the differences, if any, in the processed product are unknown. Unifloral clover and canola honey were identified by pollen analysis: the canola honey contained 91.3% Brassicaceae pollen, with only 4.5% clover pollen, while the clover honey contained 94.5% Trifolium pollen, with no Brassicaceae pollen. The 2 honeys were processed under the same conditions to produce liquid honey. Processed honey samples were all similar in physical properties and carbohydrate composition. Storage at 14C resulted in all samples starting to crystallize after approximately the same time of storage. Storage temperature and percentage moisture were more important factors in predicting crystallization than floral source. Although untrained sensory panellists could differentiate the processed clover and canola honey by taste there was no overall preference for either honey. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801419 clover/rape/sugars/flavour/honey/characteristics/composition/carbohydrates/crystallization/Trifolium/Brassica napus/storage. Abo-lila, M. M. S. and Nabil Shoreit, M. (1997) Trials for controlling Varroa mite, Varroa jacobsoni Oud treated with formic acid in colonies of the honey bee in Egypt. Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 28(2), 189-199. Formic acid treatments were evaluated in field trials as control agents for the parisitic mite Varroa jacobsoni Oud. The trials were carried out using the Nassenheider device (previously recommended by J. Weiland, Werkzeugbau Company). The treatments were carried out in Egypt during autumn and winter 1995 and 1996. Treatments of 8-8.5 cm3/day/colony of 60% formic acid were found to be useful in controlling the mite without having any side effects on individual honey bees or bee products. Accession date: 6 May 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bb. Language: En, ar. Author. Author address: Bee Keeping Res. Sec. Dept, Plant Protection Res. Inst., Dokki, Egypt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA523/99 honey bees/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/formic acid/Nassenheider device/Egypt. Abo-Taka, S. M. (1995) Evaluation of Apistan, Miticur, and methyl palmitate for control of the honey bee tracheal mite, Acarapis woodi (Rennie) (Acari.: Tarsonemidae) in Florida honey bee colonies. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research, 40(3), 231-243. This experiment was conducted in a central Florida apiary near Cocoa, Florida from February to September 1990. Samples of honey bees (Apis mellifera) were taken from the top of the hive (forage bees) and the brood nest chamber (brood bees) for comparison of percentage honey bee tracheal mite (HBTM) infestation. Results indicate that forage bee samples in February had lower percentages of HBTM infestation than brood bees; however, this relationship reversed as the spring and summer progressed. HBTM infestation in both forage and brood bee samples were lowest in February. The infestation level increased and peaked in March, and then declined in May-June. At the March and May samplings, the average percentage HBTM infestation was significantly higher in forage bees than in brood bees. Hive treatments with 1 or 2 Apistan Strips (fluvalinate 10% ai) or 3 Miticur Strips (amitraz 10% ai) with or without methyl palmitate (1.0 g/hive per week), or treatment with methyl palmitate (MP) alone, were evaluated for control of HBTM infestations in forage bee samples. After 6 weeks treatment (42 days), all treatments were significantly lower in average percentage HBTM infestation than the untreated check. While HBTM infestation in the untreated group decreased by about 4% during this time period, the Miticur (MT) and Miticur with MP (MT + MP) groups gave reductions of 32% and 54%, respectively. HBTM infestations decreased by 28% after treatment with 1 Apistan Strip (1AP), by 70% with 1 Apistan and MP (1AP + MP), by 79% with 2 Apistan Strips (2AP), and by 9% with 2 Apistan Strips + MP (2AP + MP). Methyl palmitate alone resulted in a 36% reduction in average percentage HBTM infestation. At 30 days post-treatment, all treatment groups exhibited a continued decline in HBTM infestation levels, however only 2AP, 2AP + MP, 1AP + MP, MT, and MT + MP treatments were significantly lower than the untreated group. The Miticur treatments with and without MP gave the lowest average percentage HBTM infestations at both 6 weeks treatment and 30 days post-treatment, while the Apistan and MP treatments were somewhat less effective. Library code: 21 ref. Language: En. Author address: Economic Entomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia University, Egypt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900247 apis mellifera/honey bees/acarapis woodi/acarine disease/fluvalinate/methyl palmitate/amitraz/mites/ectoparasites/bee diseases/parasites/pests/honey bees/control methods. Abou-Hozaifa, B. M., Badr El-Din, N. K. and Al-Tamimi, D. (1996) Effects of nicotine / royal jelly on testicular function in intact adult male rats. Advances in Contraceptive Delivery Systems, 12, 23-32. Author. Testicular function was assessed in adult male rats treated with royal jelly (RJ) (1 mg/g body wt /day) and/or nicotine at a concentration of 0.005% that simulated the intake of nicotine by heavy smokers. Nicotine significantly lowered serum acid phosphatase and testosterone values and caused chronic inflammation of the testicular interstitium. On an RJ diet, normal reproductive functions were detected, although 50% of tests showed some tubules lined were sertoli cells only. RJ plus nicotine induced a severe decline in testosterone levels and acid phosphatase activity (55% and 26% of control respectively). Testes showed interstitial inflammation and some tubules lined with sertoli cells only (50%). Further investigations are needed to clarify the effects of different doses of RJ on testicular function. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Physioloogy Department, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801438 hive products/rats/testes/royal jelly/effects/nicotine. Abou-Hozaifa, B. M. and El-Din, N. K. B. (1995) Royal jelly, a possible agent to reduce the nicotine-induced atherogenic lipoprotein profile. Saudi Medical Journal, 16(4), 337-342. The study investigated the effect of royal jelly on the nicotine-induced atherogenic lipoprotein profile. To evaluate the changes in lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, royal jelly (1 mg/g body weight/day) and/or nicotine (0.05 mg/ml in drinking water, a dose which simulated intake by heavy smokers) were tested in adult male rats, following 8 weeks of their oral supplementation. Neither royal jelly nor nicotine or their combination significantly changed serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Additionally, royal jelly did not significantly change serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Oral nicotine alone progressively inhibited weight gain and significantly lowered the high density lipoprotein cholesterol level and its ratio to the total cholesterol (by 19% and 23%, respectively). Also, nicotine elevated the low density lipoprotein/high density lipoprotein (LDL/HDL) cholesterol ratio (82%) significantly. On the other hand, royal jelly when given to nicotine treated rats increased the HDL cholesterol and HDL/total cholesterol ratio and decreased the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio to reach values insignificantly different from the control. Royal jelly also prevented the progressive decline in body weight gain caused by nicotine administration. The data demonstrated that royal jelly is a potential antiatherosclerotic agent capable of improving the nicotine-induced atherogenic lipoprotein profile. [See also American Bee Journal, 117: 36-39 (1977); Kardiologia, 23: 105-109 (1983); Journal of Biomedical Science and Therapy, 9: 35-44 (1993)]. Library code: 40 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Physiology, King Faisal University, PO Box 2114, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800651 nicotine/atherosclerosis/laboratory animals/man/therapy/lipids/cholesterol/royal jelly/rats/lipoproteins/blood lipids/blood/effects. Abou-Seif, M. A. M., Maier, V., Fuchs, J., Mezger, M., Pfeiffer, E. F. and Bounias, M. (1993) Fluctuations of carbohydrates in haemolymph of honeybee (Apis mellifica) after fasting, feeding and stress. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 25(1), 4-8. P. Walker. Carbohydrate levels were determined by GC in 1 l blood samples taken from bees before and during a 7-h fast. Within 2 h, levels of fructose (F) and glucose (G) each increased by 40%, whereas that of trehalose (T) fell by 30%. By 5 h, F and G had also decreased; by 7 h the total carbohydrate level was half of the initial level. Bees were then fed, whereupon F and G rose sharply at first and increased again after 45 min; T decreased initially but increased after 90 min and again after 3 h. In another experiment, blood was analysed before and after bees walked 2.5-10 m. After 2.5 m, F and G had decreased by 35% and 53%, respectively. At 5 m and 7.5 m there was little further change, but at 10 m levels had decreased again. Total carbohydrate level dropped after 5 m, and by 7.5 m was 50% of the initial level, mainly due to a sharp decrease in T. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Abteilung Innere Medizin I der Universitat Ulm, Medizinische Universitatsklinik und Poliklinik, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 7900 Ulm, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701321 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/fructose/glucose/trehalose/honey bees/blood sugar/starvation/effects/feeding/stress/carbohydrate metabolism/walking. Abou-Zaid, M. I. and Ghoniemy, H. A. (1993) Evaluation of the role of two natural substances for controlling Varroa jacobsoni infesting honey-bee colonies. Egyptian Journal of Applied Science, 8(2), 295-300. P. Walker. The powders tested were obtained from the flowers of wormwood (Artemisia cinae [A. cana ?]) and the seeds of cumin (Cuminum cyminum). One of these powders was placed on the bottom of each test hive containing a Varroa-infested honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony. Treatment lasted from late December until mid-February during 2 successive winters. In the first year, the average infestation was reduced from 45.7% to 21.2% (7 weeks after treatment) in cumin treated colonies and from 38.6% to 28.2% in those treated with wormwood. In the second year, when the initial infestation was only 15-18%, both powders were equally effective, reducing the infestation levels to 9-12%. No harmful effects on colonies were observed. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Plant Protection Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600666 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/Artemisia/Cuminum cyminum/powders/acaricidal properties. Abrahamovich, A. H. and Alzuet, A. B. d. (1990) Types of association between mites and Hymenoptera. I. Sennertia (A) splendidulae Alzuet and Abrahamovich, 1988 (Acarina: Chaetodactylidae) commensal and phoretic on Xylocopa (S) splendidula splendidula Lepeletier, 1841 (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Turrialba, 40(3), 319-322. Original title or source: Tipos de asociacion entre acaros e hymenopteros. I. Sennertia (A.) splendidulae Alzuet y Abrahamovich, 1988 (Acarina: Chaetodactylidae) comensal y foretico de Xylocopa (S.) splendidula splendidula Lepeletier, 1841 (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Library code: Bc. Language: Es. Author address: Division Entomologia, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700089 Xylocopa splendidula/Apidae/commensals/phoresy/mites/Sennertia splendidulae/Xylocopa/relationships/Acari. Abrahamovich, A. H. and Alzuet, A. D. B. d. (1989) Phoretic relationships between mites (Araridae and Chaetodactylidae) and Hymenoptera (Anthophoridae, Xylocopinae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 47(1-4), 115-122. Original title or source: Relaciones foreticas entre acaros (Acaridae y Chaetodactylidae) e himenopteros (Anthophoridae, Xylocopinae). Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Author address: Division Entomologia, Fac. Ciencias Naturales y Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque, (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601304 Xylocopa splendidula/phoresy/mites/Acaridae/Chaetodactylidae/Xylocopa/relationships/Acari. Abrahamovich, A. H. and Girarde, S. B. (1991) Pollen selectivity of two species of solitary bees of the genus Xylocopa in Argentina. Turrialba, 41(3), 275-278. Original title or source: Selectividad polinica de dos especies de abejas solitarias del genero Xylocopa en Argentina (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Author. The pollen collecting activities of Xylocopa splendidula and X. augusti were determined on the basis of qualitative and quantitative analyses of pollen provisions in nests constructed in the same trunk by the 2 species. This revealed habitat and food preferences, as well as close relationships between food requirements and available flora. Fourteen pollen types, representing 31% of the entire available resources, were identified. X. augusti showed less selectivity but its provisions contained more pollen types with percentages \equal or more than\ 50%, while X. splendidula had greater selectivity and two pollen types over 50%. A similar use of the most abundant and principal food resource for both bee species, Eucalyptus sp., was found, and also of the other plant species (cultivated or wild) which represented alternative food resources. The plant families best represented in terms of species were the Compositae and Leguminosae. Library code: Bc. Language: Es. Author address: Division de Entomologia, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601305 Apidae/nesting/pollen plants/Xylocopa splendidula/Xylocopa augusti/Eucalyptus/asteraceae/fabaceae/pollen analysis/Argentina/foraging/Xylocopa/pollen. Abrahams, A. (1998) Rhododendron nectar poisonous to both bees and man. Scottish Beekeeper, 75(1), 19-20. P. Walker. Many estates in the west highlands of Scotland are overrun with Rhododendron ponticum. Although its nectar is toxic to man, honey from it quickly loses any toxicity. Bees seem to build up well when foraging on R. ponticum nectar and pollen, but the author, who is a beekeeper on Colonsay, reports that every spring some of his bees show symptoms of poisoning. They may be foraging on species found to be toxic to bees, mice and cats in a 1959 study on the island R. thomsonii, R. arboreum and R. prattii as well as on R. ponticum. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901332 Apis mellifera/honey/toxicity/poisoning/honey bees/nectar/Rhododendron/Scotland/poisoning. Abramson, C. I., Aquino, I. S., Azeredo, G. A., Filho, J. R. M. and Price, J. M. (1997) The attraction of Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) to soft drinks and perfumes. Journal of General Psychology, 124(2), 166-181. Author. The attraction of Africanized bees to soft drinks and perfumes was investigated. In the first experiment, the ability of bees to discriminate between two perfumes (Realm for Men and Realm for Women) was assessed. The results indicated that the scents could be used as conditioned stimuli. In the second experiment, bees were divided into individual groups and confined to small metal tubes. Groups were fed either Diet Pepsi, spring water (control), Diet Guarana, Diet Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola, Sprite, Pepsi, Guarana, Sukita Orange, Fanta Orange, Fanta Grape, or sucrose (control). The dependent variable was the amount of time the bee's proboscis was in contact with a strip of filter paper saturated with the substance. The results indicated little or no contact with the diet soft drinks and spring water, 45-65 s of contact with Coca-Cola, Sprite, Pepsi, Guarana, and Sukita Orange, and 75-140 s of contact with Fanta Orange, Fanta Grape, and sucrose (sucrose elicited the most contact of the substances tested). In a third experiment, the ability of bees to associate an odour with a soft drink was assessed in a discrimination task. With citral and geraniol as conditioned stimuli, conditioning was best to sucrose, Guarana, and Fanta Orange. Little conditioning was observed with Pepsi, and no conditioning was observed with Diet Pepsi. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901281 senses/honey bees/smell/foraging/sugars/soft drinks/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa/learning/perfumes. Abramson, C. I., Aquino, I. S., Azeredo, G. A. and Price, J. M. (1997) Some preliminary studies on the ability of Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) to tolerate cold temperatures when placed inside a refrigerator. Psychological Reports, 81, 707-718. Author. It is often suggested that cold is an ecological factor which will prevent the migration of Africanized honey bees. The ability of Africanized honey bees to tolerate cold temperatures was therefore investigated. In one study, an observation hive was placed inside a refrigerator at 25C. Over the next 20 days the temperature was reduced to 9. The colony had access to the outside of the building via PVC tubing and the study was designed as a simple choice experiment in which the colony could remain in a cold environment or leave for a warm environment. Analysis indicated that the bees remained at 9 <+-> 1 for 14 days before leaving. In a second series of studies, testing the tolerance to 0, 280 bees were placed individually in small metal tubes. The data gathered included survival rate, time to regain consciousness, and ability to feed. Bees survived for up to 3 h at 0 with few ill effects. At 4 h, however, the survival rate was low. Limitations of the study, the use of cold as a possible deterrent to honey bee mites, and suggestions for additional research are discussed. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, 215 North Murray, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901282 honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa/honey bee colonies/cold/effects. Abramson, C. I., Aquino, I. S., Silva, M. C. and Price, J. M. (1997) Learning in the Africanized honey bee: Apis mellifera L. Physiology & Behavior, 62(3), 657-674. Author. Several series of experiments are reported that investigate learning in the Africanized honey bee. In the first series, classical conditioning of proboscis extension was studied by confining bees to small metal tubes where they received pairings of an odour with a 3-s feeding of sucrose. After a number of odour-sucrose pairings, the bees began to extend their proboscis to the odour. Controls included unpaired, discrimination, and pseudoconditioning groups. This technique was used to look at conditioning to a light conditioned stimulus (CS), and to the odours of beeswax, geraniol, citral and hexanal. The results indicate that acquisition was best when sucrose was paired with the odour of beeswax. Conditioning to the remaining odours was roughly similar, but acquisition did not occur using a light. In a second series of experiments, odours were no longer followed by sucrose feedings and the conditioned response slowly disappeared. With the exception of geraniol as a CS, this extinction effect did not occur if the bees continued to be fed on an unpaired schedule. In a third series of experiments, conditioned inhibition was demonstrated when geraniol was used as conditioned stimuli, but no effect was found when the odours of hexanal, citral and wax were used. In a fourth series of experiments, unrestrained bees flew back and forth from the laboratory to the hive, where they were taught to distinguish targets based on colour and odour. With this technique, colour and odour discrimination in the bees was demonstrated. In addition, it was found that more intruder bees visited the experimental station when the stimuli used were olfactory rather than visual. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, 215 North Murray, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901280 Apis mellifere/proboscis/reflexes. Abramson, C. I., Buckbee, D. A., Edwards, S. and Bowe, K. (1996) A demonstration of virtual reality in free-flying honeybees: Apis mellifera. Physiology & Behavior, 59(1), 39-43. Two experiments are reported on virtual reality illusion in free-flying honeybees. In the 1st experiment, subjects were trained on a simultaneous discrimination between 2 coloured targets, 1 of which contains a sucrose reward. The ability to be influenced by a virtual reality illusion were assessed during an extinction test in which the training stimuli were a mirage of those used during acquisition. The results indicate that the bees consistently attempt to land on the previously rewarded colour despite the fact that it is not there. In a 2nd experiment, bees were unable to discriminate between 2 simultaneously presented, identically coloured targets-one of which was real, the other a mirage. Library code: 19 ref. Language: En. Author address: Laboratory of Comparative Psychology & Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, 215 North Murray, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800155 honey bees/apis mellifera/virtual reality/perception/vision/decision making/senses. Abrol, D. P. (1991) Foraging strategies of honeybees in pollinating apple flowers. Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology, 38(1/2), 109-113. P. Walker. Apis cerana workers were observed foraging on Golden Delicious apple flowers near Srinagar, India. Nectar collectors were predominant in the morning. They collected nectar either from the side or from the top (all legs on stamens or with at least their metathoracic legs on the petals). Side-workers visited more flowers per minute, but the others were more efficient pollinators as they always touched the stigma. Bees collecting both nectar and pollen visited 11.4 flowers/min; pollen collectors visited 15.5 flowers/min and were good pollinators. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar 191121, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600915 beneficial insects/pollinators/Golden Delicious/India/foraging/honey bees/nectar/pollen/pollination/of Malus pumila/by honey bees/Malus pumila/Apis cerana. Abrol, D. P. (1991) Conservation of pollinators for promotion of agricultural production in India. Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology, 38(1/2), 123-139. J. M. Gedye. In this review, with 55 references, the non-Apis bee pollinators of a range of crops in India are listed and their importance as pollinators is indicated. Progress made in management of wild bee species for pollination of crops is outlined and the importance of further research in this area is emphasized. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science & Technology, Srinagar-191 121, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700443 Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/crops/India/pollination/Apoidea/by Apoidea/of crops/in India. Abrol, D. P. (1991) Bee pollinators and their host-plant relationship. Science and Culture, 57(12), 288-290. J. M. Gedye. A survey was conducted of all bee species visiting horticultural and agricultural crops during March-December 1987 in Kashmir, India. Non-Apis pollinators included Andrena flavipes, Xylocopa valga, Amegilla spp., Colletes eous, Lasioglossum sp., Halictus sp., Bombus spp. and Megachile sp., which were all considered to be important potential pollinators if conserved and managed. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, R. S. Pura (Jammu) - 181/thin/102, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700444 Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/crops/India/Jammu and Kashmir/pollination/Apoidea/by Apoidea/of crops/in India. Abrol, D. P. (1991) Path analysis of environmental factors influencing daily flight activity of Apis dorsata F. Acta Oecologica, 12(6), 819-824. The flight activity of Apis dorsata foraging on Sesamum indicum (Pedaliaceae) was related to some weather factors. The flight activity was correlated positively with temperature, light intensity, solar radiation, nectar sugar concentration and soil temperature, and negatively with relative humidity, while the association with wind velocity was not significant. Bees were generally most active between 11.00 h to 14.00 h. Path coefficient analysis revealed whether the relationship expressed by simple correlation was direct or indirect. Of the seven factors studied the direct effect of light intensity, solar radiation and soil temperature were positive and those of other factors were negative. Accession date: 6 May 1999. Call number: 595.799Apis. Library code: Ba. Language: En, fr. Author. Author address: Lab of Animal Behaviour & Simulated Ecology, Dept of Zoology, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA407/99 Sesamum indicum/weather/Apis dorsata/foraging/flight activity/path analysis/India. Abrol, D. P. (1991) Bee pollinators and their host-plant relationship. Science and Culture, 57(12), 288-290. Flower visitors foraging on horticultural and agricultural crop plants in Srinagar, Kashmir, India, were collected during March-December 1987. A table summarizing the results shows that these crops are visited by several non-Apis species. Accession date: 6 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bb. Language: En. P Munn. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA353/99 bee forage/pollination by Apoidea/India. Abrol, D. P. (1992) Diel pattern of Apis cerana indica in Asparagus officinalis Lin. Science and Culture, 58(1/2), 25. J. M. Gedye. The numbers of honey bees (A. c. indica) foraging on plots of Asparagus officinalis were recorded from 10.00 h to 16.00 h. Bee numbers increased from 9/m at 10.00 h to a maximum of 53/m at 13.00 h. There were still 21/m at 16.00 h. The importance of A. officinalis as a source of nectar and pollen in Kashmir during the lean period of May-June is emphasized. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, R.S. Pura (Jammu)-181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700097 Apidae/beneficial insects/India/Jammu and Kashmir/foraging/honey bees/circadian rhythm/Apis cerana/Asparagus. Abrol, D. P. (1992) Possible immune mechanism in indigenous honeybee Apis cerana indica F. against 'Thai sac brood virus'. Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology, 39(1/2), 165-166. J. M. Gedye. A report is given of an outbreak of Thai sac brood virus which destroyed 50 colonies of Apis cerana indica in an apiary in Kashmir. Of the 5 remaining colonies, 1 had a severe infection, another showed a small amount of infection and the other 3 were free from symptoms. Reports from other apiaries indicated that 5.6% of colonies had resisted the disease. A. mellifera colonies were unaffected. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Division of Entomology, Shere-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science & Technology, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar-191121, Jammu & Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700095 bee viruses/Thai sac brood virus/Apis cerana/resistance/honey bee brood/sac brood/sac brood/India/Jammu and Kashmir. Abrol, D. P. (1992) Oxygen consumption of foraging bees. Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology, 39(1/2), 27-42. Author. Oxygen consumption was measured in Apis florea, A. dorsata, A. mellifera, and also in Xylocopa fenestrata, X. pubescens, Megachile lanata, M. cephalotes and Pithitis smaragdula, at rest, when active in the field, and in flight, at temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40C. Oxygen consumption, estimated using Warburg constant volume respirometers, varied between individuals and was species-specific. The consumption was significantly and positively correlated with temperature and body weight. Oxygen consumption during flight was several times higher than at rest and during field activity in all species. The rate of oxygen consumption per unit body weight was much higher in smaller bees than in the larger ones. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Laboratory of Animal Behaviour and Simulated Ecology, Department of Zoology, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600911 Apidae/metabolism/honey bees/Apoidea/respiration/oxygen consumption/Apis florea/Apis dorsata/Xylocopa/Megachile/Pithitis. Abrol, D. P. (1992) Pollination biology-pollinator plant interaction. Korean Journal of Apiculture, 7(2), 130-155. D. G. Lowe. The role of bioenergetics in pollinator-plant interactions is reviewed, with 193 references. The topics dealt with include: the energy requirement reward system in pollinator-plant interactions; quantity, quality and composition of nectar; nectar sugar preferences of pollinators; rhythmicity in nectar secretion; effects of biophysical factors on nectar secretion and bee activity; sequence and timing of flower visits by different bee species; energy expenditure by pollinators; time-energy budgets; foraging behaviour of bees and effects of energy requirements. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Regional Agric. Res. Station, R. S. Pura, Jammu-02, Jammu & Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700438 Apidae/honey bees/Apis/pollinators/energy requirements/sugars/foraging/pollination/Apoidea/bioenergetics/by Apoidea/by honey bees/nectar/secretion/composition. Abrol, D. P. (1992) Bioenergetics in bee-flower interrelationship an analysis of foraging behaviour. Korean Journal of Apiculture, 7(1), 39-66. Author. The foraging strategies of 6 bee species (Apis florea, A. dorsata, Megachile lanata, M. cephalotes, Xylocopa fenestrata and Pithitis smaragdula) were studied in relation to 25 different crops. The daily caloric reward produced varied from 0.0429 (Trigonella foenumgraecum) to 104.85 (Cajanus cajan) joules/flower. There were intraspecific variations in size as well as energy requirements among the various species of bees in the order: X. fenestrata A. dorsata M. lanata M. cephalotes A. florea P. smaragdula. On average, bees varied from a minimum of 14.89 mg (P. smaragdula) to a maximum of 633.50 mg (X. fenestrata) and in their energy requirements from a minimum of 62.58 to 1096.73 joules/day, with the exception of A. dorsata which foraged for longer durations in the summer and had higher energy requirements (1464.68 joules/day). Energy intake, balance and foraging efficiencies also varied with bee species, crops and seasons. Energy budget determinations enable characterization of plant species with their specific pollinators and provide a means of assessing bee species as prospective pollinators. A model exhibiting the foraging strategies of both honey bees and solitary bees in relation to their energy demands is presented. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Regional Agr. Res. Station, R. S. Pura, Jammu 02, Jammu & Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700550 Apidae/megachile lanata/megachile cephalotes/xylocopa fenestrata/Pithitis smaragdula/foraging/honey bees/Apoidea/nectar/energy requirements/Apis florea/Apis dorsata. Abrol, D. P. (1992) Diel pattern of Apis cerana indica in Asparagus officinalis Lin. Science and Culture, 58(1/2), 25. Accession date: 6 May 1999. Call number: 638.19. Library code: Bb. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA631/99 Apis cerana/Asparagus officinalis/pollination/India. Abrol, D. P. (1992) Foraging ecology of Xylocopa valga Gerst. (Hymeno: Anthophoridae) visiting almond flowers. Science and Culture, 58(3/4), 71-72. Accession date: 6 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bb. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA356/99 Xylocopa/almond/foraging/Apis cerana indica/India. Abrol, D. P. (1993) New pollinator bee. Current Research - University of Agricultural Sciences (Bangalore), 22(9/10), 130. J. M. Gedye. Andrena flavipes was collected from the flowers of almond, apple, cherry, peach, pear, plum, strawberry and Brassica. This is the first record of A. flavipes in India. A. flavipes emerged in March and April and foraged at 13-14C on clear sunny days. Maximum activity was recorded from 11.00 to 13.00 h. Foraging behaviour ensured that pollen adhered loosely to the underside of the abdomen and was easily transferred to the stigma of subsequent flowers. Further studies on its potential as a managed pollinator species are recommended. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Section of Entomology, RARS, SKUAST, R. S. Pura, Jammu (J&K), India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700454 Andrena flavipes/Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/Andrena/foraging/India. Abrol, D. P. (1993) Energy intake and expenditure in alfalfa pollinating bee Megachile femorata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Tropical Ecology, 34(2), 173-180. Energetic relationships of the alfalfa pollinating bee Megachile femorata were studied in relation to Medicago sativa., Trifolium alexandrium. and Parkinsonia aculeata. Field observations on time budget/energy intake were equated with physiological measurements on energy expenditure to infer daily energy balance. The energy balance varied from day to day and crop to crop. In general, the foraging profitability was in the order: P. aculeata > M. sativa > T. alexandrium. P. aculeata appears to be competitively superior as a forage crop. Accession date: 6 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bb. Language: En, fr, es, it. Author. Author address: Section of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Regional Agriculture Research Station, R S Pura, Jammu 181 102, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA354/99 Megachile femorata/Medicago sativa/Trifolium alexandrium/Parkinsonia aculeata/bee forage/pollination by Apoidea/India. Abrol, D. P. (1994) Comparative ecology of European and Asian honeybee species in subtropical and temperate climates. 1. Beekeeping and honey resources in subtropical-temperate transition climate of Jammu. Korean Journal of Apiculture, 9(1), 11-20. D. G. Lowe. Plant species in this area in the foothills of the NW Himalayas which provide honey bee forage are listed, with details of scientific and common names, flowering period, nectar/pollen source and abundance. In all, 162 plant species belonging to 54 families were foraged on by the 4 honey bee species (Apis cerana, A. mellifera, A. dorsata, A. florea) during the study period, March 1990 to March 1991. The major flow occurred in February-May. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Regional Agric. Res. Station, R. S. Pura Jammu 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600601 Apis cerana/Apis mellifera/Apis dorsata/Apis florea/honey bees/beneficial insects/nectar plants/pollen plants/honey bee forage/India/Jammu and Kashmir. Abrol, D. P. (1994) Ecology, behaviour and management of social wasp Vespa velutina Smith (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), attacking honeybee colonies. Korean Journal of Apiculture, 9(1), 5-10. D. G. Lowe. The activity of V. velutina in 2 apiaries, one of 10 Apis mellifera colonies and one of 10 A. cerana colonies, was studied in 1987-1988 in Srinagar, India. The wasps were active from April to November, with a peak in August/September. Diurnal activity showed a peak between 09.00 h and 13.00 h, after which it declined. Wasps hovered near hive entrances and caught returning foragers, and they also caught bees as they foraged on flowers. A. cerana workers resisted wasp attacks by creating shimmering movements at the hive entrance and by balling behaviour against individual wasps. A. mellifera workers also killed wasps but their defensive behaviour was not so well organized as that of A. cerana. For both species, the number of wasps killed was significantly and positively correlated with honey bee colony population. Of 6 baits poisoned with cypermethrin, rotten fish attracted the maximum number of wasps and rotten pear the fewest. Other means of control are discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar 191121, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600685 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/Vespa velutina/baits/chemical control/cypermethrin/India/pests/honey bees/Vespa/of honey bees/Vespa/behaviour/predation/Vespa/by Vespa/on honey bees/Vespa/control methods/Apis cerana/Vespa. Abrol, D. P. (1994) Seasonal activity, population dynamics and behaviour of bee eater birds (Coraciformes: Meropidae) attacking honeybees. Pavo, 32(1/2), 153-159. Honey bees Apis mellifera and A. cerana are preyed upon by the European bee-eater, Merops apiaster, and the blue-tailed bee-eater, M. superciliosus. Both these bird species are active from late March to early November. Their peak predatory activity occurs during April-May and September-October. Predation on honey bees was more pronounced during the earlier part of the day. M. apiaster was a more serious predator than M. superciliosus. Accession date: 6 May 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author. Author address: Section of Entomology Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, R. S. Pura-181-102, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA525/99 Apis mellifera/Apis cerana/enemies of bees/bee-eater/Merops/India. Abrol, D. P. (1995) Studies on abundance, diversity and behaviour of insect visitors of okra (Hibiscus esculentus L. (Moench)) blossoms and their importance as pollinators. Korean Journal of Apiculture, 10(1), 1-4. Author. Foraging populations of various insects on okra (Hibiscus esculentus) [= Abelmoschus esculentus] were investigated in relation to some weather factors. Apis dorsata, Apis cerana, Xylocopa fenestrata, X. pubescens, Lasioglossum sp., Halictus sp., Chalicodoma flavipes and C. lanatum visited okra flowers. Ants, thrips, coccinellids, Syrphus sp. and butterflies were also on okra blossoms in very low populations. Each bee species had a specific thermal requirement for initiation of flight activity. Apis dorsata, Apis cerana, Bombus sp. and Xylocopa fenestrata commenced flight activity at an air temperature of 16-19C but this requirement was 21.5-24.0 for C. flavipes, C. lanatum, Halictus sp. and Lasioglossum sp., and 24-26 for P. smaragdula. Maximum populations of pollinators were observed between 10.00 and 12.00 h. The activity of these pollinators was significantly and positively correlated with atmospheric temperature. Xylocopa fenestrata, A. dorsata and Bombus sp. were the most important pollinators, as they were represented in large numbers throughout the day and visited the most flowers per unit time. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Regional Agri. Research Station, R. S. Pura Jammu Tawi 181 102 (J & K), India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700439 Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/Apis dorsata/Apis cerana/Xylocopa fenestrata/Xylocopa pubescens/ Lasioglossum/Halictus/Bombus/Chalicodoma flavipes/Chalicodoma lanatum/Syrphus/Diptera/Coleoptera/Thysanoptera/Lepidoptera/Abelmoschus esculentus/India./pollination/Apoidea/of Abelmoschus/by Apoidea/Abelmoschus/foraging/honey bees/temperature/effects/weather. Abrol, D. P. (1995) Haemocytes of honey bees, Apis mellifera L. and Apis cerana F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and their alteration by mite parasitosis. Indian Bee Journal, 57(1), 6-7. P. Walker. Counts were made of the number of haemocytes in blood samples from healthy workers and workers infested with Tropilaelaps clareae. In A. mellifera, counts were 3104 and 2389/mm, respectively, and in A. cerana 2756 and 2361/mm, respectively (P 0.05). Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Section of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ. of Agril. Sci. & Tech., Regional Agril. Res. Stn., R. S. Pura, Jammu 181 102, J. & K., India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801034 Apis mellifera/honey bees/ectoparasites/India/pests/Tropilaelaps clareae/of honey bees/effects/worker honey bees/blood cells/Apis cerana. Abrol, D. P. (1995) Energetics of nectar production in some almond cultivars as a predictor of floral choice by honeybees Apis cerana indica F. and Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. Part B, Biological Sciences, 61(4), 285-289. The nectar characteristics (nectar secretion and sugar concentration, and daily sugar production and energy provided by flowers) of flowers of 12 almond cultivars were investigated in the field in Srinagar in relation to attractiveness to A. cerana indica and A. mellifera. Variations were observed between cultivars for nectar production (1.1-4.2 l/flower), nectar sugar concentration (16-32.5%), daily sugar production (0.236-0.728 mg/day), and the daily amount of energy provided by flowers (3.95-13.6 J/day). These variations were significantly and positively correlated with bee foraging activity. It was suggested that cultivars with higher caloric rewards had a competitive edge over others in attracting foraging insects and consequently in pollination. Library code: 22 ref. Language: En. Author address: Section of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, R S Pura, Jammu 181 102, (J&K), India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900221 Prunus dulcis/cultivars/nectar/nectar flows/sugars/plant composition/Apis cerana/Apis mellifera/almonds/pollination/pollinators/Apidae/flowers/biochemistry/secretion/yield/foraging/honey bees. Abrol, D. P. (1995) Foraging ecology and behaviour of an alfalfa pollinating bee Megachile haryanaensis Rahman (Hymenoptera : Megachilidae). Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29, 113-119. The flight activity of Megachile haryanaensis, foraging on alfalfa, Medicago sativa was related to weather factors. The flight activity correlated positively with temperature, light intensity, nectar-sugar concentration and negatively with relative humidity. Bees were generally most active between 12.00 h-14.00 h. Path coefficient analysis revealed that among the five factors studied, only relative humidity and solar radiation influenced flight activity directly. Accession date: 6 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author. Author address: Section of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jammu-181-102, Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA355/99 Megachile haryanaesis/foraging/flight activity/alfalfa/Medicago sativa/weather/temperature/light intensity/relative humidity/India. Abrol, D. P. (1995) Occurrence of Varroa jacobsoni (Acari : Mesostigmata) Oudemans associated with honey bees in Jammu, India. Science and Culture, 61(10-12), 205. Accession date: 6 May 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bb. Language: En. . Author address: Section of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, R. S. Pura, Jammu -181-102, Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA524/99 Apis cerana indica/Varroa jacobsoni/India. Abrol, D. P. (1996) Are Xylocopa species new hosts of the parasitic mite Tropilaelaps clareae (Acari: Laelapidae)? Insect Environment, 2(1), 16. Xylocopa iridipennis was recorded as a new host of Tropilaelaps clareae in Jammu & Kashmir, India, the number of mites per adult ranging from 2.0 to 12.0 (average 6.80 <+-> 1.23). This is also the first record of this mite from a species of Xylocopa. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Section of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, R.S. Pura Jammu 181 102, Jammu & Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800449 new host records/mites/Xylocopa iridipennis/Tropilaelaps clareae/hosts/ectoparasites/India/Jammu and Kashmir/parasitism/by Tropilaelaps clareae/Xylocopa/of Xylocopa/parasites. Abrol, D. P. (1996) Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans as a carrier of microorganisms. Insect Environment, 2(1), 20-21. Studies in Jammu and Kashmir, India, showed that Varroa jacobsoni acts as a vector of various viral and bacterial infections in Apis cerana indica. The infections found were Thai sac brood virus, Bacillus anthracis and B. megaterium. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Section of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir, University of Agricultural Science & Technology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, R.S. Pura Jammu 181 102, J&K, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800455 pathogens/entomopathogens/entomopathogenic bacteria/insect viruses/transmission/insects/beneficial insects/pollinators/mites/arthropod pests/Apis cerana indica/Varroa jacobsoni/hosts/ectoparasites/India/Jammu and Kashmir/Bacillus anthracis/Bacillus megaterium/Thai sac brood virus/vectors/Apis cerana/pests/Apis cerana/infections/vectors/pests/honey bees/of honey bees/vectors/diseases/bee viruses/viral diseases/honey bee brood/viruses/sac brood. Abrol, D. P. (1996) Effect of mite parasitosis on blood counts of honey bees Apis mellifera L. and Apis cerana indica F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Insect Environment, 2(1), 18-19. Haemocyte counts in healthy individuals of Apis mellifera and A. cerana indica collected in Jammu & Kashmir, India, in March-April 1993 were significantly higher than in those infested with Tropilaelaps clareae. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Section of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, R.S. Pura Jammu 181 102, J&K, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800585 physiology/haemocytes/insects/beneficial insects/pollinators/mites/arthropod pests/India/Jammu and Kashmir/Tropilaelaps clareae/Apis mellifera/Apis cerana indica/Apis/ectoparasites/Apis/pests/honey bees/of honey bees/effects/blood cells/Apis cerana/pests/Apis cerana/pests/Apis cerana. Abrol, D. P. (1996) Sunflower pollination: abundance and diversity of pollinating insects and their effect on seed yield. Indian Bee Journal, 58(2), 60-63. P. Walker. Insect visitors were recorded on fields of Helianthus annuus in Jammu, India. Bombus haemorrhoidalis constituted 34% of the total, Apis cerana 26%, Xylocopa aestuans 8% and Halictus sp. 6%; Syrphus sp. (Diptera) was also quite common (16%). A cerana was the first to start foraging, at about 06.00 h, and continued until 17.45 h. This species and bumble bees had two peaks of foraging activity. Bumble bees visited 1.90 capitula/min, Xylocopa 1.74 and A. cerana 1.28. Seed set and yield parameters were higher on plots caged with bees than on open-pollinated plants; results were much lower on plants caged to exclude insects. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Section of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, R. S. Pura, Jammu 181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901186 pollination/honey bees/Apoidea/Helianthus annuus/foraging/insects/Apis cerana. Abrol, D. P. (1996) Incidence of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans in Apis cerana F. colonies in Jammu, India. Indian Bee Journal, 58(1), 15-17. P. Walker. In 1991-92, samples of bees, brood comb, food stores and hive debris were collected at monthly intervals from A. cerana colonies in 6 areas. Levels of V. jacobsoni infestation ranged from 6.7% in Jammu to 60.4% in Doda district. Levels in worker brood were highest in March (102 mites/100 cells); in drone brood they were highest in May (213-272 mites/100 cells). The highest level on worker bees was about 70 mites/100 bees. On average, the level was 6-64/100 bees. The number of mites in hive debris was 6-17/g. This is the first report of the presence of V. jacobsoni in the Jammu region. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Section of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, R. S. Pura, Jammu 181 102, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901197 pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Apis cerana/India/Jammu and Kashmir. Abrol, D. P. (1996) A contribution to the floral biology of Acacia modesta Wall. and its importance as a source of forage to honey bees. Indian Bee Journal, 58(3), 134-136. P. Walker. In the Jammu region, India, this species flowers in the second half of April and in May when few other nectar and pollen sources are available. All four Apis species present in the area and Bombus haemorrhoidalis forage on the flowers. Floral biology is described; the average sugar concentration of the nectar was found to be 44% (range 39.0-51.5%). In areas where A. modesta was the only available bee forage, honey production ranged from 2.6 to 7.4 kg/colony (average 6.57 kg/colony); the honey is light brown with a pleasant taste. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Section of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, R. S. Pura 181 102, Jammu & Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901300 nectar plants/Acacia modesta/honey bee forage/India/Jammu and Kashmir/multipurpose trees. Abrol, D. P. (1996) Seasonal activity, flower relationships and biology of Xylocopa valga Gerstacker (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Korean Journal of Apiculture, 11(1), 13-20. The biology of X. valga was studied in 1988–89 at Shalimar, Srinagar, India. The bees were active from mid-February to mid-November, foraging on 45 plant species for nectar and pollen. Nest provisioning started by mid-March and immature stages were found up to early May. Of 32 nests examined, 27 were in wooden poles used to carry electricity cables and 5 were in stems of Robinia pseudoacacia. The number of cells ranged from 13 to 15 per nest (average 13.75). Development (egg to adult) took 929–940 h for females, 899 h for males. Accession date: 30 june 1998. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: Div. Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ. Sci. & Technol., Shalimar Campus, Srinagar 191121, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1/99 Xylocopa/nests/life cycle/foraging/India. Abrol, D. P. (1997) Honey bee diseases and their management. Ludhiana, India, Kalyani Publishers. D. G. Lowe. This is a compilation of material from a number of sources covering bacterial, viral and fungal diseases of adult honey bees and honey bee brood, parasitic infestations, and non-infectious disorders. The appendixes include a list of books, visual aids, and journals on beekeeping. There are subject and author indexes. Page(s): viii + 194 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900241 honey bees/honey bee brood/diseases/pests/of honey bees/books. Abrol, D. P. (1997) Bees and beekeeping in India. Ludhiana, India, Kalyani Publishers. D. G. Lowe. This is a basic beekeeping textbook covering: history of beekeeping; beekeeping for beginners; honey bee biology and social behaviour; hives and equipment; bee forage; aspects of management, including migratory beekeeping; pests and diseases; breeding and queen rearing; hive products, including marketing; pollination, including non-Apis bees; honey bees as environmental indicator organisms. The 5 appendices give information on publications and visual aids, beekeeping suppliers in India, training courses, honey analysis, and economic considerations. There is also a 14-page reference section, and author and subject indexes. Page(s): x + 450 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901215 beekeeping/India/books. Abrol, D. P. and Abrol, B. L. (1995) Important plant species for apiculture in Jammu region and their impact on beekeeping. Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology, 42(1/2), 57-64. Four honey bee species, Apis cerana indica., A. dorsata, A. florea and A. mellifera, were found to collect nectar and pollen from 162 plant species belonging to 54 families throughout the year. Bees depend on cruciferous crops (April), berseem (May), sunflower, cucurbits, bhindi and cotton (June-Aug), cotton, arhar and toria (Sept), eucalyptus, sarson, toria, bottlebrush and marigold (Nov-Dec). The major honey flow occurs during February to May. Diversity of bee flora available gives a strong indication for success in establishing . Accession date: 6 May 1999. Call number: 638.13. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author. Author address: Section of Entomology, Sher-e-Kasmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jammu-180 011, Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA485/99 honey bees/Apis cerana indica/Apis dorsata/Apis florea/Apis mellifera/bee forage/pollen plants/nectar plants/India. Abrol, D. P. and Bhat, A. A. (1990) Studies on 'Thai sac brood virus' affecting indigenous honeybee Apis cerana indica Fab. colonies prospects and future strategies I. Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology, 37(1/2), 101-108. P. Walker. Symptoms of Thai sac brood virus (TSBV) are described. No method has been found for treating affected colonies, and in Kashmir over 94% of A. cerana colonies in movable-frame and wall hives have been killed. A survey showed that a few colonies survive in some areas. These may well possess some resistance or immunity to TSBV, and a selective breeding programme has been started. Problems that are likely to be caused by recent introductions of A. mellifera are outlined, and it is suggested that efforts should be made to rebuild the A. cerana population. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Division of Entomology, Shere-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar 191 121, Jammu & Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600914 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bee brood/sac brood/India/Jammu and Kashmir/Thai sac brood virus/bee viruses/Apis cerana/effects. Abrol, D. P. and Kakroo, S. K. (1996) Studies on seasonal activity and control of wax moths (Galleria mellonella L. and Achroia grisella F.) attacking combs of four honeybee species. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 30(4), 365-373. In field studies conducted in India, larvae of Galleria mellonella and Achroia grisella were recorded infesting colonies of Apis mellifera, A. dorsata, A. cerana indica and A. florea. Peak infestations occurred from May onwards, up to September. Infestation was species-specific as G. mellonella was observed in colonies of A. mellifera. A. dorsata and A. cerana indica, whereas Achroia grisella was found attacking A. cerana indica and A. florea. The number of larvae ranged between 5-920 and 6-406 for Achroia grisella and G. mellonella, respectively. Fumigation with aluminium phosphide at 2.0 g m3)> was sufficient to control the infestation in stored combs. The egg laying behaviour of the queen bee and the foraging activities of worker bees were normal following fumigation for both A. mellifera and A. cerana colonies. Library code: 21 ref. Language: En. Author address: Shere-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, R.S. Pura, Jammu - 181102, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900834 beneficial insects/natural enemies/insect control/foraging/nontarget effects/India/queen honey bees/social insects/larvae/behaviour/Apis mellifera/Apis dorsata/Apis cerana indica/predators/Galleria mellonella/prey/Apis/Apis florea/Achroia grisella/Apis/feeding behaviour/aluminium phosphide/control/Pyralidae/chemical control. Abrol, D. P., Kakroo, S. K. and Putatunda, B. N. (1994) Stored product mite Tyrophagus longior (Gervais) (Astigmata: Acaridae) with bee hives in India. Current Science, 66(2), 105. The stored products mite Tyrophagus longior is reported associated with hives (specifically in honeycombs and hive debris) of Apis mellifera in India for the first time. Library code: 8 ref. Language: En. Author address: Section of Entomology, Shere-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, R. S. Pura, Jammu 181 102, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601084 arthropod pests/stored products pests/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/Apidae/Hymenoptera/mites/Acari/Acaridae/honey bees/hive products/Tyrophagus longior/India/pests/Tyrophagus/of honey bees/Tyrophagus/India. Abrol, D. P. and Kapil, R. P. (1994) On homing ability and pollination effectiveness of bees. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science, 28, 249-252. Foraging range of Pithitis smaragdula., Megachile cephalotes, M. lanata, and Xylocopa fenesterata was studied in two seasons, October-November 1983, and April-May 1984. The results indicate that P. smaragdula, Megachile spp. and X. fenesterata forage efficiently up to 100 m, 400 m and 2500 m, respectively. Weight and size decreased in the order: X. fenesterata, M. lanata, M. cephalotes, P. smaragdula. Foraging was related to body size and energy demands of the bees. Accession date: 6 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author. Author address: Section of Entomology, Sher-e-Kasmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jammu-181 102, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA357/99 Apoidea/Megachile/Pithitis/Xylocopa/pollination/foraging range/India. Abrol, D. P. and Katwal, D. R. (1996) Occurrence of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans in Jammu, India on honeybee. Insect Environment, 2(2), 48. Varroa jacobsoni was recorded for the first time as an ectoparasite of Apis cerana indica in Jammu and Kashmir, India, in 1993. Language: En. Author address: Sher-e-Kashmir Universit of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, RRS, Pura, Jammu 181 102, J&K, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900600 mites/arthropod pests/beneficial insects/pollinators/India/Jammu and Kashmir/Varroa jacobsoni/Apis mellifera/ectoparasites/Apis cerana indica/hosts/Apis cerana/pests/honey bees/of honey bees/Apis cerana/pests/Apis cerana/pests. Abrol, D. P. and Putatunda, B. N. (1995) Discovery of the ectoparasitic mite Tropilaelaps koenigerum Delfinado-Baker and Baker (Acari: Laelapidae) on Apis dorsata F., A. mellifera L. and A. cerana F. in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Current Science, 68(1), 90. Accession date: 13 August 98. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: X. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA214/99 honey bees/pests/Tropilaelaps koenigerum/India/Jammu and Kashmir/Apis dorsata/Apis mellifera/Apis cerana. Abu-Tarboush, H. M., Al-Kahtani, H. A. and El-Sarrage, M. S. (1993) Floral-type identification and quality evaluation of some honey types. Food Chemistry, 46(1), 13-17. P. Walker. In Saudi Arabia, Rhamnus spp. honey is preferred by consumers. The composition of samples of this honey were compared with those of 4 other commercial honeys (from Citrus spp., Calendula spp., Medicago spp. and Ziziphus spp.) and a 'honey' from sugar-fed honey bees (S). Pollen grain analysis confirmed that the 5 honeys were unifloral and from the sources stated by producers. S had a low water content and pH, but high sucrose content. Values for the other honeys were: water content 15.5-18.2%, ash content 0.06-0.43%, reducing sugars 76.8-79.4%, sucrose 1.85-3.74%, amylase activity 6.8-37.0 (Gothe scale). All these values conformed to the limits set in the Saudi Arabia standard for honey. HMF values for 2 of the honeys (and for S) exceeded the limit of 40 mg/kg. The contents of individual minerals and some vitamins are also reported. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Food Science Department, College of Agriculture, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600712 honey/composition/characteristics/Saudi Arabia/Rhamnus/Citrus/Calendula/Medicago/Ziziphus. Accorti, M. (1994) Bees and biomonitoring. Evaluation of traps used over an extensive period for the collection of dead bees. Apicoltura(9), 19-29. Original title or source: Le api e il monitoraggio ambientale. Valutazioni a lungo termine sulle gabbie per la raccolta delle api morte. P. Walker. The effectiveness of the Gary trap in collecting dead bees was compared with that of the recently introduced 'underbasket' trap, by using marked bees. In confirmation of previously reported results, it was found that underbaskets are stronger, more economical, simple to make and use, reliable, and without apparent effect on the colony. However, results are sometimes variable because the dead bees are exposed to the atmosphere and to predators (e.g. ants and wasps). With Gary traps, recovery of dead bees was significantly related to natural mortality, and also their effectiveness decreased with time. Mean recovery of marked bees in Gary traps was low (34%) compared with recovery in underbasket traps (84%). Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, Via Lanciola 12/A, 50020 Monteoriolo, Firenze, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700128 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/mortality/honey bees/death/monitoring/traps. Accorti, M. (1996) Acacia: a bioindicator of the use of resources. Rivista di Apicoltura, 4(6), 32-33. Original title or source: L'acacia: un bioindicatore dell'uso delle risorse. P. Walker. The distribution of Robinia pseudoacacia, a valuable nectar source, has been recorded for 3 areas of Tuscany, Italy. Changes in the distribution provide useful information about man's effect on the countryside. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901298 Robinia pseudoacacia/nectar plants/Italy/multipurpose trees. Accorti, M. and Cerretelli, G. (1991) The direct and indirect economic value of apiculture. Italia Agricola, 128(1), 29-36. Original title or source: Il valore economico diretto e indiretto dell'apicoltura. P. Walker. A table gives the 1987 revenue in Italy from crops that need pollinators. The contribution of honey bees (Apis mellifera) is calculated and discussed. Library code: Bb. Language: It. Author address: Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria; Florence, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600777 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/pollination/honey bees/Italy/by honey bees/in Italy/crops/economic evaluation/of crops. Accorti, M. and Luti, F. (1994) Control problems in varroosis: reinfestation, resistance and effectiveness of acaricides. Apicoltura(9), 147-161. Original title or source: Problemi nel controllo della varroasi: reinfestazione, resistenza ed efficacia degli acaricidi. D. G. Lowe. Experimental data indicate that, in Italy, strains of Varroa jacobsoni exist that are resistant to Apistan (a.i. fluvalinate). Procedures for testing the effectiveness of an acaricide against V. jacobsoni are discussed, particularly with respect to the distortion of results that can occur because of reinfestation. Various experimental protocols are suggested. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, via Lanciola 12/A, 50020 Monteoriolo, Firenze, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700278 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/acaricide resistance/Italy/control methods/reinfestation/fluvalinate. Accorti, M. and Luti, F. (1996) Comb construction by Apis mellifera ligustica Spin. in natural conditions. Proceedings of the Italian Section of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects (IUSSI), Pavia, June 8-10, 1995. F. Le Moli, A. Mori and D. A. Grasso, 181-185. Cell size was measured in 98 combs built by swarms which had been put into empty wooden boxes. Number of cells per dmq ranged from 720 to 840 (average approx. 820). This cell size is similar to that if commercially available wax foundation in Italy. Values published in the literature are discussed. Editor(s): Le Moli, F; Mori, A; Grasso, D A. Page(s): 181-185. Accession date: 2 June 1999. Call number: 638.124. Library code: Bd. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, Via Lanciola 12/a, Impruneta, 50023 Florence, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA478/99 Apis mellifera ligustica/combs, construction by honey bees/cells (honey bees), dimensions/cell size. Ackerman, J. D., Melendez-Ackerman, E. J. and Salguero-Faria, J. (1997) Variation in pollinator abundance and selection on fragrance phenotypes in an epiphytic orchid. American Journal of Botany, 84(10), 1383-1390. Extraordinary floral variation is common among some orchids that employ deception to attract pollinators. This variation may be maintained by frequency-dependent selection where rare phenotypes are preferred. Over a 2-year period, 1993-94, the reproductive success was monitored of Tolumnia variegata, an obligately outcrossing epiphytic orchid, at three localities in Puerto Rico that differed in pollinator service. Plants varied in floral morphology and fragrance characteristics. Artificial arrays of varying frequencies of scentless and fragrant phenotypes were established to test for frequency-dependent selection. Where pollinators were rare (Cambalache, range of census average=0-0.2 bees/h), 0.9-1.2% of the flowers were effectively visited (pollinarium removals and pollinations). At Tortuguero where 0.4-1.1 bees/h were observed, 4.0-9.2% of the flowers were visited. At Pinones where bees were the most abundant (1.4-5.2bees/h), 20.9-25.0% of the flowers were visited. A significant portion of the variance in all measures of reproductive success (male, female, and combined) was explained by differences among populations, which were attributed mostly to variation in pollinator abundance. Neither the fragrance phenotype nor its frequency had a significant effect on success as revealed by a split-plot ANOVA. There was a significant interaction between population and phenotypic frequencies in all measures of reproductive success, but only for the 1994 flowering season. Thus, variation in floral fragrance phenotypes is not likely maintained by frequency-dependent selection. High levels of variation remain unexplained. Library code: 47 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan 00931-3360, Puerto Rico. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900724 evolution/fitness/Orchidaceae/fragrance/phenotypes/Tolumnia variegata/pollinators/Apidae. Adamek-Guzik, T., Guzic, T., Ignacak, A. and Sliwa, T. (1995) Pathophysiology and treatment of honey-bee venom allergy. Medycyna Ogolna, 30(3), 203-212. Original title or source: Patomechanizm inie leczenie uczulenia na jad pszczeli. The pathogenesis, treatment and prophylaxis of honey bee (Apis mellifera) venom hypersensitivity is discussed. Of 58 such allergic patients who had been stung, 38 suffered anaphylactic shock and were given specific immunotherapy. During the course of immunotherapy some skin reactions were observed and the levels of specific IgE and IgG4, and total IgE, IgA, IgM, IgG, C3c and C4 were monitored. The correlation between these parameters and immunotherapy induced tolerance was analysed. Library code: 11 ref. Language: Pl. Author address: 31-121 Krakow, ul. Skarbowa 1, Katedra i Klinika Chorob Wewnetrznych i Medycyny, Wsi Collegium Medicum Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800680 arthropod allergies/immune desensitization/honey bee venom/anaphylaxis/immunoglobulins/IgE/IgA/IgM/IgG/pathogenesis/prophylaxis/Apis mellifera/man/therapy/hypersensitivity/immunotherapy/venoms/stings/allergies/usage. Adriaensen, P. (1995) Beekeepers' guide for Brussels. Maandblad van de Vlaamse Imkersbond, 81(82), 4-28;3-20. Original title or source: Imkergids voor Brussel. This 2-part article contains many photographs and descriptions of bees and skeps, used as emblems on buildings and elsewhere. Library code: Bj. Language: Nl. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900136 beekeeping/Belgium. Adriaensen, P. (1998) Iconography of the honey bee in the Low Countries. Antwerp, Belgium, Maklu. This book describes and illustrates the types of sculptures and pictures depicting bees and hives that can be seen in streets and buildings in the Netherlands and Flanders. There are maps for Antwerp (29 sites), Brussels (34) and Ghent (19) showing where the art can be seen, with descriptions of all the works and one or more black-and-white photographs of each. In addition, maps show the many places where St Ambrose guilds existed in the 1600s and 1700s. (For Brussels, see AA 136/98.). Original collective title: Iconografie van de honingbij in de Lage Landen. Bijenkunst en Bijensymboliek. Page(s): 215. Accession date: 2 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bd. Language: Nl. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA713/99 beekeeping, history/Netherlands/Belgium/art/skeps/beekeeping associations. Adriaensen, P. (1999) Ireland, 'green island'. Maandblad van de Vlaamse Imkersbond, 85(8), insert. Original title: Ierland, 'groen eiland'. An illustrated description.of bee-related structures (including bee boles), art and folklore in Ireland. Accession date: 14 September 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bj. Language: Nl. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1002/99 beekeeping/Ireland/history/wall apiaries/art. Afonso Pires, S. M. (1997) Study of the selection of lines with marked hygienic behaviour that are resistant to Ascosphaera. Zaragoza, Spain, Centro Internacional de Altos Estudios Agronomicos Mediterraneos, Instituto Agronomico Mediterraneo de Zaragoza. Local bees in the Braganza area, NW Portugal, were studied. When queen cells were introduced to colonies.kept in an incubator, average acceptance was 83.3%; percentage of emerging queens varied considerably. Local queens that were instrumentally inseminated showed 80% fertility; the success of introduction of inseminated queens to colonies varied with the insemination procedure. Local bees showed hygienic behaviour in detecting and removal of experimentally killed brood from sealed cells, but there were significant differences between some of the 17 colonies tested. The incidence of Ascosphaera apis was also studied; it varied with the location of the groups of colonies. It is concluded that the bees in this area have a marked resistance to A. apis. Original collective title: Contribucion para el estudio de la seleccion de estirpes limpiadoras precoces resistentes a la ascosferiosis. Dissertation: MSc thesis. Page(s): 136. Accession date: 29 July 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bt. Language: Es. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA819/99 Ascosphaera apis/honey bees/resistance/hygienic behaviour/Portugal/Apis mellifera. Aga, H., Shibuya, T., Sugimoto, T., Kurimoto, M. and Nakajima, S. (1994) Isolation and identification of antimicrobial compounds in Brazilian propolis. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 58(5), 945-946. Author. Three antimicrobial compounds were isolated from Brazilian propolis and identified as 3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 3-prenyl-4-dihydrocinnamoloxycinnamic acid and 2,2-dimethyl-6-carboxyethenyl-2H-1-benzopyran. Their respective antimicrobial activities, expressed as MIC in g/ml, against Bacillus cereus were 15.6, 31.3 and 125; against Enterobacter aerogenes, 31.3, 62.5, and 125; and against Arthroderma benhamiae, 15.6, 250, and 62.5. Thus, the first compound showed the highest activity, and is likely to be one of the major antimicrobial compounds in Brazilian propolis. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Amase Institute, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories Inc., 7-7 Amase-minami, Okayama 700, Japan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701495 hive products/bacteria/Bacillus cereus/Enterobacter aerogenes/Arthroderma benhamiae/inhibition/propolis/of bacteria/by propolis/as hive products/Brazil. Agashe, S. N. and Rangaswamy, B. E. (1997) Melittopalynological studies of honey samples from Bangardka, Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka. Indian Bee Journal, 59(1), 8-11. Pollen analyses of 5 Apis cerana honey samples collected from March to May 1996 showed that they were unifloral; 4 were from Syzygium guajava (76.6-96.2% of total pollen) and one was from Psidium guajava (49.7%). Minor pollen types included pollens from Eucalyptus sp., Cocos nucifera, Areca catechu, Mimosa pudica, Ricinus communis, Brassica sp. and Terminalia sp. Accession date: 12 July 1999. Call number: 638.16. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author. Author address: Palynology and Aerobiology Laboratory, Dept of Botany, Jnana Bharathi, Bangalore Univ., Bangalore 560 056, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA875/99 Apis cerana/honey/pollen analysis/honey bee forage/India/Karnataka. Agnalt, S. (1997) The Norwegian co-operative system for honey handling. Bee Biz(5), 16-17. The central organization in Norway for the processing and marketing of honey is Honningcentralen A/L, which handles nearly 70% of the country's honey output. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801412 honey/processing/trade/Norway/firms/marketing. Agren, L. and Hallberg, E. (1996) Flagellar sensilla of bumble bee males (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus). Apidologie, 27(6), 433-444. Author. The flagellar distribution of sensilla in males of 12 species of bumble bees, including 5 species with large-eyed males, did not show any conspicuous species-specific or behaviour-related pattern. The types of sensilla were morphologically similar to those of other bee taxa. In contrast to Apis drones, Bombus antennae lacked ventral wall-pore sensilla. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Ecological Research Station of Uppsala University, Olands Skogsby 6280, S-386 93 Farjestaden, Sweden. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801165 Apidae/sensilla/Bombus/males/antennae/sense organs. Agribusiness, P. and Ambiente (1997) The appearance of a new food product: technical and economic aspects. Honey of Metcalfa pruinosa honeydew. Agribusiness Paesaggio & Ambiente, 2(2/3, supplement), 226-307. Original title: La comparsa di un nuovo prodotto alimentare: aspetti tecnici ed economici. Il miele di melata di Metcalfa pruinosa. This publication gives information on beekeeping in Italy as well as on the honey market and economic aspects. In particular, Sections 6 and 7 discuss the benefit to Italian beekeepers of M. pruinosa as a source of honeydew honey. Accession date: 3 June 1999. Call number: 638.16. Library code: Bj. Language: It. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA572/99 honeydew honey/honey trade, Italy/honeydew excretion/Metcalfa pruinosa/economic assessment. Agricola, U., Barthel, J., Laussmann, H. and Plachter, H. (1996) Structure and dynamics of the fauna of an agricultural landscape in Southern Germany after change of landuse to ecological and integrated farming systems. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Ökologie, 26, 681-692. Original title: Struktur und Dynamik der Fauna einer süddeutschen Agrarlandschaft nach Nutzungsumstellung auf ökologischen und integrierten Landbau. The fauna, including bees (Apidae), were compared on two parts of a farm in SW Germany, one managed conventionally and the other farmed ecologically. Editor(s): Pfadenhauer, J. Book title: 25. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Ökologie (GfÖ) in Dresden/Tharandt. editor: Pfadenhauer, J. Accession date: 31 August 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: X. Language: De, en. . Author address: Philipps-Universität Marburg, FB Biologie, Fachgebiet Naturschutz, Lahnberge, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA646/99 Apidae/bees/population density/ecology/agriculture/Germany. Aguilar, I. and Sommeijer, M. J. (1996) Communication in stingless bees: are the anal substances deposited by Melipona favosa scent marks? Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society, 7, 57-63. D. G. Lowe. Observations were made on a queenright colony of M. favosa kept in a greenhouse in Arnhem, Netherlands. Some of the bees deposited a droplet from the anal region of the abdomen before or after food uptake. When the distance between the hive and the feeder was more than 2 m the bees deposited droplets not only at the feeder but also on plants around the feeder. Droplets were deposited significantly more often at longer distances from the hive. The droplets contained carbohydrates (12-16 g/l) and proteins (2.0-6.7g/l) and were a light yellow; their possible communicative function is discussed. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Laboratory of Comparative Physiology, Department of Social Insects, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, P.O. Box 80.086, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800822 Melipona favosa/foraging/Apidae/Melipona/anus/excretion/Melipona/communication. Agwu, C. O. C. and Abaeze, C. C. (1991) Palynological study of honey from Anambra, Enugu and Kogi states of Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture Science and Technology, 1(2), 125-130. D. G. Lowe. Pollen analyses of 4 honey samples from these areas of Nigeria revealed the presence of 73 pollen types belonging to 40 families; individual honeys contained from 15 to 34 pollen types. Elaeis guineensis, Mitragyna ciliata and Lycopersicon esculentum were the dominant pollens in different samples, but the pollen types found varied widely between the samples. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Palynology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800967 honey bee forage/Nigeria/honey/pollen analysis. Agwu, C. O. C. and Uwakwe, G. O. (1992) Melissopalynological study of honey from Abia and Imo states of Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Botany, 5, 85-91. D. G. Lowe. Pollen analyses of 13 honey samples from rainforest localities in these 2 states revealed the presence of 54 pollen types belonging to 35 families. The commonest pollens were from Elaeis guineensis, Ageratum conyzoides, Aspilia africana, Chromolaena odorata, Alchornea cordifolia, Morus mesozygia, Milicia excelsa, Solanum spp., Lannea welwitschii and Pentaclethra macrophylla. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Palynology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800968 honey bee forage/Nigeria/honey/pollen analysis. Ahmad, T., Mezna, M., Chettibi, S. and Lawrence, A. J. (1994) Addition-order dependent modulation of the sensitivity of rabbit erythrocyte membrane to bee venom phospholipase A by oleic acid, lysophosphatidyl choline and albumin. Toxicon (Oxford), 32(11), 1475-1480. The addition of exogenous oleic acid to erythrocyte membranes induced a characteristic membrane crenation and sensitizes the cells to the lytic action of phospholipase A enzymes. Both effects are extremely sensitive to inhibition by endogenous lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC), but the strength of inhibition depends on the order in which the reagents are added to the cells. These responders are further enhanced when the reagents are extracted from the cell membranes by treatment with albumin. Thus, the inhibitory action of LPC added before oleic acid increases when the reagents have been extracted but that of LPC added after oleic acid decreases after extraction. The results are discussed in terms of the stimulation of PLA activity by enhanced membrane curvature. Library code: 11 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Cell Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601148 venoms/rabbits/erythrocytes/oleic acid/phospholipase A2/honey bee venom/Hymenoptera/Apidae/albumin/lysophosphatidyl choline/membranes/toxinology/Apis mellifera/phospholipase A/phospholipase A/effects/phospholipase A. Ahmed, T., Kelly, S. M., Lawrence, A. J., Mezna, M. and Price, N. C. (1996) Conformational changes associated with activation of bee venom phospholipase A. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo), 120(6), 1224-1231. It has previously been shown that bee (Apis mellifera) venom phospholipase A possesses a binding site for long-chain fatty acids that can be acylated by long-chain fatty acid imidazolides. Occupation of the site either by oleic acid or the oleoyl residue enhances the catalytic activity by 45.7-fold in the presence of 20% 1-propanol and occupation of the site by the oleoyl residue increases the lytic activity against rabbit erythrocytes by 60-fold. Treatment of the enzyme with oleic acid and glutaraldehyde is known to produce irreversible activation. In this study, it is shown that reduction of the glutaraldehyde-treated enzyme with borohydride stabilizes the activated state and enables the fatty acid to be removed, revealing that a large proportion of the induced activation does not require the presence of oleic acid and indicating that activation is due to a change in the conformation rather than the hydrophobicity of the protein. A kinetic study of enzyme activated by oleoyl imidazolide showed that this modification stabilizes the protein against reversible inactivation by 1-propanol. Comparison of the CD spectra of native and oleoyl imidazolide-activated enzyme shows a change in secondary structure with apparent increase in both -helix and -sheet content. During reaction of the enzyme with oleoyl imidazolide, the protein fluorescence shows a biphasic response with an initial fall attributed to occupation of the binding site followed by a progressive decrease with a shift of the emission maximum from 341 to 348 nm. The rate of the second phase closely matched the rate of increase in catalytic activity of the enzyme. Free oleic acid caused a rapid fall in fluorescence emission without the subsequent slow change. These results support the proposal that oleic acid or the oleoyl residue occupy a very similar site on the protein and that occupation of this site increases the exposure of one or both of the Trp residues to the aqueous environment. Binding studies show that activation by oleoyl imidazolide does not increase the affinity of the enzyme for the erythrocyte membrane. It is proposed that occupation of a long-chain fatty acid binding site on the enzyme enhances catalytic activity by changing the conformation of the protein rather than acting as a hydrophobic anchor to the substrate surface. Library code: 37 ref. Language: En. Author address: Protein Crystallography, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900333 molecular conformation/biochemistry/long chain fatty acids/enzyme activity/fluorescence/oleic acid/oleoyl imidazolide/honey bee venom/Apis mellifera/venoms/phospholipase A2/erythrocytes/glutaraldehyde/toxinology/phospholipase A/phospholipase A/structure. Ahmed, T., Sarwar, G. R., Ali, T. and Qaiser, M. (1995) Buzz-pollination in Trichodesma indicum (L.) R. Br. (Boraginaceae). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 27(1), 93-99. Trichodesma indicum flowers throughout the year. In this study, the protandrous flowers remained in bloom for about 3 days. Buzz-pollination was carried out sternotribically by two species of Anthophora (Apidae). Pollen-ovule ratio and breeding experiments (hand-pollination treatments) revealed T. indicum to be a facultative xenogamous species. Its non-apomictic nature was demonstrated by normal fruit and seed set following all hand pollination treatments except emasculation treatment for apomixis. Library code: 10 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800051 pollinators/Anthophora/weeds/weed biology/flowering/ratios/Trichodesma/Trichodesma indicum/biology/flowers/pollination/pollen/ovules/fruit set/sexual reproduction/seeds/seed set/of Trichodesma/by Anthophora. Aidar, D. S. and Campos, L. A. O. (1998) Management and artificial multiplication of colonies of Melipona quadrifasciata Lep. (Apidae: Meliponinae). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica de Brasil, 27(1), 157-159. Original title: Manejo e multiplicação artificial de colônias de Melipona quadrifasciata Lep. (Apidae: Meliponinae). Three methods for dividing Melipona quadrifasciata colonies were evaluated: (1) fisogastric queen naturally mated; (2) queenless and (3) queen mated in laboratory. Using method 1 five colonies out of six had grade 7 in 221 days, that is 83.3% success. With method 2 all four (100%) colonies were formed within 221 days, and five out of seven colonies (71.4%) were formed to grade 7 in 195 days using the third method. All colonies were treated with Syrup-A (50% sugar, 50% water with Teragram-M, 1 g salt) with the same management and system of evaluation. Colony performance was described by the following mathematical models: Grade 1 = 1.202 + (0.262 x reading); Grade 2 = 1.474 + (0.250 x reading) and Grade 3 = 1.406 + (0.287 x reading). The third method was best, considering colony development time, however, it was more labour intensive and used more laboratory equipment. Accession date: 6 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bc. Language: Pt, en. Author. Author address: Depto de Biologia, Área de Entomologia, FFCL/USP, 14090-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA358/99 Melipona quadrifasciata/feeding/queens. Aidoo, K. S. (1997) Honey quality and marketing in Ghana. Perspectives for honey production in the tropics: proceedings of the NECTAR symposium held in Utrecht, 18 December 1995 [edited by Sommeijer, M. J.; Beetsma, J.; Boot, W.-J.; Robberts, E.-J.; Vries, R. de]. Bennekom, Netherlands, Netherlands Expertise Centre for Tropical Apicultural Resources, 53-66. Author. In Ghana, honey hunters exploit the honey bee (Apis mellifera adansonii) as well as various species of stingless bees for honey. Methods of harvesting and processing always have a direct relationship to the quality of the honey. Traditional beekeepers still rely much on harvesting and processing methods like those used by honey hunters. These include total/partial colony destruction prior to comb removal from the nest, separation of honey combs from brood, and straining/squeezing/burning or heating honey combs to extract the honey. Beekeepers using top-bar hives have adopted straining of the honey. Honey quality is also related to the time of the year in which the honey is harvested, and to its botanical sources. Peak production of honey occurs between February and April, and a minor peak occurs in November and December. The honey is mainly produced for the local market. The various strategies that exist for marketing honey in Ghana are discussed and strategies for improvement are outlined. Page(s): 53-66. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901020 conferences/honey/quality/processing/marketing techniques. Aira, M. J., Horn, H. and Seijo, M. C. (1998) Palynological analysis of honeys from Portugal. Journal of Apicultural Research, 37(4), 247-254. An analysis of 80 samples of honey produced in 1995 showed that 63 of them could be classified as unifloral honeys. The most important were Lavandula (mainly from the central-south region), Echium (produced in the Beira Alta, Alentejo and Algarve regions), and Eucalyptus (characteristic of the Douro region). Three unifloral heather (Erica spp.) honeys and one unifloral sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) honey were also identified. The pollen content was variable, with the lowest values in the Lavandula honeys and the highest in multifloral honeys. All samples had a low honeydew index. Some pollen indicators enable Portugese unifloral honeys to be separated from those produced in Spain. Accession date: 4 September 1999. Call number: 638.16. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author. Author address: Dpto. de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Sur, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1162/99 pollen analysis/melissopalynology/unifloral honey/multifloral honey/nectar plants/Lavandula/Echium/Eucalyptus/Portugal/Erica/Castanea. Aizen, M. A. and Feinsinger, P. (1994) Habitat fragmentation, native insect pollinators, and feral honey bees in Argentine 'Chaco Serrano'. Ecological Applications, 4(2), 378-392. In subtropical dry forest (Chaco Serrano) of Tucuman province, northwestern Argentina, responses of the flower-visitor assemblage to habitat fragmentation was assessed by monitoring insect visits to two spring-flowering tree species and by sampling insects with yellow pan traps. Each of four study sites contained a tract of continuous forest, one large (2.2 ha) forest fragment, and one small (1 ha) fragment, with fragments isolated for 5-20 yr preceding the study. During its respective flowering peak each tree species examined, Prosopis nigra (Mimosoideae) and Cercidium australe (Caesalpinioideae), dominated the sites' entomophilous flora. Results indicate that flower-visitor assemblages respond to landscape features on the scale of hectares; specifically, forest fragmentation in the Chaco Serrano leads to an insect flower-visitor fauna increasingly dominated by the exotic honey bee (Apis mellifera). Bees as a group made 90% of observed flower visits to both plant species. The honey bee alone made 82% of all visits to the early-flowering P. nigra and 44% to the later flowering C. australe. Taxon richness, visit frequencies and bee abundance are described. Results indicate that fragmentation of the Chaco Serrano appears to (a) affect native flower-visitors adversely and to (b) facilitate honey bees' access to floral resources. It is not clear that these two effects are directly related to each other. Library code: 64 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600392 Cercidium/Apis mellifera/Argentina/Cercidium australe/fragmentation/habitats/forests/honey bees/landscape/pollinators/Prosopis nigra/subtropics/beneficial insects/pollination/Apidae/landscape ecology/forest trees/insects/foraging/Prosopis/insects/insects/ecology. Akdis, C. A., Akdis, M., Blesken, T., Wymann, D., Alkan, S. S., Muller, U. and Blaser, K. (1996) Epitope-specific T cell tolerance to phospholipase A in bee venom immunotherapy and recovery by IL-2 and IL-15 in vitro. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 98(7), 1676-1683. Author. Bee venom phospholipase A (PLA) is the major allergen in bee sting allergy. It displays 3 peptide and one glycopeptide T-cell epitopes, which are recognized by both allergic and non-allergic bee-venom-sensitized subjects. In this study PLA- and PLA epitope-specific T-cell and cytokine responses in PBMC [peripheral blood mononuclear cells] of bee-sting-allergic patients were investigated before and after 2 months of rush immunotherapy with whole bee venom. After successful immunotherapy, PLA and T-cell epitope peptide-specific T-cell proliferation was suppressed. In addition, the PLA- and peptide-induced secretion of type 2 and type 1 cytokines were abolished, whereas tetanus toxoid-induced cytokine production and proliferation remained unchanged. T-cell responses to various treatments are described. The results suggest that bee venom immunotherapy induces a state of peripheral tolerance in allergen-specific T-cells, but not in specific B-cells. The state of T-cell tolerance and cytokine pattern can be modulated by the cytokines IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5, suggesting the importance of microenvironmental cytokines leading to success or failure in immunotherapy. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900177 arthropod allergies/treatment/immunotherapy/cytokins/stings/honey bees/allergies/blood cells/man/T-lymphocytes/phospholipase A/epitopes/honey bee venom/usage/immune A desensitization. Akdis, C. A., Akdis, M., Blesken, T., Wymann, D., Alkan, S. S., Müller, U. and Blaser, K. (1996) Epitope-specific T cell tolerance to phospholipase A2 in bee venom immunotherapy and recovery by IL-2 and IL-5 in vitro. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 98(7), 1676-1683. In this study PLA- and PLA epitope-specific T call and cytokine responses in PBMC of bee sting allergic patients were investigated before and after 2 months of rush immunotherapy with whole bee venom. After successful immunotherapy, PLA and T cell epitope peptide-specific T cell proliferation was suppressed. In addition the PLA- and peptide-induced secretion of type 2 (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13), as well as type 1 (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) cytokines were abolished, whereas tetanus toxoid-induced cytokine production and proliferation remained unchanged. By culturing PBMC with Ag in the presence of IL-2 or IL-15 the specifically tolerized T cell response could be restored with repespect to specific proliferation and secretion of the Type 1 T cell cytokines, IL-2 and IFN-gamma. In contast IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 remained suppressed. Treatment of tolerized T cells with IL-4 only partially restored proliferation and induced formation of a distinct type 2 cytokine pattern. In spite of the allergen-specific tolerance in T cells, in vitro produced anti-PLA IgE and IgG4 Ab and their corresponding serum levels slightly increased during immunotherapy, while the PLA-specific IgE/IgG4 ratio changed in favour of IgG4. These findings indicate that bee venom immunotherapy induces a state of peripheral tolerance in allergen-specific T cells, but not in specific B cells. The state of T cell tolerance and cytokine pattern can be in vitro modulated by the cytokines IL-2, IL-4, and IL-15, suggesting the importance of microenvironmental cytokines leading to success or failure in immunotherapy . Accession date: 10 June 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1037/99 bee venom allergy/T cells/interleukin-4/allergic response/allergies/antibodies/IgE/IgG. Akdis, C. A., Blesken, T., Akdis, M., Alkan, S. S., Heusser, C. H. and Blaser, K. (1997) Glucocorticoids inhibit human antigen-specific and enhance total IgE and IgG4 production due to differential effects on T and B cells in vitro. European Journal of Immunology, 27, 2351-2357. Although anti-inflammatory properties of glucocorticoids (GC) are well documented, their activity in allergic diseases is still controversial. Recently, it has been reported that GC can increase, both in vivo and in vitro, the polyclonal production of total IgE. In this study the effects of GC on the antigen (Ag)-specific IgE response in a human in vitro system with peripheral blood mononuclear cells or B cells of bee venom-sensitized individuals that allows the production of bee venom phospholipase A2 were investigated (PLA)-specific IgE and IgG4 antibodies (Ab). PLA-specific Ab were induced by simultaneously activating T cells and B cells specifically with allergen and polyclonally with anti-CD2 and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) in the presence of interleukin (IL)-4. Indeed, dexamethasone and prednisolone enhanced the formation of total IgE and IgG4 in PBMC, while the production of PLA-specific IgE and IgG4 Ab was selectively inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. The suppressive effect of GC was mediated during Ag-specific stimulation and Tcell-B cell interaction. This was due to GC suppressing specific T cell proliferation and cytokine production, whereas neither allergen-specific nor total IgE and IgG4 production by sCD40L/Il-4 stimulated pure B cells was affected. In contrast to GC, cyclosporine A inhibited both total and PLA-specific IgE and IgG4 secretion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and B cell cultures. Further experiments showed that increase in nonspecific total isotype response resulted from inhibition of IL-4 uptake by cells other than B cells and sufficient availability of IL-4 to B cells for isotype switch and synthesis. Furthermore, demonstration of opposite regulatory effects of GC on specific and total isotype formation in vitro, including the inhibition of allergy-relevant Ag-specific IgE response, may contribute to a better understanding of apparently controversial observations, and explain why most allergic patients benefit from GC therapy. Accession date: 6 May 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Obere Strasse 22, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA454/99 honey bees/immune response/venoms/allergies/antibodies/glucocorticoids/ immunotherapy/antigens. Akdis, C. A., Blesken, T., Akdis, M., Alkan, S. S., Wuthrich, B., Heusser, C. H. and Blaser, K. (1997) Induction and differential regulation of bee venom phospholipase A-specific human IgE and IgG antibodies in vitro requires allergen-specific and nonspecific activation of T and B cells. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 99(3), 345-353. Author. To study the regulatory prerequisites of antigen-specific IgE antibody production, a culture system was established that allowed the generation of honey bee venom phospholipase A-specific IgE and IgG antibodies. Allergen-specific IgE was induced by simultaneously activating T-cells and B-cells specifically with allergen and polyclonally with anti-CD2 and soluble CD40 ligand in the presence of IL-4. Additional stimulation of T-cells through the CD2 activation pathway by 2 different anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies enhanced both the allergen-specific and the total IgE and IgG responses. The results provided evidence for differential regulation of allergen-specific and total IgE and IgG by antigen concentration and demonstrated the pivotal role of T-cells controlling the synthesis of the IgE and IgG antibody isotypes. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Obere Strasse 22, CH-7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900176 arthropod allergies/Hymenoptera/venoms/immunoglobulins/IgE/IgG/stings/honey bees/allergies/blood cells/man/lymphocytes/honey bee venom/phospholipase A/antibodies. Akdis, C. A., Blesken, T., Akdis, M., Wüthrich, B. and Blaser, K. (1998) Role of interleukin 10 in specific immunotherapy. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 102(1), 98-106. The induction of allergen-specific anergy in the peripheral T cells represents a key step in specific immunotherapy (SIT). Here it is demonstrated that the anergic state results from increased IL-10 production. In bee venom (BV)-SIT the specific proliferative and cytokine responses against the main allergen, the phospholipase A2 (PLA), and T cell epitope-containing PLA peptides were significantly suppressed after 7 days of treatment. Simultaneously, the production of IL-10 increased during BV-SIT. After 28 days of BV-SIT the anergic state was established. Intracytoplasmic cytokine staining of PBMC combined with surface marker detection revealed that IL-10 was produced initially by activated CD4+CD25+, allergen specific T cells, and followed by B cells and monocytes. Neutralization of IL-10 in PBMC fully reconstituted the specific proliferative and cytokine responses. A similar state of IL-10-associated T cell anergy, as induced in BV-SIT, was found in hyperimmune individuals who recently had received multiple bee stings. The addition of IL-10 to soluble CD40 ligand IL-4-stimulated PBMC or purified B cells inhibited the PLA-specific and total IgE and enhanced IgG4 formation. Accordingly, increased IL-10 production by SIT causes specific anergy in peripheral T cells, and regulates specific IgE and IgG4 production toward normal IgG4-related immunity. Accession date: 7 May 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Swiss Institue of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Obere Strasse 22, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA455/99 immunotherapy/interleukin 10/antibodies/bee venom/allergies/venoms/immune response/antigens. Akdis, C. A., Blesken, T., Wymann, D., Akdis, M. and Blaser, K. (1998) Differential regulation of human T cell cytokine patterns and IgE and IgG4 responses by conformational antigen variants. European Journal of Immunology, 28, 914-925. Bee venom phospholipase A2 (PLA) represents the major allergen and antigen in allergic and non-allergic individuals sensitized to bee sting. Specific activation of peripheral T cells by different structural and conformational variants of PLA and secretion of cytokines regulating IgE and IgG4 antibody (Ab) formation were studied. PLA molecules expressing the correctly folded tertiary structure, which show high affinity to membrane phospholipids and were recognized by Ab from bee sting allergic patients, induced high IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. In contrast, non-refolded recombinant PLA (rPLA) and reduced and alkylated native PLA (nPLA) induced more IFN-gamma and IL-2 and higher proliferative responses. Differences in proliferation and cytokine patterns among correctly folded and non-refolded PLA resulted from conformation-dependent involvement of different antigen-presenting cell (APC) types. Antigen (Ag)-presenting B cells recognized PLA only in its natural conformation, stimulated Th2 type cytokines and induced IgE Ab. Non-refolded PLA was recognized, processed and presented exclusively by monocytes and induced a Th1 dominant cytokine profile leading to IgG4 production by B cells. The possibility that production of particular cytokine patterns and Ig isotype was influenced by the enzymatic activity of PLA was excluded by using enzymatically inactive H34Q point-mutated refolded rPLA. These findings demonstarate the decisive role of specific Ag recognition by different APC, depending on structural features, membrane phospholipid binding property and the existence of conformational B cell epitopes, in the differential regulation of memory IgE and IgG4 Ab. Furthermore, they show that a change from IgE-mediated allergy to normal immunity against a major allergen can be induced by rPLA variants that are not recognized by specific Ab and B cells but still carry the T cell epitopes. These features may enable new applications for safer immunotherapy. Accession date: 6 May 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Swiss Institue of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Obere Strasse 22, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA456/99 honey bee venom/allergies/immune response/antibodies/phospholipase/antigens/immunotherapy. Akers, R. P. and Getz, W. M. (1992) A test of identified response classes among olfactory receptor neurons in the honey-bee worker. Chemical Senses, 17(2), 191-209. Author. Two compounds were selected from each of 3 previously defined olfactory receptor neuron response classes in worker honey bees citral and geraniol, linalool and limonene, and undecanoic and dodecanoic acids. These compounds were presented at a standard dose to 70 sensilla placodea. The responses of these sensilla (i.e. rates of firing) to each of the six compounds were compared to responses to solvent only controls and were analysed in 3 ways. First, the summed responses across all placodes, as might occur in an electroantennogram, was significantly different from the controls only in the case of citral, geraniol and linalool. Secondly, principal component and cluster analyses of the responses of individual whole placodes revealed a few specialized placodes, but most placodes responded to more than one of the compounds and no neat categorization emerged. Thirdly, using spike height and, to some extent, spike shape to separate the responses of individual placodes into units that more closely represented the activity of single neurons revealed a greater level of specialization, although many generalist subplacode units still remained. A comparison of the distribution of interspike intervals revealed no difference between generalist and specialist units. However, a comparison of these distributions at the placode versus subplacode level suggests that receptor neurons within placodes may pace one another so as to not fire simultaneously. The results do not support the previous categorization of receptor types, but agree with behavioural observations in olfactory learning contexts regarding the special role that citral plays in worker honey bee olfactory perception and also the dominance of linalool over limonene. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701328 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/senses/worker honey bees/smell/neurons/receptors/electrophysiology/antennae/sense organs. Akers, R. P. and Getz, W. M. (1993) Response of olfactory receptor neurons in honeybees to odorants and their binary mixtures. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 173(2), 169-185. Author. Recordings were made from single sensilla placodea of the worker honey bee (Apis mellifera). The sensilla were stimulated with 1 of 2 sets of 4 compounds and their binary mixtures, at 2 dosage levels. Aromatic compounds comprised one set, and saturated n-octane derivatives comprised the other set. Correlation, principal component, and cluster analyses indicated that responses to binary mixtures are not linear combinations of responses to the component compounds. The first principal component indicated that neuronal units had either more excitatory or more inhibitory responses to all odourants than would be expected from a model where inhibitory and excitatory responses are randomly distributed among the neuronal units. When compared to the responses to the component odourants, synergistic responses to binary odours occurred more often than would be expected by chance. Clear inhibitory responses to binary odours were less prevalent. This study agrees with an earlier study employing aromatic odourants in that most of the aromatic odourants each had groups of receptor neurons that were relatively selective for it, and each odourant had a distinctly different number of receptor neurons selective for it. Among the octane derivatives, receptor neurons were selective for the level of oxidation of the functional group or its site of attachment, rather than specific compounds. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601358 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/odours/sensilla/senses/worker honey bees/smell/honey bees/neurons/electrophysiology. Akimov, I. A., Grobov, O. F., Piletskaya, I. V., Barabanova, V. V., Yastrebtsov, A. V., Gorgol, V. T., Zaloznaya, L. M., Galaktionov, Y. K., Efimov, V. M. and Nepomnyashchikh, V. A. (1993) The bee mite Varroa jacobsoni. Kiev, Ukraine, Izdatel'stvo 'Naukova Dumka'. D. G. Lowe. This monograph on V. jacobsoni has chapters on the following aspects: anatomy and taxonomy; natural habitat and hosts; morphology; physiology and ecology; behaviour; variability (including morphological, seasonal and geographical); significance as a honey bee parasite; prevention and control. The book ends with a reference section of over 20 pages. Page(s): 256 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601452 Apis mellifera/honey bees/ectoparasites/beneficial insects/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/books. Akimov, I. A. and Yastrebtsov, A. V. (1991) Peculiarities in ontogenesis and reproductive cycle of the mite Varroa jacobsoni (Parasitiformes, Varroidae) and its relation to the host Apis mellifera. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne, 37(1), 99-102. Only females of V. jacobsoni are present in the sealed brood of honeybees. The 5 stages of the reproductive cycle (copulation, sexual maturation, preoviposition, oviposition and rehabilitation) are described. Development from egg to protonymph is intensive and takes 26-30 days; females become sexually mature in 6-7 days. The close link between the development cycle of V. jacobsoni and the bee host is discussed. The probable age span for females is 85-107 days, but may be 200-260 days under favourable conditions. Library code: 7 ref. Language: En. Author address: Zoological Institute, 252601 Kiev 30, Lenin Street 15, Ukraine. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700290 Varroa jacobsoni/Varroidae/Apis mellifera/arthropod pests/mites/Acari/ectoparasites/hosts/natural enemies/beneficial insects/Apidae/Hymenoptera/reproduction/biological development/ontogeny/pests/honey bees/of honey bees/life cycle. Akimov, I. I. and Barabanova, V. V. (1990) [Seasonal changes in feeding behaviour in female Varroa jacobsoni mites]. Vestnik Zoologii(1), 39-42. Enzyme activity (amylase, invertase, protease) was determined in female mites (A) taken from honey bee worker and drone brood at different development stages in spring and autumn and (B) in the winter. For B, amylase levels were lower and invertase levels higher than in A; changes occurred (except in invertase) towards the end of the winter when the honey bees started rearing new brood. Accession date: 1 November 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bb. Language: Ru. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1111/99 Varroa jacobsoni/nutrition/enzymes/amylase/invertase/protease/honey bee brood. Akimova, I. A. (1993) [The bee mite Varroa jacobsoni]. Kiev, Russia, Kiev Naukova Dumka. Page(s): 256. Accession date: 27 July 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bd. Language: Ru. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA820/99 Varroa jacobsoni/morphology/distribution of animals. Akkaya, H. (1996) The efficacy of flumethrin on varroatosis in honeybee colonies. Turkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 20(3/4), 457-460. Original title or source: Balars kolonilerinin varroatosis'ine flumethrin'in etkisi. Flumethrin treated strips (Bayvarol-strips, coated with 3.6 mg of a.i. per strip) were used to control Varroa jacobsoni infestations in 5 honey bee [Apis mellifera] colonies in Istanbul, Turkey, during the autumn of 1990. A 5 week treatment using 4 strips per hive resulted in 100% control, whilst an untreated control hive contained 20% more V. jacobsoni after the experiment than it did before. No side-effects of the treatment were noticed in bees. Library code: 9 ref. Language: Tr. Author address: Istanbul Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Parazitoloji Anabilim Dal, Istanbul, Turkey. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901333 phoresy/flumethrin/Varroa jacobsoni/honey bees/Apis mellifera/chemical control/ectoparasites/bee diseases/pyrethroid acaricides/ectoparasiticides/acaricides/pyrethroids. Akkaya, H. (1996) The efficacy of flumethrin (Bayvarol-Strips) on Varroatosis in honeybee colonies. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 20(3/4), 457-460. Original title: Balarisi kolonilerinin varroatosis'ine Flumethrin'in etkisi. This study was carried out in order to determine the efficacy of Bayvarol strips (= 3.6 mg flumethrin/strip) on varroosis during late autumn 1990. Six honey bee colonies (Istanbul University, Veterinary Faculty) were used for the study. Bayvarol is not currently available in Turkey. Five colonies were treated with flumethrin strips, the sixth being left as a control. Four strips were put into each colony and left there for five weeks. Before the trial, the infestation rate was 14.02% in experimental colonies and 15.9% in the control colony. After the trial, infestation rate was 0.0% in treated colonies, while infestation rate had increased up to 20.24% in the control. The trial showed that flumethrin strips were 100% effective against varroosis, and no side effects have been observed. Accession date: 7 May 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bc. Language: Tr, en. Author. Author address: Istanbul Üniversitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi, Parazitoloji Anabilim Dali, Istanbul, Turkey. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA526/99 flumethrin/Bayvarol/honey bee colonies/varroosis/control methods/Varroa jacobsoni/pyrethroid acaricides/Turkey. Akkaya, H. and Göksu, K. (1990) Comparative trials with Perizin and Folbex-VA against varroatosis of the honey bee colonies. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 14(1), 107-116. Original title: Bal arisi kolonilerinin varroatosis'ine karsi Perizin ve Folbex-VA ile karsilastirmali denemeler. This investigation was carried out between March 1988 and November 1988 in the Seben district (Bolu, Turkey). Preliminary work was carried out in March: two treatments, Perizin (0,0-diethyl-0-(3-chloro-4-methyl-7-coumarinyl)-thiophosphate) and Folbex-VA (bromopropylate) were tested on 12 honey bee colonies. After the tests were completed, further work was carried out in the autumn. The treatment was used between 20 October 1988 and 3 November 1988. The experiments carried out in autumn also used 12 colonies which were divided into two groups of eight and four colonies. From the first group Perizin had an efficacy of 92.5% and Folbex-VA 88.8%. While in the second group Perizin had an efficacy of 82.9% and Folbex-VA 86.0%. Accession date: 7 May 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bc. Language: Tr, en. Author. Author address: Istanbul Üniversitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi, Parazitoloji Anabilim Dali, Istanbul, Turkey. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA527/99 Varroa jacobsoni/Perizin/Folbex VA/bromopropylate/control methods/Turkey/pyrethroid acaricides/organophosphate acaricides. Akkaya, H. and Vurusaner, C. (1996) Field experiment to determine the efficacy of flumethrin (Bayvarol-Strips) and fluvalinate (Apistan Strips) against varroatosis of honeybee colonies. Turkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 20(3/4), 461-466. Original title or source: Flumethrin (Bayvarol-Strips) ve fluvalinate'n (Apistan serit) balarlarnn varroatosis'ine kars etkilerinin sahada belirlenmesi. Flumethrin (Bayvarol, 3.6 mg a.i./strip) or fluvalinate (Apistan, 10% fluvalinate) coated strips were used to control Varroa jacobsoni infestations in 10 honey bee [Apis mellifera] colonies (n=5 per treatment, with 2 control hives) in Istanbul, Turkey, during the autumn of 1992. A 6 week treatment programme resulted in 100% control using both pesticides, whilst untreated control hives contained 20% more V. jacobsoni after the experiment than it did before. No side-effects of the treatment were noticed in bees. Library code: Bc. Language: Tr. Author address: Istanbul Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Parazitoloji Anabilim Dal, Istanbul, Turkey. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900965 phoresy/flumethrin/Varroa jacobsoni/honey bees/Apis mellifera/chemical control/ectoparasites/bee diseases/pyrethroid acaricides/fluvalinate/acaricides/pyrethroids. Akkaya, H. and Vurusaner, C. (1997) Field experiment to determine the efficacy of flumethrin and coumaphos against varroosis according to the state of the honey bee colonies. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 21(1), 83-86. Original title: Flumethrin ve coumaphos'un balarilarinin Varroasis'ine karsi etkilerinin koloni yapisina göre sahada belirlenmesi. The efficacy of flumethrin 3.6 mg/strip (Bayvarol strips) and coumaphos 32 mg/ml (Perizin solution) against Varroa jacobsoni infesting Apis mellifera colonies was determined. These treatments were begun in late and early autumn. At the beginning and at the end of the studies, the infestation rates of 100-250 honey bees from each colony were determined. In the first stage of the study 20 colonies without brood were used. Thes colonies were divided into groups of 8 or 4. Fot the 1st of the treatment groups, plastic strips with flumethrin were hung directly between the frames - 2 strips per hive - for 5 weeks. For the 2nd group, coumaphos diluted with water (1 : 50) was poured on the bees between the frames (5 ml per comb), twice at intervals of 7 days. The average infestation rates before the treatment were determined in all groups as 10.8%. Coumaphos was found to be 88.1% effective. The flumethrin study was completed at the beginning of March 1995, because of weather conditions; its effect was determined as 93.7%. The 2nd stage of the study was carried out on 30 colonies with brood in early autumn. Six of these colonies were left as controls, 14 were treated with flumethrin and 10 treated with coumaphos. The infestation rates before application were 4.4%, 6.9% and 5.2%, respectively. The strips with flumethrin were applied for 5 weeks and coumaphos was applied twice at intervals of 7 days. Flumethrin was found to be 87.7% effective and coumaphos 72.7% effective. As a result, the applications in the period without brood were more successful than the periods with brood. In addition, flumethrin was observed to be more effective than coumaphos. Accession date: 6 May 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bc. Language: Tr, en. . Author address: Istanbul Üniversitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi, Parazitoloji Anabilim Dali, Istanbul, Turkey. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA528/99 Varroa jacobsoni/Apis mellifera/honey bees/flumethrin/coumaphos/honey bee colonies/control methods/pyrethroid acaricides/organophosphate acaricides/Turkey. Al Ghamdi, A. and Hoopingarner, R. (1995) Model of the mite Varroa jacobsoni and honey bees Apis mellifera. American Bee Journal, 135(12), 825. P. Walker. The bee and the mite were modelled using a commercial software package (Stella II) which can generate population statistics at regular intervals for a designated time period; results are produced as diagrams, equations, tables and graphs. Bee parameters include eggs laid/day, drone:worker ratio, mortality (natural, due to mites, and brood), postcapping period. Mite parameters include: initial population, female offspring/female, preference for drone vs. worker brood. Interactions between bee and mite populations can be modelled. For example, initial infestations of 10, 20 or 30 mites could increase by October to 1130, 2180 and 3151, respectively, and a year later to 21000, 22700 and (colony dies in September) 41400. Usually, colonies would start to collapse when the mite population exceeds 13000. Such simulations may help beekeepers to plan mite control strategies. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701070 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/reproduction/conferences/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/honey bee colonies/population dynamics/computer simulation/mathematical models/mites/arthropod pests/hosts/models. Al Ghamdi, A. and Hoopingarner, R. (1995) Development of early infestation by the mite Varroa jacobsoni in honey bee colonies Apis mellifera in Michigan. American Bee Journal, 135(12), 825. P. Walker. V. jacobsoni infestations were monitored from May to October in colonies inoculated with 5, 10 or 25 mites. Maximum average mite populations in September in the 3 groups were 2550, 4080, and 7300, but levels varied widely between the colonies. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701071 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/infestation/USA/conferences/Michigan/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/reproduction/population dynamics/mites/arthropod pests/hosts/ecology. Al Ghamdi, A. and Hoopingarner, R. (1997) Reproductive biology of Varroa jacobsoni in worker and drone brood of the honey bee Apis mellifera under Midwest conditions. American Bee Journal, 137(3), 221. Original title or source: [Abstract]. P. Walker. The mites in 959 worker brood and 344 drone brood cells from highly infested colonies were examined. In cells with a single mother mite, the mean number of female mites reaching maturity before the bee emerged were 1.41 and 2.47, in worker and drone cells, respectively. If cells containing non-reproductive females and those producing only males were excluded, values were 1.82 and 2.69. Comparable values for cells with more than one reproductive female mite were 1.26 and 2.03, respectively. Fertility levels for the mother mites (excluding male offspring) were 82% and 92%, respectively. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Dept. of Entomology, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 28823, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801368 Apis mellifera /beneficial insects/ectoparasites/USA/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/reproduction/worker honey bees/drone honey bees/honey bee brood. Alam, M. K. (1997) Reproductive biology of Thyrsostachys regia (Munro) Bennet (Bambusoideae: Poaceae). Bangladesh Journal of Forest Science, 26(1), 25-30. Flowering was studied in two clumps of this species (syn. Thyrsostachys siamensis, from Thailand) grown in Bangladesh; two bee species (Apis dorsata and an unidentified sp.) visited the flowers, and plants produced fruits. Accession date: 31 August 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: X. Language: En, bengali. . Author address: Bangladesh Forest Research Inst., PO Box 273, Chittagong 4000, Bangladesh. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA647/99 Apis dorsata/pollination/Poacaceae/Bangladesh/flowers. Alam, M. Z., Alam, M. B. and Quadir, M. A. (1991) Comparative evaluation of some pollinating methods on onion seed and subsequent bulb production. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 20(2), 125-130. Caged blowfly (Calliphora sp.), caged honey bee (Apis cerana) and open pollination were compared for the pollination of onion. All the seed yield parameters showed that caged blowfly pollination was significantly better in comparison to other treatments and was followed by caged bee pollination, open pollination and the control. Insect pollination improved germination and, to a lesser extent, bulb production. Accession date: 14 August 98. Call number: 638.19. Library code: X. Language: En. . Author address: Inst. Postgraduate Studies Agric., Gazipur, Bangladesh. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA329/99 pollination/honey bees/Apis cerana/Calliphora/Allium. Alam, M. Z., Rahman, M. S. and Ali, M. (1995) Role of pollinating agents on the mode of pollination in mustard. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 24(1), 13-18. The mustard variety Sonali Sharisha (SS–75) was subjected to 8 pollination treatments comprising open pollination and combinations of emasculated/unemasculated flowers under mosquito net/polyethylene caging with or without honey bees. In the absence of self-pollen, up to 81% cross-fertilization was achieved with honey bee pollination under caged conditions. Wind contributed 12% and 20% cross- and self-pollination, respectively. Accession date: 13 August 98. Call number: 638.19. Library code: X. Language: En. . Author address: Dept. Genetics Plant Breeding, IPSA, Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA330/99 honey bees/pollination/Brassica. Alamanni, M. C. (1995) Enzymatic estimation of sugars in honey. Rivista di Scienza dell'Alimentazione, 24(4), 513-515. Original title or source: Dosaggio enzimatico di zuccheri del miele. Reproducibility of an enzyme method of estimating glucose, fructose and sucrose in honey was studied on the basis of 25 estimates on a single sample. Results were compared with those obtained using the official method based on reducing activity of the sugars in Fehling solution modified by Soxhlet. On the basis of mean and standard deviation values the method showed good reproducibility and could be used in conjunction with or in eventual substitution of the official method which is more complex and time-consuming. Library code: 7 ref. Language: It. Author address: Cattedra di Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto di Tecnica Farmaceutica, Facolta di Farmacia, Universita di Sassari, Sassari, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800266 glucose/fructose/sucrose/sugars/estimation/honey/determination/analysis/enzymes/composition/analytical methods/enzymes. Alamanni, M. C., Juliano, C., Floris, I. and Marras, P. M. (1992) Antibacterial activity in vitro and pollen spectrum of Sardinian bitter honey. Rivista della Societa Italiana di Scienza dell'Alimentazione, 21(4), 535-543. Original title or source: Contributo alla conoscenza dell'attivita antibatterica in vitro e dello spettro pollinico del miele amaro di Sardegna. P. Walker. Twelve samples of Arbutus unedo honey were studied; values for water content were 19.2-25.0%, total acids 19.5-44.0 meq/kg, amylase activity (Schade) 5.8-24.4, HMF 0-5.6 mg/kg. Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae was only moderate and was lower than that of some other unifloral honeys of the island. Results of pollen analyses of the A. unedo honeys are also reported. A total of 65 genera and types belonging to 30 families were identified. All samples contained A. unedo and Eucalyptus pollens and several other pollens occurred frequently. A. unedo pollen is under-represented in honey. Library code: Bc. Language: It. Author address: Istituto di Tecnica Farmaceutica, Universita di Sassari, Sassari, Sardinia, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701452 Arbutus unedo/Staphylococcus aureus/Escherichia coli/Pseudomonas aeruginosa/Klebsiella pneumoniae/inhibition/bacteria/honey/of bacteria/by honey/pollen analysis/Arbutus/composition/antibacterial properties/Italy/Sardinia. Albero Peréz, J. C. and Bueno Mir, A. (1998) The bee-eater: study of its incidence in beekeeping operations in Huesca (Part 2) [Spain]. Vida Apícola(92), 21-25. Original title: Abejaruco: estudio de su incidencia en las explotaciones apícolas de Huesca (y 2). Many beekepers in this area of Aragon (55% of those questioned) said that they had taken steps to control bird predation in their apiaries. The biological cycle of the birds and their effect on honey bee colonies is discussed. The following measures are recommended: in late spring, birds should be dissuaded from building nests near apiaries; hives should be sited away from favoured nesting areas; deterrents (visual, acoustic) should be set up in good time; traps should be used only with authorization. Accession date: 16 april 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA529/99 Merops/Spain/predation/bee-eater. Albero Pérez, J. C. and Laplaza Garcia, E. (1999) The bee-eater: minimizing its impact; study of its nutrition. Vida apícola(94), 36-39, 41-43, 45. Original title: Abejaruco: minimizar su impacto; estudio de la alimentación. At an experimental apiary in Huesca, Spain, some hives were sited close together in the open (A) and others were further apart, and each was under a tree (B). During observations in Aug. and Sept. the number of bee-eaters (Merops) recorded near A was higher (max. 106/day) than the number near B (max. 46). Average weights of A and of B colonies were not significantly different. Examination of the stomach contents of 15 birds caught at 3 localities showed that all except one contained honey bees; these averaged 57.5% of all insects identified. Other Hymenoptera constituted 22.5%. Accession date: 23 July 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA821/99 Spain/Apis mellifera/honey bees/pests/Merops/bee-eaters/birds/predators. Albert, S., Klaudiny, J. and Simuth, J. (1996) Newly discovered features of the updated sequence of royal jelly protein RJP571; longer repetitive region on C-terminus and homology to Drosophila melanogaster yellow protein. Journal of Apicultural Research, 35(2), 63-68. See AA 885/94.\0BD. G. Lowe. The previously published nucleotide sequence of complementary DNA (cDNA), coding for royal jelly protein RJP57-1 [Klaudiny et al. (1994) Journal of Apicultural Research 33 (2) 105-111], contained errors that were corrected by resequencing of the cDNA. The main error, the omission of a 108 bp (base pairs) long sequence on the 3 end of the cDNA was caused by misalignment of overlapping parts of the sequenced fragments in the region containing repetitive sequences. The updated sequence of RJP57-1 cDNA is 1807 bp long and encodes a protein with 544 amino acid residues including the signal peptide. The protein shows sequence homology over 385 residues with the yellow protein of Drosophila melanogaster, which is involved in the process of melanin pigmentation of cuticle. Structural features of the protein are described and its possible function is discussed. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 842 38 Bratislava, Slovakia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800518 Apis mellifera/Drosophila melanogaster/nurse honey bees/DNA/protein metabolism/royal jelly/proteins. Albisetti, J. (1998) Beekeeping in Landes [France]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 25(1), 13-19. Original title: L'apiculture landaise. This region of SW France, covering 1 million ha including large areas of forest, used to be the largest producer of honey for export in the country. This article describes historical aspects, forage plants, traditional hives and hive products, particularly honey and beeswax. Accession date: 4 September 98. Call number: 638.14. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. . Author address: OPIDA, - Centre Apicole, F-61370 Echaffour, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA169/99 beekeeping/France/Landes. Albuquerque, P. M. C. and Mendonça, J. A. (1996) Anthophoridae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) and their associated flora in a 'cerrado' area in Barreirinhas, Ma, Brazil. Acta Amazonica, 26(1/2), 45-54. Original title: Anthophoridae (Hymenoptera; Apoidea) e flora associada em uma formação de cerrado no município de Barreirinhas, Ma, Brasil. In 12 monthly collections from the study area (1991-92) a total of 196 anthophorid bees were identified (6 genera, 17 species). The most abundant genus was Centris (115 individuals from 7 species), followed by Xylocopa (59 from 4 species) then Paratetrapedia (17 from 3 species). Bees of this family visited flowers throughout the year but were most abundant in Oct. and Nov. when there is a peak of flowering in the cerrado. Accession date: 6 September 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt, en. P Walker. Author address: Univ. Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Dept de Biologia, Largo dos Amores 21, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA648/99 Anthophoridae/Centris/Xylocopa/Paratetrapedia/Brazil/foraging/ cerrado/distribution. Alcici, N. M. F. (1997) Heavy metals in propolis: practical and simple procedures to reduce the lead level in the Brazilian propolis. Bee products: properties, applications, and apitherapy [edited by Mizrahi, A.; Lensky, Y.]. New York, USA, Plenum Publishing Corporation, 231-238. P. Walker. Lead content was determined in propolis samples obtained in different conditions from different locations in Brazil. Results are (ppm): from apiaries near big cities, 2.6-4.5; from unpolluted areas, 1.6-2.0; removed from propolis collectors in hives, 2.7-3.1; samples with a layer of paint, 19.0-52.1; without paint (same beekeepers), 1.9-3.8; from painted hives, 3.7-4.1; from unpainted hives (same apiary), 1.1-2.2; removed from metal screens in hives, 2.5-3.7; removed from nails/clamps/wires, 2.6-3.9; wrapped in newspaper, 4.9-6.5; in coloured plastic bags, 3.1-3.6. Measures for reducing the lead content of propolis are suggested, including the siting of apiaries in pollution-free areas, not painting hives (a 6:4 mixture of kerosene oil and beeswax or paraffin is recommended), and using plastic (not metal) grids for collecting propolis. Page(s): 231-238. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Cooperative Nacional dos Produtores de Apitoxina (CONAP), Rua dos Pampas 644, Belo Horizonte, 30.410-580 Minas Gerais, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801449 Apis mellifera/propolis/impurities/lead/Brazil/hive products/as hive products/hives/paints. Alcock, J. (1993) Differences in site fidelity among territorial males of the carpenter bee Xylocopa varipuncta (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Behaviour, 125(3/4), 199-217. Author. Lekking males of X. varipuncta compete for landmark territories, where they are occasionally visited by receptive females. In a study conducted over 3 flight seasons, less than 10% of marked males qualified as long-term residents (bees that held the same hovering station for 90 min or more on at least 2 afternoons). Among this small minority were some bees that returned to the same landmark for up to 3 h every afternoon for several weeks. These males defeated many intruders in aerial combat during each afternoon. The hypothesis that site-faithful males were individuals of unusual resource-holding power is not supported. Long-term residents were not larger on average than short-term territory holders. Moreover, the frequency of mating by long-term residents was very similar to that of males in the general population, suggesting that long-term residents did not hold territories that were exceptionally attractive to females. The rarity of site-faithful males may have been related to the great daily fluctuations in the numbers of potentially receptive females visiting the landmark territories. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601303 Apidae/Xylocopa varipuncta/Xylocopa/males/territory/mating. Alcock, J. (1995) Persistent size variation in the anthophorine bee Centris pallida (Apidae) despite a large male mating advantage. Ecological Entomology, 20(1), 1-4. Author. Despite apparent directional sexual selection in favour of large body size, males of the anthophorine bee Centris pallida remain highly variable in body size. One possible cause of persistent size variation among males is geographical variation in the extent of the large male mating advantage. However, a study of a population in an area not previously investigated (Apache Junction, Arizona, USA) showed that the large male mating advantage was as strong here as it has been elsewhere in other years. Although the reproductive benefits of being large were consistent in populations separated spatially and temporally, the intensity of bird predation on mate-searching males varied greatly between locations. The bee-killing birds focused exclusively on bees which were digging down to meet emerging females or fighting on the ground, never on flying males. Males which were collected on the ground by hand (to simulate avian predation) were significantly larger on average than flying males collected by sweep-netting. Therefore, in some locations in some years, sexual selection in favour of large body size may be opposed by natural selection exerted by predators, perhaps contributing to the maintenance of size variation in this bee. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601248 hymenoptera/size/variation/centris/mating/Apidae/Centris pallida/birds/predators/USA/Arizona/males/predation. Alcock, J. (1995) Body size and its effect on male-male competition in Hylaeus alcyoneus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 8(2), 149-159. Author. The behaviour of male H. alcyoneus was observed at a site in Western Australia in 1993. Large males invariably perched on and defended Banksia flower spikes, whereas smaller males often non-aggressively patrolled circuits that took them repeatedly to several flower spikes. Within the population of males perching on Banksia spikes, larger individuals tended to monopolize inflorescences that were higher in Banksia shrubs, whereas smaller males often occupied spikes closer to the ground. Perches defended by larger males were more quickly occupied by replacements when the original residents were experimentally removed and held in temporary captivity. When released, the original residents invariably returned to and displaced the smaller replacements that had taken their territories. When territory takeovers did occur, the winner was almost always larger than the previous resident, showing that residency effects are secondary to body size in determining territorial ownership in this bee. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800083 Apidae/Hylaeus alcyoneus/Australia/Hylaeus/males/territory/aggression/size/Banksia. Alcock, J. (1996) Site fidelity and homing ability of males of Dawson's burrowing bee (Amegilla dawsoni) (Apidae, Anthophorini). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 69(2), 182-190. Author. At sites in Western Australia, hundreds of males of A. dawsoni often searched together for emerging, receptive females in large, open areas. Males usually patrolled a small fraction of any one emergence site, limiting their search to areas roughly 25 m. In addition, marked males that were displaced 75 m from their restricted search area returned and most individuals immediately relocated the spot where they had been captured while waiting for an emerging female. The same pattern of site fidelity and homing when displaced was observed in males that patrolled for mates in the periphery of emergence areas; marked individuals were regularly recaptured where they had been first taken, and some males that were experimentally displaced returned promptly to their patrolling routes. Strong site fidelity and homing ability may help patrolling males become highly familiar with a manageable number of potential contact points for mates along a trapline. Males with detailed spatial information may be able to minimize travel time between contact points, thereby maximizing encounters with emerging females. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801150 Apidae/Australia/anthophora/mating/males/territory. Alcock, J. (1996) Provisional rejection of three alternative hypotheses on the maintenance of a size dichotomy in males of Dawson's burrowing bee, Amegilla dawsoni (Apidae, Apinae, Anthophorini). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 39, 181-188. Author. Three alternative hypotheses on the male size dimorphism of A. dawsoni, in which there are large (major) and small (minor) males, are examined. One possibility is that minor males are simply the incidental byproduct of environmental conditions that prevent females from provisioning brood cells optimally. This hypothesis is not supported by the finding that males of intermediate size are consistently rare in populations sampled across years and in different regions, nor can it easily account for the absence of a size dichotomy in females. A second possibility is that minors represent a 'best of a bad job' response of females that are small or otherwise disadvantaged. However, presumptive male siblings sometimes include both majors and minors, a result not predicted by this hypothesis. A third explanation is that female brood provisioning strategy results in the production of minors and majors with equal fitness benefit to fitness cost ratios. However, although minor males weigh on average about half what a major weighs, and so represent approximately half the provisioning expense of a major, minor males on average appear to secure far fewer than half the number of matings of majors. If the estimate of mating success of minors is accurate, the net gain to females from producing a minor is unlikely to equal that derived from a major. Therefore the third hypothesis must also be tentatively rejected. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801151 Apidae/anthophora/males/size. Alcock, J. (1996) The relation between male body size, fighting, and mating success in Dawson's burrowing bee, Amegilla dawsoni (Apidae, Apinae, Anthophorini). Journal of Zoology, 239(4), 663-674. Author. Observations of A. dawsoni were made at 3 sites in W. Australia in 1993. Males of A. dawsoni vary greatly in size, with some of the largest individuals as large as the largest females, a rare phenomenon in insects. The occurrence of unusually large males appears to be the product of sexual selection for fighting ability. Males regularly competed aggressively to be in the best position to mount sexually receptive, virgin females as they emerged from the ground. The larger males usually won fights for potential mates, as demonstrated by the fact that males able to defend sites with an emerging female were larger on average than males they kept at bay; the fighting advantage of large males translated into greater mating success. Males captured while mounted on a female were significantly larger on average than randomly captured mate-searching males in 2 of the 3 populations. Moreover, males known to mate more than once were consistently larger than single-mating males in 10 samples taken from 4 populations examined in 1994. Thus, a large male mating advantage applies across years and among populations making it potentially advantageous for females to produce large, superior fighting males about the same size as their female progeny. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801152 Apidae/Australia/anthophora/males/aggression/size/mating. Alcock, J. (1996) Timing of mate-locating by males in relation to female activity in the carpenter bee Xylocopa varipuncta (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 9(2), 321-328. See AA 106/90, 824/93.\0BD. G. Lowe. Data from previous studies [Alcock & Johnson, Journal of Zoology (1990) 221, 1995-204; Alcock & Smith, Journal of Zoology (1987) 211, 1-10] were examined to see when female X. varipuncta visited male territories during the afternoon. The number of females flying near male territories varied greatly over the course of afternoons and from day to day. Measures of female activity and male territorial activity were highly correlated at one study site, both in terms of changes within afternoons and in terms of day-to-day fluctuations. This result supports the hypothesis that males of X. varipuncta time their mate-attracting behaviour to maximize contacts with receptive females. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801213 Xylocopa varipuncta/Apidae/behaviour/Xylocopa/mating/Xylocopa/males/territory/Xylocopa/females/diurnal activity. Alcock, J. (1996) Male size and survival: the effects of male combat and bird predation in Dawson's burrowing bees, Amegilla dawsoni. Ecological Entomology, 21(4), 309-316. Males of A. dawsoni occur in 2 sizes, large (majors) and small (minors). Major males compete aggressively for emerging females in completely exposed emergence areas, whereas minors often employ an alternative mating tactic, which involves rapid patrolling in the vegetated periphery of emergence areas. Observations at 4 nesting sites in W. Australia showed that major males, which wrestle violently with rivals on the ground, experience greater wing wear and a higher risk of wing damage than minor males. In addition, males patrolling emergence areas and waiting on the ground for emerging females are more likely to be killed by predatory birds than are peripheral minors. Measurements of lifespan based on mark-recapture data suggested that majors are slightly shorter-lived than minor males. If male-male combat and predators do reduce the lifespan of major males relative to minors, the effect would be to decrease the lifetime mating advantage of majors relative to minors. Differential mortality could therefore be a factor in the maintenance of the 2 forms of males in this species. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85827, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900418 Amegilla dawsoni/Apidae/Australia/mating/birds. Alcock, J. (1997) Competition from large males and alternative mating tactics of small males of Dawson's burrowing bee (Amegilla dawsoni) (Apidae, Apinae, Anthophorini). Journal of Insect Behavior, 10(1), 99-113. Males of Dawson's burrowing bees (Amegilla dawsoni) search for virgin females at three types of locations (1) open clay patches where females emerge from underground brood cells; (2) adjacent vegetated zones through which females pass after emerging; and (3) clusters of flowering plants, which are often some distance from emergence areas. Large males patrol only at 1, but small males are present at all 3 locations. Most females are mounted and presumably mated as soon as they emerge, but a few are avaiable for the small males patrolling at 2 and 3. Small males hunt for females at 1 when the level of competition is low. Accession date: 7 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Ba. Language: En. . Author address: Dept of Zoology, Arizona State Univ., Tempe, Arizona 85827-1501, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA359/99 Amegilla dawsoni/Anthophoridae/mating/body size/male dimorphism/Arizona/USA. Alcock, J. (1997) Small males emerge earlier than large males in Dawson's burrowing bee (Amegilla dawsoni) (Hymenoptera: Anthophorini). Journal of Zoology, 242, 453-462. Females of Dawson's burrowing bee (Amegilla dawsoni) are receptive to males as they emerge, but have become unreceptive by the time they begin to nest. In addition, there is a single emergence period per year lasting about a month. These factors are predicted to lead to protandry, and males do tend to emerge earlier in the annual flight season than females. Moreover, even during a single day, emerging males tend to precede females. The degree of protandry, however, is size-dependent, with smaller males tending to precede larger ones, both over the course of the flight season and on any given day. Because small males are at a disadvantage in the fights that occur for females, the earlier emergence of small males may be a sexually selected response that reduces the likelihood that they will be displaced from potential mates by larger rivals. Accession date: 7 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author. Author address: Dept of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1501, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA360/99 Amegilla dawsoni/Anthophoridae/mating/body size/male dimorphism/Arizona/USA. Alcock, J. and Houston, T. F. (1996) Mating systems and male size in Australian hylaeine bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). Ethology, 102(3), 591-610. Author. The mating systems of 7 previously unstudied members of the genus Hylaeus and one of Hyleoides are described. Male mating tactics can be categorized as territorial (perched males defend flowers or other sites that attract receptive females) or non-territorial (patrolling males search for receptive females at flowering plants). The 4 species in which some territorial males occur are characterized by grappling fights among males for preferred perches, territorial control by larger males, the possession of prominent spines or other projections on the venter of the abdomen in larger males and the occurrence of some males that are as large as, or larger than, the largest females of their species (the 'largest-male phenomenon'). The 4 species that lack territorial males are distinctive in that males do not engage in grappling contests, lack abdominal weaponry and are smaller than the largest females of their species. Searches for the large-male phenomenon in museum collections of Hylaeus tended to support the sexual-selection-for-fighting-ability hypothesis, which argues that the evolution of unusually large males is a selective consequence of aggressive male-male competition for access to mates. The limitations of the present data set as a comparative test of this hypothesis are discussed. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801178 Apidae/Australia/Hylaeus/mating/males/aggression/size/territory. Aldini, R. N. (1994) Preliminary observations on gregarious sleeping in Amegilla (s. str.) garrula (Rossi) (Hymenoptera Apoidea Anthophoridae). Ethology, Ecology & Evolution(Special issue 3), 131-135. Author. For 2 consecutive years (1990-91) some observations on gregarious sleeping in the solitary bee A. garrula were conducted in Pavia (northern Italy). During the summer of 1991 a few data were collected concerning size, composition and seasonal dynamics of the sleeping aggregation observed; these data are compared with other available findings on some species of Amegilla and Anthophora. Notes on the behaviour of A. garrula from the assembly flights in the evening until the dispersion flights in the morning are given, and its sleeping posture is described and illustrated. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Istituto di Entomologia, Facolta di Agraria, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800056 Andrena garrula/Apidae/behaviour/anthophora/sleep. Aldini, R. N. (1998) Dermestids (Coleoptera, Dermistidae) associated with aculate Hymenoptera nests: a survey. Insect Social Life, 2, 171-175. On the basis of bibliographic sources, a list of European species of Coleoptera Dermestidae found in aculeate Hymenoptera nests is provided, with notes on their hosts and habits. Accession date: 7 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author. Author address: Instituto di Entomologia e Patalogia vegetale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA361/99 social insect symbionts/Demestidae/wasp nests/bee colonies. Alexander, B. A. (1994) Species-groups and cladistic analysis of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Nomada (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 55(6), 175-238. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology and Snow Entomological Museum, Snow Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701269 Apidae/Nomada/taxonomy/phylogeny/geographical distribution. Alexander, B. A. (1995) Description of the female of Nomada dreisbachorum Moalif (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Nomadinae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 71(2), 130-132. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Snow Entomological Museum, Snow Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900107 Apidae/Nomada/females/morphology. Alexander, B. A. (1996) Comparative morphology of the female reproductive system of nomadine bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Nomadinae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington(17), 14-35. Author. Data on the number of ovarioles and the number and size of mature oocytes are presented for 37 species in 20 genera and 13 tribes of cleptoparasitic Nomadinae. Novel structures, here called glandular pouches, which have previously been confused with the venom gland reservoir or Dufour's gland, are described and illustrated. Glandular pouches and 5 or more ovarioles per ovary appear to be apomorphic character states, and occur in all tribes examined except Isepeolini, Osirini, and Protepeolini. The phylogenetic implications of these findings are discussed. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Snow Entomological Museum, Snow Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801188 Apidae/Nomadinae/ovarioles/oocytes/glands. Alexander, B. A. and Michener, C. D. (1995) Phylogenetic studies of the families of short-tongued bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 55(11), 377-424. Author. Phylogenetic analyses of short-tongued bees were made using species representing 48 taxa of short-tongued bees (plus 9 taxa of long-tongued bees and 8 of spheciform wasps) and 109 or 114 characters of adult morphology. Two series of analyses compared the phylogenetic implications of 2 competing hypotheses of character evolution for the glossa. In each series, analyses were made using exemplars and family groundplans reconstructed from the results of the exemplar analyses. The effects of various character weighting procedures were also compared. The monophyly of bees is strongly supported. Although several features of the colletid glossa are clearly apomorphic, the analyses do not support the hypothesis that the shape of the glossa was pointed in the ancestral bee, because Colletidae whose males have a pointed glossa are not located near the base of colletid or bee phylogeny. Families found to be monophyletic are Andrenidae (including Oxaeinae), Halictidae, Stenotritidae (represented in these analyses by only one species), and probably Colletidae. Melittidae are clearly paraphyletic, and are the group of short-tongued bees from which long-tongued bees arose. The Melittidae is subdivided into 3 families, the Meganomiidae, Dasypodidae, and Melittidae proper. Several conflicting hypotheses of relationships among these families are supported in the various analyses, and these hypotheses are highly sensitive to character weighting and assumptions about polarity or ordering of transformation series for only a handful of characters. Although the groundplan analyses provide better resolution than the exemplar analyses, the characters that provide this resolution are highly variable within all the major families. The biogeography and fossil record of bees are briefly discussed in the light of these analyses. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Snow Entomological Museum, Snow Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900027 Apidae/Apoidea/morphology/phylogeny/taxonomy/proboscis/length. Alexander, B. A., Michener, C. D. and Gardner, A. L. (1998) Case 3023. Dasypodidae Börner, 1919 (Insecta, Hymenoptera): proposed emendation of spelling to Dasypodaidae, so removing homonymy with Dasypodidae Gray, 1821 (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 55(1), 24-28. The family-group name Dasypodidae Börner, 1919 (Insecta, Hymenoptera) is a junior homonym of Dasypodidae Gray, 1821 (Mammalia, Xenartha). It is proposed that the homonymy between the two names, which relate to short-tongued bees and armadillos, respectively, should be removed by emending the stem of the generic name to Dasypoda Latreille, 1802, on which the insect family-group name is based, to give Dasypodaidae, while leaving the mammalian name (based on Dasypus Linnaeus, 1758) unchanged. Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758, the type species of Dasypus, has a wide distribution in the southern USA, Central and South America. The genus Dasypoda ranges throughout most of the Palearctic region. Accession date: 7 May 1999. Call number: 59. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author. Author address: Snow Entomological Museum, Snow Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA343/99 Nomenclature/taxonomy/Hymenoptera/Mammalia/Xenartha/ Dasypodaidae/Dasypodidae/Dasypoda/Dasypus. Alexander, B. A. and Schwarz, M. (1994) A catalog of the species of Nomada (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of the world. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 55(7), 239-270. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology and Snow Entomological Museum, Snow Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701268 Apidae/Nomada/taxonomy/geographical distribution. Alexandersson, R. and Agren, J. (1996) Population size, pollinator visitation and fruit production in the deceptive orchid Calypso bulbosa. Oecologia, 107(4), 533-540. D. G. Lowe. The nectarless flowers of C. bulbosa produce a sweet odour. They are visited by various species of bumble bees (in this study, Bombus hypnorum, B. jonellus and B. pratorum) which can act as pollinators by transferring pollinia. In this study of 16 populations of C. bulbosa in northern Sweden, in 1992-1994, the results indicate that life-time seed production may be pollen-limited and that variation in population size and local abundance of the early-flowering nectar-producing Salix caprea (an important food source for Bombus spp.) can only partly explain the extensive variation in pollinator visitation among C. bulbosa populations. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Ecological Botany, Umea, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900042 Calypso bulbosa/Salix caprea/Sweden. Alhaddad, S. and Darchen, B. (1995) Effect of meteorological conditions on the feeding and egg laying of the queen honey bee. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie III, Sciences de la Vie, 318(2), 245-248. Original title or source: Influence des conditions meteorologiques sur l'alimentation et la ponte d'une reine d'abeilles. P. Walker. In studies on Apis mellifera ligustica colonies, workers fed the queen significantly more often, and the queen laid significantly more eggs, on warm days than on cool days; in the night, differences were not significant. From measurements of temperature, RH and air movement inside the hive, it was concluded that activity by foragers, which increased on warm days, caused an increase in air movements. These affected workers in the hive attending the queen. To test this idea, on a cool day with little foraging activity a gentle flow of air was blown into the hive; feeding of the queen and egg laying increased. Library code: Bc. Language: Fr. Author address: Ecole d'apiculture tropicale, Universite Paris VI, 24260 Le Bugue, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800542 Apis mellifera ligustica/beneficial insects/meteorological factors/queen honey bees/worker honey bees/relationship/oviposition/honey bees/weather/effects/honey bees/temperature/hives/microclimate/honey bees. Ali, A. T. M. (1995) Natural honey accelerates healing of indomethacin-induced antral ulcers in rats. Saudi Medical Journal, 16(2), 161-166. Antral ulcers were induced by subcutaneous injection of a single dose of indomethacin (20 mg/kg) in refed rats and the effects of oral treatment with honey (0.156 and 0.312 g/kg) or sucralfate (250 and 500 mg/kg) twice daily on the time-course of healing of antral ulcers were investigated. Sucralfate was used as a reference drug. Treatment with honey or sucralfate was started 24 h after indomethacin administration and rats were killed 3, 5, 10 and 15 days after indomethacin to evaluate gastric lesions. Compared with controls, both honey and sucralfate significantly accelerated healing of antral ulcers. Thus, there were 61-70% and 51-64% more healings than the corresponding controls after 9-14 days treatment with the highest doses of honey and sucralfate, respectively. Furthermore, the healing of ulcers was also reflected by the absence of diarrhoea and the regaining of body weight. Library code: 19 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, PO Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801054 indometacin/sucralfate/laboratory animals/gastrointestinal diseases/honey/rats/stomach ulcers/therapy/effects. Ali, A. T. M. M. (1995) Natural honey exerts its protective effects against ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats by preventing depletion of glandular nonprotein sulfhydryls. Tropical Gastroenterology, 16(1), 18-26. Author. The role of non-protein sulfhydryls (NP-SH) in the protective effects of honey against ethanol-induced gastric lesions was studied in rats. Sucralfate and ranitidine were used as known standard gastroprotective agents. Honey orally, and drugs orally or subcutaneously, were administered to 24-h fasted rats 30 or 90 min before oral administration of ethanol. Mucosal damage and the glandular NP-SH levels were measured 1 h after ethanol. Both honey and sucralfate dose-dependently afforded protection against gastric damage and reversed the changes in glandular NP-SH levels induced by ethanol. Ranitidine was ineffective. Pretreatment with indomethacin (IND) did not alter the protective effects of honey or the NP-SH levels, but significantly reduced the protective effects of sucralfate. On the other hand, pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (NME) significantly reduced the protective effects of both honey and sucralfate and lowered the NP-SH levels. Combined IND and NEM treatment caused a significant reduction of the protective effects of honey and NP-SH levels, but the values were not significantly different from those obtained with NEM alone. In contrast, combined IND plus NEM treatment completely abolished the protective effects of sucralfate and significantly lowered the NP-SH levels. An analysis of variance showed a highly significant correlation between the percentage protection afforded by honey or sucralfate and the percentage changes in glandular NP-SH. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Medical Pharmacology (31), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801055 sucralfate/ranitidine/ethanol/indometacin/N-ethylmalimide/laboratory animals/rats/stomach/lesions/honey/effects/stomach ulcers. Ali, A. T. M. M. and Al-Swayeh, O. A. (1996) The role of nitric oxide in gastric protection by honey. Saudi Medical Journal, 17(3), 301-306. Author. Honey orally and drugs intraperitoneally were administered to 24-hour fasted male rats 30, 45 or 60 min before oral administration of 1 ml ethanol. Gastric mucosal lesions were assessed 1 h after ethanol administration. Pre-treatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (LAME) (12.5-50 mg/kg), which is reported to inhibit nitric oxide synthesis in various cells, dose dependently aggravated ethanol-induced gastric lesions. The enhancement of lesions was time-depentant and maximum effect occurred if it was given 45 min before ethanol. Pre-treatment with honey (1.25 mg/kg) afforded protection against ethanol-induced lesions by 78%. Pre-treatment with LAME at 12.5 and 25 mg/kg reduced the protective effect of honey to 63% and 43% respectively. The attenuating effect of LAME (25 mg/kg) on honey-induced gastric protection was reversed by L-arginine (200 mg/kg) but not by D-arginine (200 mg/kg). The results suggest that LAME aggravates gastric lesions by inhibiting biosynthesis of nitric oxide and the gastric protection by honey may be due to modulation of the nitric oxide system since pre-treatment with LAME reduced the protective effect of honey, which was reversible by L-arginine but not by D-arginine. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Medical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, PO Box 2925, Riyagh 11461, Saudi Arabia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900287 laboratory animals/ toxicity/ethanol/arginine. Ali, A. T. M. M. and Al-Swayeh, O. A. (1997) Natural honey prevents ethanol-induced increased vascular permeability changes in the rat stomach. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 55(3), 231-238. Author. Oral administration of honey (0.078-0.625 g/kg) 30 min before ethanol dose-dependently attenuated ethanol-induced increased vascular permeability. Pretreatment with a sulfhydryl blocker, N-ethylmaleimide (0.050 g/kg, subcutaneously), caused enhancement of ethanol-induced vascular permeability changes. Treatment with N-ethylmaleimide before honey reduced the protective effects of honey. Similarly, sucralfate (0.031-0.250 g/kg) orally and allopurinol (0.025-0.050 g/kg) intravenously inhibited vascular permeability caused by ethanol and treatment with N-ethylmaleimide before sucralfate or allopurinol reduced their inhibitory effects. The results suggest that the protective effect of honey may be mediated through sulfhydryl-sensitive processes and it may also possess antioxidant properties. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Medical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900285 laboratory animals/ethanol/toxicity. Alippi, A. (1997) Background on American foulbrood in Argentina. Bee World, 78(2), 92-95. D. G. Lowe. AFB, caused by Paenibacillus larvae, was first found in Argentina in 1985 and has since become widespread. Symptoms, resistance to antibiotics including oxytetracycline and sodium sulfathiazole, and laboratory techniques for identification purposes, are discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: CIC Laboratorio de Fitopatologia, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, c. c. 31, Galles 60 y 119, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801358 bee diseases/Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/control methods/diagnosis/honey bee brood/American foul brood/Argentina/Paenibacillus larvae/antibiotics/resistance. Alippi, A. M. (1992) Evaluation of the resistance of strains of Bacillus alvei to five antibiotics used for the control of American and European foul brood. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia (La Plata), 68, 79-82. Original title or source: Evaluacion de la resistencia de cepas de Bacillus alvei a cinco antibioticos utilizados para el control de las loques americana y europea. P. Walker. B. alvei strains were isolated from samples of honey bee larvae with foul brood symptoms and were then tested in vitro with 5 antibiotics. They were significantly less sensitive to oxytetracycline (OT) than to the other antibiotics. The study showed that B. alvei has developed a resistance to OT (which is widely used in Argentina); the degree of infection in source colonies was proportional to the level of resistance shown in the tests. Library code: Bc. Language: Es. Author address: Catedra de Fitopatologia, Facultad de Cs. Agrarias y Forestales, UNLP, CC 31, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600656 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bee brood/foul brood/control methods/Bacillus alvei/antibiotics/oxytetracycline/effects/Argentina. Alippi, A. M. (1992) Transport of Bacillus larvae spores by the mite Varroa jacobsoni. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia (La Plata), 68, 83-86. Original title or source: Transporte de esporas de Bacillus larvae por el acaro Varroa jacobsoni. Scanning electron micrographs revealed B. larvae spores on the dorsal shield of a female mite. Library code: Bc. Language: Es. Author address: Area de Fitopatologia, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales U N L P, calles 60 y 118, cc 31 (1900) La Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601066 bee diseases/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/vectors/Bacillus larvae/honey bee brood/American foul brood/transmission. Alippi, A. M. (1995) American foul brood: present problems in Argentina. Vida Apicola(73), 49-53. Original title or source: La loque americana. Problematica actual en Argentina. P. Walker. Symptoms and diagnosis of AFB (caused by Bacillus larvae) are described and discussed. In Argentina, the clinical symptoms, and thus the diagnosis, of AFB and EFB are often confused. Most samples from colonies suspected of having AFB actually contain spores of Bacillus alvei which is associated with EFB. In addition, colonies are given too much preventive treatment, especially with tetracycline, and this masks the symptoms of the disease, which may therefore spread among colonies. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Laboratorio de Fitopatologia, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701415 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/bee diseases/Bacillus larvae/Bacillus alvei/diagnosis/ control methods/tetracycline/American foul brood/Argentina/honey bee brood. Alippi, A. M. (1995) Detection of Bacillus larvae spores in Argentinian honeys by using a semi-selective medium. Microbiologia SEM, 11, 343-350. Author. A semi-selective medium for the detection in honey of spores of Bacillus larvae was developed. The technique involves dilution of samples (1:2) in phosphate buffer, concentration of spores by centrifugation and heat treatment prior to inoculation. Two media (JNxPa and JNxPb) were prepared from J-agar, to which nalidixic acid and pipemidic acid were added. Both JNxP media were reliable for the isolation of B. larvae colonies and, at the same time, prevented the development of other Bacillus species which normally develop on the plates before B. larvae spores can germinate. The use of these media will enable the transmission of AFB in Argentina (first diagnosed in 1989) to be studied. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Laboratorio de Fitopatalogia, Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801418 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/bee diseases/Argentina/American foul brood/transmission/honey bee brood/honey/contamination/Bacillus larvae/culture media. Alippi, A. M. (1996) Characterization of strains of Paenibacillus larvae by biochemical type and resistance to oxytetracycline. Revista Argentina de Microbiologia, 28(2), 197-203. Original title or source: Caracterizacion de aislamientos de Paenibacillus larvae mediante tipo bioquimico y resistencia a oxitetraciclina. D. G. Lowe. A total of 91 isolates of P. larvae from Argentina, France, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden, Poland, Czech Republic, USA and Germany, were characterized according to their biochemical characteristics and susceptibility to oxytetracycline (OTC). All the isolates were biochemical type II, except 5 from Argentina and 1 from Czech Republic which were type V. Resistance to OTC was shown by 23 isolates (all from Argentina), for which the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 10-15 g/ml; MIC values for the susceptible isolates were 5 g/ml. Library code: Bb. Language: Es. Author address: Laboratorio de Fitopatologia, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800727 oxytetracycline/resistance/inhibition/Paenibacillus larvae/of Paenibacillus larvae/by oxytetracycline/biochemistry/Argentina. Alippi, A. M. and Aguilar, O. M. (1998) Characterization of isolates of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae from diverse geographical origin by the polymerase chain reaction and BOX primers. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 72, 21-27. 99 strains of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB) in honey bees, were isolated from different regions of Argentina and other countries. The isolates were characterized on the basis of DNA fingerprints by a polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR) with BOX sequence-specific primers. Isolates from Argentina generated 3 groups of patterns (A, B and C), while P. l. larvae strains obtained from other countries yielded two distinguishable patterns (coincident with A and B). Strains from the USA and Germany were identical and related to group A, while all Czech and UK isolates belonged to group B. Strains from France, Poland, Italy, Sweden, and New Zealand showed two different patterns (A and B). Comparisons of the biochemical type and genotype of isolates showed no obvious link between both features. These results suggest that AFB in Argentina originated from multiple sources of contaminated material. Accession date: 7 May 1999. Call number: 638.154. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Laboratorio de Fitopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, UNLP, calles 60 y 118, cc 31, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA518/99 Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae/American foulbrood/Apis mellifera/honey bees/DNA fingerprinting/polymerase chain reaction/Argentina. Alippi, A. M. and Aguilar, O. M. (1998) Unique DNA fingerprint patterns of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae strains. Journal of Apicultural Research, 37(4), 273-280. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers that anneal to dispersed repetitive bacterial sequences, genomic fingerprints of a collection of 100 P. l. larvae isolates were generated and, using BOX-primers, the strains were grouped into three clusters named A, B and C. Genotypes A and C were closely related and all three patterns were highly similar. P. l. larvae banding patterns were distinctive from those of all other Paenibacillus, Bacillus and Brevibacillus species from honey bee larvae and honey (n = 41) examined. P. larvae subsp. pulvifaciens, the causative agent of powdery scale disease, was closely related to P. l. larvae genotype B, where the only difference found between these subspecies was a band of about 2000 bp. When using ERIC-primers, band differences between both species were not detectable whereas clear differences were noticed with REP-primers. The fingerprints obtained with BOX- and REP-primers appeared unique to P. l. larvae in relation to those generated by other Paenibacillus, Bacillus and Brevibacillus species that share the same habitat. Accession date: 4 September 1999. Call number: 638.15. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author. Author address: Laboratorio de Fitopatalogia, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, UNLP, calles 60 y 118, cc 31, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1094/99 Paenibacillus larvae/American foulbrood/Bacillus/Brevibacillus/Paenibacillus/Apis mellifera/honey bees/DNA fingerprinting/polymerase chain reaction. Alippi, A. M., Albo, G. N., Marcangeli, J., Leniz, D. and Noriega, A. (1995) The mite Varroa jacobsoni does not transmit American foulbrood from infected to healthy colonies. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 19(10), 607-613. The present study was conducted to determine whether Varroa jacobsoni can transmit American foulbrood (AFB), caused by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae [Bacillus larvae], to healthy colonies by the surface transport of spores. Five two-storey Langstroth colonies of Apis mellifera ligustica were infested by placing a sealed brood comb, with 10% Varroa prevalence, between the central brood combs of each colony. Two months later the colonies were inoculated with B. larvae by adding brood comb pieces with clinical signs of AFB (45 <+-> 5 scales/colony). After 60 days the brood area was completely uncapped by means of dissecting needles and tweezers, separating the Varroa mites from the larvae and the collected mites were introduced at a rate of 51/colony into 4 recipient hives placed in an isolated apiary. Twenty female Varroa specimens were separated at random and observed by SEM. B. larvae spores were found on the dorsal shield surface and on idiosomal setae. All colonies died after 4-5 months due to a high incidence of varroasis. No clinical AFB symptoms or B. larvae spores were observed in microscopic preparations. It is concluded that Varroa jacobsoni does not transmit AFB from infected to healthy colonies; it does, however transport B. larvae spores on its surface. Library code: 19 ref. Language: En. Author address: Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, cc 31, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800226 mites/arthropod pests/insects/beneficial insects/pollinators/Bacillus larvae/vectors/transmission/Apis mellifera ligustica/Varroa jacobsoni/hosts/Apis mellifera/ectoparasites/American foul brood/Apis mellifera/pests/honey bees/of honey bees/spores/honey bee brood. Alippi, A. M., Ringuelet, J. A., Cerimele, E. L., Re, M. S. and Henning, C. P. (1996) Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils against Paenibacillus larvae, the causal agent of American foulbrood disease. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 4(2), 9-16. Author. Essential oils from savory (Satureja hortensis), lavandin (Lavandula hybrida), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), peppermint (Mentha piperita), oregano (Origanum vulgare), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) were tested for antimicrobial activities against Paenibacillus larvae, the causal agent of AFB. Trials for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these oils revealed that lemon grass and thyme were the most effective, with MIC values between 50 to 100 l/l and 100 to 150 l/l, respectively, in tests with 8 P. larvae strains from different Argentinian geographical regions. The findings indicate that lemon grass and thyme oils could be used as effective inhibitors of AFB in honey bee colonies [Apis mellifera]. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Laboratorio de Fitopatologia, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800725 Paenibacillus larvae/essential oils/inhibition/of Paenibacillus larvae/by essential oils/honey bee brood/American foul brood/control methods. Al-Kirshi, A. G., Reichmuth, C. and Bochow, H. (1998) Biological control of Anthrenus verbasci (L.) and Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) with the ectoparasitic wasp Laelius pedatus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Bulletin OILB/SROP, 21(3), 45-50. When honey diluted in water was provided to female L. pedatus, the numbers of host larvae paralysed and of eggs laid increased slightly. Editor(s): Adler, C; Schoeller, M. Book title: Integrated protection of stored products. Proceedings of the meeting at Zurich, Switzerland, 31 August-2 September, 1997. editors: Adler, C; Schoeller, M. Accession date: 27 August 1999. Call number: 638.16. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: Humboldt-Univ. of Berlin, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Dept of Phytomedicine and Phytopathology, Lentzeallee 55-57, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA876/99 honey/diet/nutrition/wasps/parasites. Allan, L. F. (1994) Consumers expect their food to be safe. A food handlers' guide for beekeepers. Australasian Beekeeper, 95(11), 463-469. A. G. Matheson. The implementation of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system to honey production and processing is described, giving for each operation the potential hazards, monitoring procedures (Critical Control Points) and suitable preventative measures. The HACCP system is a form of quality assurance used in the wider food industry, and its use is recommended for beekeepers wishing to comply with new food hygiene regulations in Western Australia. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600729 food hygiene/food inspection/honey/quality/processing/food legislation/Australia/Western Australia/hygiene. Allan, L. F. (1996) Preventing the spread of American foul brood disease through barrier management of hives. Bulletin - Western Australia Department of Agriculture(4318), 16. D. G. Lowe. This illustrated booklet describes the causes, effects, propagation, control and economic impact of AFB in Western Australia, and sets out in detail the principles of 'barrier management' to control the disease. This system was introduced in the 1980s and is now used by about 80% of Western Australia's commercial beekeepers. Beekeepers may either use queen excluders to confine brood to the lower box, leaving supers free of brood for extracting, or they may manage their hives without excluders and extract honey on-site using a mobile extracting van. The merits and risks of the 2 methods are discussed. Numbering and colour coding of equipment can be used to ensure that frames can be returned to the same super, and the super to the hive which had it originally. The aspects of management discussed include making nuclei, honey extraction, autumn and winter management, keeping apiary records and hygiene. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Agriculture Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801007 Paenibacillus larvae/honey bee brood/American foul brood/control methods/beekeeping/management/disease control/Australia/Western Australia/queen excluders/movable-comb hives. Allan, L. F. (1997) Beekeeping in Sichuan Province, China. Bee Biz(6), 30-32. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Animal Research and Development Services, Agriculture Western Australia, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900482 beekeeping/China. Allan, L. F., Kesavan, V., Kleinschmidt, G. and Anning, P. (1993) Honeybee pollination of crops. Bulletin - Western Australian Department of Agriculture(4250), 35. D. G. Lowe. The economic potential of honey bee pollination of crops, particularly in Western Australia, is outlined in the introduction to this bulletin. Section 2 explains the principles of pollination, including sex expression and mode of pollination, outcrossing mechanisms, agents of pollination and pollination management. Foraging by honey bees is described in section 3, which explains what makes a food source attractive to foraging honey bees, and how the foraging behaviour of a honey bee colony can be manipulated to maximize pollination benefits for the grower. Section 4 describes apiary management and nutrition in more detail and deals with topics such as pollination hives, colony population level, colony migration, selecting apiary sites, provision of suitable pollen, and crop isolation; this section concludes with an example of a pollination agreement. Section 5, on effects of pest control methods on pollination, deals with how honey bees may be accidentally poisoned and includes a table of pesticides with their toxicities to honey bees. The bulletin includes a list of information sources, a glossary of technical terms and a subject index. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Department of Agriculture, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, Western Australia 6151, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600772 beneficial insects/pollinators/honey bees/Apis mellifera/Australia/Western Australia/nontarget effects/chemical control/poisoning/pesticides/toxicity/crop management/economics/honey bee colonies/manipulations/pollination/for pollination/crops/by honey bees/of crops/hiring. Allen, K. L. and Molan, P. C. (1997) The sensitivity of mastitis-causing bacteria to the antibacterial activity of honey. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 40(4), 537-540. Seven mastitis pathogens (Actinomyces pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Nocardia asteroides, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis) of cows were tested for their sensitivity to the antibacterial activity of honey. The growth of all seven pathogens was completely inhibited by Rewarewa honey (Knightia excelsa, with antibacterial activity attributed to its content of hydrogen peroxide) at a concentration of 10% (v/v) in agar plates, and 2 were inhibited by 5% Rewarewa honey. Six species were completely inhibited by manuka honey (Leptospermum scoparium, with antibacterial activity attributed to its content of a non-peroxide component) at a concentration of 5% (v/v). Only 1 species was inhibited by 10% (v/v) artificial honey (containing sugars and gluconic acid as in natural honey). It is concluded that as honey is harmless to tissues and leaves no undesirable residues in milk, it may be of interest for us in clinical mastitis therapy. Accession date: 7 May 1999. Call number: 638.167. Library code: Ba. Language: En. . Author address: Honey Research Unit, Dept of Biological Sciences, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA599/99 honey/mastitis in cows/antibacterial activity/Manuka honey/Leptospermum scoparium/Rewarewa honey/Knightia excelsa. Allen, M. and Ball, B. (1996) The incidence and world distribution of honey bee viruses. Bee World, 77(3), 141-162. D. G. Lowe. This review, with 122 references, gives information on the world distribution and characteristics of 16 viruses which have been isolated from honey bees chronic paralysis, chronic paralysis associate, cloudy wing, acute paralysis, black queen cell, deformed wing/Egypt, Kashmir, sacbrood, slow paralysis, bee virus X, bee virus Y, filamentous, deformed wing, Kashmir (Indian type strain), Thai sacbrood and Apis iridescent. The first 12 are found in Apis mellifera and the last 4 in A. cerana; in addition, black queen cell virus has been found in A. florea and Thai sacbrood has been found in A. florea and A. dorsata. Additional viruses for which limited information is available are described briefly. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology and Nematology, IACR Rothamsted, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800220 Apis mellifera/bee diseases/bee acute paralysis virus/bee chronic paralysis virus/bee chronic paralysis virus associate/black queen cell virus/Kashmir bee virus/sacbrood virus/cloudy wing virus/deformed wing virus/bee slow paralysis virus/bee virus X/bee virus Y/filamentous virus/Thai sacbrood virus/Apis iridescent virus/honey bees/viral diseases/geographical distribution/international comparisons/honey bee brood/diseases/viruses/bee viruses/Apis cerana/Apis dorsata/Apis florea. Allen, M. F. (1995) Bees and beekeeping in Nepal. Bee World, 76(4), 185-194. D. G. Lowe. This short review of beekeeping in Nepal, with 17 references, deals with the following aspects: geography of the region, honey bee species (Apis cerana, A. florea, A. dorsata, A. laboriosa and the introduced A. mellifera), honey bee forage and agricultural crops, beekeeping with A. cerana and A. mellifera, the Bee Development Programme (BDP), the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), and honey bee pathogens, parasites and predators. Possibilities for the future are discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology and Nematology, IACR Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts., AL5 2JQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700564 honey bees/apis/beekeeping/Nepal. Allen, M. F. and Ball, B. V. (1995) Characterisation and serological relationships of strains of Kashmir bee virus. Annals of Applied Biology, 126(3), 471-484. Author. Isolates of novel strains of Kashmir bee virus (KBV) were obtained from field-collected dead adults of Apis mellifera from Canada and Spain. They differed from other strains of KBV in their tendency to aggregate in dilute buffer solution and in containing only 3 proteins when analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis compared with 5 proteins resolved in the type strain of KBV from Apis cerana in India and 6 proteins in KBV strains from South Australia and New Zealand. Immunodiffusion tests and Western blotting studies indicated that the 5 virus isolates were serologically related and all were related to acute paralysis virus (APV). The world distribution of KBV strains and their apparent relationship with APV are discussed. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: IACR, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. AL5 2JQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700659 Apis mellifera/Apis cerana/India/Australia/New Zealand/Western blotting/bee acute paralysis virus/beneficial insects/honey bees/diseases/viruses/viral diseases/bee viruses/Kashmir bee virus/Canada/Spain. Allsop, K. A. and Miller, J. B. (1996) Honey revisited: a reappraisal of honey in pre-industrial diets. British Journal of Nutrition, 75(4), 513-520. Evidence from the stone age, antiquity, middle ages and early modern times suggests that ordinary people ate much larger quantities of honey than has previously been acknowledged. Intakes at various times during history may well have rivalled current consumption of refined sugar. There are implications therefore for the role of sugar in modern diets which may not have displaced more nutrient-rich items from present-day diets but only the nutritionally comparable food, honey. Library code: 32 ref. Language: En. Author address: Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800287 man/sugar/diet/honey/consumption/history/history/sugars/history. Allsopp, M. (1998) Survey for Varroa jacobsoni in South Africa. South African Bee Journal, 70(1), 145-154. In Sept.-Dec. 1997 samples from 1307 honey bee colonies in 201 apiaries were examined for varroa mites, In the western Cape over half the 260 colonies surveyed were infested, but elsewhere in the country the incidence was very low (2% of colonies), and the affected colonies had all been previously migrated to an infested area. The SW coast appears to have been the point of origin of the mites which may have arrived on a ship-borne swarm. In this area 75% of feral colonies were infested. Accession date: 13 April 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Honeybee Section, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA530/99 Apis mellifera\Varroa jacobsoni, infestation\wild honey bee colonies\South Africa. Allsopp, M. (1998) Capensis remnants do abscond. South African Bee Journal, 70(1), 156-160. Apis mellifera scutellata colonies invaded by A. m. capensis (C) tend to dwindle down to a few C workers which may either rear a new queen and re-establish a colony, or apparently die out. However, another possibility is that these last few workers abscond and then start a new colony. When many trap boxes in Kwazulu-Natal were examined, some were found to contain very black bees. When bee samples from 6 boxes were examined, some ovariole development was found in 78-93% of them and full development in 28-53%. After 14 days laying worker brood was present in all boxes, and a queen in one box and queen cells in the other 5. The results suggest that these new C colonies have developed from C bees that have absconded from dwindled colonies. Therefore, beekeepers must not assume that a dwindled colony will naturally die out and they must eliminate the remaining bees. Accession date: 13 April 1999. Call number: 638.123. Library code: Bj. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Honeybee Section, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA471/99 Apis mellifera capensis/pests, honey bees/absconding/Kwazulu-Natal. Allsopp, M. and Crewe, R. (1995) Report [on the Cape bee problem]. South African Bee Journal, 67(2, supplement), 6-16. A. G. Matheson. In 1992 beekeepers in South Africa observed invasion of Apis mellifera scutellata colonies by A. m. capensis workers and their usurpation of scutellata queens, a phenomenon which subsequently became worse and was dubbed the 'Cape bee problem'. This discussion paper for a workshop held in April 1995 outlines the legislative measures taken and the effects on the beekeeping industry. Further options for research and beekeeping practice are outlined. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700621 honey bees/races/Apis mellifera capensis/Apis mellifera scutellata/beekeeping/legislation/South Africa/laying worker honey bees. Allsopp, M., Govan, V. and Davison, S. (1997) Bee health report: Varroa in South Africa. Bee World, 78(4), 171-174. D. G. Lowe. V. jacobsoni was found for the first time in South Africa, in experimental honey bee colonies in Stellenbosch, on 22 August 1997. A subsequent survey of 263 commercial colonies in the area showed that 124 were infested. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Honeybee Section, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900979 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni. Allsopp, M. H. (1994) Foundation cell-size, super-size and honey production. South African Bee Journal, 66(6), 130-135. A. G. Matheson. Near Stellenbosch, South Africa, 9 colonies of Apis mellifera capensis of equal strength and headed by sister queen bees were established at each of 2 sites during a strong nectar flow. Honey storage area was provided by: (A) 1 deep super containing 9 frames fitted with worker foundation (1016-1042 cells/dm); (B) 2 shallow supers each containing 9 frames fitted with worker foundation; (C) two shallow supers each with 9 frames fitted with drone foundation (482-500 cells/dm). New supers of the same type were added once to each hive in each group. Average honey production per colony was 29.3, 18.6 and 15.7 kg and honey:wax ratio (measured only on frames 90% filled with sealed honey) 122.8, 60.3 and 47.9 both for A, B and C respectively. Honey production figures were highly variable and no statistics are provided, but it is suggested that deep supers with worker foundation (A) are most suited to increasing honey production. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Honeybee Research Division, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601021 honey/production/beekeeping/management/super frames/super bodies/foundation/movable-comb hives. Allsopp, M. H. and Hepburn, H. R. (1997) Swarming, supersedure and the mating system of a natural population of honey bees (Apis mellifera capensis). Journal of Apicultural Research, 36(1), 41-48. Author. Observations on the natural incidence of swarming and supersedure in 30 colonies of A. m. capensis over 4 years showed that swarming and supersedure occur in different seasons but with similar frequencies. Swarming is correlated with an influx of pollen and increased drone production; supersedure with declining pollen availability and decreased brood production. Neither swarming nor supersedure can be predicted by prior queen replacement events in a colony. Whether a virgin queen is the product of either a swarm or supersedure colony, probability favours matings with drones of swarm queen origin in both swarming and supersedure seasons. Because of frequency differences in the timing of swarming and supersedure there are more swarming than supersedure events on a yearly basis. Among supersedure queens, queens produced from the diploid eggs of laying workers are relatively rare. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X5017, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801314 South Africa/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera capensis/mating/swarming/reproduction/queen honey bees/supersedure/honey bee colonies/seasonal cycle. Alm, J., Ohnmeiss, T. E., Lanza, J. and Vriesenga, L. (1990) Preference of cabbage white butterflies and honey bees for nectar that contains amino acids. Oecologia, 84(1), 53-57. The importance of amino acids in attracting butterflies and bees to flowers was tested by allowing adults of Pieris rapae and Apis mellifera to feed from artificial flowers containing sugar-only or sugar-amino acid mimics of Lantana camara nectar. A. mellifera and females of P. rapae consumed more sugar-amino acid mixture than sugar-only solution. In addition, both visited artificial flowers containing sugar-amino acid solutions more frequently than flowers containing only sugar. Males of P. rapae did not discriminate between the 2 solutions. The results support the hypothesis that the amino acids of nectar contribute to pollinator attraction and/or feeding. Language: En. Author address: Biology Department, State University of New York College at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY 14063, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700186 Apis mellifera/Pieris rapae/foraging/honey bees/Lepidoptera/amino acids/nectar. Almeida, M. C. d. (1992) Four new species of Trigona (s. str.) (Apidae, Meliponinae) from the neotropical region. Acta Biologica Paranaense, 21(1/4), 181-193. Original title or source: Quatro especies novas de Trigona (s. str.) (Apidae, Meliponinae) da regiao neotropical. T. mazucatoi, T. setentrionalis, T. permodica and T. albipennis are described. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, UFPR, Caixa Postal 19.020-51531-970 Curitiba, Parana, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900828 Apidae/Trigona/taxonomy/morphology. Almeida, M. C. d. (1993) A new species of Osiris Smith, 1854, (Apoidea, Anthophoridae). Acta Biologica Paranaense, 22(1/4), 125-129. Original title or source: Uma nova especie de Osiris Smith, 1854 (Apoidea, Anthophoridae). O. santiagoi from the cerrado region of Parana state in Brazil is described. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900822 Apidae/Brazil/Osiris/taxonomy/morphology. Almeida, P. A. R. (1992) Contribution to the characterization of honey in the agrarian zone of Terra Quente, Thesis, Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal. Original title or source: Contribuicao para a caracterizacao do mel da zona agraria da Terra Quente. P. A. Russo Almeida. One of the obstacles to the commercialization of Portuguese honey abroad is the absence of clear characterization and its failure to conform to European quality standards. In this study, 31 samples of honey were gathered in 4 concelhos (subdivisions) of the agrarian zone of Terra Quente, and their pollen spectra and physicochemical properties are reported. Previously, a botanical study of the zone was carried out and a collection of pollen reference slides was produced. The pollen preparation was carried out according to the modified acetolysis method. Of the 31 samples, 14 were classified as unifloral from Arabian lavender (Lavandula pedunculata), 13 as multifloral and 4 were excluded as they showed symptoms of deterioration. The results indicate that the minimum content of L. pedunculata pollen in a honey for it to be classed as unifloral should be 15%. There was a significant relationship (P 0.001) between the physicochemical characteristics of the honeys and the pedological and climatic characteristics of the zone of origin. Climatic factors could have been responsible for some of the variability in the results, especially sucrose content. The results show that normal variation limits in the honeys of this area need to be established, particularly for Arabian lavender honey which has its own unique characteristics because of the pedological-climatic conditions in its zone of origin. Page(s): vii + 148 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601482 lavandula stoechas/climatic factors/pedology/honey/composition/characteristics/Portugal/Lavandula/pollen analysis/theses. Almeida, R. d. and Soares, A. E. E. (1995) Colour discrimination by chartreuse-limao mutant honey bees (Apis mellifera). Apicultura Moderna(7), 25-27. Original title or source: Discriminacion de colores por abejas mutantes chartreuse-limao (Apis mellifera). P. Walker. Honey bees were placed in a hexagonal container fitted with fluorescent lights emitting 6 different wavelengths, and preferences were recorded. UV light attracted 97.5% of heterozygotic (for the chartreuse-limao allele) bees and 95.3% of wild-type bees, but only 68% of the homozygotic (mutant) bees; 19% of mutants preferred green and 7% white. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Genetica, F. M. R. P., Universidad de Sao Paulo, CEP 14049-900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800917 Apis mellifera/senses/honey bees/vision/colour/mutants/ultraviolet radiation. Almeida, R. d. and Soares, A. E. E. (1998) Division of labour among worker honey bees homozygous and heterozygous for the mutant allele chartreuse-limão (chli). Journal of Apicultural Research, 37(4), 255-259. The division of labour among worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) homozygous (chli/chli) and heterozygous (chli/+) for the mutant eye colour allele chartreuse-limão (chli) was observed daily for five months. Sixteen different activities were studied. The chli/+ bees behave normally in the hive, but the abnormal eye pigmentation associated with chli affects orientation and flight of chli/chli bees, thereby reducing lifespan, and preventing normal activity outside the hive. Accession date: 4 September 1999. Call number: 638.124. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author. Author address: Departamento Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade São Paulo, AV Bandeirantes 3900, CEP 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1059/99 Apis mellifera/worker honey bees/division of labour/eye-colour mutant/chartreuse-limão/allele/genetics. Al-Mufarrej, S. I. and El-Sarag, M. S. A. (1997) Effects of royal jelly on the humoral antibody response and blood chemistry of chickens. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 12(1), 41-47. 40 chickens were divided into 4 equal groups A, B, C and D, each consisting of 5 male and 5 female birds. At 8 weeks of age, the birds of groups B and C were treated each with 200 mg royal jelly (RJ), given orally or subcutaneously, respectively. Simultaneously, both groups, as well as group A were immunized with 0.2 ml of 10% sheep red blood cells (SRBC) suspension in PBS and re- immunized 10 days later with a second similar dose. Group D served as non-immunized control. Treatment with RJ increased antibody production against SRBC in groups B and C, as compared to group A. Blood cholesterol and potassium concentrations were reduced in RJ treated birds, while non-significant changes in concentrations of electrolytes and other blood constituents were recorded. It is concluded that RJ is an effective immunostimulant and that antibody production is more pronounced following subcutaneous administration compared with oral administration, and during secondary immunization compared with primary immunization. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Departments of Animal Production and Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901036 blood chemistry/chickens/antibody formation/immune response/drug delivery systems/immunotherapy/fowls/royal jelly/supplements/royal jelly supplements. Alonso Rodriguez, J. M. (1991) Ascosphaerosis in Apis mellifera in Spain. Aetiological characterization of outbreaks of this disease in eleven autonomous communities, Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Extremadura, Caceres,Spain. Original title or source: La ascosferiosis en Apis mellifera L. en Espana. Caracterizacion etiologica de brotes de la enfermedad en once comunidades autonomas. P. Vit. Ascosphaera apis and A. major were the two species found in 47 outbreaks; they were identified by morphometric studies of ascocysts and ascospores. Agar MY20 was an adequate culture medium for A. apis and prevented mycelial collapse. The results of enzymatic studies are discussed in relation to the pathogenic action of A. apis on honey bee larvae. Page(s): iv + 40 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Es. Author address: Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Caceres, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700267 honey bee broodá/chalk brood/Spain/aetiology/Ascosphaera apis/culture media/enzymes/Ascosphaera major/theses/Ascosphaera. Alonso Rodriguez, J. M., Puerta Puerta, F., Hermoso de Mendoza Salcedo, J., Rey Perez, J., Gil Anaya, M. C. and Hermoso de Mendoza Salcedo, M. (1993) Honey bee [Apis mellifera] chalk brood in Spain. A mycological study of 47 outbreaks of the disease. Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia, 10(2), 39-46. Original title or source: La ascosferosis de la abeja melifera en Espana. Estudio micologico de 47 brotes de la enfermedad. Author. In 1988-90, in 47 outbreaks of chalk brood in 11 Spanish regions, 125 non-sporulating and 138 sporulating isolates were obtained on MY20 agar. Strain identification was based on cultural and morphological features and cross-compatibility tests with reference strains of Ascosphaera apis and A. major. Morphological studies were done using light and SE microscopy, and by measurement of ascocysts, asci and ascospores of the sporulating strains. The species isolated in all outbreaks was A. apis. Library code: Bc. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Medicina y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, UNEX, Carretera de Trujillo s/n, 10071 Caceres, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700268 bee diseases/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bee brood/chalk brood/Spain/Ascosphaera apis/strains. Alonso Rodriguez, J. M., Puerto Puerto, F., Hermoso de Mendoza Salcedo, J., Rey Perez, J., Gil Anaya, M. C. and Hermoso do Mendoza Salcedo, M. (1994) Enzymatic profile and subspecific variability of Ascosphaera apis. Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia, 11(2), 32-36. Original title or source: Perfil enzimatico y variabilidad subespecifica de Ascosphaera apis. Author. Enzymatic activities of 125 non-sporulated isolates from chalk brood cadavers in Spain and 3 reference strains of Ascosphaera apis were studied. Qualitative methods were used for 17 enzymatic activities and the semi-quantitative API-ZYM method was used for 19 others. The results showed great homogeneity between field strains and between these and reference strains, by the qualitative methods and most of the semi-quantitative assays. Only 4 of the latter (cystine aminopeptidase, -galactosidase, -glucosidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase) showed statistical variability between strains. Library code: Bc. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Medicina y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, UNEX, Carretera de Trujillo s/n, 10071-Caceres, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700794 bee diseases/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/Ascosphaera apis/strains/enzymes/honey bee brood/chalk brood/Spain. Alonso, W. J., Lucena, T., Fracasso, C. M., Velthuis, H. H. W. and Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L. (1998) Do Melipona bicolor (Apidae, Meliponinae) workers distinguish relatedness among different physogastric queens? Apidologie, 29(6), 503-512. Provisioning and oviposition processes (POP) were monitored for 5 days in marked workers in a M. bicolor colony with two physogastric queens. In two tests, no differences were detected in preferences of workers for their mother or aunt or unrelated queen. In a third experiment, guard bees at the nest entrance did not reject a physogastric foreign queen. Accession date: 23 March 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bj. Language: En, fr, de. P Walker. Author address: Departamento Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua di Matao, Travessa 14, no. 321 CEP: 05508-900, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA362/99 Melipona bicolor/relationships/oviposition/kin recognition. Al-Rifai, J. and Akeel, N. (1997) Determination of pesticide residues in imported and locally produced honey in Jordan. Journal of Apicultural Research, 36(3/4), 155-161. Author. The presence of residues of the major groups of pesticides (organochlorine, organophosphorus, pyrethroid and nitrogen-containing compounds) in representative samples of locally produced honey, collected from various locations in Jordan, and from imported honey were investigated during 1994-1995. Residue levels of 50 pesticides were determined in 26 samples of honey. Results indicated that most pesticides found in the samples were organochlorines. Lower levels of residues of some organophosphates and pyrethroids were also detected. Residues of HCH, HCH and lindane were detected in 11 of the samples analysed. Residues of DDT, heptachlor, heptachlorepoxide, dieldrin and aldrin were detected in some of the samples analysed. Residues of fluvalinate were detected only in 4 honey samples. Residues of amitraz, tetradifon and bromopropylate were not detected. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Industrial Chemistry Center, Royal Scientific Society, P.O. Box 1438, Al-Jubeiha 11941, Jordan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901029 HCH/lindane/DDT/heptachlor/heptachlorepoxide/dieldrin/aldrin/fluvalinate/organophosphorus compounds/organochlorine compounds/pyrethroids/chemical control/pest control/nontarget effects. Altomare, G. F. and Capella, G. L. (1994) 'Bee sting therapy': the revival of a dangerous practice. Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 74(5), 409. P. Walker. At a dermatology clinic in Italy, the number of patients experiencing adverse effects from honey bee sting therapy has increased. Many have suffered from sciatic pain due to disc herniation following approximately 15 stings to the lumbar region. In most patients granuloma, often with ulcers, had developed following retention of sting fragments in the skin. The use of bee sting therapy is discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Istituto di Dermatologia, Via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800159 honey bee venom/human diseases/inflammation/rheumatism/sciatica/therapy/skin diseases/granuloma/man/honey bees/stings/as therapy. Aluri, R. J. S. (1990) The explosive pollination mechanism and mating system of the weedy Hyptis suaveolens (Lamiaceae). Plant Species Biology, 5(2), 235-241. D. G. Lowe. The carinal lobe of the flower of H. suaveolens is under tension which can be released by foraging bees, in which case self- or cross-pollination results, or by wind, in which case self-pollination only occurs. Studies of an H. suaveolens population in Andhra Pradesh, India, showed that foraging by bees (Apoidea) gradually rose to a peak at 10.00-12.00 h and then declined, ceasing at about 18.00 h. Occasional visits by butterflies, which did not trip the flowers, were mainly confined to the period 09.00-11.00 h. Bees probed the flower after landing on the filaments and/or lateral petal lobes and rubbing the stamens and stigma with their ventral side. Except for small Trigona, Ceratina and Pithitis species, bees were not disturbed by the violent explosion of the carinal lobe. These small bees returned to the flower to forage for nectar and/or pollen after causing the explosion by the action of their proboscides. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801145 beneficial insects/pollinators/Apidae/Lepidoptera/India/Hyptis suaveolens/pollination/Apoidea/of Hyptis/by Apoidea/Hyptis. Aluri, R. J. S. (1992) Ecology of pollination in Pedicularis racemosa var. alba (Pennell) Cronq. (Scrophulariaceae) on Olympic Mountains in North America. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. Part B, Biological Sciences, 58(4), 209-216. P. racemosa is obligately dependent upon Bombus workers that remove pollen by vibration from its short-tubed, nectarless, rostrate, white flowers which reflect visible light attractive to bumble bees. All 4 Bombus species in the study areas pollinated the plant; B. mixtus was most abundant. Analysis of corbicular pollen loads of Bombus pollinators in one area showed that pollens of other species were also present (Pedicularis bracteosa, Polygonum, Valeriana, Lupinus, Erigeron and Bidens), while pollen loads in corbicular collections in another area indicated homogeneous pollen, suggesting Bombus fidelity to Pedicularis racemosa alba. Phenological considerations are discussed. Language: En. Author address: Dept. Environ. Sciences, Andhra Univ., Waltair 530 003, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700039 Apidae/pollinators/USA/pollination/Bombus/of Pedicularis/by Bombus/Pedicularis/foraging/pollen. Aluri, R. J. S. (1992) Natural pollination and fruiting limitation in Hyptis suaveolens as a function of predation of lynx spider on pollinators and florivory by katydid. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. Part B, Biological Sciences, 58(4), 201-207. The blue-flowered nectariferous Hyptis suaveolens, with a violent floral pollination mechanism, is pollinated mainly by large, medium and small bees during daylight hours. The high frequency of bee foraging visits attracts the green lynx spider, Peucetia viridans, which is cryptically coloured, veined and shaped like leaves of floral bracts of Hyptis. The spider preys intensively upon medium and small bees and reduces them to half of their usual pollinating frequency. The drastically reduced frequency of total daily foraging visits to flowering Hyptis increases the percentage of unvisited and untripped flowers, thus reducing self- or cross-pollination and limiting natural fruiting and seeding. The cryptically coloured katydid feeds voraciously on the flowers. Language: En. Author address: Dept. Environ. Sciences, Andhra University, Waltair 530 003, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700038 Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/Hyptis suaveolens/Peucetia viridans/pollination/Apoidea/of Hyptis/by Apoidea/Hyptis/predation/Araneae/by Araneae/on Apoidea. Aluri, R. J. S. and Reddi, C. S. (1995) Explosive pollen release and pollination in flowering plants. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. Part B, Biological Sciences, 61(4), 323-332. The literature describing plant species possessing explosive or similar mechanisms of pollination is reviewed. The mechanism is found in several plant families, especially the Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Loranthaceae, Rhizophoraceae and Onagraceae. The nature and function of these mechanisms in relation to pollination effected by triggering agents (including flies, bees, butterflies, birds, bats and wind) is described. Finally, the way in which plant families have independently developed floral mechanisms for explosive pollination is discussed. Library code: 42 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Environmental Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, Andhra Pradesh, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800348 flowers/Lamiaceae/Fabaceae/Loranthaceae/Rhizophoraceae/Onagraceae/plants/reviews/pollination/angiosperms/pollination. Aluri, R. J. S. and Reddi, C. S. (1995) Ecology of pollination in two cat-mint species. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 92(1), 63-66. The herbaceous perennials, Anisomeles malabarica and A. indica [Epimeredi indica] grow from perennating root stock and seed. A. indica flowers when the soil becomes saturated with water while A. malabarica does not. The floral morphology and pollination mechanisms are similar in the 2 species. The plants resort to self-pollination shortly before flowers turn dysfunctional in the absence of pollinators. Both plants are nototribically pollinated by some species of carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.) and sunbirds (Nectarinia spp.) during probing for floral forage. The pollinators by their forage collecting behaviour coupled with territorial and traplining behaviour greatly augment cross-pollinations. Library code: 14 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Environmental Sciences, Andhra University, Waltair 530 003, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800406 Anisomeles malabrica/essential oil plants/Epimeredi indica/pollination/biology/pollinators/Xylocopa/Nectarinia/of Anisomeles/by Xylocopa/Anisomeles/Anisomeles. Aluri, R. J. S. and Reddi, C. S. (1996) The explosive floral-mechanism and pollination in the genus Hyptis (Lamiaceae). Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. Part B, Biological Sciences, 62(2), 117-124. D. G. Lowe. Pollination in this neotropical genus is reviewed, with 28 references. Pollinators comprise bees, wasps, butterflies, long-tongued flies and hummingbirds. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Environmental Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801120 Apidae/Hymenoptera/Lepidoptera/Diptera/pollinators/pollination/Apoidea/insects/of Hyptis/by Apoidea/by insects/Hyptis. Aluri, R. J. S. and Robart, B. W. (1991) Pollination ecology and endemic trends in Pedicularis bracteosa var. atrosanguinea Pennell and Thompson (Scrophulariaceae) in North America. Plant Species Biology, 6(2), 95-104. P. bracteosa var. atrosanguinea occurs in this area in association with P. racemosa or P. groenlandica. Other plant species compete for space and bumble bee pollinators. P. bracteosa var. atrosanguinea, with red-purple nectariferous flowers, is presumed to lack intense reflections of blue spectral components from its corollas in attracting bumble bees compared to those of P. racemosa and P. groenlandica. Six species of Bombus and Psithyrus pollinate P. bracteosa var. atrosanguinea. Of these, B. mixtus and B. occidentalis occur in higher frequencies and are the major pollinators. Queens and larger workers pollinate nototribically as they probe for nectar, while smaller workers pollinate sternotribically while scraping pollen from anthers deeply hidden in the dome-shaped galea. Corbicular pollen loads of bumble bees collected in the study area contained Pedicularis pollen alone or in combination. Language: En. Author address: Dept. Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700042 Apidae/pollinators/USA/pollination/Bombus/Psithyrus/of Pedicularis/by Bombus/by Psithyrus/Pedicularis. Aluri, R. J. S. and Subba Reddi, C. (1993) Floral biology of Couroupita guianensis Aubl. (Lecythidaceae). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 90(3), 539-540. C. guianensis is a native tree of the neotropical forests of South America and the West Indies that is cultivated in India for its fragrant flowers. In India, the tree flowers throughout the year particularly in Feb. and Mar. The flowers are produced in clusters, cauliflower-like, on the trunk and main branches. They have no nectar, but produce abundant pollen. The androecium is characterized by stamens on the ring and hood that are connected by a stamen-free, ligular structure. Ring pollen is fertile, whereas hood pollen produces no germ tubes and is consequently sterile. The gynoecium is syncarpous, with a truncated, conical style. The stigma has a star-like fissure, with 6-8 points that correspond to the number of carpels. The timing of flower opening and maturity, and anther dehiscence are described. Of the various bee species visiting the flowers, effective cross-pollination was only achieved with carpenter bees (Xylocopa latipes and X. pubescens). Library code: 4 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Environmental Sciences, Andhra University, Waltair 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700795 ornamental woody plants/essential oil plants/pollination/pollinators/flowers/pollen/Xylococa latipes/Xylococa pubescens/apidae/lecythidaceae/Couroupita guianensis/reproduction/biology/plant morphology/India/Andhra Pradesh/Couroupita flowers/characteristics/Couroupita/Couroupita/Xylocopa/of Couroupita/by Xylocopa. Alves, S. B., Marchini, L. C., Pereira, R. M. and Baumgratz, L. L. (1996) Effects of some insect pathogens on the Africanized honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hym., Apidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 120(9), 559-564. Author. Young bees were treated either per os or topically with an iridovirus, a granulosis virus, a nuclear polyhedrosis virus, and the fungi Nomuraea rileyi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, and maintained in cages mounted into a brood frame of Langstroth hives. Infection was confirmed only in bees treated with B. bassiana or with M. anisopliae and no effect of other pathogens was observed. Beauveria bassiana and M. anisopliae conidia (1 g) were also applied to field hives containing 20000-25000 bees. These fungi caused low mortality and infection of bees in treated hives but no noticeable effect on bee behaviour, larval development or colony characteristics. In the laboratory, bees fed a diet containing B. bassiana conidia had significantly higher mortality than control bees maintained at 35C. Bees maintained at 26C had high mortality independent of treatment received. The results suggest that B. bassiana and M. anisopliae may be incapable of causing epizootic in field hives and most likely will not cause bee mortality following field applications for pest control. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, ESALQ-University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801046 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/nontarget organisms/honey bees/races/tropical Africa/fungal insecticides/insect viruses/susceptibility/Beauveria bassiana/Metarhizium anisopliae/mortality. Alzubaidy, M. M. and Ali, A. B. M. H. (1994) First record of Nosema apis Zander on honey bees Apis mellifera L. Dirasat. Series B, Pure and Applied Sciences, 21(1), 146-150. N. apis is recorded from Iraq for the first time, in honey bees from apiaries in Baghdad. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701414 Apis mellifera/bees diseases/Nosema apis/new geographic records/honey bees/nosema disease/Iraq. Alzuet, A. D. B. d. and Abrahamovich, A. H. (1987) Deutonymphs (hypopi) of the genera Sennertia and Horstia (Acari: Astigmata) on Xylocopa splendidula splendidula (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 44(3-4), 345-351. Original title or source: Deutoninfas (hypopi) de los generos Sennertia Oudemans, 1905 y Horstia Oudemans, 1905 (Acari: Astigmata). Sobre Xylocopa (S.) splendidula splendidula Lepeletier, 1841(Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Author address: Division Entomologia, Fac. Ciencias Naturales y Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque, (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600121 Sennertia/Horstia/Astigmata/Apidae/taxonomy/parasitism/by Acari/Xylocopa/of Xylocopa/Acari/parasites. Alzuet, A. D. B. d. and Abrahamovich, A. H. (1990) Types of association between Acari and Hymenoptera. II. Description of the stages of the life cycle of Sennertia (A.) augustii, associated to Xylocopa augusti. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 34(3), 627-635. Original title or source: Tipos de asociacion entre acaros e himenopteros. II. Descripcion de los estados del ciclo de Sennertia (A.) augustii, sp. n. (Acarina, Chaetodactylidae) asociada a Xylocopa augusti Lepeletier, 1841 (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Author. The new species Sennertia (Amsennertia) augustii is described as associated to Xylocopa augusti. All stages of its life cycle, including phoretic hypopi, are described, and whenever possible compared with those of related species. Except for phoretic hypopi (rarely found apart from the host), all were collected feeding on stored pollen inside the brood cells of the bee, and are considered to be commensals. Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Author address: Division Entomologia, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600122 Apidae/Sennertia augustii/taxonomy/new species/phoresy/Acari/relationships/Xylocopa/nests. Amano, K. (1996) Non-stinging honey bees. Honeybee Science, 17(3), 111-117. P. Walker. Demand has increased for gentle honey bees which farmers could manage themselves for pollination purposes. Non-stinging honey bees (N) were produced by 2 methods. (A) Queens with semen in their spermathecas were treated with X-rays; 6 out of 40 produced some N offspring (0.5-1.0%). Some of the daughter queens also produced N offspring. (B) Irradiation of immature stages of workers resulted in the emergence of most as N. Colonies consisting solely of N were then prepared and N queens were produced by the same method. Library code: Bj. Language: Ja. Author address: Laboratory of Apiculture, National Institute of Animal Industry, Tsukuba Norindanchi, PO Box 5, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800514 honey bees/sting apparatus/stinging/queen honey bees/worker honey bees/X radiation/effects/Apis mellifera/sublethal effects/reproduction. Ambolet, B., Crevat, J. F. and Schmidt, H. W. (1997) Research on secondary effects of seed treatment with imidacloprid on the behaviour of honey bees on flowers of sunflower. ANPP-4 eme Conference internationale sur les ravageurs en agriculture, Montpellier 6-8 Janvier 1997. Paris, France, Association Nationale pour la Protection des Plantes (ANPP), 103-110. Original title or source: Recherche d'eventuels effets secondaires d'un traitement de semences a base d'imidaclopride sur le comportement des abeilles domestiques sur les fleurs de tournesol. D. G. Lowe. Seed treatment with the insecticide imidacloprid at 0.7 mg a.i./seed had no effect on the foraging activity of honey bees (Apis mellifera) when hives (6000-10000 bees) were enclosed in plastic tunnels containing flowering sunflowers. There were also no significant effects on bee mortality or on flower fertilization. Page(s): 103-110. Library code: Bc. Language: Fr. Author address: Bayer SA, Division Agro, 49-51 Quai De Dion Bouton, 92815 Puteaux Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900897 Helianthus annuus/imidacloprid/seed treatment/nontarget effects/foraging/honey bees/effects/Apis mellifera/pollinators/beneficial insects/sunflowers. Ambriz, J. A. J., Martinez, M. T. Q. and Poumian, A. M. (1995) Varroasis in honey bee colonies in 25 municipalities of Tamaulipas, Mexico, in 1992. Veterinaria Mexico, 26(2), 141-144. Original title or source: Frecuencia de varroasis en apiarios de veinticinco municipios del estado de Tamaulipas en 1992. 720 samples were collected from 130 apiaries distributed throughout the municipalities. 283 washing tests of adult bees, and 437 tests of debris combined with a miticide, were carried out on the samples. The parasite was found in 14 apiaries distributed in the municipalities of Matamoros, Valle Hermoso and Rio Bravo. This is the first report of varroasis disease in the state of Tamaulipas. Library code: 10 ref. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 04510, Mexico D.F. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701036 varroa jacobsoni/epidemiology/epidemiological surveys/Varroa/honey bees/Mexico/Varroa/arthropod pests/Apis mellifera/hosts/ectoparasites/pests/of honey bees. Ambrose, J. T., Schultheis, J. R., Bambara, S. B. and Mangum, W. (1995) An evaluation of selected commercial bee attractants in the pollination of cucumbers and watermelons. American Bee Journal, 135(4), 267-272. P. Walker. Two commercial bee attractants (for Apis mellifera) were evaluated in field trials to determine their effectiveness in improving pollination and thus yields of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) crops. Bee-Scent was tested on both crops and Bee-Line on watermelon only. The attractants did not cause a significant increase in bee activity on the flower or in the value of the harvests. It is recommended that, instead of using these attractants, additional honey bee colonies should be rented for the crops. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Box 7626, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700777 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/honey bees/attractants/pollination/of Cucumis sativus/by honey bees/of Citrullus lanatus/Cucumis sativus/Citrillus lanatus. Ameratunga, R., Ameratunga, S., Prestidge, R., Cairns, L. and Watson, J. D. (1993) The regulation of IgG4. 1. An immunoassay to detect bee venom specific IgG4 subclass levels. Pathology, 25(3), 305-307. Serum IgG consists of 4 subclasses, designated IgG1–4, with differing structures and different functions. The levels of antigen-specific immunoglobulin in each of the subclasses is difficult to measure accurately but may be of significant diagnostic and therapeutic value. IgG4 constitutes approximately 4% of the total IgG level in serum. An immunoassay which is highly sensitive and specific for IgG4 directed against honey bee venom is described. The assay can be performed in a routine diagnostic laboratory, enhancing its value as a clinical tool. It is potentially useful in identifying patients who fail to respond to standard immunotherapy with bee venom. Accession date: 14 August 98. Call number: 638.178. Library code: X. Language: En. . Author address: Dept. Molecular Medicine, Univ. Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA288/99 honey bee venom/allergies/antigens/antibodies/immunoglobulins. Ameratunga, R. V., Hawkins, R., Prestidge, R. and Marbrook, J. (1995) A high efficiency method for purification and assay of bee venom phospholipase A2. Pathology, 27(2), 157-160. A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for isolating PLA from crude bee (Apis mellifera) venom is described. This method removed all detectable contaminants such as melittin from PLA while preserving its haemolytic action. In addition, a simple functional assay of PLA based on its propensity to cause haemolysis of guineapig erythrocytes is described. These techniques are particularly well suited to the isolation and assessment of PLA of venoms which are available in limited quantities. Library code: 9 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800321 phospholipase A2/HPLC/toxins/toxinology/honey bee venom/biochemistry/analytical methods/laboratory animals/erythrocytes/techniques/purification/chromatography/guineapigs/haemolysis/Apis mellifera/venoms/phospholipase A/phospholipase A. American Bee, J. (1998) Proceedings of the American Bee Research Conference. American Bee Journal, 138(4), 291-301. The American Bee Research Conference for 1998 was held on 16 and 17 January at Colorado Springs. Abstracts of 25 papers presented at the conference are given, and the addresses of authors are listed. Papers of particular interest are reported individually in Apicultural Abstracts. Accession date: 16 September 98. Call number: 638.14. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA170/99 beekeeping/research/conferences/USA. American Bee, J. (1999) Proceedings of the American Bee Research Conference. American Bee Journal, 139(4), 308-315. The 1999 conference was held at the Hilton Hotel, Baton Rouge, LA, on 4-5 January. Abstracts of 19 papers presented at the conference are published here, together with the addresses of authors. Accession date: 2 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bj. Language: En. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA714/99 beekeeping research/USA/conferences. Amiet, F. (1996) Insecta Helvetica, Fauna, 12: Hymenoptera Apidae, Part 1. General part, genus keys, the genera Apis, Bombus und Psithyrus. Neuchatel, Switzerland, Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune (CSCF). Original title or source: Insecta Helvetica, Fauna, 12: Hymenoptera Apidae, 1. Teil. Allgemeiner teil, Gattungsschlussel, die Gattungen Apis, Bombus und Psithyrus. Page(s): 98 pp. Library code: 16 ref. Language: De. Author address: Forstrasse 7, 4500 Solothurn, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900791 books/Apis/Bombus/Psithyrus/Apidae/fauna/Switzerland/keys/geographical distribution/checklists/maps. Amir, M. and Kahono, S. (1994) Pollination in flowers of Crotallaria urasamoensis Baker (Papilionaceae), by bee pollinators. Treubia, 31(1), 55-57. D. G. Lowe. Observations on insect visitors to flowers of C. urasamoensis were made at sites in Bogor, Indonesia. The 15 species identified consisted of 4 species of Diptera, 4 species of Lepidoptera and 7 species of Hymenoptera, including the bee species Xylocopa latipes, X. confusa and Megachile opposita, which, by virtue of their size and foraging behaviour, were the only successful pollinators. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Puslitbang Biologi Research and Development Centre for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor 16003, Indonesia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900784 Xylocopa confusa/Xylocopa latipes/Megachile opposita/Apidae/Crotalaria urasamoensis/Indonesia/pollinators/pollination/Xylocopa/Megachile. Amitabha, M. and Stahl, P. (1995) Bee venom phospholipase A is recognized by the macrophage mannose receptor. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 324(1), 78-84. Binding and uptake of Apis mellifera venom phospholipase A (PLA) by J774E macrophages was competed for by mannose-BSA, glucose-BSA, N-acetylglucosamine-BSA, but not by galactose-BSA, indicating that binding of bee venom PLA is probably mediated by the macrophage mannose receptor. Affinity labelling showed that the PLA bind specifically to a polypeptide with a mass of 180 kDa. The affinity labelled protein component was undetected when surplus mannose-BSA was present, suggesting that mannose-BSA and the PLA bind to the same macrophage site. Library code: 33 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900328 honey bee venom/toxinology/macrophages/enzymes/phospholipids/biochemistry/glycoproteins/physiology/mannose/Apis mellifera/venoms/phospholipase A2/receptors/phospholipase A/receptors/phospholipase A/binding sites/phospholipase A. Ammentorp-Schmidt, B. (1994) Antiviral action of melittin from bee venom on murine leukaemia retrovirus in vivo and in vitro, Inaugural-Dissertation, Tierarztliche Fakultat, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munchen, Germany. Original title or source: Antiretrovirale Wirkung von Melittin bei der Rauscher-Leukamie-Infektion in vivo und in vitro. Page(s): 82 pp. Library code: 11 pp. of ref. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701145 theses/apidae/venoms/mice/leukaemia/antiviral agents/honey bee venom/melittin/inhibition/viruses/of viruses/by melittin/antiviral agents. Amoako, J. (1997) Apiculture in Ghana and the use of palynology to determine the renewable resources exploited by the honeybee Apis mellifera adansonii, PhD Thesis, University of Wales, Cardiff, UK. Author. Questionnaires were sent to 50 beekeepers in Ghana. The 37 who replied were generally over 30, predominantly male, highly educated, and they regarded beekeeping as an important source of income. They had acquired training, used mainly the Kenyan top bar hive, involved labour and harvested honey between December and March, and September and December, using straining and pressing extraction techniques. They had 6 or more hives and each colony produced 5-50 kg of honey, priced between 500 and 4000 Ghanaian cedis. Honey was predominantly used for food and medicine. The beekeepers were enthusiastic and satisfied with their beekeeping. They required assistance with container provision, marketing of beeswax, financial and technical help, and the provision of beekeeping equipment. A total of 399 pollen types belonging to 59 families, collected from the herbarium and the field, were described, measured, photographed and documented. Nectar sources for honey bees (Apis mellifera adansonii) were investigated by pollen analysis of 47 honey samples collected after the major and minor flows in 7 regions within 4 vegetational zones in Ghana, in 1994. Pollen sources were investigated by pollen analysis of bee bread. A total of 255 plant species belonging to 56 families were identified from plants acting as nectar and/or pollen sources. The most common nectar sources in order of decreasing rate of occurrence were: Elaeis guineense, Tridax procumbens, Panicum maximum, Ceiba pentandra, Mimosa pudica, Zea mays, Leucena glauca, Securinega virosa, Morus mesozygia and Cocos nucifera. A total of 143 plants were identified as pollen sources. The most common in order of decreasing rate of occurrence were Zea mays, Manihot esculenta, Elaeis guineense, Euphorbia heterophylla, Leucena glauca, Pancuim maximum, Tridax procumbens, Croton sp., Sida acuta, Ceiba pentandra and Cocos nucifera. Page(s): xxi + 408 pp. + 146 pl. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: School of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Wales, College of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800896 honey bees/Apis mellifera adansonii/beekeeping/Ghana/nectar plants/pollen plants/honey/pollen analysis/theses/honey bee forage. Amoako, J. and Pickard, R. S. (1999) Beekeeping in Ghana. Bee World, 80(2), 100-105. Accession date: 8 October 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: Bee Research Unit, School of Pure and Applied Biology, Univ. of Wales, Cardiff, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1003/99 beekeeping/Ghana/surveys/beeswax/honey. Amoros, M., Lurton, E., Boustie, J. and Girre, L. (1994) Comparison of the anti-herpes simplex virus activities of propolis and 3-methyl-but-2-enyl caffeate. Journal of Natural Products, 57(5), 644-647. P. Walker. 3-Methyl-but-2-enyl caffeate (a compound which has previously been identified in propolis) was isolated from poplar buds (N) and also prepared synthetically (S). The in vitro activities of N and S, and also of that of a propolis extract, against herpes simplex virus type 1 were determined. Using one or several multiplication cycles, the viral titre was reduced by 3 log, and viral DNA synthesis was reduced 32-fold. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Faculte de Pharmacie, Universite de Rennes I, Rennes, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701493 hive products/herpes simplex virus 1/propolis/as hive products/caffeic acid/derivatives/inhibition/of herpes simplex virus 1/by propolis/viruses. Amoros, M., Simoes, C. M. O., Girre, L., Sauvager, F. and Cormier, M. (1992) Synergistic effect of flavones and flavonols against herpes simplex virus type I in cell culture; Comparison with the antiviral activity of propolis. Journal of Natural Products, 55(12), 1732-1740. Author. The in vitro activity against herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) of the major flavonoids identified in propolis was investigated. Flavonols were found to be more active than flavones, the order of importance being galangin, kaempferol and quercetin. The efficacy against HSV-1 of binary flavone-flavonol combinations was also studied. The synergy shown by all combinations may explain why propolis is more active than its individual compounds. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Mycologie, Faculte de Pharmacie, Universite de Rennes I, Rennes, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701135 hive products/herpes simplex virus 1/propolis/as hive products/flavonoids/inhibition/of herpes simplex virus 1/by propolis/viruses. Amr, Z. S., El-Deen Shehada, S., Abo-Shehada, M. and Al-Oran, R. Honeybee parasitic arthropods in Jordan. Apiacta, 78-82. The number of honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera syriaca) in Jordan increased from about 20 000 in 1990 to 50 000 in 1995. It is estimated that there are 4000 beekeepers, most of whom use Langstroth hives; a few clay hives are still used. In Feb. 1994 and winter 1995, 674 colonies in different areas were inspected and sampled. Varroa jacobsoni was found in all the 90 colonies examined in the upper Jordan valley; the mite was also present in 8 other apiaries in western Jordan. No Acarapis woodi was found in 2500 bees examined, but in Dec. 1995 the mite was reported to be present in one area near the western border. Braula coeca infestation levels of 20-100% were found. Wax moths were quite common, and Vespa orientalis was a frequent pest. In one area the incidence of brood diseases (AFB, EFB and chalk brood) was very high. Accession date: 3. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Dept Biology, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology, Irbid, PO Box 3030, Jordan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA531/99 Honey bees, pests, Varroa jacobsoni/Jordan/Acarapis woodi/Braula coeca/Vespa/diseases, honey bee brood. An, J. K. and Ho, K. K. (1990) Contagious diseases and pests of honey bees and their control. Chinese Journal of Entomology(SP5), 119-130. Library code: Bc. Language: Ch. Author address: Department of Zoology, Taiwan Museum, Taiwan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601434 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/parasites/control methods/honey bees/diseases/Taiwan/pests/of honey bees. An, J. K. and Jeng, Y. C. (1993) Bee flora of Taiwan. Volume 2. Taiwan, Taiwan Museum. Original collective title: . Page(s): 291. Accession date: 9 February 1999. Call number: 638.13. Library code: Bd. Language: Ch. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA487/99 nectar plants/pollen plants/Taiwan. An, J. K. and Jeng, Y. C. (1993) Bee flora of Taiwan. Volume 1. Taiwan, Taiwan Museum. Original collective title: . Page(s): 116. Accession date: 9 February 1999. Call number: 638.13. Library code: Bdx. Language: Ch. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA486/99 nectar plants/pollen plants/Taiwan. Anagnostopoulos, I. (1997) Bumble bees stealing honey from honey bee colonies. Melissokomiki Epitheorisi, 11(3), 141-142. F. Hatjina. Bumble bees [Bombus spp.] were observed many times trying to enter hives and consume honey. It is possible that they might destroy some honey cells as well in their efforts to reach the bottom of them. This usually occurred when no nectar was available, and colonies had been fed with sugar syrup. Bumble bees cause negligible damage, but the phenomenon is worth more investigation. Library code: Bj. Language: Gr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901146 foraging/Bombus/honey/pests/honey bees/as pests. Anagnostopoulos, I. J. T. (1996) Apiculture and traditional beekeeping in Florina, Greece. Athens, Greece, Ministry of Education and Benaki Museum. I. J. T. Anagnostopoulos. This booklet is meant for elementary school teachers, to enable them to prepare classes for visits to the beekeeping museum of the Florina Cultural Club. A brief historical review of Greek beekeeping is given, and modern migratory beekeeping is described. Four types of skep recorded from this region are described, and tools and equipment, and outdoor honey extracting are also dealt with briefly. Page(s): 13 pp. Library code: Bc. Language: Gr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800886 beekeeping/museums/Greece/history. Anagnostopoulos, I. J. T. (1996) The bumble bees of Greece, first results of a biogeographical study. Melissokomiki Epitheorisi, 10(3), 122-123. F. Hatjina. A survey involving volunteer collectors in various parts of Greece in 1995 showed that 18 species of Bombus and Psithyrus were present, with B. terrestris and B. argillaceus the most common. Species diversity was greatest in the north of the country. A large number of plant species foraged on by bumble bees were also recorded. Library code: Bj. Language: Gr. Author address: P.O. Box 137, Florina T. K. 531 00, Greece. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901147 Bombus/Psithyrus. Anagnostopoulos, I. J. T., Bousbouras, D. and Bourdakis, S. (1995) The effect on beekeeping of brown bears in western Macedonia, Greece. Melissokomiki Epitheorisi, 9(1), 19-22. Author. Brown bears (Ursus arctos) are still present in Greece, and their number is estimated to be 120-140. However, their territory is shrinking. About 40 bears inhabit the highland area of western Macedonia, and in 1993 about 7 of them destroyed a total of 122 beehives in 20 apiaries. Beekeepers avoid putting their colonies in areas where there is risk of bear damage, although some of these areas have good bee forage. Beekeepers who have suffered bear damage resite the apiary, or guard it at night, but the erection of electric fencing (permanent or portable) has proved to be the most practical, reliable and economical method for preventing bear damage in western Macedonia. Library code: Bj. Language: Gr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701432 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/apiaries/damage/prevention/electric fences/pests/honey bees/Ursidae/of honey bees/Greece. Anagnostopoulos, I. T. and Antoniades, G. D. (1994) The start for the Museum of Apiculture [Greece]. Melissokomiki Epitheorisi, 8(10), 351-352. Library code: Bj. Language: Gr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701294 beekeeping/museums/Greece. Anam, O. O. and Dart, R. K. (1995) Influence of metal ions on hydroxymethylfurfural formation in honey. Analytical Proceedings, 32(12), 515-517. The effects of added Mg, Mn, Zn and Fe on the generation of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) during heating of honey (1 h at 60 or 80C) were studied by spectrophotometry of a coloured complex formed with p-toluidine and barbituric acid. All 4 cations significantly accelerated HMF formation in honey, particularly at high temperatures. The amount of HMF formed increased with increase in the concentration of cation added. Mn caused the greatest increase in HMF content, followed by Zn, Mg and Fe ions in that order. If honey is stored in metal containers, it is likely that the action of honey acids on the inner surface will release cations which promote HMF formation and thus impair honey quality. Library code: 12 ref. Language: En. Author address: Chemistry Department, Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800632 magnesium/manganese/zinc/iron/storage decay/HMF/formation/honey/storage/heating/cations/composition/metals/effects/storage. Anchling, F. (1997) Honey competition. Abeille de France et l'Apiculteur(824), 115-124. Original title or source: Concours des miels. In France, honey can be granted a certificate of quality; the various types of certification are explained and documentation for a competition held in Alsace on 26 September 1996 is presented. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801415 honey/quality/shows/France/certification. Anderson, D. (1993) Pathogens and queen bees. Australasian Beekeeper, 94(7), 292-296. A. G. Matheson. Queen cells containing dead larvae and pupae, and dead adult queen honey bees (Apis mellifera) from mating nuclei and queen banks, in Australia, were examined for all microbial bee pathogens. The only pathogens found in brood were black queen cell virus (BQCV), in large quantities in 19% of brood samples, sacbrood virus (SBV) in 10% and Melissococcus pluton in 7%. More sensitive techniques detected at least some BQCV (including unique strains) in 95% of samples and SBV in 15%. Nosema apis and BQCV were the only pathogens found in adult queen bees: the latter in every adult tested. Living and dead adult drones were tested by standard techniques and by injection of extracts into healthy white-eyed drone pupae. Nosema apis, SBV, bee virus F, Kashmir bee virus (KBC), chronic bee paralysis virus and cloudy wing virus (CWV) were found. KBV and SBV were also detected in drone larvae and pupae. CWV was found in relatively high concentrations in apparently healthy drone pupae. The phenomenon of queens laying multiple eggs in a single cell, stuck together and attached to cell walls, was studied. Patchy brood patterns and drone brood in worker cells are associated symptoms of these 'failing' or 'prematurely ageing' queens. The symptoms are most apparent in spring and autumn when oviposition rates change markedly, and may be seen at low levels in queens in their first year. Examination of changes in queen internal organs associated with ageing is planned. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: CSIRO Division of Entomology, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601039 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/bee viruses/bee diseases/black queen cell virus/kashmir bee virus/sacbrood virus/bee chronic paralysis virus/queen honey bees/drone honey bees/diseases/Australia/honey bees/viruses/viral diseases/honey bees/Melissococcus pluton/Nosema apis/oviposition/abnormalities/age/effects. Anderson, D. (1997) Disappearing disorder. Australasian Beekeeper, 99(5), 186-188. P. Walker. In 1994, 3 outbreaks of disappearing disorder were examined in SE Queensland. Symptoms of the affected larvae are described; disorientated adult workers were also sometimes seen crawling on the ground near their hive entrances. Affected colonies were foraging on a variety of pollen and nectar sources. A few pathogenic microorganisms were isolated from larvae, but in most affected larvae no particular microorganisms were present, and many larvae contained none. The trace elements present in nectar and pollen samples collected from colonies were analysed. Levels of trace elements, particularly zinc, were significantly higher than in samples from healthy control colonies. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901331 poisoning/honey bees/plants/nectar/pollen/trace elements/Australia/Queensland/disorders/Apis mellifera/zinc. Anderson, D., Giacon, H. and Gibson, N. (1997) Detection and thermal destruction of the chalkbrood fungus (Ascosphaera apis) in honey. Journal of Apicultural Research, 36(3/4), 163-168. Author. A sensitive culture technique for detecting viable spores and mycelial elements of A. apis is described. The technique involves embedding honey or distilled water containing A. apis spores or mycelial elements in 15 ml of sterile liquid nutrient agar medium (10 g yeast, 10 g glucose, 13.5 g KHPO, 10 g soluble starch and 20 g agar) cooled to 60C. This medium is then poured on a 7-ml layer of similar but solid agar medium in a standard 8.5-cm petri dish and allowed to solidify by cooling. The medium is incubated in an anaerobic environment at 37 for 24 h, and then incubated in an aerobic environment for up to 9 days at 37. It is examined daily for A. apis growth. The technique facilitated the detection of viable A. apis in honey and was used to show that many pre-packaged retail honeys contain viable A. apis. The technique was also used to show that honey may be rendered free of viable A. apis by holding it in water baths at 65 for 8 h or at 70 for 2 h. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: CSIRO Division of Entomology, Black Mountain, P.O. Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900961 honey bee brood/chalk brood/prevention/honey/Ascosphaera apis/culture media/heating. Anderson, D. L. (1994) Non-reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni in Apis mellifera colonies in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. Apidologie, 25(4), 412-421. Author. Mite incidence and reproduction were determined in colonies of A. cerana and A. mellifera in Papua New Guinea, Irian Jaya and Java. At each locality and in colonies of each bee species, adult female mites were present in capped brood cells, with proportionally more drone than worker brood cells infested. In the A. cerana colonies, female mites reproduced only in capped drone brood cells. In A. mellifera colonies, there was no evidence of successful mite reproduction on either worker or drone brood. Although not reproducing in A. mellifera colonies, adult female mites were nevertheless feeding and surviving; they must have spread from nearby A. cerana colonies. There was no evidence that the mites' inability to reproduce in A. mellifera colonies resulted from extremely slow reproduction, inter-specific competition between V. jacobsoni and Tropilaelaps clareae, resistant bee populations, or climatic conditions. These results have implications for finding and developing novel means of controlling V. jacobsoni in localities where the mite has become a serious pest of A. mellifera. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: CSIRO Division of Entomology, Black Mountain, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600671 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/honey bee brood/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/reproduction/Papua New Guinea/Indonesia/Apis cerana. Anderson, D. L. (1995) Viruses of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera. The Asiatic hive bee: apiculture, biology, and role in sustainable development in tropical and subtropical Asia [edited by Kevan, P. G.]. Cambridge, Canada, Enviroquest Ltd, 161-170. Characteristics for 13 viruses of Apis mellifera and 3 from A. cerana are tabulated and discussed. Page(s): 161-170. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Division of Entomology, CSIRO, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701408 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/bee diseases/bee viruses/viral diseases/honey bees/honey bee brood/diseases/viruses/Apis cerana. Anderson, D. L. and Fuchs, S. (1998) Two genetically distinct populations of Varroa jacobsoni with contrasting reproductive abilities on Apis mellifera. Journal of Apicultural Research, 37(2), 69-78. Australian-reared A.mellifera sister queens were transported to Germany and Papua New Guinea and established in colonies infested with Varroa jacobsoni. Female mites in Germany readily reproduced on their brood whereas in Papua New Guinea they did not. The observations indicated that the cause of the reported inability of female V. jacobsoni to reproduce on A. mellifera in Papua New Guinea does not rest with the resident A. mellifera population. DNA sequences of a 454 base-pair region of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1(CO1) gene obtained from reproducing V. jacobsoni collected from A. mellifera colonies in Germany differed by 6.8% from similar sequences obtained from non-reproducing V. jacobsoni from A. mellifera colonies in Papua New Guinea. The presence of a Xho I restriction endonuclease (RE) site in the German but not in Papua New Guinea sequences, and a Sac I RE site in the Papua New Guinea but not in the German sequences, allowed for the rapid identification of individual mites of the German (GER) and Papua New Guinea (PGN) genotypes. Further studies confirmed that non-reproducing female V. jacobsoni that were the only V. jacobsoni present in A. mellifera colonies in Java, Indonesia, prior to 1993 were the PNG genotype. However, reproducing female V. jacobsoni that suddenly appeared in A. mellifera colonies in Java in 1993 were of the GER genotype. Following 1993, reproducing mites of the GER genotype and non-reproducing mites of the PNG genotype were detected in a single A. mellifera colony in Java and in another single colony in another region of Indonesia. The results demonstrate that differences in genotype can explain observed differences and changes in the virulence of V. jacobsoni towards A. mellifera. Accession date: 9 September 98. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: CSIRO Division of Entomology, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA215/99 honey bees/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/Germany/Papua New Guinea/ genotypes/genetic variation/DNA/genes/reproduction. Anderson, D. L., Gibbs, A. J. and Gibson, N. L. (1998) Identification and phylogeny of spore-cyst fungi (Ascosphaera spp.) using ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycological Research, 102(5), 541-547. The internal transcribed spacers, ITS1 and ITS2, and 5.8S region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from 20 species of Acosphaera (including A. apis, an important pathogen of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and their sequences determined and are described. No variation was detected in the sequences from 23 widely distributed isolates of A. apis, 11 widely distributed A. atra isolates, 4 A. aggregata isolates, or in sequences from 2 isolates each of A. acerosa, A. duoformis, A. pollenicola and A. proliperda. However, the ribosomal sequences from each of these 9 species, and from another 11 species of which only 1 isolate was examined, differed from one another by between 0.18% and 30.9%. These sequences provided a rapid method for identifying species, and searches using them showed that the sequence of A. apis rDNA recorded in the international database is, in fact, that of A. atra. Comparison of rDNA on current international databases show that Eremascus albus to be very close to, but distinct from, Ascosphaera species. Comparisons of the Ascosphaera sequences showed that most formed consistent clusters irrespective of the method of comparison used (distance, matrix and parsimony), or whether the ITS1 or ITS2 portions were used. Accession date: 7 May 1999. Call number: 59. Library code: Bc. Language: En. . Author address: CSIRO Division of Entomology, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA344/99 Apis mellifera/pathogens/Ascosphaera/chalk brood/ribosomal DNA/polymerase chain reaction. Anderson, D. L. and Gibson, N. L. (1998) New species and isolates of spore-cyst fungi (Plectomycetes: Ascosphaerales) from Australia. Australian Systematic Botany, 11, 53-72. Fungi in the genus Ascosphaera are of agricultural and horticultural interest as they are only found, in nature, in association with social and solitary bees. To date, only one member of this genus, A. osmophila, has been described from Australia. This paper describes four new species of Ascosphaera from Australia: A. duoformis, A. flava, A. solina and A. subcuticulata, together with previously unrecorded Australian isolates of A. acerosa, A. atra and the honey bee chalkbrood fungus, A. apis. Accession date: 7 May 1999. Call number: 59. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author. Author address: CSIRO Division of Entomology, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA345/99 Ascosphaera/chalk brood/taxonomy/morphology/Australia. Anderson, D. L., Halliday, R. B. and Otis, G. W. (1997) The occurrence of Varroa underwoodi (Acarina: Varroidae) in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. Apidologie, 28(3/4), 143-147. Female V. underwoodi were collected from sealed drone cells in Apis cerana colonies in Papua New Guinea (PNG), and in the Indonesian provinces/islands of Java, Sulawesi, Irian Jaya, Biak and Yapen. Gravid female mites were also found in A. nigrocincta colonies in Sulawesi. Adult female V. underwoodi, showing no signs of reproduction, were collected from capped worker cells in A. mellifera colonies in PNG. On the basis of morphological structures, the adult female V. underwoodi from PNG were indistinguishable from those described from other localities. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: CSIRO Division of Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900467 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/honey bees. Anderson, D. L. and Sukarsih (1996) Changed Varroa jacobsoni reproduction in Apis mellifera colonies in Java. Apidologie, 27(6), 461-466. See AA 671/95.\0BAuthor. The failure of female V. jacobsoni to reproduce in worker and drone brood of A. mellifera colonies in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Indonesia was reported by Anderson (1994) [Apidologie (1994) 25 (4) 412-421]. The reproductive behaviour of V. jacobsoni in sealed brood cells of A. cerana and A. mellifera colonies in PNG and Irian Jaya during 1994-1995 and in Java during 1992-1995 is now reported. Reported also are the observed incidences and reproductive behaviour during 1995 of V. jacobsoni in A. cerana colonies on the Indonesian islands of Biak and Yapen located close to Irian Jaya and in A. mellifera colonies introduced to those islands from Java during early 1995. In every A. cerana colony examined, regardless of location, female mites were observed reproducing only in drone cells. In the A. mellifera colonies in PNG and Irian Jaya, there were no signs that female mites were reproducing in either worker or drone cells. This was also the case in A. mellifera colonies in Java in the previous study in 1991 and in worker cells in Java during the present study in 1992. However, in A. mellifera colonies in Java, each year subsequent to 1992, female mites were observed producing eggs and offspring in sealed brood cells. Reproducing female mites were also observed in both worker and drone cells in the A. mellifera colonies that were introduced to Biak and Yapen from Java during January 1995. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: CSIRO Division of Entomology, Black Mountain, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801378 honey bees/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/reproduction/Papua New Guinea/Indonesia/Apis cerana/Apis mellifera. Andersson, H. (1992) The cuckoo bumble bee Psithyrus vestalis lives and flourishes in Scania [Sweden]. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 113(1/2), 42-43. Original title or source: Snylthumlan Psithyrus vestalis (Geoffroy) (Hymenoptera, Apidae) lever och frodas i Skane. Library code: Ba. Language: Sv. Author address: Swedish Mus. Nat. Hist., c/o Dept. of Syst. Zool., Helgonavagen 3, 22362 Lund, Sweden. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600117 Psithyrus vestalis/Apidae/geographical distribution/Psithyrus/Sweden. Andrade, P., Ferreres, F. and Amaral, M. T. (1997) Analysis of honey phenolic acids by HPLC, its application to honey botanical characterization. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 20(14), 2281-2288. P. Walker. An HPLC technique was developed for the quantitative analysis of phenolic acids (PA) extracted from honey. Results are presented for 12 individual PA in 20 Erica sp. honeys and 20 Lavandula stoechas honeys produced in Portugal. The PA pattern seemed to be correlated with plant source of a honey. The Erica honeys were characterized by the presence of ellagic, p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic and o-coumaric acids (which were not detected in the lavender honeys). Lavender honeys contained gallic acid (which was not present in the Erica honeys). Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmacia da Universidade do Porto, 4050 Porto, Portugal. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901370 honey/composition/phenolic acids/analytical methods/chromatography/Erica/Lavandula. Andrade, P., Ferreres, F., Gil, M. I. and Tomas-Barberan, F. A. (1997) Determination of phenolic compounds in honeys with different floral origin by capillary zone electrophoresis. Food Chemistry, 60(1), 79-84. 26 phenolic compounds from honey samples with different floral origin were analysed by capillary zone electrophoresis. All the phenolics were separated on a fused-silica column (50 cm 50 m) using 100 mM sodium borate buffer (pH 9.5)-20% methanol. This technique was applied to the separation of phenolic compounds from heather, lavender, acacia, rape, sunflower, rosemary, citrus, rhododendron, thyme, chestnut-tree and calluna honey samples, to establish correlations between the phenolics profiles and the botanical origin of the honey. Some individual honey samples showed potential floral markers. Thus, thyme honey was characterized by the presence of rosmarinic acid, heather honey by ellagic acid, citrus honey by hesperetin and lavender honey by naringenin. Library code: 15 ref. Language: En. Author address: Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmacia da Universidade do Porto 4050, Porto, Portugal. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901012 electrophoresis/honey/phenolic compounds/estimation. Andrade, P. B., Amaral, M. T. and Cunha, A. P. d. (1995) Modification of AOAC method for the determination of hydroxymethylfurfural in dark honeys. Acta Technologiae et Legis Medicamenti, 6(3), 289-293. P. Walker. When the AOAC method for HMF determination was used for 40 dark (Ericaceae) honeys, an abnormal UV absorption spectrum was obtained. (Abnormal spectra can be detected by spectrophotometric scanning in a wavelength range of 240-350 nm.) This did not happen with 38 light-coloured honeys from Lavandula stoechas. The problem with the dark honeys did not occur if 5 g honey + 15 g water were treated with 0.05 g activated charcoal and then vacuum filtered before starting the AOAC analysis. The charcoal removed pigments that interfered with the absorption spectrum. The method is precise, accurate and reproducible. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Lab. de Farmacognosia, Fac. de Farmacia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901373 honey/composition/HMF/analytical methods/Ericaceae/Lavandula/spectroscopy. Andrietti, F., Martinoli, A. and Rigato, F. (1997) Quantitive data concerning the oviposition of Bombylius fimbriatus Meigen (Dip.: Bombyliidae), a parasite of Andrena agilissima (Scopoli) (Hym.: Andrenidae). Entomologist's Record, 109(3/4), 59-63. B. fimbriatus females were observed at Isola d'Elba parasitizing the nests of Andrena agilissima. Oviposition by these flies occurred around noon and usually a single egg (sometimes a few of them) was thrown into each nest opening. The fly did not seem to be able to discriminate between the Andrena nest openings and any other dark spot of comparable size. Mean time spent in hovering flights in front of the nests and in oviposition was calculated from filmed sequences. The average frequency of oviposition was 298 in 1261 s (0.236/s), showing that the female fly swooped about once every 4 s. Accession date: 8 July 1998. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Ba. Language: En. . Author address: Sezione Zoologia e Citologia, Museo Didattico di Zoologia, Univ. degli Studi Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA2/99 parasitism/Bombylius/Andrena/oviposition. Androulidakis, S. and Harizanis, P. (1996) Identification of Greek beekeepers' educational needs, a case study. European Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 3(1), 47-53. This study was conducted to identify Greek beekeepers' educational needs. A questionnaire was mailed to 1000 beekeepers selected at random from a list of subscribers to a beekeeping journal published monthly. The questionnaire consisted of 16 items related to course instruction and other questions regarding their demographic characteristics. For data analysis three statistical techniques were used: (i) factor analysis, (ii) Kruskal-Wallis test and (iii) Mann-Whitney U test. From the factor analysis, the 16 items related to course topic were grouped into four factors indicating beekeepers' preference on those topics. Using demographic characteristics, beekeepers' preferences for educational needs were identified. It is considered necessary to provide a quality education for adult beekeepers which must be flexible enough to meet the needs of farmers and which is also supported by the local community. Library code: 6 ref. Language: En. Author address: Technological Educational Institute, School of Agricultural Technology, Laboratory of Agricultural Extension, GR-541 01 Thessaloniki, Greece. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800480 training/beekeeping/education/requirements/Greece/beekeepers/Greece. Angelini, R. and Manincor, E. V. d. (1995) Tebuconazole: a triazole fungicide with a wide spectrum of activity. Informatore Fitopatologico, 45(4), 32-39. Original title or source: Tebuconazolo: fungicida triazolico ad ampio spettro d'azione. Notes are given on the physico-chemical characteristics, mode of action, spectrum of action, toxicology, nontarget effects, application and selectivity of tebuconazole. The fungicide has a wide spectrum of activity and the pathogens it is effective against include the powdery mildews (Erysiphales), Venturia inaequalis (apple scab), Stemphylium vesicarium, species of Monilia, Botrytis cinerea and species of Fusarium. Tebuconazole has been developed for foliar applications (as Folicur) and seed dressings (as Raxil). Tebuconazole is highly compatible with integrated pest management strategies as it is harmless to beneficial arthropods. Furthermore, it can be sprayed during flowering as it has no detrimental effects on honey bees (Apis mellifera) or bumble bees (Bombus spp.). Language: It. Author address: Bayer S.p.A., Milan, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800461 fungicides/plant disease control/chemical control/tebuconazole/development/pollinators/social insects/beneficial insects/Apis mellifera/Bombus/nontarget effects/nontarget effects/toxicity/honey bees/to honey bees/to Bombus/of tebuconazole. Anita, M., Sivaram, V. and Reddy, C. C. (1993) The bee flora, pesticidal application and honeybee poisoning in south Karnataka. Pollination in tropics: Proceedings of the International Symposium on pollination in tropics, August 8-13, 1993, Bangalore, India [edited by Veeresh, G. K.; Shaanker, R. U.; Ganeshaiah, K. N. (Editors)]. Bangalore, India, International Union for the Study of Social Insects, Indian Chapter, 238-240. J. M. Gedye. In the area studied, the bee flora comprised 321 plant species from 67 families. Plants yielding both nectar and pollen represented 59.81% of the total. Laboratory tests of 17 insecticides used in the area showed that all except BHC and malathion were highly toxic to honey bees. The percentage of species of bee flora normally sprayed with insecticide was comparatively low (24%), consisting mainly of cultivated crops. Page(s): 238-240. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Bangalore University, Bangalore 560056, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600231 beneficial insects/Apis/conferences/honey bee forage/India/Karnataka/poisoning/honey bees/insecticides/of honey bees/by insecticides. Annila, I., Hurme, M., Miettinen, A., Kuusisto, P. and Nieminen, M. M. (1998) Lymphocyte subpopulations, cytokine release and specific immunoglobulin G in reactive and nonreactive beekeepers. Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology, 8(2), 109-114. The present study was designed to evaluate parameters that might be clinically useful in estimation of systemic reactivity, and parameters that could differentiate allergic beekeepers from sensitized subjects. Thirty-two beekeepers were selected and placed into the following three groups: anergic (n = 10), asymptomatic sensitized (n = 11), and allergic (n = 11). Peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations, venom-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E and IgG and cytokine release by peripheral mononuclear cells were measured. The ratio of stimulated interleukin-4 to stimulated interferon-gamma was significantly higher in sensitized beekeepers than in allergic or anergic subjects. Venom-specific IgG correlated significantly with the number of annual stings (r = 0.575) and the years spent beekeeping (r = 0.471). No significant differences in the subpopulations of peripheral blood lymphocytes were found between the study groups. It is concluded that differences in the subpopulations of peripheral blood lymphocytes are not associated with sensitization or systemic reactivity. In asymptomatic sensitized beekeepers, T helper 2 T cell dominance is more pronounced than in allergic subjects. Bee venom specific IgG correlates directly with the degree of exposure to bee venom. Accession date: 11 May 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA458/99 honey bees/stings/allergies/cytokines/interferon-gamma /immunoglobulin G/interleukin-4/interleukin-5/lymphocytes/venoms/antibodies. Annila, I. T., Annila, P. A. and Mörsky, P. (1997) Risk assessment in determining systemic reactivity of honeybee stings in beekeepers. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 78(5), 473-477. The use of laboratory tests as a reliable method for risk assessment in determining the systemic reactivity of beekeepers to honey bee (Apis mellifera) stings has proven unsatisfactory. This study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of a structured questionnaire as a supplement to bee venom-specific IgE data in the prediction of systemic sting reactions of 78 Finish beekeepers to honey bee stings. Participants in previous studies completed a questionnaire concerning potential risk factors of systemic sting reactions. Serum bee venom IgE was measured by CAP-RAST. Skin-prick tests were performed with standardized bee venom extracts prior to the beekeeping season. Venom challenges were performed using unintentional field stings. A new questionnaire concerning sting reactions during the recent beekeeping season was sent to the beekeepers after it had ended. A multiple logistic regression analysis was done to evaluate the influence of potential risk factors upon systemic bee sting reactions. Four variables were significant. The pre-season presence of serum bee venom-specific IgE concentrations exceeding 1.0 kU/litre increased the risk of systemic reactions 12-fold. The risk was 10-fold if nasal or respiratory symptoms had occurred while working at hives. When the years spent beekeeping were < 8 the risk of systemic sting reaction was 9-fold, any previous systemic reaction increased the risk 8-fold. The use of more detailed patient histories in combination with laboratory tests may markedly improve the reliability of risk assessment. Accession date: 7 May 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Dept of Pulmonary Diseases, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, FIN-33521, Tampere, Finland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA457/99 Apis mellifera/honey bee venom/immune response/surveys/Finland. Annila, I. T., Karjalainen, E. S., Annila, P. A. and Kuusisto, P. A. (1996) Bee and wasp sting reactions in current beekeepers. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology, 77(5), 423-427. Author. A questionnaire concerning sting reactions and potential risk factors was mailed to all members of a regional beekeepers' association in Finland; 191 beekeepers were included in the study. Systemic bee sting reactions had been experienced by 50 (26%) and large local reactions by 73 (38%) of the beekeepers. Similar reactions following wasp stings had occurred in 2% and 13%, respectively. Twenty-four (48%) of the systemic reactors and 39 (28%) of the remaining subjects had a history of atopic symptoms (allergic rhinitis, allergic bronchial asthma, or atopic dermatitis). While working at hives, nasal and eye symptoms were present in 54% of the systemic reactors and in 23% of the remaining subjects. Systemic reactors were younger and had been beekeepers for a shorter period than non-reactive subjects. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of systemic sting reaction increased 4-fold when nasal or eye symptoms were present while working at hives and 2-fold when the years in beekeeping were less than 15. It is concluded that the occurrence of systemic and large local reactions after bee stings is high among beekeepers. A history of atopy is associated with systemic reactions. Both the presence of nasal or eye symptoms while working at hives and a history of beekeeping for less than 15 years significantly increase the risk of systemic reactions. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FIN-33521 Tampere, Finland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801242 Hymenoptera/arthropod allergies/hypersensitivity/man/atopy/stings/honey bees/Vespidae/allergies/beekeepers/Finland/allergies. Annila, I. T., Karjalainen, E. S., Morsky, P. and Kuusisto, P. A. (1995) Clinical symptoms and immunologic reactivity to bee and wasp stings in beekeepers. Allergy (Copenhagen), 50(7), 568-574. In Finland, the history of sting reactions was compared with venom skin prick test (SPT) and CAP RAST reactions in beekeepers in order to assess the value of structured questions and symptom backgrounds. The study population consisted of 102 beekeepers, who were 25-75 years of age. Bee [Apis mellifera] and wasp (Vespula) venom SPT was performed with concentrations of 10, 100 and 300 g/ml. The CAP Phadiatop test was used in the screening of IgE antibodies against common inhalant allergens. 42 beekeepers had never experienced large local or systemic reactions after a bee sting. Of the 31 subjects with a history of systemic reactions, 13 had experienced these during the previous year. A significant difference (P 0.01) between systemic reactors and nonreactors was found in bee venom CAP and SPT (300 g/ml). However, due to considerable overlap, these tests are unable to discriminate between allergic and nonallergic beekeepers. Both bee venom SPT (300 g/ml) and CAP tests were positive in 65% of systemic reactors and in 34% of nonreactors (P = 0.008). Venom SPT (300 g/ml) correlated significantly with CAP for both venoms. No correlation was observed between venom allergy and atopy. Clinically, the most practical concentration for evaluating bee and wasp venom sensitization by SPT proved to be 300 g/ml. Library code: 53 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Pulmonology, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, 33521 Tampere, Finland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700804 beekeepers/skin tests/symptoms/arthropod allergies/occupational hazards/IgE/immunoglobulins/RAST/venoms/Apis mellifera/Vespula/man/stings/Hymenoptera/hypersensitivity/allergies/allergies/honey bee venom. Antiochia, R. and Palleschi, G. (1997) A tri-enzyme electrode probe for the sequential determination of fructose and glucose in the same sample. Analytical Letters, 30(4), 683-697. A probe for the determination of fructose and glucose was assembled using a platinum electrode and 3 enzymes co-immobilized on its surface: fructose dehydrogenase, glucose dehydrogenase and diaphorase. When the probe is immersed in a solution containing fructose and glucose and an electrochemical mediator, the current signal is due to the fructose. Then, by adding NAD(P) a current response due to the glucose present in solution is obtained. Analytical parameters such as pH, buffer, temperature, concentration of mediator and ratio of the 3 enzymes co-immobilized were optimized. Probe stability and reproducibility were evaluated. Calibration curves for fructose and glucose were constructed. The linear range for fructose and glucose was 5-200 M and the detection limit was 0.1 M. The probe was used to determine the concentration of fructose and glucose in 10 different samples of honey. The values obtained were compared with those obtained by UV-VIS spectrophotometry and the results were in good agreement. Library code: 37 ref. Language: En. Author address: Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita di Roma 'La Sapienza' , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901010 sugars/enzymes/fructose 5-dehydrogenase/glucose dehydrogenase/diaphorase/fructose/glucose/estimation/honey/fructose/glucose/determination/honey/analysis/amperometry/immobilization/electrodes/glucose/fructose/biosensors. Antonicelli, L., Pucci, S., Bilo, M. B., Garritani, M. S. and Bonifazi, F. (1994) Early decrease in skin reactivity after rush venom immunotherapy. Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology, 4(2), 57-60. Previous studies have documented changes in skin reactivity after specific immunotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the time course of this phenomenon after rush venom immunotherapy. According to the method of endpoint evaluation, the skin reactivity of 38 patients allergic to venom (Apis mellifera and Vespula) was studied 24 h before and after the end of a rush venom immunotherapy protocol (7 days). The results were compared with 13 controls. An early significant decrease in skin reactivity was documented (P0.001), which was not related to an increase in specific IgG. Thus, rush venom immunotherapy induces a very early decrease in skin reactivity. Library code: 13 ref. Language: En. Author address: Servizio Autonomo di Allergologia Respiratoria, USL 12, Ancona, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700018 Apidae/Vespidae/arthropod allergies/skin/rush venom immunotherapy/Apis mellifera/Vespula/man/stings/therapy/Hymenoptera/hypersensitivity/immunotherapy/venoms/allergies/venoms/usage/immune desensitization/venoms/skin tests/allergies. Antonio, N., Elvio, A., Sergio, A., Armando, B. and Gianpiero, C. (1999) Wooden strips impregnated with oxalic acid. L'Apis, 7(7), 4-7. Original title: Stecche di legno impregnate con acido ossalico. Honey bee colonies infested with Varroa jacobsoni were treated with strips of poplar wood (250 x 45 x 2 mm) impregnated with 25% oxalic acid solution. The strips were put into hives on 20 July and replaced after 43 days; on average, a colony received 4.7 g oxalic acid at the first treatment and 6.6 g at the second. Although the average mite fall increased until late Sept., the increase was only gradual, and 5 of the 12 colonies became extremely weak. Accession date: 15 September 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: It. P Walker. Author address: Istituto Nazionale di Apicoltura, Bologna, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1112/99 Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/oxalic acid/honey bees. Aparicio, A., Gallego, M. J. and Vazquez, C. (1995) Reproductive biology of Viscum cruciatum (Viscaceae) in southern Spain. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 156(1), 42-49. D. G. Lowe. The reproductive biology of this species of mistletoe was investigated at 3 sites in southern Spain. The lemon-scented male flowers produce c. 58000 pollen grains whilst the odourless female flowers secrete small amounts (0.28 l/day) of nectar. Flowers bagged against both wind and insects set no fruit, but flowers bagged against only insects set some fruit. The flowers were visited intensively by honey bees [Apis mellifera]; other insects, especially Diptera, were sometimes captured. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901075 honey bees/Apis mellifera/Diptera/pollinators/Viscum cruciatum/pollination/insects/wind/Viscum. Aparicio, A. and Garcia-Martin, F. (1996) The reproductive biology and breeding system of Erica andevalensis Cabezudo & Rivera (Ericaceae), an endangered edaphic endemic of southwestern Spain. Implications for its conservation. Flora (Jena), 191(4), 345-351. D. G. Lowe. The lifespan of flowers, nectar secretion, pollinators, fruit-set and seed-set were studied in natural populations of this heather, in an old pyrite mining area characterized by high levels of heavy metals and acid sulphates, and also in greenhouse conditions. Nectar secretion was low, with a daily mean volume of 0.25 l (0.03 mg sugar). The most abundant insect visitors were the bees Apis mellifera (40/30 min), Anthidium sp. (4) and Andrena sp. (2). Fruit- and seed-set were high in the field, but did not occur at all in greenhouses. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Sevilla, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901435 Apis mellifera/Anthidium/Andrena/Apidae/pollinators/beneficial insects/Erica andevalensis/Spain. Ape Nostra, A. (1998) Frauds: documentary alarm from the COPA-COGECA organization — the honey sector at risk. Ape Nostra Amica, 20(3), 6-16. Original title: Frodi, documentato allarme del gruppo COPA-COGECA: a rischio il settore del miele. A dossier concerning frauds in connection with the quality and botanical and geographical origins of honey is presented. Accession date: 6 August 1998. Call number: 638.16. Library code: Bj. Language: It. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA260/99 honey/types/adulteration/labelling. Ape Nostra, A. (1998) A special nucleus hive: of use for capture, formation, transport and, if it is necessary, placing swarms in production. Ape Nostra Amica, 20(3), 44-47. Original title: Un'arnietta tutta speciale: utilissima per la cattura, la formazione, il trasporto e, se occorre, per mettere gli sciami in produzione. An illustrated account of a polystyrene, 5-frame hive. Accession date: 6 August 98. Call number: 638.147/148. Library code: Bj. Language: It. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA201/99 nucleus hives/movable-comb hives/honey bees/swarms/hiving/polystyrenes. Aponte, O. I. C. (1996) Fungi and bacteria associated with meliponin colonies. Tacaya(5), 7-9. Original title or source: Hongos y bacterios asociados con colonias de meliponinos (Apidae: Meliponinae). P. Walker. Microorganisms which have been reported as being associated with stingless bee colonies are discussed. For Melipona fasciata, 3 Bacillus species are named, and for Trigona hypogea, 5 Bacillus species. Microorganisms of the same genus have also been found on 12 other meliponine species which are listed. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Department Comparative Physiology, Utrecht University, Postbus 80086, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900093 Melipona fasciata/trigona hypogea/Apidae/beneficial insects/Meliponinae/nests/fungi/bacteria/Bacillus. Apsegaite, V., Skirkevicius, A. and Balzekas, J. (1996) Amount of brood and honey in the bee colony, its ability to swarm and amount of (E)-9-oxo-2-decenoic acid in the queen bee. Tarptautines konferencijos Aplinkos veiksniai ir biciu produktyvumas bei sveikatingumas pranesimai, Dotnuva-Akademija, 1996 m. rugpjucio 1-4 d. Z. Dabkevicius, M. Apanaviciene, V. Ceksteryte and J. Racys, 34-39. Original title: Peru kiekis biciu seimoje, jos spietlumas, medaus prodikcija ir trans-9-oksodecen-2-o rugsties kiekis, kuri isskiria biciu motina. The average level of 9-ODA determined in 2-year-old queens of Apis mellifera caucisica, A. m. mellifera and A. m. carpathica ranges from 133 to 146 g/queen and in hybrids from 144 to 163 ug. Colonies headed by queens with higher 9-ODA contents collected more honey. Honey production was higher in colonies with a pure queen than in those with a hybrid queen. The relationship between 9-ODA level, brood area and swarming was examined. Editor(s): Dabkevicius, Z; Apanaviciene, M; Ceksteryte, V; Racys, J. Page(s): 34-39. Accession date: 23 March 1999. Call number: 638.121.1. Library code: Bd. Language: Li, en. P Walker. Author address: Ekologijos inst., Vilnius, Lithuania. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA448/99 Apis mellifera caucasica/Apis mellifera carpathica/Apis mellifera mellifera/queen honey bees/pheromones/performance/honey bee colonies. Aptroot, A. and Iperen, A. v. (1996) Bumble bees in the Netherlands. Levende Natuur, 97(5), 220-224. Original title or source: Nederland kijkt naar hommels. A survey of Bombus species in the Netherlands in 1994 and 1995, organized by 3 natural history societies, is summarised. Library code: Bc. Language: Nl. Author address: Gerrit van de Veenstraat 107, 3762 XK Soest, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900800 Apidae/Bombus. Arai, S. and Kurimoto, M. (1994) Biological effects of propolis on macrophage function and tumour metastasis. Honeybee Science, 15(4), 155-162. Author. A powder containing approx. 13.7% propolis was prepared; anhydrous maltose was included to increase solubility. Murine macrophage functions such as cell adhesion and the subsequent spread of the cytoplasm, and the motility and phagocytosis of macrophages, were significantly activated in vitro by propolis at 0.03-1.0 mg/ml. In vitro tumour necrosis factor and interleukin 1 production of macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide were significantly enhanced by propolis. In vitro dose-dependent growth inhibition of murine colon 26 tumour cell lines was observed in the presence of 0.03-1.0 mg propolis/ml. When mice were given 3 i.v. injections of propolis (0.1-0.4 mg/mouse) before transplantation of tumour cells they showed a reduction in lung metastasis compared with controls. Library code: Bj. Language: Ja. Author address: Fujisaki Institute, Hayashibara Biochem. Labs., 675-1 Fujisaki, Okayama 702, Japan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601509 mice/macrophages/neoplasms/propolis/effects. Aranda, E., Rodríguez, M. M., Asensio, M. A. and Córdoba, J. J. (1997) Detection of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E and F in foods by PCR and DNA probe. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 25(3), 186-190. A PCR procedure was developed for the detection of Clostridium botulinum in foods. PCR products were detected in agarose gels and by Southern hybridization. The sensitivity of PCR was tested in broth cultures and in canned asparagus, dry cured ham and honey. The sensitivity of the method in broth was high (2.1-8.1 cfu/ml) for types A and B, but rather low (104 cfu/ml) for types E and F. However, after enrichment at 37°C for 18 h, it was possible to detect C. botulinum types A, B, E and F in food samples at initial levels of about 1 cfu/ 10g of food. This PCR detection protocol provides a sensitive and relatively rapid technique for the routine detection of C. botulinum in foods. Accession date: 7 May 1999. Call number: 638.163/166. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Higiene y Tecnologia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Uiniversidad de Extremadura, Avenida Universidad s/n, 10071-Cáceres, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA588/99 botulism/infant disorders/honey/contamination/Clostridium botulinum. Aranda Escribano, M. L., Cardenal Galvan, J. A. and Montero Trujillo, J. C. (1997) Villuercas Ibores: feasibility of utilization of wild plants. Vida Apicola(82), 36-44. Original title or source: Villuercas Ibores. Viabilidad del aprovechamiento de la flora silvestre. A detailed survey of plants was carried out in this area in the province of Caceres, Spain. Of the 163 species identified, 10 are used for seasoning food, 18 are classified as aromatic, 111 as medicinal and 145 as bee plants. In the group, 74 species are sources of both nectar and pollen, 50 of nectar only, 16 of pollen only and 16 of pollen and honeydew. A list of the species gives the flowering period for each. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900548 honey bee forage/Spain/flowering date. Aranda, M. L., Cardenal, J. A. and Montero, J. C. (1997) Villuercas Ibores: beekeeping value of different [plant] species. Vida Apicola(83), 49-51. Original title or source: Villuercas Ibores. Interes apicola de las diferentes especies. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900547 honey bee forage/Spain. Aras, P., Oliveira, D. d. and Savoie, L. (1996) Effect of a honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) gradient on the pollination and yield of lowbush blueberry. Journal of Economic Entomology, 89(5), 1080-1083. Author. Experiments were carried out in Quebec, Canada, to establish the relationship between a gradient of honey bees (Apis mellifera) and fruit production of lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium and V. myrtilloides. Five hundred colonies of honey bees were grouped at one end of a blueberry culture, and pollinator counts as well as fruit sampling were made between 0.5 and 5.0 km from the hives, thus obtaining fruit production data from plots with many to no observed honey bees. Four parameters were estimated to assess blueberry production: seed set, fruit set, berry weight, and maturation rate. All parameters were significantly and positively correlated with an increase in the density of honey bees. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Departement des Sciences Biologiques, Universite de Quebec a Montreal, C.P. 8888. Succ. Centreville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801096 Vaccinium angustifolium/Vaccinium myrtilloides/honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial innsects/pollinators/Canada/blueberries/pollination/of Vaccinium/by honey bees/Vaccinium. Arathi, H. S., Shakarad, M. and Gadagkar, R. (1997) Social organization in experimentally assembled colonies of Ropalidia marginata: comparison of introduced and natal wasps. Insectes Sociaux, 44, 139-146. In the primitively eusocial wasp, Ropalidia marginata, worker behaviour cannot be explained satisfactorily by the haplodiploidy hypothesis due to the existence of polyandry, serial polygyny and movement of wasps between nests, which reduce intra-colony genetic relatedness to levels lower than the value expected between a solitary foundress and her offspring. Wasps eclosing from one set of colonies were introduced into other colonies separated by a distance of 10 km or more, to examine the possibility of kin recognition and task specialization under conditions of low intra-colony relatedness. Introduced wasps were readily accepted into unrelated foster colonies, where they performed most behaviours and tasks shown by the natal wasps. We found no evidence of kin recognition or task specialization among natal and introduced wasps. Introduced wasps sometimes became replacement queens in spite of the presence of natal wasps. Taken together with previous observations, these results support the idea that factors other than genetic relatedness must play a prominent role in the evolution of worker behaviour in Ropalidia marginata. Accession date: 11 May 1999. Call number: 595.79. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author. Author address: Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangolore 560 012, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA349/99 Vespidae/Hymenoptera/eusocial wasps/Ropalidia marginata. Arathi, H. S., Shakarad, M. and Gadagkar, R. (1997) Factors affecting the acceptance of alien conspecifics on nests of the primitively eusocial wasp, Ropalidia marginata (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 10(3), 343-353. In the primitively eusocial wasp, Ropalidia marginata, individual females are known to drift from one newly founded nest to another. In the laboratory, young (<6- to 8-day-old) alien wasps were accepted into unrelated colonies, while older (>6- to 8-day-old) wasps were not. Factors that could influence the acceptance of foreign conspecifics into unrelated recipient nests was investigated. Both age and ovarian condition seemed to influence the probability of acceptance as well as the levels of aggression and tolerance received by the introduced wasps. However, partial correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis indicated that only age had a direct influence and that ovarian condition acts only through age, a variable with which it is highly correlated. The observed acceptance of young aliens and rejection of old aliens are less likely to be due to the perception of older wasps as a reproductive threat rather than some age-related factor, other than ovarian condition, for example the relative ease with which younger wasps can be moulded into desired roles. Accession date: 11 May 1999. Call number: 595.79. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author. Author address: Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangolore 560 012, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA348/99 conspecific acceptance/primitively eusocial wasps/Ropalidia marginata/Hymenoptera/Vespidae. Arce, H. (1994) Stingless beekeeping in Costa Rica: technical and cultural aspects. Pegone(2), 6-8. P. Walker. A survey found that 227 colonies of 10 species of stingless bees (all with local names) were being kept in hives, especially Tetragonisca angustula (mainly in small boxes) and Melipona beecheii (mainly in hollow logs). The honey of these 2 species is valued for medicines. Honey is harvested once a year, around Easter, giving, on average: M. beecheii 2.6 l, M. fasciata 3.8 l, T. angustula 0.4 l; some wax is also collected. A list of 22 plant species important for stingless bees was compiled from interviews with beekeepers. In recent years, the number of colonies of stingless bees kept in hives has declined, mainly because of deforestation and the use of pesticides. Another constraint is poor management, especially careless honey harvesting. A programme to improve techniques continues. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: CINAT Research Institute, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800724 Apidae/beneficial insects/Meliponinae/beekeeping/Costa Rica. Arce, H. G. A. and Veen, J. W. v. (1997) Production, processing and quality of honeys in Central America and Mexico. Perspectives for honey production in the tropics: proceedings of the NECTAR symposium held in Utrecht, 18 December 1995 [edited by Sommeijer, M. J.; Beetsma, J.; Boot, W.-J.; Robberts, E.-J.; Vries, R. de]. Bennekom, Netherlands, Netherlands Expertise Centre for Tropical Apicultural Resources, 103-115. Author. Honey production in the Americas serves local consumption as well as export. The 3.5 million hives that are managed in Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean give an average honey yield of 24.7 kg/hive. Most (80%) of this production is from Mexico. Many Central American countries exported honey before the arrival of Africanized bees, mainly to Europe. In Costa Rica, annual honey consumption per capita is about 350 g; 90% of the honey produced is for family use. In Central America most honey is produced by small-scale beekeepers, e.g. in the Yucatan peninsula, more than 17800 Maya beekeepers produce about one-third of Mexico's honey. In Costa Rica 85% of beekeepers practise beekeeping as a sideline activity. This contributes to the importance of local co-operatives. The spread of Africanized honey bees has caused the disappearance of rustic beekeeping with fixed-comb hives and now most colonies are kept in Langstroth hives. Factors affecting honey quality during harvesting and processing are discussed. Migratory beekeeping is used mainly for pollination purposes. Data for honey exports and imports are presented and prospects for future trade are discussed. Page(s): 103-115. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900862 conferences/beekeeping/honey/quality/processing/trade. Arce, H. G. A., Veen, J. W. v. and Sommeijer, M. J. (1994) Beekeeping with stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponinae) in Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Trinidad and Tobago, 7-12 September 1992. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 209-213. D. G. Lowe. A survey of Costa Rican beekeepers who kept stingless bees is reported. Of the 40 farmers interviewed, 27 had one or more colonies, 6 had recently kept colonies, and 7 had never kept stingless bees but represented typical Costa Rican rural communities. The ages of the interviewees rranged from 22 to 85 years, and they had had their bees for an average of 18.2 years (from 5 to 35 years); 92% of them were men. A total of 152 hives (including 75 log hives) were kept by these beekeepers. The main species kept (of a total 11 species) were Melipona beecheii and Tetragonisca angustula, which produced an average of 2.5 <+-> 1.4 and 0.3 <+-> 0.2 litres honey/colony respectively. Management methods and the harvesting and uses of honey are described briefly. Page(s): 209-213. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Proyecto Apicultura, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600789 Melipona beecheii/Tetragonisca angustula/beneficial insects/beekeepers/honey/conferences/Apidae/beekeeping/Meliponinae/Costa Rica. Archer, M. (1998) Threatened wasps, ants and bees (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) in Watsonian Yorkshire. A Red Data book. York, UK, PLACE Research Centre, Univ. College of Ripon and York St. John. A total of 107 species (approx. 33% of the number found in Yorkshire) are under threat. They include species of Andrenidae (13 species), Halictidae (8), Melittidae (1), Megachilidae (40, Anthophoridae (8) and Apidae (11 Bombus and 2 Psithyrus species). Page(s): 68. Edition: Occasional Paper No. 2. Accession date: 27 July 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bd. Language: En. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA649/99 Apoidea/UK/Yorkshire/endangered species. Archer, M. E. (1992) Aculeate wasps and bees (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of Skipwith Common and a comparison of Skipwith Common with Allerthorpe and Strensall Commons. Naturalist (Bradford), 117, 19-25. M. E. Archer. An account is given of the 91 species of aculeate wasps and bees recorded at this site in Yorkshire. A comparison is made with other heathland sites in terms of similarity indices, cleptoparasitic loads and aerial nesting frequencies. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: University College of Ripon and York, Lord Mayor's Walk, York YO37EX, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600032 Hymenoptera/Apidae/nesting/kleptoparasitism/Apoidea/England/HEATHLANDS/Hymenoptera Aculeata. Archer, M. E. (1995) Aculeate wasps and bees (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of Blaxton Common in Watsonian Yorkshire with the introduction of a new national quality scoring system. Naturalist (Bradford), 120(1012), 21-29. D. G. Lowe. In a number of visits over the period 1980-1993, 91 species were recorded, including 17 Andrenidae, 15 Halictidae, 9 Apidae, 8 Anthophoridae, 6 Colletidae and 3 Megachilidae. The 'quality' assessment of the area was based on status (scarcity) number of species values. Information on cleptoparasites and nesting is given. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800024 Apidae/Vespidae/Hymenoptera/Apoidea/UK/Yorkshire. Archer, M. E. (1995) The melittid and megachilid bees (Hymenoptera: Melittidae and Megachilidae) of Watsonian Yorkshire. Naturalist (Bradford), 120(1015), 149-162. D. G. Lowe. Current knowledge of these bees is reviewed, with 15 references. The species concerned are 5 species of Megachile, 4 species of Coelioxys, 3 species of Osmia, one species of Chelostoma and one species of Melitta. Details are given of life cycles, historical records, distributions and flight periods. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: 17 Elmfield Terrace, Malton Road, York YO3 0EH, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801180 Apidae/Megachilidae/Melitta/UK/Yorkshire/life cycle. Archer, M. E. (1996) The aculeate wasps and bees (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of Herm and Sark, Channel Islands. Entomologist's Gazette, 47(1), 53-59. D. G. Lowe. The wasps and bees that have been recorded from Herm and Sark are listed. They include 56 solitary bee species and 10 species of Apidae on Herm and 54 solitary bee species and 7 species of Apidae on Sark. The completeness of the lists is investigated by determining the species-area relationship. Cleptoparasitic loads and nesting sites are also discussed. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: University College of Ripon and York St. John, Lord Mayor's Walk, York YO3 7EX, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800751 Apidae/Hymenoptera Aculeata/Apoidea/UK/Channel Islands. Archer, M. E. (1996) The aculeate wasps and bees (Hym., Aculeata) of Sherwood Forest in Nottinghamshire and the development of a national quality assessment scheme. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 132(1580-83), 35-44. D. G. Lowe. In a number of visits over the period 1985-1992, and in a survey of the literature and museum specimens, a total of 114 wasp and bee species were recorded for Sherwood Forest, including 57 Apoidea (16 Halictidae, 14 Andrenidae, 9 Apidae, 9 Anthophoridae, 5 Colletidae, 4 Megachilidae). Information on seasonal progression of species, cleptoparasites and nesting is given. The 'quality' of the site, based on species scarcity, is assessed. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: University College of Ripon and York St. John, Lord Mayor's Walk, York YO3 7EX, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801123 Vespidae/Apidae/Hymenoptera/Apoidea/UK/Nottinghamshire. Archer, M. E. (1996) The aculeate wasps and bees (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of Shipley Glen in Watsonian Yorkshire with a 'then'and 'now'comparison. Naturalist (Bradford), 121(1017), 53-59. D. G. Lowe. Species of aculeate wasps and bees found at this site in Yorkshire, UK, in the period 1979-1994, are compared with earlier records obtained between 1919 and 1949. In total, 89 species have been recorded (53 bee species). The species are analysed in terms of regional and national 'quality' scores, and details of cleptoparasitic loads and aerial nesting frequency are also given. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: University College of Ripon & York St John, Lord Mayor's Walk, York, YO3 7EX, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900021 Sphecidae/Apidae/Hymenoptera/Apoidea/UK/Yorkshire. Archer, M. E. (1997) The aculeate wasps and bees (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of two calcareous localities in Watsonian Yorkshire: Burton Leonard Lime Quarries and Cave Wold. Naturalist (Rotherham), 122(1021), 45-52. Bees and wasps were identified at 2 sites in north Yorkshire, England, during 16 visits to each site. A total of 314 solitary bees were recorded (31 species at one site and 34 at the other). Social bees identified were: 6 Bombus spp. 4 Psithyrus spp. and Apis mellifera. At each site, 30 wasp species were recorded; 4 social wasp species were also present. The results are analysed. Accession date: 11 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Ba. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: University College Ripon & York St John, Lord Mayor's Walk, York, YO3 7EX, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA363/99 surveys/quality scores/seasonal progression/cleptoparasitic load/solitary bees/wasps/Bombus/bumble bees/Psithyrus/UK. Archer, M. E. (1999) The aculeate wasps and bees (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of the Ainsdale-Formby sand dunes on the Lancashire coast compared with other northern sites. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History, 12(1), 1-10. The frequency of solitary bees at this site was higher than average. Accession date: 27 August 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: X. Language: En. . Author address: University College of Ripon & York St. John, York YO31 7EX, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA650/99 solitary bees/Aculeata/Hymenoptera/distribution/England/Lancashire. Archer, M. E. and Burn, J. T. (1995) The aculeate wasps and bees of Crow Wood, Finningley in Watsonian Yorkshire, with the introduction of a new national quality scoring system. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History, 8(2), 49-59. A total of 135 species of Aculeata is recorded from Crow Wood, Yorkshire, UK, with 2 species being nationally rare. A scheme by which the statuses of 'common', 'local' and 'regionally notable' as proposed by S. Ball are replaced by 'universal', 'widespread' and 'restricted'. The latter statuses are assigned on the basis of abundance and distribution within England and Wales. Using this scheme, a national quality score and a national species quality score are calculated for Crow Wood. The relative frequencies of cleptoparasitic and aerially-nesting species is discussed. Library code: 21 ref. Language: En. Author address: University College of Ripon & York St John, York, YO3 7EX, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700801 Hymenoptera/social insects/ecology/geographical distribution/methodology/endangered species/Aculeata/UK/sampling/Hymenoptera Aculeata/Apoidea/England/Yorkshire/distribution. Arculeo, P. (1999) Experimental treatment of varroa with oxalic acid in Sicily. Ape Nostra Amica, 21(4), 6-9. Original title: Trattamenti contro la varroa con acido ossalico sperimentati in Sicilia. Infested honey bee colonies were treated by dripping 5 ml of a solution between combs; the solution consisted of 1000 ml water, 1000 g sucrose and 100 g oxalic acid dihydrate. In the absence of brood (February) 94.2% of mites were killed, and in the presence of brood (August) 82.8%. Using a more dilute solution (70 g oxalic acid dihydrate) on brood-free colonies, 87.0% of mites were killed. Bee mortality and other effects on the colonies were not monitored. Accession date: 26 October 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: It, en. P Walker. Author address: Istituto Zooprofilattico, Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Sicily, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1114/99 Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/oxalic acid/Sicily/Italy. Areskoug, G. (1996) New varroa zones. Bitidningen, 95(6), 210. Original title or source: Nya varroazoner. E. Osterlund. New infestations of Varroa jacobsoni, coming from Norway, were found in western Sweden in 1995; previous findings were in the south. A map shows 3 zones in which movements of bees by beekeepers are severely restricted. Movement restrictions due to AFB also exist. [Zone 1, in the south, has been extended in 1996 because of new findings of varroa in SE Sweden.]. Library code: Bj. Language: Sv. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800232 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/bee diseases/American foul brood/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/Sweden/control methods/mites/mite control/arthropod pests/distribution/control. Areskoug, G. (1998) Second varroa zone in south Götland and Värmland. Bitidningen, 97(5), 22. Original title: Ändrade varroazoner i södra Götaland och Värmland. Accession date: 8 september 1998. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: Sv. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA216/99 honey bees/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/Sweden. Argue, C. L. (1993) Pollen morphology in the Selagineae, Manuleae (Scrophulariaceae), and selected Globulariaceae, and its taxonomic significance. American Journal of Botany, 80(6), 723-733. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Plant Biology, 220 Biological Sciences Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600007 taxonomy/pollen/morphology/Scrophulariaceae/Globulariaceae. Arias, M. C. and Sheppard, W. S. (1996) Molecular phylogenetics of honey bee subspecies (Apis mellifera L.) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 5(3), 557-566. Author. A mitochondrial DNA region encompassing part of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and isoleucine transfer RNA genes was PCR-amplified, cloned, and sequenced for 14 morphometrically identified Apis mellifera subspecies (carnica, ligustica, macedonica, mellifera, meda, adansonii, capensis, iberica, intermissa, lamarckii, monticola, sahariensis, scutellata, sicula) and for Africanized honey bees from Brazil. Twenty different haplotypes were detected and phylogenetic analyses supported the existence of 3 or 4 major subspecies groups similar to those based on morphometric measurements. However, some discrepancies are reported concerning the subspecies composition of each group. Based on the sequence divergence of Drosophila (2% per Myr) the results indicated that the 4 lineages may have diverged around 0.67 Myr. Phylogenetic relationships and hypotheses concerning subspecies origin, dispersion, and biogeography are discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Building 476, BARC-E, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800941 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bees/mitochondria/DNA/races/phylogeny/biogeography. Arias, M. C., Tingek, S., Kelitu, A. and Sheppard, W. S. (1996) Apis nuluensis Tingek, Koeniger and Koeniger, 1996 and its genetic relationship with sympatric species inferrred from DNA sequences. Apidologie, 27(5), 415-422. P. Walker. Genetic studies were carried out on samples of workers from colonies of A. cerana (C), A. nuluensis (N), A. koschevnikovi and A. mellifera. Two different DNA regions of nuclear and mitochondrial origin were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences indicate that C and N are sister taxa. The apparent paraphyly of C and N suggests that N has diverged comparatively recently from the isolated C population in Borneo. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Bee research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Bldg 476, BARC-E, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800873 honey bees/DNA/variation/genetic variation/phylogeny/Apis nuluensis/Apis/species/Apis cerana/Borneo. Arif, M. and Kumar, N. (1997) Occurrence of pollinator bees in Leh: Ladakh (Jammu & Kashmir) at 3430 metres (11,200 feet) altitude in India. Entomologist's Record, 109, 205-206. In a survey of insects on crop plants (Brassica campestris, B. juncea, B. rapa, B. oleracea var. gonglyodes, Raphanus sativus, Daucus carota and Allium cepa), two bee species were recorded. Andrena peregrina was found at low densities on all crops (3-10 bees/plant) and seemed to be actively pollinating the flowers. The bees carried pollen in their pollen baskets. An unidentified Colletes species was also present (1-4 bees/plant). Accession date: 6 September 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bc. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Defence Agricultural Research Laboratory, Pithorogarh 262502, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA651/99 Andrena/Colletes/India/Kashmir and Jammu/pollination/crops/Brassica campestris/Brassica juncea/Brassica rapa/Brassica oleracea/Raphanus sativus/Daucus carota/Allium cepa. Arillo, A., Nel, A. and Ortuno, V. M. (1996) Two fossil bees from the Oligocene of Izarra (Alava, Spain) (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 101(1), 59-64. D. G. Lowe. One of the bees described is a worker honey bee, named as Apis aquisextana. The other is a member of the family Rhophitidae (subfamily undetermined). Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Dpto de Biologia Animal I (Entomologia), Fac. de Biologia, Univ. Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900112 palaeontology/Apis/Rhophitidae. Arita, L. H. and Fujii, J. K. (1992) Quantity and seasonal variation of pollen types collected by honey bees at two localities on the island of Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 31, 119-123. Author. Monthly pollen pellet samples were collected from 2 honey bee (Apis mellifera) hives, located at Hakalau and Volcano, Hawaii island, along with rainfall data for each site. The total amount of pollen collected at Hakalau ranged from a low of 61.0 g in Dec. 1986 to a high of 469.4 g in Oct. 1987. At Volcano, the largest amount of pollen was collected in Sep. 1987 (711.5 g), and the least in May 1987 (33.0 g). There appeared to be no relationship between rainfall and the amounts of pollen collected. Many pollen types were collected seasonally while other types were collected year round. The monthly pollen samples were usually a composite of many pollen types, including 1-4 dominant types. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: University of Hawaii at Hilo, College of Agriculture, HI 96720, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600192 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/rain/bee-collected pollen/foraging/honey bees/pollen/pollen plants/USA/Hawaii/seasonal variation. Ariue, B. K. (1994) Multiple Africanized bee stings in a child. Pediatrics, 94(1), 115-117. B. K. Ariue. A case is described of multiple stings from Africanized bees in a 6-year-old boy in Costa Rica. The child received epinephrine, steroids and antihistamine in the field. Angioedema of the lips and eyes was prominent, and the child was obtunded. Resuscitation proceeded in the usual fashion, and he was discharged home on a mild analgesic and antihistamines. Some of the special features of attacks by Africanized bees are described. Multiple bee stings have direct effects haemolysis, increased vascular permeability, neuromuscular blockade and depolarization of cardiac muscle. Antigen excess may lead to delayed, serum-sickness-type illness. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Pediatrics, West Hall, 11262 Campus St., Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701336 Hymenoptera/stinging/Costa Rica/epinephrine/steroids/antihistamine/symptoms/stings/honey bees/pathogenesis/treatment/children/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa. Armbruster, W. S. (1993) Evolution of plant pollination systems: hypotheses and tests with the neotropical vine Dalechampia. Evolution, 47(5), 1480-1505. P. Walker. The results of pollination and mating-system studies were integrated with a phylogenetic study of 40 Neotropical species of Dalechampia to reconstruct the history of evolutionary change in pollination systems (PS). It was concluded that PS in this genus have been evolutionarily labile; transitions among the 3 PS that have evolved were facilitated by preadaptation. Among the PS, pollination by fragrance-collecting male euglossine bees is relatively rare in the genus but has originated independently 3 or 4 times; pollination by resin-collecting female bees is very common, but has originated only once. The third PS is pollination by pollen-collecting bees. The paper includes a list of 48 species/ecotypes with their principal pollinators. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology and Wildlife and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800044 Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/pollination/Apoidea/of Dalechampia/by Apoidea/Dalechampia/Dalechampia/evolution. Armbruster, W. S. and Berg, E. E. (1994) Thermal ecology of male euglossine bees in a tropical wet forest: fragrance foraging in relation to operative temperature. Biotropica, 26(1), 50-60. P. Walker. Male euglossine bees, including Euglossa and Eulaema species, are known to collect fragrances from flowers and other sources which they probably modify and then release to attract females. Studies of the effects of solar radiation and air temperature on collecting activity led to the following tentative conclusions: that in tropical wet forests, collecting by these bees may be limited by low air temperatures in the early morning; that neither Euglossa nor Eulaema usually thermoregulate by basking; that activity may be depressed in the late afternoon, in Eulaema due to overheating, but in Euglossa probably for other reasons. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology and Wildlife and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701253 foraging/Euglossa/Eulaema/fragrance/chemicals/flowers/temperature/effects. Armbruster, W. S., Herzig, A. L. and Clausen, T. P. (1992) Pollination of two sympatric species of Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae) in Suriname by male euglossine bees. American Journal of Botany, 79(12), 1374-1381. Author. Dalechampia brownsbergensis and D. fragrans co-occur in Surinam, and both are pollinated by fragrance-collecting male euglossine bees. D. brownsbergensis appears to flower year-round and is pollinated by relatively few species of bees, including Euglossa tridentata and E. gaianii. In contrast, D. fragrans appears to flower from late October through early December and is visited and pollinated by at least 13 species of euglossines. Field observations of pollination indicated that the 2 species did not share pollinators. However, when the flowers of D. fragrans were transplanted into a population of D. brownsbergensis, the main pollinator of D. brownsbergensis also visited the flowers of D. fragrans. The pollinators of D. fragrans, however, did not visit the flowers of D. brownsbergensis. Partial sharing of pollinators may have only a small negative impact on the 2 sympatric plant species at this site because they flower simultaneously only part of the year, and often they are spatially separated from one another. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology and Wildlife and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600044 beneficial insects/Apidae/pollinators/sympatric species/pollination/Euglossini/of Dalechampia/by Euglossini/Dalechampia/foraging/fragrance/chemicals. Armbruster, W. S. and Steiner, K. E. (1992) Pollination ecology of four Dalechampia species (Euphorbiaceae) in northern Natal, South Africa. American Journal of Botany, 79(3), 306-313. Author. The pollination ecology of 4 Dalechampia species was studied in 3 areas in northern Natal, South Africa. All species were pollinated by resin- and/or pollen-collecting megachilid bees. The most common of these at all study sites was Heriades sp., which collected both pollen and resin. This bee was the primary pollinator of D. galpinii and D. volubilis, and a secondary pollinator of D. aff. parvifolia and D. capensis. The primary pollinators of these latter 2 Dalechampia were Pachyanthidium near cucullatum and P. cordatum, respectively. These are larger bees that collected mainly resin. Other visitors varied among Dalechampia species and among sites. Pairs of Dalechampia species were often found in sympatry (within 30 m of each other) and shared pollinators to varying extents. Transfer experiments, in which inflorescences of two Dalechampia species were placed together, reinforced observations of flower discrimination by bees foraging among naturally occurring sympatric pairs. Heriades sp. showed no obvious discrimination between Dalechampia species, but Pachyanthidium spp. preferred the species with the greater resin reward. Occasionally Pachyanthidium would visit less rewarding species. Thus, although sympatric African Dalechampia species showed some pollinator partitioning, it was much weaker than found among New World species, and cannot alone explain the general absence of Dalechampia hybrids in northern Natal. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology and Wildlife and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600045 beneficial insects/pollinators/sympatric species/Apidae/foraging/Pachyanthidium/resins/pollination/Heriades/of Dalechampia/by Heriades/by Pachyanthidium/Dalechampia/pollen. Armengaud, C., Aït-Oubah, J. and Gauthier, M. (1999) Effects of cholinergic antagonists on the histochemistry of cytochrome oxidase in the honey bee brain. Actes des colloques insectes sociaux. Vol. 12 – Compte rendu colloque annuel, Albi 2-4 Septembre 1998. J. P. Lachaud and V. Fourcassie, 121-125. Original title: Effets d'antagonistes cholinergiques sur l'histochimie de la cytochrome oxydase dans le cerveau d'abeille. Cytochrome oxidase activity was studied in relation to neural activity in the cholinergic brain area involved in learning and memory. The results suggest that a decrease of neural metabolism in the a-lobe is linked to an improvement in memory processes. Editor(s): Lachaud, J-P; Fourcassie, V. Page(s): 121-125. Accession date: 22 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bd. Language: Fr, en. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA746/99 worker honey bees, brain, cytochrome oxidase/memory. Armstrong, S. and Otis, G. W. (1995) The antibacterial properties of honey. Bee Culture, 123(9), 500-502. P. Walker. Although honey has been widely used in traditional remedies, there have been rather few clinical trials of its effectiveness. Honey is being used in a few hospitals, especially in the clinical treatment of ulcers, bedsores, burns, injuries and surgical wounds. Promising results in treating other conditions, e.g. bacterial corneal ulcers, have also been reported. The antibacterial properties of honey may be particularly useful against bacteria which have developed resistance to many antibiotics, e.g. Staphylococcus aureus, which is a major cause of wound sepsis in hospitals. The mechanisms of honey's antibacterial action are not yet fully understood, but the following seem to be involved: high sugar content, acidity, and (on dilution) release of hydrogen peroxide. In addition, certain organic compounds may play an important part, as indicated by recent research on Apis cerana honey [not yet published]. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701114 wounds/burns/ulcers/sepsis/man/treatment/antibacterial properties/antibiotics/Staphylococcus aureus/sugars/osmolarity/acidity/hydrogen peroxide/Apis cerana/Apis mellifera/inhibition/bacteria/honey/of bacteria/by honey/medicinal properties/composition/characteristics/Staphylococcus/control. Arnold, G., Le Conte, Y., Trouiller, J., Hervet, H., Chappe, B. and Masson, C. (1994) Inhibition of worker honeybee ovaries development by a mixture of fatty acid esters from larvae. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie III, Sciences de la Vie, 317, 511-515. P. Walker. The existence of a pheromone which inhibits the development of worker honey bee (Apis mellifera) ovaries and oviposition behaviour has been hypothesized but not identified. This study examined the effect of a mixture of fatty acid esters (methyl and ethyl esters of palmitic, linoleic, stearic and oleic acids) which are present on the larval cuticle. Three treatments (contact, diffusion, ingestion) each induced a strong inhibitory effect on ovary development compared with controls. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, INRA-CNRS URA 1190, BP 23, rue de la Guyonnerie, 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600963 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/worker honey bees/ovarian development/inhibition/fatty acid esters/by fatty acid esters/of ovarian development. Arnold, G., Quenet, B., Cornuet, J. M., Masson, C., Schepper, B. d., Estoup, A. and Gasqui, P. (1996) Kin recognition in honeybees. Nature (London), 379(6563), 498. D. G. Lowe. Worker honey bees [Apis mellifera] from a colony headed by a naturally mated queen were assigned to 16 subfamilies using 2 highly variable microsatellite loci. Cuticular hydrocarbons were extracted from the bees in pentane and identified by GC/MS. The 26 compounds identified consisted of alkenes, alkadienes, methyl-branched alkanes and (mainly) n-alkanes. All n-alkanes in the C-C series were present. Statistical analyses of the 14 compounds present in the highest concentrations showed that hydrocarbon profiles differed significantly between families. This could allow workers to discriminate members of the same subfamily (super-sisters) from workers of other subfamilies (half-sisters). Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, INRA-CNRS (URA 1190), BP 23, 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801273 Apis mellifera/worker honey bees/cuticle/hydrocarbons/relationships/kinship. Aronica, E., Casabona, G., Gennazzani, A. A., Catania, M. V., Contestabile, A., Virgili, M. and Nicoletti, F. (1992) Melittin enhances excitatory amino acid release and AMPA-stimulated Ca influx in cultured neurons. Brain Research, 586(1), 72-77. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Pharmacology, University of Catania, School of Medicine, Catania, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600356 honey bee venom/melittin/effects/neurons/physiology. Arpaia, S. (1996) Ecological impact of Bt-transgenic plants: 1. Assessing possible effects of CryIIIB toxin on honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. Journal of Genetics and Breeding, 50, 315-319. To assess the possible hazard for honey bees of CryIIIB protein from a Bacillus thuringiensis derived gene, the toxin was fed, mixed in syrup, to Apis mellifera colonies. Two different toxin concentrations were used at levels of about 400 and 2000 times higher than the expected protein content in pollen fom Bt-transgenic plants. Hives were sampled every week to record larval survival and pupal dry weight. Frames of bees were counted at the beginning and the end of the experiment as an index of colony strength. No toxic effects on larvae were observed. Pupal weight was not significantly affected by diet regime. These results indicate that transgenic crops producing CryIIIB toxin may represent a suitable environment for pollinators. Accession date: 7 May 1999. Call number: 638.121. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Metapontum Agrobios, S.S 106 Jonica Km 448.2, I-75010 Metaponto, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA436/99 honey bees/Apis mellifera/nontarget effects/transgenic plants/Bacillus thuringiensis/pollinators/GMO. Arriaga, E. R. and Hernández, E. M. (1998) Resources foraged by Eglossa atroveneta (Apidae: Euglossinae) at Unión Juárez, Chiapas, Mexico. A palynological study of larval feeding. Apidologie, 29, 347-359. Weekly larval feeding samples belonging to 51 nests of Euglossa atroveneta were analysed palynologically at Unión Juárez, Chiapas, Mexico. It was determine that E. atroveneta foraged on 74 plant species, throughout one year, from 31 May 1990 to 29 May 1991. The most important larval food resources were classified as: a) polleniferous : Antirhea sp., Cassia sp., Combretum sp., Comelina sp., Cordyline terminalis, Dendropanax sp., Leguminosae type 4, Lycianthes sp., Saurauria sp., Solanum aff. torvum, Solanum aff. tuerckheimii, Tibouchia longifolia; and b) nectaropolleniferous: Drymonia aff. strigosa, Kohleria elegans, Lonchocarpussp. and Nautilocalyx aff. panamensis. Through the year E. atroveneta displayed a heterogeneous foraging behaviour with a diversity index average of 0.83, and little overlap for resources between the solitary and parasocial nests studied. Accession date: 10 August 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author. Author address: Instituto de Geología, Dpto. de Palaeontología, Lab. de palinología, Universidade Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-296, 04510 Coyoacán, Mexico. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA948/99 Euglossa atroveneta/solitary bees/Mexico/foraging behaviour. Arroyo, J. and Dafni, A. (1995) Variations in habitat, season, flower traits and pollinators in dimorphic Narcissus tazetta L. (Amaryllidaceae) in Israel. New Phytologist, 129(1), 135-145. D. G. Lowe. N. tazetta plants are either short- (S) or long-styled (L). In Israel, marsh populations were dominated by S plants and hill populations by L plants. Populations differed in size, flowering time and duration, flower orientation, inflorescence display, vegetative reproduction, and pollinators. The main visitors to flowers in marshes were hawkmoths, whereas in the hills they were visited by short-tongued insects, especially hoverflies. Solitary bees (Anthophora sp. and Proxylocopa olivieri) also visited hill populations, foraging mainly for nectar, but they also frequently collected pollen. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) were occasional visitors to marsh populations, foraging only for pollen, and probably acted as pollinators of the few L flowers present there. The results indicate that pollination of S flowers by short-tongued insects is less efficient and has resulted in the exclusion of this morph from the hills. L flowers yielded more concentrated nectar than S flowers and this may be of adaptive value for the pollination of L flowers by short-tongued pollinators in the hills. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41080 Sevilla, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701181 Narcissus tazetta/pollinators/heterostyly/nectar flowers/habitats/pollination/insects/of Narcissus/by insects/Narcissus/foraging/honey bees/pollen/Anthophora/Proxylocopa. Artmann-Graf, G. (1993) Andrena schencki Morawitz (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in Switzerland, rediscovery and first find in the Jura mountains. Mitteilungen der Entomologischen Gesellschaft Basel, 43(4), 167-168. Original title or source: Andrena schencki Morawitz (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in der Schweiz, Weiderentdeckung und Erstfund im Jura. Library code: Ba. Language: De. Author address: Hasenweid 10, CH-4600 Olten, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601221 Apidae/Andrena/Switzerland. Arya, D. R., Sihag, R. C. and Yadav, P. R. (1994) Diversity, abundance and foraging activity of insect pollinators of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at Hisar (India). Indian Bee Journal, 56(3/4), 172-178. P. Walker. In a survey on sunflower plots at Hisar, India, 20 insect species were observed visiting the floral heads. Of the 12 bee species observed, the honey bees Apis mellifera (22.8/30 heads) and A. dorsata (9.9/30 heads) were the most frequent visitors, foraging for both nectar and pollen. Five species of Diptera and 3 species of Lepidoptera also visited the flowers, but were much lower in abundance. Insects were more abundant on the hybrid MSFH-8 than on the other hybrid grown, EC-6815. In general, insects were most abundant between 08.00 and 11.00 h. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800935 Apis mellifera/Apidae/Diptera/Lepidoptera/beneficial insects/pollinators/sunflowers/India/foraging/honey bees/nectar/pollen/insects/Helianthus annuus/insects/Apis dorsata. Arya, D. R., Sihag, R. C. and Yadav, P. R. (1994) Role of insect pollination in seed yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Indian Bee Journal, 56(3/4), 179-182. P. Walker. Seed yield and oil contents of seed from 2 cultivars, EC-68415 and MSFH-8, were significantly higher on insect-pollinated flowers than on those bagged to exclude insects. The main pollinators at the experimental site at Hisar, India, were honey bees (Apis mellifera). The effects of insect pollination were greater on EC-68415 than on MSFH-8. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801100 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/pollinators/sunflowers/India/pollination/insects/of Helianthus annuus/by honey bees/by insects/Helianthus annuus. Arzuluz Gutiérrez, M. C. A. and Barrientes Mundo, Q. F. A. (1999) The 'Congo' bees of Soconusco, Chiapas [Mexico]. Apitec(Jan/Feb), 30-32. Original title: Las abejas 'Congo' del Soconusco, Chiapas. The initial phase of a project for beekeeping with Scaptotrigona mexicana is described. Colonies have been established in small tiered hives kept in a shelter, and the following will be studied: development of methods of dividing colonies, identification of the most productive colonies, establishing conditions for the economic production of honey. Accession date: 2 Sept 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. P Walker. Author address: Carretera Puerto Madero Km.2, Univ. A de Chiapas, Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Campus IV. Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA652/99 Scaptotrigona/Meliponinae, beekeeping/Mexico/stingless bees. Asada, S. (1997) Utilization of the Japanese native bumble bee for crop pollination. Honeybee Science, 18(1), 21-28. P. Walker. Since 1991 commercial packs of Bombus terrestris have been imported from Europe to Japan for [greenhouse] tomato pollination. However, there are 15 native Bombus species in Japan, and 4 have been tested as tomato pollinators. Fruit-set was high (84-100%) and very few inferior (puffy) fruit were obtained (0-7%). Results were comparable with those for tomato flowers pollinated by B. terrestris. Rearing of B. hypocrita and B. ignitus was attempted throughout the year. Laboratory rearing of B. hypocrita colonies from post-hibernation queens was successful, and the mated queens hibernated. Pathogens and internal parasites of Japanese bumble bees were also studied. Library code: Bj. Language: Ja. Author address: Kanagawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Institute, 1617 Kamiyoshizawa, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-12, Japan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801483 Bombus terrestris/Bombus ignitus/Bombus hypocrita/Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/tomatoes/domestication/Bombus/pollination/Bombus/of Lycopersicon/by Bombus/Lycopersicon/protected cultivation/Japan/Bombus/Lycopersicon esculentum. Asada, S. and Ono, M. (1996) Crop pollination by Japanese bumblebees, Bombus spp. (Hymenoptera: Apidae): tomato foraging behavior and pollination efficiency. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 31(4), 581-586. Author. Buzz-pollination of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) by 4 native species of Japanese bumble bees (Bombus hypocrita, B. ignitus, B. ardens and B. diversus) was examined. A high (84-100%) fruiting rate and almost no puffy fruit (0-7%) resulted from pollination by the bees. There was no difference in pollination efficiency between imported bumble bees (B. terrestris) and Japanese bumble bees. Pollination of tomato crops using native bumble bees is therefore recommended. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Kanagawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Institute, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-12, Japan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900783 Apidae/pollinators/tomatoes/pollination/Bombus/Lycopersicon. Asada, S. and Ono, M. (1997) Tomato pollination with Japanese native bumblebees (Bombus spp.). Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Pollination, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, 23-28 June 1996 [edited by Richards, K. W.]. Leiden, Netherlands, International Society for Horticultural Science, 289-292. The pollination efficiency (for greenhouse tomatoes) of laboratory-reared colonies of native Japanese bumble bees (Bombus hypocrita hypocrita and B. ignitus) was examined. The bees buzz-foraged on flowers and induced a high fruiting rate and almost no puffy fruit. There was no difference in pollination efficiency between Japanese bees and the imported B. terrestris. Because indigenous bumble bees pose no ecological risk, it is proposed that they are used for crop pollination instead of B. terrestris. Page(s): 289-292. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Kanagawa Prefectural Research Institute, Division of Biotechnology and Bio Resources, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-12, Japan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900720 Bombus hypocrita/Bombus ignitus/Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/tomatoes/fruits/International symposium on pollination. Asada, Y. (1999) [Beekeeping in Bolivia from a report of volunteer activity]. Honeybee Science, 20(3), 107-112. Accession date: 22 October 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bj. Language: Ja, en. . Author address: 1-8-14 Koganei-shi, Kajino-Chou, Tokyo, 184-0002 Japan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1004/99 beekeeping/Bolivia/education. Asal, S., Kocabas, S., Elmaci, C. and Yildiz, M. A. (1995) Enzyme polymorphism in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) from Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 19(2), 153-156. D. G. Lowe. Electrophoresis was used to examine 3 enzyme systems in samples of honey bees from 4 parts of Anatolia, Turkey. Malate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme were monomorphic in all populations. Esterase was monomorphic in 3 populations but was polymorphic in bees from West Anatolia, with F (0.9354) and S (0.0646) allele frequencies. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701318 malate dehydrogenase/malic enzyme/esterases/honey bees/enzyme polymorphism/genetic variation/Apis mellifera/Turkey. Ascioglu, M. and Ozesmi, C. (1995) Effects of toxic honey containing grayanotoxin-I on fatigue of frog gastrocnemius muscle. Hamdard Medicus, 38(4), 37-44. The effects of honey containing grayanotoxin-I (GTX-I) on fatigue produced by electrical stimulation in frog gastrocnemius muscle were investigated. Two groups of gastrocnemius muscles isolated from curarized frogs were used. The isolated muscle preparations in the first group were perfused with Clark-frog-Ringer's and ordinary honey (from Mediterranean Sea Region of Turkey) solutions, respectively. The second group of preparations were first perfused with Clark-frog-Ringer's then with GTX-I containing toxic honey (from Black Sea Region of Turkey) solutions. Perfusion was made externally, and bipolar Ag/AgCl wire electrodes were used for stimulation. Muscles were stimulated directly with supramaximal square-wave pulses of 0.5 ms duration at a rate of 30 stimuli/min and isometric contractions were recorded. As indicators of muscle fatigue, the increases in both contraction and relaxation times and the decrease in contractile force were used. The toxic honey containing GTX-I delayed the muscle fatigue by preventing the decrease in contractile force. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900307 honey/grayanotoxins/toxinology/Rhododendron/toxic honey/grayanotoxin-I/sublethal effects/frogs/toxicology/muscles/poisonous honey/toxins/Turkey/muscles/effects. Ascioglu, M. and Ozesmi, C. (1995) Grayanotoxin content of honey samples from Black Sea region of Turkey. Hamdard Medicus, 38(3), 42-47. Honey samples from Rize and Trabzon, Turkey, were examined during July 1990. The samples were investigated microscopically for the pollen of Rhododendron spp. and their grayanotoxin contents were determined. No pollen or grayanotoxin were found in the honey sample from Rize, whereas pollen and GTX-I were identified in the sample from Trabzon. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900308 honey/Turkey/rhododendron/toxins/pollen/grayanotoxin/poisonous honey. Ash, C., Priest, F. G. and Collins, M. D. (1993) Molecular identification of rRNA group 3 bacilli (Ash, Farrow, Wallbanks and Collins) using a PCR probe test. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 64(3/4), 253-260. D. G. Lowe. Comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis has shown that the genus Bacillus consists of at least 5 phyletic lines [see Ash, C. et al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. (1991) 13 : 202-206]. One group of facultatively anaerobic species (B. polymyxa and close relatives; rRNA group 3 of Ash et al., 1991) is considered to be so different from B. subtilis, the type species of the genus, and other aerobic, endospore-forming bacilli, that they justify reclassification into a new genus called Paenibacillus. Details are given for distinguishing the new genus from other Bacillus groups by using a battery of phenotypic characters and a highly specific gene probe based on characteristic signatures within 16S rRNA. The 11 known species of Paenibacillus include the former Bacillus species B. larvae, the causal organism of American foul brood, and B. alvei, sometimes associated with European foul brood, of honey bees. B. pulvifasciens is also in this group. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Microbiology, Agricultural and Food Research Council, Institute of Food Research, Reading, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701165 American foul brood/European foul brood/bee diseases/Apis mellifera/new genus/Bacillus larvae/Bacillus alvei/Paenibacillus larvae/Paenibacillus alvei/taxonomy/Bacillus/RNA. Asmussen, C. B. (1993) Pollination biology of the sea pea, Lathyrus japonicus: floral characters and activity and flight patterns of bumblebees. Flora (Jena), 188(2), 228-237. J. M. Gedye. The pollination biology of L. japonicus was studied in 2 populations in Denmark and 1 in northern Norway. The flowers are faintly aromatic and absorb UV light over the entire surface. Nectar guides are present in the blue waveband. The 10 stamens release 40000-50000 pollen grains which are deposited in the stylar brush and accumulate in the keel before the stigma becomes receptive. The flowers are functionally homogamous because viable pollen is present when rupture of the cuticle of the stigmatic papillae by a bee makes the stigma receptive. L. japonicus was pollinated by 3 Bombus species (chiefly B. pascuorum) and by 1 mason bee (Osmia sp.). On sunny days each flower was visited by bumble bees on average 7 times per day, indicating an abundant pollinator presence. The bees collected both nectar and pollen. Flight distances and flight patterns are reported for B. pascuorum and B. lapidarius. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Systematic Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Nordlandsvej 68, 8240 Risskov, Denmark. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700445 Apidae/Bombus pascuroum/Bombus lapidarius/Osmia/pollinators/pollination/Bombus/of Lathyrus/by Bombus/Lathyrus/Lathyrus/flowers/characteristics. Asperen de Boer, J. R. J. v. (1993) Bombus villarricaensis is but a junior synonym of Bombus ruderatus. Entomologische Berichten, 53(3), 38. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Brouwersgracht 54/1, 1013 GX Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600428 Bombus villarricaensis/Bombus ruderatus/Bombus/taxonomy. Asperen de Boer, J. R. J. v. (1995) Bombus menchuae a second species of the subgenus Dasybombus from highland Guatemala (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Entomologische Berichten, 55(3), 47-50. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Brouwersgracht 54/1, 1013 GX Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800067 Apidae/Bombus menchuae/new species/Bombus/taxonomy/Guatemala/Bombus/morphology. Atela, O. E. and Bover, P. J. (1994) Efficacy and efficiency of mating of queens in nuclei with two Langstroth frames. Ciencia y Abejas, 3(11), 10-13. Original title or source: Eficacia y eficiencia en la fecundacion de reinas con nucleros de dos cuadros Langstroth. P. Walker. The small nucleus hives used in an apiary in Argentina are described. The average acceptance of queen cells in the mating nuclei (recorded from 1988 to 1993) ranged from 61% to 71%. Average mating success ranged from 72% to 95%. Various factors that affected the results are mentioned. In particular, rearing and mating were much more successful in the period November-February than in September-November. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801346 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/breeding/Argentina/frames/honey bees/mating/mating hives. Atienza, J., Jimenez, J. J., Bernal, J. L. and Martin, M. T. (1993) Supercritical fluid extraction of fluvalinate residues in honey. Determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography, Biomedical Applications, 655(1), 95-99. Author. A method for the analysis of fluvalinate residues in honey taken from hives treated with this product to control varroa is described. The method involves supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide and further analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography on a C reversed-phase column, acetonitrile-water (80:20) as mobile phase and detection at 254 nm. This method is simpler than ones in present use in which extraction with organic solvents, thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography are used. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: S.I.A. Laboratory, P.O. 172, 47080-Valladolid, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601499 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/varroa jacobsoni/chemical control/honey/pesticide residues/fluvalinate/analytical methods/chromatography. Atmowidjojo, A. H., Wheeler, D. E., Erickson, E. H. and Cohen, A. C. (1997) Temperature tolerance and water balance in feral and domestic honey bees, Apis mellifera L. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A, 118(4), 1399-1403. Temperature tolerance was assessed by monthly determinations of CTM (critical thermal maximum, i.e. the temperature at which animals fail to undergo an immediate righting response). In most months, values for bees from a feral colony (F) were significantly higher than those for bees from a colony in a hive ('domestic' D); maxima were 50.7 ºC and 42.8ºC, respectively, recorded in June. Minima were recorded in February. Water loss increased with increasing temperature and with decreasing humidity and was not significantly different in D and F. Maxima were found at 35ºC (dry air); 6.82 mg/g/h for D and 5.94, mg/g/h for F. It is concluded that the higher temperature tolerance of F is not attributable to water loss rate. Accession date: 11 May 1999. Call number: 638.121. Library code: Bc. Language: En. P. Walker. Author address: Dept of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 86721, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA437/99 honey bees/Apis mellifera/critical thermal maximum/feral colonies/temperature tolerance/water balance/temperature/humidity. Aubert, S., Gonnet, M. and Jourdan, P. (1994) Conventional techniques of colour grading of honey. Apidologie, 25(3), 303-313. Original title or source: Technique de reflectometrie usuelle pour la mesure de la couleur des miels. See AA 963/84.\0BP. Walker. The CIELAB system used by Aubert and Gonnet (1983) [Apidologie 14 (2) 105-118] was used to compare the colours of 14 unifloral honeys. Results were similar to those obtained by the conventional method of Hardy (1936) which is more complicated. Studies on the colour of lavender honeys and of mixtures of lavender and sunflower honeys showed how various factors affect colour measurements. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: INRA, Station de Technologie des Produits Vegetaux, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600320 honey/colour/grading. Augustijn, C. H. (1993) Improving the counting of honeybees leaving or entering the hive. Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society, 4, 227-228. P. Walker. The usual type of device fitted at the hive entrance to count honey bees leaving or entering the hive may give overestimates because bees often hesitate at the entrance. An improved device, using 2 light beams through which the bee passes, registers the time at which each bee enters and leaves the special entrance channel, and the length of time taken. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Wilhelminastraat 119H 1054 WB Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601023 Apis mellifera/movable-comb hives/hive entrance fittings/honey bees/counting. Augustijn, C. H. (1994) The influence of feeding sugar syrup on the flight activity and mortality rate of honeybees. Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society, 5, 197-202. D. G. Lowe. Two colonies of honey bees (Apis mellifera) in an apiary in Amsterdam, Netherlands, were monitored for flight activity and mortality in the period 15 July-1 November 1993. Sugar solution was fed between 18 September-20 October. Flight activity declined from a maximum of 28000 bees/day at the beginning of August to nearly zero at the end of October. Activity increased temporarily during sugar feeding. Mortality increased dramatically after the onset of feeding, perhaps because of the increased activity demanded of younger bees which processed the sugar solution. During feeding, flight activity started later in the day and the proportion of short flights increased. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Wilhelminastraat 119H, 1054 WB Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800994 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/autumn/feeding/honey bees/sugar/foraging/mortality. Augustijn, C. H. (1995) Honey bee flight activity during a period of hot weather. Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society, 6, 17-22. D. G. Lowe. The numbers of honey bees [Apis mellifera] entering and leaving a hive (housing a colony of c. 15000 bees) were monitored daily from 1 July to 31 August 1994, using a computerized counting device. The weather throughout July was exceptionally warm and rainfall and wind velocity were low throughout the observation period. Data are given for daily flight activity, seasonal flight activity, and time spent outside the hive (measured by computing the time shift between the curves of entering and leaving bees). The results indicate that when temperature increases honey bee colonies react by decreasing flight activity, but the time individual bees spend outside the hive increases. Therefore the total time spent outside the hive, which is the product of flight activity and the time spent outside the hive, is increased. This will initially slow down the temperature rise inside the hive by decreasing the number of bees inside. When temperature rises above 28C, this behaviour is probably insufficient to prevent hive temperature rising. Flight activity then increases, probably as the bees start to cool the hive by fanning and foraging for water. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Wilhelminastraat 119H, 1054 WB Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801320 Apis mellifera/honey bees/flight/heat/effects/hives/temperature. Augustijn, C. H. (1996) The reaction of the remaining honeybee colony on the issue of swarms. Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society, 7, 77-82. D. G. Lowe. Two small Apis mellifera colonies (10000 and 20000 bees) in 6-frame British Standard hives (plus 6 honey frames) were observed from 1 April to 30 June in an apiary in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The colonies showed similar flight activity (bees leaving the hive/day) in April and May, and this was strongly influenced by temperature. After the end of May, flight activity in the larger colony was less than in the small one. Both colonies swarmed at the beginning of May and again later in May (3 times by the small colony, 2 by the larger one). The large colony produced the largest swarms. The issue of swarms did not reduce normal foraging activity, but after the swarming season, when the last brood of the old queen had emerged, flight activity declined, especially in the colony (originally the largest) which had lost the most bees. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Augustijn Onderzoek, Wilhelminastraat 119H, 1054 WB Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800951 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bee colonies/swarming period/honey bees/foraging/temperature/effects. Aumeier, P. and Rosenkranz, P. (1995) Which odorous stimuli influence host-finding behaviour of Varroa females? Apidologie, 26(4), 327-329. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. In a laboratory bioassay, cuticular extracts of fifth instar Apis mellifera larvae and extracts of wasp larvae were as attractive to the mites (V. jacobsoni) as live honey bee larvae. However, GC analyses showed that the compositions of larval extracts can vary considerably according to methods of extraction, cleaning and processing, and their attractiveness also varies. Further tests demonstrated that the attractive extracts contained hardly any methyl and ethyl esters, but attractiveness was positively correlated with the amount of saturated and mono-unsaturated hydrocarbons (C to C). Library code: Bj. Language: En\Fr\De. Author address: Landesanstalt fur Bienenkunde, Universitat Hohenheim, D-70 593 Stuttgart, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701049 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/olfactory stimulation/conferences/honey bees/larvae/cuticle/hydrocarbons/Varroa jacobsoni/attractants/pests/of honey bees/hosts. Aumeier, P. and Rosenkranz, P. (1997) Brood-attractivity and Varroa-infestation: a comparison of Africanized and European bees. Apidologie, 28(3/4), 182-184. Original title or source: [Summary]. In experiments in Brazil, combs containing areas of Apis mellifera carnica (C) and Africanized honey bee (A) brood were put into Varroa-infested colonies. The resulting infestation rate of C was 2-6 times higher than that of A, although by using the laboratory bioassay described by Rosenkranz [Apidologie (1993) 24 (5) 486-488] it was found that individual C larvae were less attractive than A larvae. Mites from A colonies significantly preferred A larvae, and mites from C also slightly preferred A larvae. These became attractive to mites at an earlier age than C larvae did. The lack of race-specific volatile signals in A. mellifera larvae suggests that a race-specific behaviour of nurse bees may affect the invasion behaviour of V. jacobsoni. See AA 1360/94. Library code: Bj. Language: En\Fr\De. Author address: Landesanstalt fur Bienenkunde, Universitat Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmannstrasse 13, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900619 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/behaviour. Aumeier, P., Rosenkranz, P. and Goncalves, L. S. (1996) Defense mechanisms of honey bees against varroosis and brood diseases: comparison between Apis mellifera carnica and Africanized bees in Brazil. Apidologie, 27(4), 286-288. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. Grooming behaviour (shaking, biting) of adult honey bees infested with Varroa jacobsoni was more marked in Africanized bees (A, 3.6 reactions/bee) than in A. m. carnica (C, 1.1). However, hygienic behaviour of A and C did not differ significantly when ants or mites were put experimentally into brood cells. In an examination of naturally infested brood cells, 49% of female mites in A were infertile, compared with only 17% of those in C. Library code: Bj. Language: En\Fr\De. Author address: Landesanstalt fur Bienenkunde, Universitat Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmannstrasse 13, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801021 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/Brazil/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/resistance/grooming/reproduction/races/tropical Africa/Apis mellifera carnica. Aussie, B. (1998) Plants loved by native bees around Australia — our expanding list so far! Aussie Bee(6), 20-21. Accession date: 13 August 98. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA3/99 Apoidea/Australia/foraging. Austin, J. J., Ross, A. J., Smith, A. B., Fortey, R. A. and Thomas, R. H. (1997) Problems of reproducibility — does geologically ancient DNA survive in amber-preserved insects? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences, 264(1381), 467-474. Apparently ancient DNA has been reported from amber-preserved insects many millions of years old. Rigorous attempts to reproduce these DNA sequences from amber- and copal-preserved bees (Proplebeia dominicana and Trigona gribodoi) and flies have failed to detect any authentic ancient insect DNA. Lack of reproducibility suggests that DNA does not survive over millions of years even in amber, the most promising of fossil environments. Accession date: 8 July 1998. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bc. Language: En. . Author address: Dept. Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA4/99 Proplebeia/Trigona/palaeontology/DNA. Austin, P. T., Hewett, E. W., Noiton, D. A. and Plummer, J. A. (1996) Cross pollination of 'Sundrop' apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) by honeybees. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 24(3), 287-294. Pollinator foraging activity on Sundrop apricots in Hawkes Bay, New Zealand was investigated to see if restricted pollen transfer reduced fruit production. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) were the only significant floral visitors. Most bees collected pollen and therefore contacted the stigma. Pollen foragers worked flowers faster than nectar foragers (5.3 vs. 2.7 flowers/min). Forager densities varied widely between days but under good weather conditions reached 9 bees/tree for up to 6 h a day. Neither nectar volume nor its composition appeared likely to reduce foraging activity. Sundrop flowers held up to 20 l of nectar at an initial concentration of 5% sugar. Data gathered were used to estimate forager numbers needed for cross pollination of Sundrop. The calculations indicated that adequate cross pollination is feasible under Hawkes Bay conditions with hive densities of 5.0 hives/ha, within the range normally recommended for stonefruit crops. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Plant Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900351 pollen/honey bees/Apis mellifera/cross pollination/foraging/Prunus armeniaca/beneficial insects/apricots/pollination/pollinators/Apidae/nectar/pollination/of Prunus armeniaca/by honey bees/pollination/nectar/nectar/secretion/yield. Avanzi, M. R. and Campos, M. J. O. (1997) Pollination guild's structure of Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. and S. variabile Mart. (Solanaceae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 57(2), 247-256. Original title: Estrutura de guildas de polinização de Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. e S. variabile Mart. (Solanaceae). Some aspects of the reproductive biology of Solanum aculeatissimum and S. variabile (Solanaceae) were considered in this study with special reference to flower visitors and their behaviour. The most frequent Solanum visitors were bees of the genus Centris, Epicharis, Bombus, Oxaea and Xylocopa, that collect pollen from the anthers by means of body vibration. The behaviour of the bees on the flowers and their flight distances makes them important pollinators mainly to S. aculeatissimum as it needs cross-pollination. The guild of pollination of S. aculeatissimum and S. variabile is composed by bees of the cited genus Thygather, Pseudogochloropsis and Euglossa. Accession date: 11 May 1999. Call number: 638.135/139. Library code: Bb. Language: Pt, pt, en. Author. Author address: Depto de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP -13500-000, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA496/99 Solanum/guild/pollination/bee forage/buzz pollination/Solanaceae/Centris/Epicharis/ Bombus/Oxaea/Xylocopa. Ayala Barajas, R. (1992) Revision of the stingless bees of Mexico (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponinae), Tesis, Maestro en Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, San Patricio, Mexico. Original title or source: Revision de las abejas sin aguijon de Mexico (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponinae). D. G. Lowe. New records, synonyms and distributions for the 46 stingless bee species now known to occur in Mexico are presented; 12 of the species are endemic to Mexico. An illustrated key to workers is included and the male genitalia of 17 species are illustrated. The biogeography and origins of the group in Mexico, and how its possible future will be affected by environmental factors such as deforestation, are discussed. Page(s): iv + 111 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700514 Apidae/beneficial insects/Meliponinae/taxonomy/biogeography/Mexico/morphology/theses. Ayasse, M., Engels, W., Hefetz, A., Tengo, J., Lubke, G. and Francke, W. (1993) Ontogenetic patterns of volatiles identified in Dufour's gland extracts from queens and workers of the primitively eusocial halictine bee, Lasioglossum malachurum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Insectes Sociaux, 40(1), 41-58. Author. In a comparison of the volatile compounds in Dufour's gland extracts, only young unmated queens showed high proportions of isopentenyl esters, while macrocyclic lactones were dominant in old breeding queens, spring queens and workers. In young queens the relative and absolute amounts of volatiles changed one day after mating. A discriminant analysis revealed significant differences in odour patterns of unmated and mated young queens. The fat body was largest in young females, while eggs were present only in breeding queens. Possible pheromone functions of different odour components in the female groups investigated are discussed. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Developmental Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 7400 Tubingen, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600096 Lasioglossum/females/Dufour's gland/volatile compounds/queens/mating/pheromones. Ayasse, M., Marlovits, T., Tengo, J., Taghizadeh, T. and Francke, W. (1995) Are there pheromonal dominance signals in the bumblebee Bombus hypnorum L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae)? Apidologie, 26(3), 163-180. P. Walker. Worker behaviour was observed from mid-June to mid-July in 3 colonies. Three groups of workers were identified on the basis of the tasks they performed and their dominance behaviour: dominant, subordinate, forager. Queens were significantly larger than workers; within workers, dominant bees were significantly larger, and had significantly larger ovaries, than subordinates and foragers. Headspace samples from workers of the 3 groups, from newly-emerged workers and from queens, and also cuticular washings, heads and Dufour's glands were analysed by GC/MS. A total of 132 compounds were identified, and they are listed. Qualitative and quantitative differences between the 5 sample groups are presented and discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Dept. of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700462 Apidae/queens/Bombus hypnorum/Bombus/females/dominance/size/ovaries/pheromones. Ayasse, M., Schiestl, F. P., Paulus, H. F., Erdmann, D. and Francke, W. (1997) Chemical communication in the reproductive biology of Ophrys sphegodes. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie, 11(1/6), 473-476. Ophrys spp. orchids are mostly pollinated by male bees, which are lured to the orchid by visual cues and volatile semiochemicals. Male bees try to copulate with the flower labellum and thereby transfer pollen from one flower to another. Field observations showed that the frequency of male pollinators visiting Ophrys plants was very low. In an O. sphegodes population near Illmitz, Austria, 4.8% of 887 plants had been visited by a pollinator that either removed the pollinia of a flower or transfered pollen into the stigma, or did both. Strategies that result in males visiting more than 1 flower of the same inflorescence should have evolved in plants in order to optimize the number of pollination events. Male bees are able to learn the distinctive odour bouquets of individual females during mating attempts, and use this information to avoid females that they have already mated with. It might be expected that the odour bouquets of Ophrys flowers vary within populations and even within the same inflorescences. The existence of flower-specific olfactory recognition signals O. sphegodes was investigated by conducting: (1) behavioural learning experiments with pollinating male bees of Adrena nigroaenea; and (2) quantitative chemical analyses of the headspace odours from individual flowers; and (3) behavioural observations to show how self-pollination is prevented. It was concluded that males learn and recognize the odour bouquets of individual flowers. They avoid trying to mate with flowers they have visited previously, but not with other flowers of the same or of a different plant. The odour bouquets of individual flowers are different. Book title: Proceedings of the German Society for General and Applied Entomology, Bayreuth, Germany, 18-22 March 1997. Accession date: 11 May 1997. Call number: 58. Library code: Bc. Language: En, de. . Author address: Institut für Zoologie, University of Vienna, Abt. f. Evolutionsbiologie, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA342/99 orchids/Ophrys sphegodes/Andrena nigroaenea/chemical communication/semiochemicals/volatile compounds/pollination/learning behaviour/reproductive success. Ayers, G. and Ayers, S. (1996) Designing a bee forage system the development of a short list of trees (Part IV). American Bee Journal, 136(11), 800-804. See also AA 553/97.\0BP. Walker. Available information is given for two tree species native to eastern Asia: Tilia mongolica and T. japonica. The trees are being grown in N. America, but their value as honey sources there has not yet been established. The flowering periods of 10 species included in this list are compared with the existing nectar flow pattern in Michigan; several of the suggested species fill gaps between nectar flows. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800983 Tilia mongolica/Tilia japonica/honey bee forage/planting/Tilia. Ayers, G. S. (1996) Designing a bee forage system important plant properties. American Bee Journal, 136(3), 197-201. P. Walker. When 2 or more crop plant species are grown together in a polyculture, the yield of each crop (per unit area) can be higher than that obtained if each is grown as a monoculture. Overyielding occurs especially if the plants in the polyculture have different characteristics and requirements ('niches'). Niche filling is discussed in relation to bee forage plants in: (A) vertical niches, i.e. low plants below trees, and (B) niches provided by different soil types or moisture levels. Reasons for describing such a polyculture as a sustainable agricultural system are discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800195 honey bee forage/planting/cropping systems/sustainability. Ayers, G. S. (1996) Designing a bee forage system timing considerations. American Bee Journal, 136(1), 58-62. D. G. Lowe. Various timing considerations for maximizing the benefit (e.g. honey yields) of a bee forage planting are discussed, including management of honey bee colonies so that they have a large foraging force at the time of flowering, choosing plants that flower at the most opportune times, timing for weather, timing to minimize competition from other nectar-foraging insects (e.g. bumble bees, wasps), timing to avoid honey contamination by bee disease treatments, and timing for diversionary planting (to divert bees from pesticide-treated areas). A bee forage planting to match foraging population with forage, incorporating the ideas discussed, is described. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800196 honey bee forage/planting/beekeeping/management/honey/production/honey/cropping systems/timing/honey/honey. Ayers, G. S. (1996) Designing a bee forage system the development of a short list of trees (Parts I and II). American Bee Journal, 136(5;7), 355-360;503-509. P. Walker. This series of articles presents information on trees suitable for planting as honey bee forage. The selection follows the principles set out in earlier articles [American Bee Journal (1996) 136 (1) 58-62; 136 (3) 197-201] and is based mainly on experience in northern USA. Most of the data for each species have been collected from the literature, including honey potential, flower description, flowering period, age at first flowering, geographical range, niche and habitat, other uses of the tree, reasons for selection, any possible problems. Part I deals with Robinia pseudoacacia and Oxydendrum arboreum and part II with Tilia cordata and T. platyphyllos. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800553 Tilia cordata/tilia platyphyllos/Oxydendrum arboreum/USA/honey bee forage/planting/Robinia pseudoacacia/Tilia/Oxydendrum. Ayers, G. S. (1996) Designing a bee forage system the development of a short list of trees (Part III). American Bee Journal, 136(9), 658-664. P. Walker. The first 2 articles in this series described the importance of plant properties and timing considerations when designing a bee forage system [American Bee Journal (1996) 136, 58-62, 197-201]. Biological niche summaries are now presented for 3 tree species native to eastern Asia. Sophora japonica, Evodia daniellii [Tetradium daniellii] and Koelreuteria paniculata. It is hoped that one or more of these will give a nectar flow in Michigan, USA, during the dearth period at the end of the summer. If any of the species is not sufficiently hardy in this area, it may well survive further south. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800982 Sophora japonica/Tetradium daniellii/Koelreuteria paniculata/honey bee forage/planting/nectar plants/Tetradium/Sophora/Koelreuteria/USA/Michigan. Ayers, G. S. and Ayers, A. J. (1994) Some thoughts about trees in a bee forage planting. American Bee Journal, 134(11), 753-758. P. Walker. In planting trees for bee forage, the spacing is important. Optimal spacing for Tilia trees (basswoods, lindens or limes) is discussed, and a method of calculating suitable positions, using simple geometry, is explained. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601017 honey bee forage/planting/Tilia/trees/spacing/beekeeping/USA. Ayers, G. S. and Ayers, S. (1997) Bee forages with other usesPart 1: Plants with nonmarketable value. American Bee Journal, 137(7), 526-531. P. Walker. Several bee forage plants are discussed in relation to other benefits they provide. The categories include: weed control (e.g. Origanum vulgare, Thymus), erosion control (e.g. Trifolium ambiguum), landscaping (many trees and shrubs, and several herbaceous species grown in gardens), lawn replacement (Thymus), food and shelter for wildlife. Some sources of the plants are listed (USA/Canada). Library code: BJ. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900915 honey bee forage/plants/multiple use. Ayers, G. S. and Ayers, S. (1997) A planting for bees a progress report. American Bee Journal, 137(11), 807-814. P. Walker. A small area of land (approx. 2 acres, 0.8 ha) is being planted with bee forage, using guidelines set out in previous articles [e.g. see American Bee Journal (1996) 136 (1, 3) 58-62, 197-201]. Plants that are proving particularly successful include: Pycnanthemum pilosum, Asclepias incarnata, Scrophularia marilandica, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Monarda punctata, Clethra alnifolia and two Ilex species. Some other species are failing to attract bees as hoped. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901302 honey bee forage/planting. Ayers, G. S. and Ayers, S. (1999) Biological diversity. Part II: Potential effects in a low-maintenance bee forage system. American Bee Journal, 139(5), 385-389. Using a list of desirable characteristics of a low-maintenance bee forage planting, the probable effects of plant diversity and planting density on the plantings are examined. The probable benefits of diversity appear to outweigh the potential adverse effects. Optimal plant spacing appears to be largely a trade-off between the effects on weed control, nectar production and cost of plant establishment. Accession date: 27 July 1999. Call number: 638.13. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author. Author address: Dept Entomology, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824-1115, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA778/99 honey bee forage/planting/biodiversity. Ayers, G. S. and Bachtell, K. (1995) Choosing basswoods for a bee forage planting. American Bee Journal, 135(5;7), 344-348; 483-488. P. Walker. Efforts have been made to reduce the quite long period between planting and first flowering of Tilia and some other tree species; some grafting procedures seem promising. In selecting a species to plant for bee forage, tree size and planting density must be considered, as well as suitability for the climatic conditions. A short list of species is recommended, with some suppliers in the USA. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700637 grafting/cultivation/climate/USA/honey bee forage/planting/Tilia. Ayers, G. S. and Hoopingarner, R. A. (1995) Honey from a cage. American Bee Journal, 135(9), 630-634. P. Walker. The aim of this work was to obtain honey from a single plant species only, so a test colony was put on to a caged plot of anise hyssop (Agastache sp.). Over several years, the experiment failed, but in 1994 Agastache honey was obtained. The cage which was finally successful was 1.8 8.2 30 m, made from screening that allowed 89% light transmission. The procedure for establishing the colony on the plot is described; later, to avoid starvation, the colony was given 'well-cured' honey containing a blue dye, and only honey free from the dye was harvested. Results of taste tests on the Agastache honey are reported. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701104 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey/Agastache/honey bees/cages. Ayers, G. S. and Widrlechner, M. P. (1994) The genus Agastache as bee forage: a historical perspective. American Bee Journal, 134(5), 341-348. This article reviews, with 63 references, the literature on Agastache species as nectar plants, particularly anise hyssop, A. foeniculum. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600606 Agastache foeniculum/nectar plants/Agastache. Ayers, G. S. and Widrlechner, M. P. (1994) The genus Agastache as bee forage: an analysis of reader returns. American Bee Journal, 134(7), 477-482. P. Walker. Although references in the literature report that several Agastache species can provide very good bee forage, there is hardly any evidence of large-scale planting. Information sent in by more than 20 readers is now presented. Replies show that small-scale plantings are useful to beekeepers, but the authors point out that much larger areas must be planted if they are to be profitable. Difficulties experienced by those with small plantings of Agastache included establishment problems, competition from weeds, poor adaptation of A. foeniculum in areas different from its natural habitat, plant pests (in Michigan) and occasionally disease, lack of attractiveness to honey bees. The last is discussed at length; possible reasons include large bumble bee populations depleting nectar (or bumble bees marking flowers with compound(s) repellant to honey bees), and/or nectar level too low in the corolla tube for useful foraging by honey bees. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600609 Agastache foeniculum/Michigan/USA/nectar plants/Agastache/honey bee forage/planting. Ayers, G. S. and Widrlechner, M. P. (1994) The genus Agastache as bee forage: an analysis of reader returns. American Bee Journal, 134(9), 621-627. P. Walker. The analysis of reader returns referred to in the title was published as the second article of this series [American Bee Journal (1994) 134 (7) 477-482]. This article provides advice on the choice of species, planting and establishment of Agastache, and on weed control. A list of seed and plant suppliers in the USA is included. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601401 USA/nectar plants/Agastache/honey bee forage/planting. Aymard, G. and Thimann, R. (1994) Bee forage of Mesa de Cavacas, Portuguesa State, Venezuela. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Trinidad and Tobago, 7-12 September 1992. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 55-66. A table gives details for 150 plant species of beekeeping interest, including common and scientific names, flowering period and nectar and/or pollen source. Page(s): 55-66. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Programa Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad 'Ezequiel Zamora', Guanare Edo, Portuguesa, Venezuela. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600604 nectar plants/pollen plants/conferences/honey bee forage/Venezuela/flowering date. Azevedo-Marques, M. M., Ferreira, D. B. and Costa, R. S. (1992) Rhabdomyonecrosis experimentally induced in Wistar rats by Africanized bee venom. Toxicon (Oxford), 30(3), 344-348. P. Walker. In experiments on Wistar rats, inoculation with venom from Africanized honey bees (ABV) caused damage to skeletal muscle. Rhabdomynonecrosis was demonstrated indirectly and directly. This is thought to be the first report of such damage by ABV. The results seem to reproduce experimentally some of the reactions reported in humans after multiple stinging by Africanized bees. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, 14049 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700369 honey bee venom/effects/rats/muscles/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa. Azhitskii, D. G., Azhitskii, G. Y. and Borisenko, S. N. (1995) [Interaction between bee venom melittin and human blood albumin]. Ukrainskii Biokemicheskii Zhurnal, 67(4), 64-67. Accession date: 14 August 98. Call number: 638.178. Library code: X. Language: Ru, uk,en. . Author address: Crimean Med. Inst., Simferopol, Ukraine. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA289/99 honey bee venom/melittin/blood/albumins/man. Baal, T., Denken, B., Mühlen, W. and Surholt, B. (1994) Causes of widespread deaths of bumble bees beneath late-flowering lime trees. Natur und Landschaft(9), 412-418. Original title: Die Ursachen des Massensterbens von Hummeln unter spätblühenden Linden. The investigation described confirmed that widespread deaths of Bombus spp. foraging on Tilia spp. are the result of a lack of nectar generally during the flowering period of late-flowering species – the bees die of starvation. Analyses by chromatographic and enzymatic techniques failed to detect any mannose or other bee-toxic sugars. Bees found dying under late-flowering limes were revitalized by feeding them with silver lime tree [Tilia petiolaris] nectar for 5 days. Accession date: 14 August 98. Call number: 595.799. Library code: X. Language: De, en. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA5/99 Bombus/foraging/nectar/Tilia/death/starvation. Babkina, N. G. (1993) [The effect of high temperature on the variability of the response of honey bees to freezing]. [Ecology and protection of the environment: third All-Russian conference, Ryazan, 17-18 September 1993]. E. K. Es'kov, 12. Editor(s): Es'kov, E K. Page(s): 12. Accession date: . Call number: 638.12. Library code: Bd. Language: Ru. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA737/99 honey bees/temperature, effects. Backhaus, W. (1992) The Bezold-Brucke effect in the color vision system of the honeybee. Vision Research, 32(8), 1425-1431. Author. Evidence is presented that intensity dependent colour shifts (Bezold-Brucke effect) occur in the colour vision system of the honey bee. The evidence comes from a fit between the choices of monochromatic lights in training experiments and the choice percentages derived from recently presented quantitative predictions from the colour opponent coding (COC) model for the bee for the Bezold-Brucke effect. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Centre for Visual Sciences, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Camberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700908 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/senses/honey bees/vision/colour. Badilla, F. and Ramirez B, W. (1991) Pollination of coffee by Apis mellifera and other insects in Costa Rica. Turrialba, 41(3), 285-288. Original title or source: Polinizacion de cafe por Apis mellifera L. y otros insectos en Costa Rica. D. G. Lowe. Insect pollination of coffee (Coffea arabica) was studied at San Pedro de Barva, Costa Rica. There were 13 hives of honey bees (Apis mellifera ligustica) adjacent to the experimental area (1970 m) at the time of flowering, and honey bees were the most abundant insects on the flowers, although other species were present. Branches open to insect visits produced 15.85% more berries than branches enclosed in screen cages; berries were also larger and heavier. Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Author address: Direccion de Investigacion y Extension de la Cana de Azucar, Apartado 2330, 1000 San Jose, Costa Rica. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801472 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/pollinators/coffee/Costa Rica/pollination/of Coffea/by honey bees/Coffea. Baek, D. H. and Goh, Y. G. (1999) [Food value of pollen from China, domestic pollen substitute and lactose on the basis of palatability and life span in honey bees]. Korean Journal of Apiculture, 14(1), 5-12. Test bees were fed with one of 7 pollen substitutes (S) or with pollen+sugar (P). The amount consumed was greatest for P and one type of S (S7). Bees were also fed with candy mixtures of the test diets, prepared so that each contained 16% pollen; average lifespan was 155.6 d for S7 and 112.5 d for P, compared with 100 d for controls fed on honey and sugar. Lifespan was shorter for all other test groups. When pollen content was 9.8%, lifespan was over 157 d for 3 types of S, 110.2 d for P and only 84.7 d for S7. In another test, bees were fed with lactose or with a candy mixture containing 1-80% lactose; lifespan decreased as lactose content increased. Even at 1%, lifespan (41.0 d) was lower than that of controls (59.5 d). Accession date: 25 October 1999. Call number: 638.144. Library code: Bj. Language: Ko, en. Author. Author address: Dept of Feed Science and Technology, Kangwon National Univ., Chunchon 200-701, Korea. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1085/99 feeding/honey bees/pollen/pollen substitutes/lifespan/lactose. Baggio, A. (1994) Varroa jacobsoni Oud. infestation: natural falling and probable injuring of the mites. Preliminary observations. Apicoltore Moderno, 85(2), 57-66. Original title or source: Infestazione da Varroa jacobsoni Oud.: cadutanaturale e possibile danneggiamento dell'acaro. Osservazioni preliminari. P. Walker. Mites falling to the bottom of the hive were counted in 13 infested colonies, from May to October. The numbers of mites collected were significantly correlated with the total number in the colony, and constituted 7.8-19.8% (mean 13.5%). Among the mites collected from the bottom of hives, 56.8% exhibited a light brown idiosoma; 61.7% of the total had injuries (33% of these injured mites were adults and the rest were immature mites), probably as a result of honey bee grooming behaviour. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700275 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/Italy/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/resistance/grooming. Baggio, A., Accorti, M., De = Pace, F., Luti, F., Baracani, G., Massi, S., Sabatini, A. G. and Sommaruga, A. (1999) Apis mellifera ligustica L.: rearing on wax foundation with different cell sizes. Ape Nostra Amica, 21(4), 10-16. Original title: Apis mellifera ligustica L.: allevamento su fogli cerei a differente impronta. A total of 96 colonies in 4 apiaries in northern Italy were given foundation with either (A) 760 or (B) 850 cells/dm2. Colonies drew out A foundation more quickly, but bees emerging from B cells were heavier than those from A cells. There were no differences in colony productivity. In the first year of the study, Varroa jacobsoni infestation was lower in colonies with A foundation, but in the second year infestation levels did not differ between the two groups. Accession date: 27 October 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: It, en. Author. Author address: Istituto Zooprofilattico delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1115/99 Varroa jacobsoni/foundation/Apis mellifera ligustica/cells (honeybees)/dimensions/honey bees/weight/honey-getting capacity/Italy. Baghian, A., Jaynes, J., Enright, F. and Kousoulas, K. G. (1997) An amphipathic a-helical synthetic peptide analogue of melittin inhibits herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1)-induced cell fusion and virus spread. Peptides, 18(2), 177-183. Accession date: 3 july 1998. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bc. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA290/99 honey bee venom/melittin/inhibition/viruses/herpes simplex virus 1. Baghian, A. and Kousoulas, K. G. (1993) Role of the Na, K pump in herpes simplex type 1-induced cell fusion: melittin causes specific reversion of syncytial mutants with the Syn1 mutation to Syn (wild-type) phenotype. Virology (New York), 196(2), 548-556. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601531 herpes simplex virus/mutants/honey bee venom/melittin/effects/viruses/mutations. Bah, M. (1998) The effect of Apiwarol AS and Fumilat drugs on bee brood. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 54(7), 492-493. Original title: Wplyw preparatów Apiwarol i Fumilat na czerw pszczeli. An investigation was carried out on 1-3-day-old eggs and 1, 3 and 5 day-old larvae. Honey bee brood was treated with Apiwarol AS or Fumilat in modified Dadant hives - one-fifth the usual size. In the control group with eggs, 91.9% of the bees were killed; in the Apiwarol treated colonies, about 83% were killed. The toxic effect of Apiwarol was repeated with the larvae: 61.6% of bees were killed in hives with brood treated with Apiwarol; 21% lower than in the control group. Fumilat was not as toxic: treated eggs had about 90% bees killed. 84% of bees were killed when brood was treated with Fumilat, 1.4% lower than the control. Apiwarol treated bees had lower body weights compared to Fumilat treated bees. 1-day-old larvae were the most sensitive to these treatments. Accession date: 11 May 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bc, en. Language: Pl. . Author address: ul. Oczapowskiego 13, 10 -957 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA532/99 Varroa jacobsoni/honey bees/brood/Fumilat/control methods/mortality/toxic effects. Bahreini, R. and Mossadegh, M. S. (1996) Acarapis spp. mites (Acari: Tarsonemidae) in Iran; comparison of morphological and biological characteristics. Research & Reconstruction(31), 94-97, 140. Author. An extended survey of honey bee colonies in 22 provinces of Iran, for the presence of both internal and external Acarapis species, was carried out from December 1991 to February 1993. Ten apiaries from each province and 5 hives/apiary were chosen randomly. For A. woodi, samples of 50 adult bees/hive were taken from the hive entrance as well as 50 dead bees from the ground in front of the hive. Some samples were also taken from feral colonies. Live and dead bees were examined separately for the presence of mites in the tracheae. For external Acarapis species, samples of 50 adult bees/hive were taken in a polyethylene bag and transported in an ice box to the laboratory where they were refrigerated for later examination. The bees were examined singly under a binocular microscope. A. woodi-infested colonies were found in 8 of the 22 provinces. Two external mites, A. dorsalis and A. externus were also found in 8 provinces. Library code: Bc. Language: Pe. Author address: Department of Entomology, College of Agricultura, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900244 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/parasites/Acari/pests/Acarapis woodi/of honey bees/Acarapis dorsalis/Acarapis externus/Iran. Baidya, D. K., Sasaki, M. and Matsuka, M. (1993) Effect of pollen-substitute feeding site on brood rearing in honeybee colonies. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 28(4), 590-592. See AA 1222/90.\0BP. Walker. Small colonies in flight cages were given a commercial pollen substitute diet (8% protein), placed either on top of the frames (T) or between the frames of the brood nest (B). As found in an earlier study [See Applied Entomology and Zoology (1988) 23 (4) 481-487], consumption with B feeding was much greater than for T; in the present study it was twice as great when the area of accessible diet was the same in both colonies. If the area of B diet was increased 10-fold (B) consumption doubled. The area of sealed brood also differed significantly between colonies with T, B and B feeding. However, the area of sealed brood per unit of diet consumed was lower for B than for T; it was intermediate for B. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Laboratory of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Machida 194, Japan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601024 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/feeding/honey bees/pollen substitutes/brood rearing. Bailey, L. (1999) The century of Acarapis woodi. American Bee Journal, 139(7), 541-542. Various misconceptions about this mite have been published in the USA, comparable with those in British beekeeping journals in the 1920s. The author's research in the 1950s showed that A. woodi (first discovered about 1918 in Scotland, not in the Isle of Wight in 1906) was associated with only a slight shortening of the lives of infested bees and with the death in late winter of severely infested colonies. The symptoms of so-called 'Isle of Wight' disease were actually caused by chronic bee paralysis virus. This virus is present in the USA, and it is recommended that crawling bees from colonies with A. woodi should be examined for the virus. Accession date: 14 September 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: 26 West Common Grove, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2AT, UKJ. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1116/99 Acarapis woodi/tracheal mites/USA/bee chronic paralysis virus/honey bees/Isle of Wight disease/UK. Bailey, L. (1999) The quest for a super-bee. Bee World, 80(2), 55-60. It is argued that highly intensive selection of honey bees for any particular quality may decrease genetic variability and thus decrease resistance to a wide variety of enzootic pathogens. Accession date: 8 October 1999. Call number: 638.12. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: 20 West Common Grove, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2AT, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1026/99 honey bees/breeding bees/selection/resistance/diseases/genetic variation. Bailey, L. and Ball, B. V. (1994) Honey bee viruses. Encyclopedia of virology. London, UK, Academic Press, 654-660. Page(s): 654-660. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. AL5 2JQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700658 apis/beneficial insects/bee diseases/viral diseases/honey bees/honey bee brood/diseases/viruses/bee viruses. Bailez, O. (1996) Studies on foraging behaviour and olfactory discriminative ability in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) - oilseed rape (Brassica napus) relationship, These Doctorat, Universite Paris XIII, France. Original title or source: Etudes du comportement de butinage et des capacites de discrimination olfactive dans la relation abeille (Apis mellifera L.) - colza (Brassica napus L.). Author. This study aimed to investigate, using the honey bee - oilseed rape model, behavioural mechanisms of food source recognition, especially those based on floral odours. The work was carried out under controlled conditions in a flight room adapted for a honey bee colony. First, a descriptive study of bee foraging behaviour on 2 oilseed rape genotypes with contrasting floral structure (with and without petals) was conducted, by means of a computerized analysis of behaviour. Eight types of behaviour were noted, and analysis of their frequency of occurrence, duration and succession enabled foragers to be categorized according to the type of food collected (nectar, pollen) and floral preferences shown. An artificial flower feeder, enabling the parameters of food reward and odour to be varied, was designed. An effect of reward volume on olfactory learning ability was shown; 5-l rewards enabled nearly 60% of bees to recognize the learned odour, and more than 70% did so when rewarded with high volumes (50 l). Experiments involving the conditioning of bees with mixtures of 6-9 components of oilseed rape volatiles, followed by testing with individual components, showed that some compounds, such as linalool and phenylethyl isothiocyanate, were key components in mixture recognition. This was confirmed by tests on restrained bees, subjected to a conditioned proboscis extension procedure. Page(s): xi + 155 pp. Library code: Bt. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800175 Apis mellifera/honey bees/learning/foraging/nectar/Brassica napus/flowers/aroma/volatile compounds/senses/smell/theses. Bailez, O. and Pham Delegue, M. H. (1996) Analysis of the structure of foraging behaviour in the honey bee Apis mellifera L. on oilseed rape. Actes des Colloques Insectes Sociaux, 10, 153-156. Original title: Analyse de la structure du comportement de butinage de l'abeille Apis mellifera L. sur colza. Foraging behaviour of honey bees on Brassica napus was analysed from video-recordings made in a flight room. Flow charts were built up from the frequency of different behaviours, and their succession, determined by computer analysis. Two distinct behavioural sequences were found, one related to pollen collection and the other to nectar foraging. Accession date: 18 june 1998. Call number: 638.121.24. Library code: Ba. Language: Fr, en. . Author address: Fac. Ciencias Agrarias, Univ. Natn. Mar del Plata, CC 276, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA114/99 foraging/honey bees/nectar/pollen/Brassica napus. Baker, D. B. (1994) On the nomenclature of two sibling species of the Andrena tibialis (Kirby, 1802) group (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Entomologist's Gazette, 45(4), 281-290. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601220 Apidae/Andrena/taxonomy. Baker, D. B. (1994) The exotic bees described in William Kirby's 'Monographia Apum Angliae'(Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Reichenbachia, 30(29), 177-179. D. G. Lowe. The 4 species of exotic bees described under the generic name Apis in Kirby's 1802 publication are reviewed. Two, A. pollinaris and A. druriella, are identified with subsequently described taxa (Synhalonia pollinaris and Melissodes (Eumelissodes) druriella, respectively). A third, A. iricolor, is a junior synonym of Xylocopa (Schoenherria) grossa (Drury, 1773). The fourth, A. palmata, can not, in the absence of type material, be placed to species. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701272 Apidae/Apis/Synhalonia/Melissodes/Xylocopa/taxonomy. Baker, D. B. (1994) Type material in the University Museum, Oxford, of bees described by Comte Amedee Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau and Pierre Andre Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Journal of Natural History, 28(5), 1189-1204. D. G. Lowe. The composition, condition and history of this collection, held in the Hope Entomological Collections in Oxford, UK, are outlined. The type material of some species of Anthophora, Macrocera, Dufourea, Anthidium and Panurgus is reviewed. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900030 Apidae/Apoidea/taxonomy/collections/UK. Baker, D. B. (1995) A review of the Asian species of the genus Euaspis Gerstacker (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 69(22), 281-302. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701254 Apidae/Euaspis/Asia/taxonomy. Baker, D. B. (1995) Xerammobates Popov, 1951 (Insecta, Hymenoptera): proposed designation of Ammobates (Xerammobates) oxianus Popov, 1951 as the type species. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 52(2), 157-158. Author. The purpose of this application is to conserve the current (and original) understanding of the name Xerammobates Popov, 1951 for a subgenus of ammobatine parasitic bees. It is proposed that Ammobates (Xerammobates) oxianus Popov, 1951 be designated as the type species. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Oxford, OX1 3PW, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701224 Apidae/Ammobates/taxonomy. Baker, D. B. (1995) The nomenclature of Japanese Colletes Latreille (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) a correction. Entomologist's Gazette, 46(3), 194. See AA 792/93.\D. G. Lowe. A revision of the Japanese Colletidae by Ikudome [Bulletin of the Institute of Minami-kyushu Regional Science, Kagoshima Women's Junior College (1989) No. 5, 43-314] named Colletes perforator as a synonym of C. collaris, a member of the succinctus group. The present author points out that C. perforator is a member of the fodiens group and is the same species as C. vogti. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701250 Apidae/Colletes/Japan/taxonomy. Baker, D. B. (1996) On a collection of Bombus and Psithyrus principally from Sutherland, with notes on the nomenclature or status of three species (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). British Journal of Entomology and Natural History, 9(1), 7-19. D. G. Lowe. Notes on the nomenclature of the British forms of B. laevis Vogt, on the nomenclature of the species commonly known as B. soroeensis F., and on the status of B. magnus Vogt are given. The name agricolae is proposed for the Hebridean and Shetland form of B. laevis, hitherto known mistakenly as smithianus White or liepetterseni Lken. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800064 Bombus laevis/Bombus soroeensis/Bombus magnus/UK/Bombus/Psithyrus/Scotland/Bombus/taxonomy. Baker, D. B. (1996) The identity of Apis zonata Linnaeus, 1758 (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophoridae). Reichenbachia, 31(36), 203-206. Author. The identity and synonymy of this bee are established. Amegilla zonata zonata is a darker, Malaysian, form of an Indian bee known as Amegilla cingulifera (= A. zonata cingulifera). Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800771 Apidae/anthophora/taxonomy. Baker, D. B. (1996) Notes on some palaearctic and oriental Systropha, with descriptions of new species and a key to the species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae). Journal of Natural History, 30(10), 1527-1547. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800836 Apidae/identification/keys/new species/Systropha/taxonomy/morphology. Baker, D. B. (1996) Hymenoptera collections of Boyer de Fonscolombe: Apoidea in the University Museum, Oxford. Journal of Natural History, 30(4), 537-550. Author. An account is given of the Apoidea in this collection. Lectotypes are designated for 3 species (Osmia tricornis, Lithurgus chrysurus and Macrocera grandis). The identities of the type species of the eucerine genera Tetralonia and Tetraloniella and the correct application of the former name are discussed. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801133 Apidae/Apoidea/taxonomy/collections/UK. Baker, D. B. (1996) On a collection of humble-bees from northern Iran (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Bombinae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 46(1), 109-132. Author. A collection of Bombus and Psithyrus made in the Caspian provinces of northern Iran, chiefly Mazandaran, and in the central Alborz between 1965 and 1968 is recorded. Summaries of the temporal and spatial distributions of the species are given. The collection comprised 576 examples representing 19 species. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801161 Apidae/Bombus/taxonomy/Iran/Psithyrus. Baker, K. J., East, J. M. and Lee, A. G. (1995) Mechanism of inhibition of the Ca2+-ATPase by melittin. Biochemistry, 34(11), 3596-3604. Accession date: 14 August 98. Call number: 638.178. Library code: X. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA291/99 honey bee venom/melittin/ATPase/inhibition. Balderrama, N., Nunez, J., Giurfa, M., Torrealba, J., Albornoz, E. G. d. and Almeida, L. O. (1996) A deterrent response in honeybee (Apis mellifera) foragers: dependence on disturbance and season. Journal of Insect Physiology, 42(5), 463-470. Author. The release of scents by honey bees was studied in an experimental design using 2 bees: one caught and disturbed in a confinement vial (A) and another introduced in a matrass (B) and afterwards confronted with the confinement vial while trying to escape to the light. The time needed by B to reach the vial bottom was recorded for different disturbances (delay response). Honey bees rejected a vial in which another bee was confined; results are thus consistent with the release of deterrents by A. The delay response of B increased with the confinement time and with the pressure applied to A. Pressing was more efficient in eliciting the release of deterrents. Both mandibular glands and sting chamber contributed to the delay response. Beheaded A elicited a greater delay response; thus, the release of substances from the sting chamber may be under the control of a central inhibition that disappears when the head is removed. An annual fluctuation in the delay response occurred, with a maximum in May-June shortly after the period of abundant nectar flow. Tests with squashed heads and sting chambers showed that the fluctuation was associated with deterrents from the head. The adaptive value of this in relation to foraging is discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Inst. Zool. Agricol., Fac. Agronomia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Aptdo Postal 4579, Maracay 2101, Aragua, Venezuela. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900186 Apis mellifera/ smell. Balderrama, N. M., Almeida de B, L. O. and Nunez, J. A. (1992) Metabolic rate during foraging in the honeybee. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology, 162(5), 440-447. Author. The metabolic rate of free-flying honey bees (Apis mellifera ligustica) was determined by means of a novel respirometric device that allowed measurement of CO produced by bees foraging under controlled reward at an artificial food source. Metabolic rate increased with reward (sugar flow rate) at the food source. In addition, there was no clear-cut dependence of metabolic rate on load carried during the visit, neither as crop load nor as supplementary weights attached to the thorax. The hypothesis that metabolic rate, as well as foraging and recruiting activities, depend on the motivational state of the foraging bee determined by the reward at the food source is discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Zoologia Agricola-UCV, Aptdo. Postal 4579, Maracay 2101, Venezuela. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700929 Apis mellifera ligustica/beneficial insects/weight/honey bees/metabolism/foraging/honey sac/loads. Baldi, B., Dall'Oglio, A. M., Lezcano, S. and Gomez, B. (1994) Physico-chemical characterization of the honeys of the province of Entre Rios [Argentina]. Boletin del Colmenar, 1(7), 13-19. Original title or source: Caracterizacion fisico-quimica de las mieles de la provincia de Entre Rios. Results are summarized for 239 honey samples from 4 different areas with different bee forage: water content, pH, free acids, diastase (amylase) and glucosidase activities, contents of sugar, proteins, ash and HMF. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900653 honey/composition/characteristics/Argentina. Baldovski, G. (1994) A contribution to the study of the wild bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) of Oberlausitz [Germany] (first addition). Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz, 67(4), 1-24. Original title or source: Unsere Wildbienen - ein Beitrag zu ihrer Erforschung in der Oberlausitz (erster Nachtrag) (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Library code: 23 ref. Language: De. Author address: Liebigstr. 6, 02828 Gorlitz, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700810 Apidae/Hymenoptera/beneficial insects/insects/pollinators/Germany/Apoidea/Germany. Balestra, V., Celli, G. and Porrini, C. (1992) Bees, honey, larvae and pollen in biomonitoring of atmospheric pollution. Aerobiologia, 8(1), 122-126. The relative amounts of atmospheric lead, chromium, nickel and cadmium as detected by automatic monitoring devices and recorded by chemical analysis from monthly samples of the honey, pollen and larvae of honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Italy are reported. 5 monitoring stations around Modena were used, each consisting of 2 hives. No positive correlation between the biological measures and the abiotic data was found, although there appeared to be a certain latency of the pollutants in the former as compared with the latter. In most cases the plotted trends of the data, especially for lead in honey, were similar. Library code: 5 ref. Language: En. Author address: Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, University of Genova, Via A. Pastore 1, I-16132 Genova, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700330 Hymenoptera/Apidae/Apis mellifera/air pollutants/honey/larvae/pollen/indicator species/pollution/lead/cadmium/chromium/nickel/trace elements/contaminants/monitoring/monitoring/honey bees/italy/air pollution/metals/impurities/bee-collected pollen/hive products/as hive products. Ball, B. (1996) Honey bee viruses: a cause for concern? Bee World, 77(3), 117-119. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: IACR Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800219 Apis mellifera/bee diseases/viral diseases/honey bees/honey bee brood/diseases/viruses/bee viruses. Ball, B. (1997) Varroa and viruses. Varroa! fight the mite [edited by Munn, P.; Jones, R.]. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 11-15. D. G. Lowe. Recent research on the role that Varroa jacobsoni plays in the epidemiology of honey bee virus infections is reported. Studies of honey bee colonies in Devon, UK, showed that cloudy wing virus (CWV) was associated with the death of some varroa-infested colonies although it showed no strong cycle of annual incidence. Slow paralysis virus (SPV), which normally persists in the honey bee population as an inapparent, sublethal infection, was also detected in dead bees from varroa-infested colonies. The incidence of CWV and SPV in varroa-infested colonies was significantly different from that in uninfested colonies. The role of V. jacobsoni in the transmission, activation and establishment of virus infections is discussed. Page(s): 11-15. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology and Nematology, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801041 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/vectors/bee viruses/epidemiology/viruses/diseases/UK/viral diseases. Ball, B. V. (1994) Host-parasite-pathogen interactions. New perspectives on varroa [edited by Matheson, A. (Editor)]. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 5-11. A. G. Matheson. This review, with 50 references, examines the physiological effects of infestation of adults and brood of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) by Varroa jacobsoni, and the effects associated with infection by fungi, bacteria and viruses which might be directly or indirectly caused by mite infestation. Page(s): 5-11. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: BBSCR Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL52JQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600263 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/fungi/bacteria/viruses/conferences/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/diseases/aetiology/host parasite relationships. Ball, B. V. (1994) The development of control strategies for Varroa jacobsoni in colonies of Apis mellifera. Proceedings - Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases, 1994, vol. 2. Bracknell, UK, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications, 569-576. D. G. Lowe. Current methods of controlling V. jacobsoni are discussed. Further research on the reproductive biology and population dynamics of the mite, and its interactions with its host, is recommended. Page(s): 569-576. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Arable Crops Research, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts., AL5 2JQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700694 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods. Ball, B. V. (1995) Varroa jacobsoni: host-parasite-pathogen interactions. Benfleet, UK, Central Association of Bee-Keepers. Page(s): 12 pp. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701434 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/vectors/bee viruses/host parasite relationships/diseases/viruses/viral diseases. Ball, B. V., Pye, B. J., Carreck, N. L., Moore, D. and Bateman, R. P. (1994) Laboratory testing of a mycopesticide on non-target organisms: the effects of an oil formulation of Metarhizium flavoviride applied to Apis mellifera. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 4(3), 289-296. Author. A technique was developed to allow ultra-low volume (ULV) application of an oil formulation of the deuteromycete Metarhizium flavoviride to caged honey bees (Apis mellifera). Application of a dose equivalent to twice the expected field application rate killed 30% of the bees and a 20-fold dose killed 87%. A realistic field dose formulated in oil killed 11% of the bees and a similar dose formulated in water killed 8%. The dose applied effectively killed the target host, the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Application of a chemical pesticide comprising 1.25% fenitrothion, 2.5% permethrin and 0.25% resmethrin at a dose that was just sublethal to locusts, killed all treated bees. Very few untreated bees died. The results demonstrated the feasibility of safety testing a fungal pesticide with bees as a nontarget organism. In addition, it demonstrated that the fungal pesticide was quantifiably less hazardous to honey bees than a chemical pesticide. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. AL5 2JQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700588 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/biological control/nontarget effects/Schistocerca gregaria/fenitrothion/permethrin/resmethrin/chemical control/honey bees/entomopathogens/effects/Metarhizium flavoviride/poisoning/prevention/of honey bees. Ballini, R. and Astolfi, P. (1996) A convenient synthesis of (E)-non-3-ene-2,5-dione, an important component isolated from the fire bee Trigona tataira. Liebigs Annalen der Chemie(11), 1879-1880. Author. The title compound, the main component of the mandibular gland secretion of T. tataira, was synthesized by nitroaldol reaction between pentanal and 1-nitrobutan-3-ol, catalysed by Amberlyst A-21. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche dell'Universita, Via S. Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900723 Trigona tataira/Apidae/mandibular glands/secretions/synthesis. Ballini, R. and Petrini, M. (1992) Hydroxy-functionalized conjugated nitroolefins as immediate precursors of spiroketals. A new synthesis of 1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane and (E)-2-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.6]dodecane. Perkin Transactions I(23), 3159-3160. P. Walker. The title compounds are, respectively, a major component of the sex pheromone of a fruit fly, Dacus oleae, and a component of a pheromone of Andrena haemorrhoa. They were synthesized in 2 steps in 64% and 66% yields, respectively. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche dell'Universita, Via S Agostino n.1., 62032 Camerino, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600793 Apidae/bactrocera oleae/sex pheromones/Andrena/pheromones/synthesis. Balzekas, J. A. (1996) Influence of the low effectiveness of the preparation Sanvar against the mite Varroa jacobsoni Oud. Lietuvos entomologu darbai (Lietuvos entomologu draugijos 30-meciui) [edited by Jonaitis, V.]. Vilnius, Lithuania, Institute of Ecology, Lithuanian Entomological Society, 236-238. Original title or source: Silpnai veikiancio preparato sanvaro itaka Varroa jacobsoni Oud. erkems. A field study was carried out in Lithuania with honey bees during 1989-94 to study the efficacy of treatments in autumn with Tactic [amitraz] and Sanvar [of unstated composition] against Varroa jacobsoni infection. The average mite infestation of bees after 3 years of treatment was 3.3% (Tactic) and 13.5% (Sanvar). In the 4th year, the reproduction rate of mites was greater and, as a consequence of pilferage of bees, the percentages of mite infestation in both treatments were the same. A total of 26.3-36.8% of bees in the colonies with 25.37% mite infestation before the treatment died during winter. Page(s): 236-238. Library code: 3 ref. Language: Li. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900971 mites/honey bees/bee diseases/Apis mellifera/Varroa jacobsoni/chemical control. Ban, T. (1995) Recent development of a protective suit for use against wasps during their control and in scientific research. Honeybee Science, 16(1), 9-14. Author. During the past 25 years, more than 10 types of protective clothing have been tested for use when dealing with Vespa species. The most recent coverall (Vespa-suit) is proving to be good for protection during wasp control operations and in scientific research. Further improvements are still necessary. Library code: Bj. Language: Ja. Author address: Mituuma Corporation, 26-1, Okusawa 4-chome, Otaru-shi, Hokkaido 047, Japan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601192 Hymenoptera/Vespidae/arthropod pests/Vespa/as pests/protective clothing. Banashak, I. and Chezhnyak, T. (1995) Economic effect of pollinating lucerne and red clover with honey bees and wild bees in Poland. Rasteniev'dni Nauki, 32(6), 84-87. Data on pollination and seed production in the 2 crops in Polish scientific literature during 1976-89 are analysed. The results indicated that flowers of lucerne are visited by 144 wild bee species and those of red clover by 78, these being the main pollinators. The part played in pollination by honey bees appeared not to be great. Library code: 26 ref. Language: Bg. Author address: Pedagogical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800390 lucerne/clovers/Apidae/pollinators/seed production/Medicago sativa/Trifolium pratense/pollination/pollination/honey bees/Apoidea/of Medicago sativa/by honey bees/by Apoidea/pollination/of Trifolium pratense/pollination. Banaszak, J. (1994) Communities of Apoidea (Hymenoptera) in rural parks. Zeszyty Naukowe Wyzszej Szkoly Pedagogicznej w Bydgoszczy, Studia Przyrodnicze, 11, 65-75. Original title or source: Zgrupowania pszczo w parkach wiejskich (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). D. G. Lowe. A survey of bee species was carried out in 2 country parks, in Swadzim and Tulce, western Poland, in 1987-1989. In all, 46 species were found, with honey bees (Apis mellifera) forming 75.2% and 29.7% of the populations at Swadzim and Tulce, respectively. The commonest bee at Tulce was Bombus pascuorum (33.2%). The 20 commonest plants providing bee forage are listed. Library code: Ba. Language: Pl. Author address: Katedra Biologii i Ochrony Srodowiska WSP, ul. Chodkiewicza 51, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700424 Apidae/Apis mellifera/Bombus pascuorum/Apoidea/Poland/country parks. Banaszak, J. (1994) Contribution to the biology and ecology of Andrena (Andrena) fulva (Muller, 1766) (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 63(1&2), 169-182. D. G. Lowe. The life cycle and ecology of A. fulva were studied in Poznan, Poland, in 1982-94. Information is given on emergence in spring, sexual dimorphism, mating, nesting, foraging, enemies and parasites. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology and Environment Protection, Pedagogical University, Chodkiewicza Str. 51, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700451 Andrena fulva/Apidae/Poland/Andrena/life cycle/nests/foraging. Banaszak, J. (1994) Present and forecast fauna of bees on the housing estate Biaoeka Dworska, Warsaw (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Zeszyty Naukowe Wyzszej Szkoly Pedagogicznej w Bydgoszczy, Studia Przyrodnicze, 11, 51-63. Original title or source: Aktualna i prognozowana fauna pszczo osiedla mieszkaniowego Biaoeka Dworska w Warszawie (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). D. G. Lowe. In 1976-77, a study using Moericke traps hung in tree crowns on the site of a projected housing estate in Warsaw, Poland, identified 36 species of bees. The commonest species was Andrena haemorrhoa (35.4%), followed by Apis mellifera (18.4%). The greatest number of species was found in mixed coniferous forest. It is forecast that the building of the housing estate will not bring about very significant or negative changes in the bee fauna. Library code: Ba. Language: Pl. Author address: Katedra Biologii i Ochrony Srodowiska WSP, ul. Chodkiewicza, 51, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700426 Apidae/Apoidea/Poland/forests. Banaszak, J. (1995) Changes in fauna of wild bees in Europe. Bydgoszcz, Poland, Pedagogical University. D. G. Lowe. The 20 papers in this book (the work of 28 authors) were presented at an international colloquium on 'Trends of changes in the fauna of wild bees in Europe' held in Bydgoszcz, Poland, on 24-26 November 1994. Part 1, 'State of fauna and its changes on larger areas', includes chapters on Apoidea in Poland, Lithuania, Turkey, Russia, Belgium and France, bumble bees in Poland and Finland, megachilid bees in Ukraine and carpenter bees in Belgium and France. Part 2, 'Changes of fauna on smaller areas', contains papers on the Bombus and Psithyrus populations of southern Poland, changes in Apoidea populations in NE Poland, the Apoidea of Sicily, the diversity of Apoidea in various Spanish ecosystems, and an attempt to follow changes in the bee population of an agricultural area in Poland over a 10-year period. The third part of the book contains 2 papers on breeding and re-introduction of wild bees, including their use for the pollination of lucerne. Part 4, 'Forage base of bees and estimation of their changes', has papers on the changes in honey bee forage in Poland, ornamental shrubs as a food source for insects, pollen flows from species of Ranunculaceae, and pollen plants of the Krakow region in Poland. Banaszak, J. (Editor). Page(s): 220 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700029 Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/Apoidea/Europe/conferences/Poland/books. Banaszak, J. (1996) Ecological bases of conservation of wild bees. The conservation of bees [edited by Matheson, A.; Buchmann, S. L.; O'Toole, C.; Westrich, P.; Williams, I. H.]. London, UK, Academic Press for the Linnean Society of London and the International Bee Research Association, 55-62. Author. A short review of contemporary estimations of diversity and density of wild bees in Europe is given, with 22 references. Some results of investigations on rules of bee occurrence in a landscape and their practical application in conservation are discussed. Page(s): 55-62. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology and Environmental Protection, Pedagogical University, Chodkiewicza str. 51, PL-85 667 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701199 Apidae/beneficial insects/conferences/Apoidea/conservation/biodiversity/populations/Europe. Banaszak, J. (1996) Insects of economic importance or about economic entomology. Zeszyty Naukowe Wyzszej Szkoly Pedagogicznej w Bydgoszczy, Studia Przyrodnicze, 12, 121-149. Original title or source: Owady ekonomicznie wazne czyli o entomologii stosowanej. Author. The text is given for a paper presented at the 42nd Conference of the Polish Entomological Society in Poznan, 8 September 1995. It gives a general outline of the history and present state of economic entomology in Poland, with the emphasis on research into bees (Apoidea) and other pollinating insects. Library code: Ba. Language: Pl. Author address: Katedra Biologii i Ochrony Srodowiska WSP, ul. Chodkiewicza 51, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801119 entomology/Poland/Apoidea/pollination/insects/by insects. Banaszak, J. (1996) Variability in density of bumblebees in Europe (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Bombus Latr.). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 65(1), 21-31. Author. Bumble bees inhabit cooler regions of the temperate climatic zone. However, little is known about their abundance in various latitudes. Recently, bumble bee populations have been evaluated in agricultural ecosystems in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Germany, Belgium and southern France. Results of these studies suggest a clear correlation between the population density and the value of the thermal continentalism coefficient (CTC) in Europe: the population density increases with the increase in the effect of the oceanic climate. In N. and W. Poland, where the CTC is below 43%, the bumble bee density is considerably higher (over 2000/ha) than in the SE areas (below 1000/ha) where the influence of the continental climate is stronger. Similarly, low values of bumble bee population density were observed in the lowland regions of Romania and Bulgaria, where the CTC value is close to 60%. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology and Environment Protection, Pedagogical University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801164 Apidae/Bombus/population density/Europe/climate/effects. Banaszak, J. (1997) Local changes in the population of wild bees. I. Changes in the fauna ten years later. Ochrona Przyrody, 54, 119-130. Changes in species diversity and population density of Apoidea over a 10-year period between the 1970s and 1980s were investigated at 6 sites in western Poland. The sites were in natural habitats and on agricultural land, and included grassland, forest, field tracks and tree belts. In the 1970s, 89 species were identified, and in the 1980s, 91 species, although 25% of species previously identified were no longer present (a total of 122 species were found at the 6 sites). Changes in population structure are discussed. Overall, a slight inrease in population density of Apoidea occurred, but on the xerothermic grassland site 23 species disappeared because of natural successional changes in the vegetation. Species associated with forests and tree belts generally increased, but a significant decrease in population numbers was observed in some species, particularly Halictidae and Bombus spp., associated with farmland environments. Accession date: 3 july 1998. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bc. Language: En, pl. . Author address: Dept. Biology & Environmental Protection, Pedagogical Univ., 51 Chodkiewicza St., 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA6/99 Apoidea/biodiversity/Poland/forests/grassland/population dynamics. Banaszak, J. and Cierzniak, T. (1994) The effect of neighbouring environments and the acreage of the winter rapeseed plantation on the diversity and density of Apoidea (Hymenoptera). Zeszyty Naukowe Wyzszej Szkoly Pedagogicznej w Bydgoszczy, Studia Przyrodnicze, 10, 25-38. P. Walker. Surveys were carried out on fields of Brassica napus var. oleifera in western Poland. Of the 33 Apoidea species identified, only 19 were frequently present in any number. On one field, honey bees (Apis mellifera) constituted 91.3% of the total, although there was no apiary near, and Andrena (4 species) was the next most common bee genus. The density and diversity of wild Apoidea on a crop were significantly related to the availability of nesting sites in the surrounding zone, and to the overall crop area. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Katedra Biologii i Ochrony Srodowiska, Wyzsza Szkoa Pedagogiczna, ul. Chodkiewicza 51, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600835 Apidae/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/foraging/Apoidea/Brassica napus var. oleifera/Poland. Banaszak, J. and Cierzniak, T. (1994) Spatial and temporal differentiation of bees (Apoidea) in the forests of Wielkopolski National Park, western Poland. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Zoologica, 2, 3-28. P. Walker. Numbers and distributions of Apoidea species were recorded from April to October in 3 types of forest (pine, oak, oak-hornbeam), using Moericke traps placed near the ground and in tree crowns. In all forest types the numbers of species caught at ground level (32-46) were greater than in tree crowns (20-23); the numbers of bees were also higher nearer the ground. There were considerable differences between the different forest types; also the dominant species at ground level at a location was often not the same as at crown level. Seasonal variations in numbers at a location were similar at the 2 levels. In deciduous forest, Apoidea numbers peaked in early May, but in pine forest they showed several peaks during the season. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Katedra Biologii i Ochrony Srodowiska, Wyzsza Szkoa Pedagogiczna, ul. Chodkiewicza 51, 85-667 Bygoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600837 Apidae/Apoidea/forests/Poland. Banaszak, J. and Cierzniak, T. (1994) Estimate of density and diversity of Apoidea (Hymenoptera) in steppe reserve 'Zbocza Putowskie'on the lower Vistula river. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 63(3&4), 319-337. D. G. Lowe. The population density of Apoidea in the natural steppe plant communities of the lower Vistula region exceeded those found in any other previous investigations in Poland, reaching a maximum of 2500-2900/ha in spring and summer. The most numerous of the 59 species identified were Lasioglossum pauxillum, L. morio, L. fulvicorne and Andrena flavipes. About 60% of the species belonged to the family Halictidae. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology and Environment Protection, Pedagogical University, ul. Chodkiewicza 51, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700425 Apidae/nature reserves/Poland/Apoidea. Banaszak, J. and Cierzniak, T. (1995) Economic effects of arable crop pollination by honey bees and wild bees (Apoidea). Kosmos, 44(1), 47-61. Original title or source: Ekonomiczne efekty zapylania roslin uprawnych przez pszczoe miodna i dziko zyjace pszczoowate (Apoidea). D. G. Lowe. An economic assessment of pollination by honey bees and wild Apoidea of lucerne, red clover, oilseed rape, buckwheat and apple in Poland is presented. Library code: Ba. Language: Pl. Author address: Catedra Biologii i Ochrony Srodowiska WSP w Bydgoszczy Chodkiewicza 51, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800710 Apis mellifera/honey bees/Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/crops/Poland/lucerne/Trifolium pratense/rape/buckwheat/apples/pollination/Apoidea/economic evaluation/by honey bees/by Apoidea/of crops/in Poland. Banaszak, J., Cierzniak, T. and Szymanski, R. (1994) Influence of colour of Moericke traps on numbers and diversity of collected bees (Apoidea, Hymenoptera). Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Zoologica, 2, 29-35. P. Walker. Traps (white, yellow or blue) were set up in deciduous and pine forests in western Poland. The white ones caught 4-7 times more individual bees (Apoidea) than the others. White traps caught 91% of all species recorded in the area (55), yellow 56% and blue 32%. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Katedra Biologii i Ochrony Srodowiska, Wyzsza Szkoa Pedagogiczna, ul. Chodkiewicza 51, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600836 Apidae/insect traps/trapping/Apoidea/Poland/forests. Banaszak, J. and Krzysztofiak, A. (1996) The natural wild bee resources (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of the Wigry National Park. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 65(1), 33-50. Author. In 1988-1993, Apoidea were investigated in the Wigry National Park in 6 vegetation habitats. A total of 7559 individuals were captured, of 191 species, representing 7 families and 29 genera. In the studied habitats, Andrenidae (35%) and Apidae (30%) were the most numerous, while Melittidae (0.7%) and Megachilidae (2.6%) were poorly represented. The forested areas were dominated by Andrenidae and Apidae; the unforested areas were dominated by Halictidae and Andrenidae. The highest average seasonal density was observed in the forest nursery (2127/ha) and the lowest (42) in Corylo-Piceetum. The highest density (10350/ha) was noted in August in the forest nursery. In Calamagrostio-Pinetum, peatbog, and xerothermic sward habitats, 2 density peaks were observed; the other 3 habitats displayed only 1 such peak. The largest numbers of bees were captured in Moericke's traps placed on the ground and 1 m above ground, and in Barber's traps. The traps in tree crowns provided only 1.3% of the total material, mainly of the genus Bombus. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology and Environment Protection, Pedagogical University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801137 Apidae/Apoidea/national parks/Poland. Banaszak, J. and Krzysztofiak, A. (1996) Hylaeus pfankuchi (Alfken, 1919) a new wild bee species for Poland (Hymenotpera: Apoidea, Colletidae). Przeglad Zoologiczny, 40(1/2), 77-78. Original title or source: Hylaeus pfankuchi (Alfken, 1919) nowy dla fauny Polski przedstawiciel pszczo (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Colletidae). Library code: Ba. Language: Pl. Author address: Katedra Biologii i Ochrony Srodowiska WSP, ul. Chodkiewicza 51, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801177 Apidae/Hylaeus/Poland. Banaszak, J. and Ortiz-Sanchez, F. J. (1993) New data on the tribe Eucerini in southeastern Spain (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Boletin de la Asociacion Espanola de Entomologia, 17(2), 263-274. Original title or source: Nuevas aportaciones al conocimiento de la tribu Eucerini en el sureste de Espana (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). this paper on the distribution of Eucerini in SE Spain gives details of 18 species of Eucera and 9 species of Tetralonia. Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Author address: Department of Environment Protection, Pedagogical University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700486 Apidae/Anthophoridae/Eucerini/Eucera/Tetralonia/Spain. Banaszak, J. and Rasmont, P. (1994) Eucera species new to France (Hymenoptera, Anthophorinae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 99(2), 165-168. Original title or source: Eucera Scopoli nouvelles pour la France (Hymenoptera, Anthophorinae). Library code: Ba. Language: Fr. Author address: Department of Environnment Protection, Pedagogical University, ul. Chodkiewicza 51, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700485 Apidae/Eucera/France. Banaszak, J. and Rasmont, P. (1994) Occurrence and distribution of the subgenus Bombus Latreille sensu stricto in Poland (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 63(3&4), 337-356. The 4 species of Bombus s. str. which occur in Poland are B. lucorum, B. terrestris, B. cryptarum and B. magnus; maps of their distribution are presented. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology and Environment Protection, Pedagogical University, ul. Chodkiewicza 51, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701232 Apidae/Bombus/Poland. Banaszak, J. and Romasenko, L. (1998) Megachilid bees of Europe (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae). Bydgoszcz, Poland, Pedagogical University of Bydgoszcz. This book brings together much information on the megachilid bees present in Central, Eastern and Northern Europe. It describes general family characteristics, tribes, subfamilies and genera, and has keys to imagines (females of 156 species and males of 153 species), prepupae (50 species) and different kinds of nest (67 species). Data given for 156 species include synonyms, trophic relationships, flight season, nesting habits, host-parasite relationships and geographical distribution. Page(s): 239. Accession date: . Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bd. Language: En. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA653/99 Megachilidae/taxonomy/morphology/nests. Bankova, V., Boudourova-Krasteva, G., Popov, S., Sforcin, J. M. and Cunha Funari, S. R. (1998) Seasonal variations of the chemical composition of Brazilian propolis. Apidologie, 29(4), 361-367. Propolis samples were collected monthly from hives of Africanized (A) and European (E) Apis mellifera. Analyses showed that the main components were phenolic compounds, especially cinnamic acid derivatives; the only exception was the autumn sample from E in which diterpenes predominated. In propolis from both A and E, diterpenes appeared in summer samples and reached a maximum in autumn, but were absent in winter and spring. It is concluded that A and E collect propolis from the same group of plants, and that there are at least two important plant species, but these have not yet been identified. Accession date: 23 July 1999. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bj. Language: En, de, fr. Author. Author address: Inst of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA906/99 propolis/composition/Brazil/Apis mellifera/Africanized honey bees. Bankova, V., Christov, R., Kujumgiev, A., Marcucci, M. C. and Popov, S. (1995) Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Brazilian propolis. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C, Biosciences, 50(3/4), 167-172. P. Walker. Four propolis samples from different areas were analysed by GC/MS; 32 volatile and 12 other compounds were identified, 11 of which have not been previously reported in propolis. Antibacterial activity was shown by some of the propolis fractions. Possible plant sources of the 4 samples are discussed, but no definite conclusions could be drawn. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800663 hive products/antibacterial properties/Brazil/volatile compounds/propolis/as hive products/composition/inhibition/bacteria/of bacteria/by propolis. Bankova, V., Christov, R., Marcucci, C. and Popov, S. (1998) Constituents of Brazilian geopropolis. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, C, 53, 402-406. In South America, stingless bee species collect resinous material from plants and mix it with beeswax and soil to form the so called 'geopropolis' [batumen]. In this study, we report the results of a GC-MS investigation of Brazilian geopropolis, collected by three different bee species, widespread in Brazil: Melipona compressipes, Melipona quadrifasciata anthioides and Tetragona clavipes. Over 50 compounds were identified, mainly terpenoids and phenolics. The chemical compostition of geopropolis from the different species of bees was different. Accession date: 11 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA364/99 stingless bees/Meliponinae/Melipona/Tetragona/propolis/geopropolis/batumen/ chemical compostion/terpenoids/phenolic compounds/Brazil. Bankova, V., Christov, R., Stoev, G. and Popov, S. (1992) Determination of phenolics from propolis by capillary gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatography, 607(1), 150-153. Author. A procedure using capillary gas chromatography with an internal standard has been developed for the determination of the main biologically active phenolics of propolis: the flavonoid aglycones pinocembrin and galangin, and caffeic acid and its -phenyl-ethyl ester. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600345 hive products/pinocembrin/galangin/caffeic acid/propolis/as hive products/analytical methods/gas chromatography/flavonoids/phenolic compounds. Bankova, V., Marcucci, M. C., Simova, S., Nikolova, N., Kujumgiev, A. and Popov, S. (1996) Antibacterial diterpenic acids from Brazilian propolis. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C, Biosciences, 51(5/6), 277-280. Four labdane-type diterpenic acids and syringaldehyde were isolated and identified from propolis from Parana, Brazil. All the compounds exhibit antibacterial activity (against Staphylococcus aureus 209). The diterpenes, found for the first time in propolis, are typical for some Araucaria species and thus indicate a possible plant source for Brazilian propolis. Library code: 18 ref. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad G. Bonchev Str., Block 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900314 labdane/diterpenic acids/syringaldehyde/antibacterial agents/Staphylococcus aureus/diterpenes/Araucaria/chemical composition/propolis/antibacterial activity/forest trees/hive products/hive products/diterpenoids/inhibition/Staphylococcus/Staphylococcus/propolis. Bankova, V., Nikolova, N. and Marcucci, M. (1996) A new lignan from Brazilian propolis. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C, Biosciences, 51(9/10), 735-737. The known flavonoid kaempferid and a new benzofurane lignan were isolated from Brazilian propolis (collected near Prudentopolis, Parana). The new lignan is a suitable taxonomic marker and gives new possibilities for identification of propolis plant sources in the tropical regions. Library code: 15 ref. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900324 propolis/lignans/flavonoids/kaempferid/benzofuranes/chemical composition/hive products/hive products. Bankova, V., Popov, S., Bocari, G. and Haxhialushi, E. (1993) Phenolic composition of Albanian propolis. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie Bulgare des Sciences, 46(6), 33-35. P. Walker. The phenolic compounds in 2 samples of propolis from different locations were identified. The samples differed in the compounds present, and/or their amounts, and both samples also differed from propolis collected in Bulgaria, and elsewhere. It is suggested that the differences may be due to the different plant sources of propolis in Albania, where the climate is subtropical (most propolis samples so far analysed have been from temperate areas). Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 113 Sofia, Bulgaria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800297 hive products/flavonoids/propolis/as hive products/Albania/phenolic compounds. Bankova, V., Popov, S., Bocari, G. and Haxhialushi, E. (1994) Phenolics in Albanian poplar buds and their relationship to propolis. Fitoterapia, 65(4), 326-330. Phenolic compounds in bud exudates of Populus nigra and P. canadensis collected in July from trees near Tirana was investigated, and compared with two samples of Albanian propolis, and with Bulgarian P. nigra bud exudates. Although the phenolic composition of poplar buds growing in Albania was different from that of propolis, the concentrations and structures of exudate phenols suggests that they may find useful application in medicinal products. Library code: 19 ref. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601018 Populus canadensis/Populus nigra/forest trees/buds/exudates/medicinal properties/propolis/phenolic compounds/plant composition/chemical composition/Albania/Bulgaria/honey bee forage/resins/Populus/Salicaceae. Bano Breis, F., Candela Castillo, M. E., Egea Gilabert, C. and Perez Sanchez, C. (1993) Pollen spectra, mineral (ash) and sediment quantification in honeys produced in the region of Murcia, Spain. Revista Espanola de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Alimentos, 33(1), 71-85. Original title or source: Espectro polinico y cuantificacion del sedimento y cenizas de mieles producidas en la region de Murcia, Espana. D. G. Lowe. Pollen analysis was carried out on 18 samples of honey from Murcia, Spain; a total of 31 taxa from 20 families were found. All the samples had a low mineral (ash) content. Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601487 honey/pollen analysis/Spain/honey bee forage/composition/minerals. Bano Breis, F. d., Perez Sanchez, C., Egea Gilabert, C. and Candela Castillo, M. E. (1996) Optical microscope study of honeys produced in the Murcia region. 2. Microscopic impurities. Vida Apicola(80), 21-27. Original title or source: Estudio al microscopio optico de mieles producidas en la Region de Murcia. 2. Impurezas microscopicas. P. Walker. Results are reported for 18 honeys. Calcium oxalate crystals were identified in 12 (probably from nectar), plant particles (in addition to pollen) in 17, and bee parts in 16. Small amounts of algae were found in only 3. These, and other impurities present, are discussed. The total amount of impurities ranged from 2.5 l/10 g to 31 l/10 g; 12 samples contained low levels, indicating extraction by centrifuge. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801067 honey/impurities/Spain. Bano Breis, F. d., Perez Sanchez, C., Egea Gilabert, C. and Candela Castillo, M. E. (1996) Optical microscope study of honeys produced in Murcia [Spain] 1. Honeydew indicators. Vida Apicola(79), 38-42. Original title or source: Estudio al microscopio optico de mieles producidas en Murcia. 1. Indicadores de mielada. P. Walker. The amount of sediment was determined in 18 honey samples; high values (10-15 ml/10 g) for 5 honeys indicated that they had been extracted by pressing. Three honeys contained honeydew indicators (fungal spores, yeast cells and green algae). Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801416 pressed honey/honeydew/honey/honey/Spain. Bano Breis, F. d., Perez Sanchez, C., Egea Gilabert, C. and Candela Castillo, M. E. (1997) Optical microscopic study of honeys produced in the Murcia Region. 3. Pollen content. Vida Apicola(81), 36-41. Original title or source: Estudio al microscopio optico de mieles producidas en la Region de Murcia. 3. Riqueza polinica. In 18 honey samples, the number of pollen grains ranged from 1000 to 4800. All the samples belonged to classes V-VII (Demianowicz classification). Pollen grains from species of Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Labiatae and Rutaceae were most numerous; 16 other families were represented. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900658 Rosaceae/Fabaceae/Lamiaceae/Rutaceae. Banschbach, V. S. (1994) Colour association influences honey bee choice between sucrose concentrations. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 175(1), 107-114. D. G. Lowe. Certain colours associated with floral food resources are more quickly learned by honey bees (Apis mellifera) than are other colours. But the impact of colour, and other floral cues, on bee choice behaviour has not yet been determined. In these experiments, colour association and sugar concentration of reward were varied to assess how they interact to affect bee choice behaviour. Thirty-five bees were individually given binary choices between blue and yellow artificial flowers that contained either the same rewards or rewards of different sucrose concentrations. Given a choice between blue and yellow flowers delivering the same reward, bees showed a preference for blue flowers. When offered different sucrose concentrations the bees' choice was affected by colour association and this effect was greatest when absolute difference between rewards was the lowest. Blue colouration enhanced bee visitation over yellow colouration even if blue flowers offered slightly lower rewards than yellow flowers. The effect of floral cues is discussed in relation to the bee's ability to maximize energetic profitability during foraging. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601368 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/flowers/foraging/honey bees/sugars/learning/decision making/senses/vision/colour. Banschbach, V. S. and Waddington, K. D. (1994) Risk-sensitive foraging in honey bees: no consensus among individuals and no effect of colony honey stores. Animal Behaviour, 47(4), 933-941. P. Walker. Individual Apis mellifera foragers were trained to visit a feeder with artificial flowers, and then offered a choice between flowers providing a sucrose solution at a constant 20% concentration and flowers with a variable concentration (randomly 10% or 30%, but averaging overall 20%). Before testing the bees, honey combs were removed from, or added to, the test colonies. Foragers from colonies with small or large honey stores made 51% and 56% of visits, respectively, to constant concentration flowers. These results do not support the risk-sensitive foraging theory which predicts that animals under energetic stress, e.g. deprived of food, will prefer variable to constant food sources. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL33124, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700189 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/behaviour/flowers/foraging/honey bees/sugars/energy intake. Bänziger, E. (1997) Honey: enjoyment and health from the beehive. Küttigen, Switzerland, Midena Verlag. Original collective title: Honig: Genuss und Gesundheit aus dem Bienenstock. Page(s): 125. Accession date: 20 july 1998. Call number: 638.16. Library code: Bd. Language: De. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA261/99 honey/books. Baohua, X., Wenmei, C., Hongli, Y., Guizhi, W. and Yijie, W. (1998) [Study of the treatment of chalk brood disease with Baiemie.]. Apiculture of China, 49(6), 3-7. A concentration of 1% Baiemie (BEM) killed all Ascosphaera apis, and 0.25% killed 95%. After colonies with chalk brood were treated 4 times, the symptoms of the disease were absent. Accession date: 3 June 1999. Call number: 638.154. Library code: Bj. Language: Ch, en. Author. Author address: College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural Univ., Taian, 271018, China. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA519/99 chalk brood/control methods/China/Ascosphaera apis. Bar, E. and Rosenkranz, P. (1992) Specific hygienic behaviour towards brood cells infested with Varroa jacobsoni of different honey bee races. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skodowska. Sectio DD, Medicina Veterinaria, 47(1), 1-6. Original title or source: Spezifisches Putzverhalten von Honigbienen (Apis mellifera) unterschiedlicher Rassen gegenuber Varroa-infizierten Brutzellen. Author. Honey bees showed two types of hygienic behaviour towards worker brood cells artificially infested with V. jacobsoni the removal of the mite, leaving the larva or pupa unharmed, or the removal of the larva or pupa with the mite. Cannibalism occurred mainly late in the season and may have been connected with the incidence of secondary infections of bee brood. Dead mites were removed to the same extent as live mites. Differences in behaviour between hybrid Apis mellifera capensis colonies and A. m. carnica colonies were only minor, although A. m. capensis did seem to be less effective in its removal behaviour. A comparison of 8 strains of A. m. carnica did not indicate any genetically-dependent difference in hygienic behaviour. The results indicate that the factor 'hygienic behaviour' is not sufficient for the selection of varroa-resistant honey bee colonies. Library code: Ba. Language: De. Author address: Bayerische Landesanstalt fur Bienenzucht, Burgbergstrasse 70, D-8520 Erlangen, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601453 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/resistance/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/removal/honey bee brood/eviction/races/Apis mellifera capensis/Apis mellifera carnica. Barabanova, V. V. and Galanova, T. F. (1993) Electrophoresis of soluble protein homogenates in Varroa jacobsoni females. Vestnik Zoologii(4), 52-55. An electrophoretic study on Varroa jacobsoni parasitizing the brood of honey bees (Apis mellifera) indicated 8-16 protein components in physiologically differing homogenates of the females. The richest protein composition was found in females before oviposition; it gradually decreased during oviposition, and more sharply so in worker than in drone brood. In females of the autumn worker brood, some of the most soluble proteins were replaced by low-mobility compounds. Library code: 8 ref. Language: Ru. Author address: Inst. Zool., Acad Sci. Ukraine, 252601 Kiev, Ukraine. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700666 Varroa jacobsoni/Acari/Varroidae/arthropod pests/mites/Hymenoptera/Apidae/Apis mellifera/insects/beneficial insects/pollinators/electrophoresis/proteins/biochemistry/chemical composition/pests/honey bees/of honey bees. Barabanova, V. V. and Piletskaya, I. V. (1991) Ecological and physiological characteristics of starvation in females of the mite Varroa jacobsoni. Vestnik Zoologii(6), 54-57. Consumption of water and energetic substances and also mortality were studied in females of Varroa jacobsoni taken from larvae and pupae of drone and autumn broods and also summer, autumn and overwintering adults of the honey bee [Apis mellifera] and starved. Summer mites from the bee brood were those most resistant to starvation. Minimum resistance was found in females from overwintering bee clusters. About 60% of autumn females died by the end of the 2nd day of starvation, and over 60% of overwintering ones did so in 18 h. During 3 days of starvation, summer brood females expended 91.7, 62.5, 45.9 and 9.1% of their glycogen, lipids, body mass and water, resp., most of the components being expended during the 1st day (78.3, 40.2, 25.8 and 4.7%, resp.). Losses of energetic substance by autumn and especially overwintering mites were considerably lower. The chief cause of mortality was high water loss in autumn and a water deficit in overwintering females. Library code: 9 ref. Language: Ru. Author address: Inst. Zool Acad. Sci. Ukraine, 252601 Kiev, Ukraine. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600268 arthropod pests/mites/Varroidae/ectoparasites/Apis mellifera/mortality/water relations/Varroa jacobsoni/physiology/starvation/pests/honey bees/of honey bees/starvation/metabolism/water. Barbattini, R. (1995) The role of bees in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Ape Nostra Amica, 17(1), 7-12. Original title or source: Il ruolo delle api negli ecosistemi naturali ed agrari. The role of honey bees in the entomophilous pollination of numerous cultivated and wild plant species is discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Dipartimento di Biologia applicata alla Difesa delle Piante, Universita di Udine, Udine, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700383 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/Apidae/pollinators/pollination/honey bees/crops/by honey bees/of crops/agriculture/ecology. Barbattini, R. (1996) Environmental projects: the hundred greenest projects in Italy. Ape Nostra Amica, 18(4), 38-41. Original title or source: Progetto ambientale: i cento progetti piu verdi d'Italia. P. Vit. Biological monitoring projects related to environmental quality are described. The award of a prize, the Carnia Alpe Verde (the Carnia Green Alp Prize), encourages efforts to protect the environment. Amongst the 100 'greenest' projects in Italy was an investigation into radioactive contamination by the monitoring of radionuclides in honey. Differences in their concentrations were attributed to variation in soil types and soil-to-plant transfer coefficients. The low concentrations found in honey (mainly of Cs-137) do not represent any risk for honey consumers. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Dipartimento di Biologia applicata alla Difesa delle Piante, Universita degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900302 honey/impurities/radionuclides/radioactivity/pollution/monitoring/Italy. Barbattini, R., Greatti, M., Chiesa, F. and D'Agaro, M. (1996) Evaluating the efficacy of different trap models in collecting dead honey bees. Proceedings of the Italian Section of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects (IUSSI), Pavia, June 8-10, 1995. F. Le Moli, A. Mori and D. A. Grasso, 187-191. Editor(s): Le Moli, F; Mori, A; Grasso, D A. Page(s): 187-191. Accession date: 2 June 1999. Call number: 638.12. Library code: Bd. Language: En. . Author address: Dipartimento di Biologia applicata alla Difesa delle Piante, Universita degli Studi, Viale delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA424/99 honey bees/trapping. Barbattini, R., Greatti, M., D'Agaro, M., Sabatini, A. G., Colombo, R. and Marcazzan, G. L. (1994) Use of formic acid to control Varroa jacobsoni: verification of its efficacy and residues in honey. Ape Nostra Amica, 16(4), 4-9. Original title or source: Utilizzo dell'acido formico nella lotta contro Varroa jacobsoni: verifica dell'efficacia e dei residui nel miele. Author. A trial was carried out in Udine, Italy, in autumn 1992, to test formic acid for the control of V. jacobsoni; 2 concentrations (65% and 80%) and 2 doses (40 ml and 25 ml) were used, the absorbent substrates being cardboard and sponge cloth. The substrates were enclosed in polythene bags with 8 holes per side in order to reduce the rate of evaporation. The colonies were treated 4 times at intervals of 7 days. The mean effectiveness varied from 29.6% (40 ml of 65% acid in absorbent cardboard) to 62.3% (40 ml of 65% acid in sponge cloth). Residues in honey varied widely (between 150 and 500 ppm on day 1) but fell rapidly in the first week after treatment and it is concluded that they do not represent a problem in honey. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Dipartimento di Biologia applicata alla Difesa delle Piante, Universita degli Studi, Via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601070 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/formic acid/honey/pesticide residues. Barbattini, R., Greatti, M., Zandigiacomo, P., Costa, G., Testolin, R. and Vizzotto, G. (1994) Insect pollinators of kiwifruit and their role in crop pollination. Atti XVII Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia, Udine, Italy, 13-18 Giugno 1994. Udine, Italy, Accademia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia and Societa Entomologica Italiana, 855-858. Original title or source: Pronubi dell'actinidia e loro contributo all'impollinazione della coltura. Author. During 1987-91, a study was carried out in the plain of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region (NE Italy) on the insect pollinators of Actinidia deliciosa. The most important pollinator was Apis mellifera, which visited assiduously both female and male flowers to collect pollen. The wild pollinators for which the highest numbers of species and specimens were recorded were syrphids (e.g. Episyrphus balteatus, Eristalis tenax, Melanostoma mellinum, Metasyrphus corollae, Scaeva pyrastri); wild bees were occasionally observed. Wind pollination inside a large cage without insects led to an appreciable fruit set, but fruit weight was low. The activity of honey bees, inside and outside cages, increased fruit set and fruit weight, but hand pollination gave the best results. Page(s): 855-858. Library code: Bd. Language: It. Author address: Dipartimento di Biologia applicata alla Difesa delle Piante, Universita degli Studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601544 honey bees/Apis mellifera/Apidae/Syrphidae/Diptera/beneficial insects/pollinators/kiwifruits/Italy/conferences/pollination/insects/of Actinidia deliciosa/by honey bees/by insects/Actinidia deliciosa. Barbero, R. (1996) The threat of residues. Rivista di Apicoltura, 4(1), 4-7. Original title or source: La minaccia dei residui. P. Walker. Levels of acaricide residues were determined in (A) 241 beeswax samples from Italy and (B) 41 samples from Austria. Levels of bromopropylate and coumaphos were higher in A than in B, but B had higher levels of fluvalinate. Flumethrin levels were low or non-detectable. The possible transport of residues from wax to honey is discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901402 beeswax/pesticide residues/bromopropylate/coumaphos/fluvalinate/flumethrin/Italy/Austria. Barbola, I. d. F. and Laroca, S. (1993) The Apoidea (Hymenoptera) community of the Reserva Passa Dois (Lapa, Parana, Brazil): I. Diversity, relative abundance and seasonal activity. Acta Biologica Paranaense, 22(1/4), 91-113. Original title or source: A comunidade de Apoidea (Hymenoptera) da Reserva Passa Dois (Lapa, Parana, Brasil): I. Diversidade, abundancia relativa e atividade sazonal. D. G. Lowe. Species diversity, relative abundance and phenology of the Apoidea population of the Passa Dois reserve in southern Brazil were studied in 1990-1991. The 158 species identified belonged to the Halictidae (40.5%), Anthophoridae (25.9%), Megachilidae (12.6%), Andrenidae (8.9%), Colletidae (6.3%) and Apidae (5.7%). The commonest bees were apids (41.7%) and halictids (34.3%). Most species were uncommon, being represented by only 1 or 2 individuals in the survey. Halictidae, Xylocopinae and Apidae remained active for the whole year, but in general the number of species and flight activity fell in winter. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Zoologia, UFPR, CP 19020, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900029 Apidae/Apoidea/phenology/Brazil/biodiversity. Barilyak, I. R., Berdyshev, G. D. and Dugan, A. M. (1996) Antimutagenic action of beekeeping products. Cytology and Genetics, 30(6), 48-55. A set of test-systems was used to investigate the possible antimutagenic activity of some beekeeping products. Apilacum, a product prepared from royal jelly, did not show gene-protective abilities in an Ames test. Other beekeeping products - propolis, bee bread, honey mixtures (1 and 2), royal jelly - exhibited to some degree an ability to reduce the mutagenic influence of some chemical and physical mutagens. Propolis had a toxic effect on yeast cells. Royal jelly had the least antimutagenic effect. Accession date: 11 May 1999. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bc. Language: En. . Author address: Ukranian Scientific Center of Medical Genetics, Ministry of Health and National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA608/99 honey bees/hive products/propolis/bee bread/honey/royal jelly/mutagenic effects. Barisic, D., Lazaric, K., Lulic, S., Vertacnik, A., Drazic, M. and Kezic, N. (1994) K, Cs and Cs in pollen, honey and soil surface layer in Croatia. Apidologie, 25(6), 585-595. Author. The specific activities of these isotopes were measured in bee-collected pollen, honey and soil (top 25 cm) by gamma-spectrometry. Specific activity of K in pollen was 10-fold that in honey. A K soil-to-pollen transfer coefficient (TC(K)) of 0.436 <+-> 0.054 and a soil-to-honey transfer coefficient TC(K) of 0.052 <+-> 0.008 were calculated as the mean of their respective values in 26 different segments of soil profile. Both parameters have very stable values over time as well as through different segments of vertical soil profile. Cs and Cs specific activities in pollen and honey decrease with time, resulting in a decrease of Cs soil-to-honey transfer factors (T(Cs)) over time. The increase of the soil-to-honey T(Cs) with increasing soil depth is a consequence of vertical distribution of Cs in soil. Soil-to-honey T(Cs) values were highest in meadow and mixed honey types and lowest in bush/tree honey. Similar trends were found for both T(Cs) and T(Cs). The results indicate the importance of the caesium inventory in soil segments where plant root systems are developed. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Center for Marine Research, Ruer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 41000 Zagreb, Croatia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601110 polluted soils/pollen/hive products/as hive products/bee-collected pollen/honey/impurities/potassium/caesium/radionuclides/soil/soil/soil/pollution/radioactivity/Croatia. Barisic, D., Vertacnik, A., Bromenshenk, J. J., Kezic, N., Lulic, S., Hus, M., Kraljevic, P., Simpraga, M. and Seletkovic, Z. (1999) Radionuclides and selected elements in soil and honey from Gorski Kotar, Croatia. Apidologie, 30(4), 277-287. Fourteen soil samples (2 soil types) and 63 honey samples (16 multifloral, 25 honeydew and 22 mixed) from several locations were analysed for the presence of 137Cs, 40K, Ca, Fe, Rb, Sr, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Mn and Cr. Average contents (and ranges) for each element are tabulated. To assess the transfer of elements from the soil to honey, transfer factors were calculated; the transfer factor is defined as the ratio between element concentration in honey and in soil, expressed as a percentage. Most values were low, but potassium showed significant transfer into all honey types. Concentrations of cations were significantly higher in honeydew honeys than in the other types; these honeys could therefore be used as a pollution indicator of 137Cs, Cu, Rb, Cr and possibly Ni. Accession date: 16 September 1999. Call number: 638.163/166. Library code: Bj. Language: En, de, fr. P Walker. Author address: Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Inst., Bijenicka 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1179/99 honey/composition/contamination/impurities/radionuclides/ metals/honeydew honeys/soil/Croatia/pollution/monitoring. Barnett, E. A. and Fletcher, M. R. (1998) The poisoning of animals from the negligent use of pesticides. Brighton Crop Protection Conference: Pests & Diseases - 1998: Volume 1: Proceedings of an International Conference, Brighton, UK, 16-19 November 1998. Farnham, UK, British Crop Protection Council, 279-284. A total of 408 suspected pesticide poisoning incidents in England were investigated (1994-96); for incidents in which bees were killed, the most common causes were spray applications during flowering and poorly conducted feral bee treatments. Page(s): 279-284. Accession date: 22 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: X. Language: En. . Author address: Wildlife Incident Unit, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA822/99 honey bees/Apis mellifera/poisoning/pesticides/insecticides/England. Barnett, E. A., Fletcher, M. R., Brown, P. M. and Charlton, A. J. (1997) Changing patterns of pesticide poisoning of bees in England and Wales in recent years. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Hazards of Pesticides to Bees; September 17-19, 1996, Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (BBA) Braunschweig, Germany. G. Lewis. Braunschweig, Germany, Biologische Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft, unpaginated. In the period 1993-95 the number of bee poisoning incidents involving bendiocarb and dimethoate was higher than in previous years. Editor(s): Lewis, G. Page(s): unpaginated. Accession date: 2 June 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. . Author address: Central Science Laboratory, Wildlife Incident Unit, Sand Hutton, York YO4 1LZ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA533/99 poisoning/ honey bees/by insecticides/dimethoate/bendiocarb. Barr, B. (1994) Beekeeping for beginners. Sunnyside, South Africa, Northern Transvaal Beekeepers Association. Page(s): 43. Accession date: 2 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bdo. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA716/99 beekeeping/South Africa/Transvaal. Barrett, P. (1995) The immigrant bees 1788-1898: a cyclopaedia on the introduction of European honey bees into Australia and New Zealand. Springwood, Australia, Peter Barrett. D. G. Lowe. This is a well-documented account of the very earliest beekeeping history of Australia and New Zealand, based on extensive research into the available literature. It describes the earliest introductions of English or German 'black' bees [Apis mellifera mellifera] into New South Wales, Tasmania, Western Australia, and the North and South Islands of New Zealand. The period involved was 1788-1842, although the first undisputed successful introduction of honey bees into Australasia appears to have occurred in 1822, from the ship 'Isabella'. The subsequent introduction of Italian bees [A. m. ligustica] into New South Wales, Tasmania, South Australia (Kangaroo Island) and New Zealand in the period 1862-1880 is also described, and methods of transporting bees by sea during the period from the 1820s to the 1890s are discussed. Once established in Australia and New Zealand, bees were transported by land and accounts of such movements in the period 1827-1870 are given. Some figures for 19th century exports of honey, bees and beeswax are included. A selected bibliography of books, journals, newspapers, encyclopedias and unpublished manuscripts is given and there is a detailed combined author and subject index. This book will be of value to all those with an interest in beekeeping history. Page(s): 200 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700576 Apis mellifera mellifera/Apis mellifera ligustica/beneficial insects/historical records/history/beekeeping/Australia/New Zealand/Apis mellifera. Barrett, P. (1997) William Charles Cotton Grand Bee Master of New Zealand 1842 to 1847. Springwood, NSW, Australia, Banjo Bee Books. This is a detailed account of the life of W C Cotton from the year in which he published My bee book until 1847 when he left New Zealand. During his time there he did much to advance beekeeping, and to improve methods used by both European settlers and Maoris. In 1848 he published A manual for New Zealand beekeepers, and in 1849 Ko uga pi, a treatise on bees in Maori. Page(s): 160. Accession date: 5 July 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bd. Language: En. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA717/99 history of beekeeping/New Zealand/W C Cotton/biography. Barros, M. A. d. and Barth, O. M. (1994) Systematic catalogue of pollen grains of arboreal plants of southern Brazil. XXVIII - Burseraceae and Clethraceae. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 54(2), 317-322. Original title or source: Catalogo sistematico do polen das plantas arboreas do Brazil meridional. XXVIII - Burseraceae e Clethraceae. Library code: Bb. Language: Pt. Author address: Laboratorio de Palinologia, Departamento de Botanica, Instituto de Biologia, CCS, UFRJ - 21941 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601175 Protium/Clethra/Brazil/Burseraceae/Clethraceae/pollen/morphology. Barros, M. A. G. e. (1992) Phenology of flowering, reproductive strategies and pollination of sympatric species of the genus Byrsonima Rich. (Malpighiaceae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 52(2), 343-353. Original title or source: Fenologia da floracao, estrategias reprodutivas e polinizacao de especies simpatricas do genero Byrsonima Rich. (Malpighiaceae). D. G. Lowe. Flowering phenology, pollination and reproductive strategies were studied in 7 species of Byrsonima which occurred sympatrically in cerrado (savanna-like) vegetation at a site in Brazil. Six species flowered sequentially during the dry season (May-October) with overlapping, and one species flowered during the wet season (November-January). All species showed the 'cornucopia' type of flowering pattern, with a great number of flowers displayed over several weeks. The main pollinators were bees of medium and large size, of the genera Centris, Epicharis and Bombus. Small bees (Trigona, Apis, Tetragona, Augochloropsis, Paratetrapedia and others) were also frequent visitors. Library code: Bb. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Botanica, Universidade de Brasilia, DF. Campus Universitario - Asa Norte, Caixa Postal 153081, Brasilia, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601208 Apidae/pollinators/cerrado/Brazil/flowering/flowers/Byrsonima/phenology/pollination/Apoidea/of Byrsonima/by Apoidea. Barry, C. (1999) Detection of corn and cane syrups in honey using 13carbon stable isotope ratio mass spectroscopy (13C IRMS), 15. A clear description of the scientific background to the method. Page(s): 15. Accession date: 2 August 1999. Call number: 638.163/166. Library code: Bj. Language: Canadian Beekeeping. . Author address: Laboratory Services Div., Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA897/99 honey/adulteration/analysis/high fructose cornsyrup/carbon isotopes. Bartareau, T. (1993) Pollination of Australian epiphytic orchids by Trigona jurine bees in north-east Queensland. Proceedings of the Second Australasian Native Orchid Conference, September 1993, Toowoomba, Australia [edited by Harris, W. K.; Grundon, N. J.]. Toowoomba, Australia, Native Orchid Society, 85-89. D. G. Lowe. Orchids of the species Cymbidium canaliculatum, C. madidum, C. suave, Dendrobium lichenastrum, D. monophyllum and D. toressae were studied at Heberton, Queensland, Australia, in 1990-1992. Trigona bees (T. hockingsi and T. carbonaria) were observed pollinating orchid flowers throughout the day when the temperature was above 22C. The flowers were nectarless but strongly fragrant, which attracted the bees. Page(s): 85-89. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Botany and Tropical Agriculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801144 Trigona carbonaria/Trigona hockingsi/Apidae/pollinators/Australia/Queensland/pollination/Trigona/of Orchidaceae/by Trigona/Orchidaceae. Bartareau, T. (1993) Some observations on the pollination of Dendrobium monophyllum F. Muell. in north-east Queensland. Orchadian, 10(12), 446-450. D. G. Lowe. The fragrant flowers of D. monophyllum are visited by a number of insect species, but Trigona bees appear to be the only pollinators. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Botany, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld. 4811, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801149 Trigona/Apidae/pollinators/Australia/Queensland/pollination/of Orchidaceae/by Trigona/Orchidaceae. Bartareau, T. (1994) The reproductive ecology of Dendrobium toressae (Bailey) Dockr., a geographically restricted species in north-east Queensland. Orchadian, 11(3), 106-111. D.G. Lowe. The reproductive ecology of D. toressae was investigated in Queensland, Australia, in 1990-1993. The nectarless flowers attracted bees of the species Trigona carbonaria and T. hockingsi with a colourful display and fragrance, and these bees transferred pollinia between flowers. The effects of the plant's low fecundity, insect predation, and fire, are discussed. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Botany and Tropical Agriculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801148 Trigona carbonaria/Trigona hockingsi/Apidae/pollinators/Dendrobium toressae/Australia/Queensland/pollination/Trigona/of Orchidaceae/by Trigona/Orchidaceae. Bartareau, T. (1995) The pollination of Cymbidium madidum Lindley and C. suave R.Br. by native bees a case of floral reward deception? Orchadian, 11(10), 487-495. D. G. Lowe. These 2 orchid species were studied at a site in N. Queensland, Australia, in 1990-1994. The flowers were nectarless, but attracted visitors with colourful, fragrant displays. Only the bees Trigona carbonaria and T. hockingsi transferred pollinia between flowers. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Qld. 4811, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801146 Trigona carbonaria/trigona hockingsi/Apidae/pollinators/Cymbidium madidum/Cymbidium suave/Australia/Queensland./pollination/Trigona/of Orchidaceae/by Trigona/Orchidaceae. Bartareau, T. (1995) Pollination and breeding systems in varieties of Dendrobium canaliculatum and their implications on the taxonomic status of the group. Orchadian, 11(8), 380-387. D. G. Lowe. The pollination and breeding system of D. canaliculatum were studied in NE Queensland, Australia, in 1990-1992. The flowers were nectarless, but they attracted insect visitors with a colourful, fragrant display. Honey bees, butterflies, syrphid flies and the solitary bees Hylaeus chromaticus and H. ruficeps, visited the flowers. The Hylaeus species were the only visitors seen to remove pollinia. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Botany and Tropical Agricultura, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801147 Hylaeus chromaticus/Hylaeus ruficeps/Apidae/pollinators/Dendrobium canaliculatum/Australia/Queensland/pollination/Hylaeus/of Orchidaceae/by Hylaeus/Orchidaceae. Bartareau, T. (1996) Foraging behaviour of Trigona carbonaria (Hymenoptera: Apidae) at multiple-choice feeding stations. Australian Journal of Zoology, 44(2), 143-153. Author. A full-size T. carbonaria colony was placed at the centre of a grid of multiple-choice feeding stations with feeders containing water and 3 sugar solutions at 10, 20 and 40% concentration. The feeding of workers at feeders was monitored during consecutive days under these variable resource conditions. Scouts marked all the sugar-solution feeders with a visible fluid, and the degree of marking and nestmate recruitment was positively correlated with sugar concentration. Workers exhibited characteristics of the group foraging behaviour termed 'opportunism', whereby many foragers search independently in the field, until one of them finds an exceptional sugar solution resource and then rapidly recruits nestmates. Overall, workers preferred the 40% sugar feeders, visitation rates decreased with increasing distance from the nest, and visits at the 20% and 10% feeders increased in that sequence when replenishment with sugar solution was interrupted and sugar concentrations declined progressively in the 40% and 20% feeders. The results show that workers have the ability to identify the richest sugar solutions, but indicate that food choice will vary with resource variability. The evidence suggests that the primary strategy involved in the foraging behaviour of this species is to optimize the feeding intake of the colony. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801207 trigona carbonaria/Apidae/foraging/Trigona/sugar/Trigona/communication. Barth, O. M. (1996) Monofloral and wild flower honey pollen spectra in Brazil. Ciencia e Cultura (Sao Paulo), 48(3), 163-165. Recent studies involving pollen analyses of honeys from Brazil are reviewed, with 19 references. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20001-970, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900213 honey bee forage/honey/Brazil/honey/pollen analysis. Barth, O. M. and Costa, K. M. R. (1993) Systematic catologue of pollen grains of arboreal plants of southern Brazil. XXVI - Aquifoliaceae [Ilex spp.]. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 53(2), 305-309. Original title or source: Catalogo sistematico do polen das plantas arboreas do Brazil meridional. XXVI - Aquifoliaceae. Library code: Bb. Language: Pt. Author address: Laboratorio de Palinologia, Instituto de Botanica, CCS, UFRJ, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601174 Brazil/Aquifoliaceae/Ilex/pollen/morphology. Barth, O. M. and Luz, C. F. P. d. (1998) Melissopalynological data obtained from a mangrove area near to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Journal of Apicultural Research, 37(3), 155-163. Palynological analyses of honey and pollen samples from Apis mellifera situated in a mangrove belt in Guanabara Bay, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were performed. Laguncularia racemosa is the most abundant species in this area; some individuals of Avicennia tomentosa also occur. Pollen analysis showed that the bees visited ruderal plant species, grasses and crops for pollen. 27 pollen types belonging to 22 plant families were identified. The most frequent pollen types belonged to Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae and Arecaceae. The most frequent pollen types from nectariferous species were Croton sp., Eucalyptus sp. Eupatorium maximilianii, Gochnatia polymorpha, Mimosa bimucronata, M. pudica, Spondias sp. and Sapindaceae. Pollen from typical mangrove vegetaion, except Laguncularia racemosa, was rare in both honey and pollen samples. This fact reflects the local environmental disturbance, as well as the value of the 'invader' plant species to bees. Accession date: 27 April 1999. Call number: 638.13. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author. Author address: Instituto Oswald Cruz, Fiocruz, Caixa Postal 926, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA488/99 Apis mellifera/honey bee forage/pollen plants/pollen analysis/mangroves/Brazil. Barthell, J. F. and Daly, H. V. (1995) Male size variation and mating site fidelity in a population of Habropoda depressa Fowler (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 71(3), 149-156. Author. The relationship between size and mating site fidelity was studied in males of H. depressa during a 2-year period. Males appeared to separate into 2 groups that located mates differently. One group patrolled patches of ground where bees emerged from nests constructed during the previous year. These males appeared able to detect females that had recently emerged from nests or that were about to do so. Large numbers of these patrolling males struggled for prolonged periods to gain access to mates, frequently forming clusters around newly emerged females. Another group of males patrolled flowering plants, apparently in search of foraging females that did not mate at the nesting site. Bees marked from both groups showed fidelity to their respective mating sites during mark-recapture studies. The 2 groups of males also differed significantly in size, with those from the flower sites being smaller on average than nesting site males. In addition, males from mating clusters were larger than other patrolling males at nesting sites. These patterns of male mating behaviour parallel those found in other protandrous bee and wasp species. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800079 Habropoda depressa/Apidae/Habropoda/males/mating/territory/size/Habropoda/nests. Barthell, J. F., Frankie, G. W. and Thorp, R. W. (1998) Invader effects in a community of cavity nesting megachilid bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Environmental Entomology, 27(2), 240-247. Temporal and spatial characteristics of a community of cavity nesting megachilid bees and their introduced competitors were examined at a site in the Central Valley of California. Two of the introduced bee species, Megachile apicalis and Megachile rotundata, were frequent nest site occupants and accounted for 19.6% and 3.4% of all artificial nesting cavities (trap-nests) monitored during the 1st and 2nd year of the study, respectively. These species were most active before and after the peak in native bee nesting activity and tended to occupy xeric habitats, despite significantly higher larval mortality associated with such environments. The ability to occupy a wide range of habitats may account for the invasion success of M. apicalis in California. Another invader, the European earwig, Forficula auricularia, was a frequent occupant of nesting cavities in mesic habitats, accounting for 59% to 85% occupancy of trap-nests during the 1st and 2nd year of the study, respectively. Exclusion experiments indicated that F. auricularia densities were sufficient to displace female bees at nest sites with one-third as much nesting activity occurring in sampling units that allowed entry to earwigs as those made inaccessible to them with sticky barriers. In comparison, all native species (including bees and wasps) never accounted for >25% of all occupied nesting cavities of either monitoring period of the study. Accession date: 11 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author. Author address: Dept of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA365/99 behaviour/biological competition/Megachile apicalis/Megachile rotundata/monitoring/habitats/mortality/Forficula auricularia/population dynamics/Megachilidae. Barthell, J. F., Griswold, T. L., Frankie, G. W. and Thorp, R. W. (1997) Osmia (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) diversity at a site in central coastal California. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 73(3), 141-151. Author. Thirty species of Osmia were recorded at a research reservation in central coastal California during 2 survey periods: 1937-43 and 1987-92. Diversity remained constant at 23 species between surveys. However, cumulative diversity increased from 23 to 30 species. The total number of species at this geographic locale is relatively high when compared with 9 other surveys but is most typical of diversities found at other montane, mid-elevation latitudes. Differences between study periods suggest that long-term surveys are required to accurately assess species diversity. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Division of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900821 Apidae/Osmia/diversity. Barthell, J. F. and Knops, J. M. H. (1997) Visitation of evening primrose by carpenter bees: evidence of a 'mixed' pollination syndrome. Southwestern Naturalist, 42(1), 86-93. Evening primrose, Oenothera elata, is generally considered a hawkmoth-pollinated plant species that exhibits several characteristics of a moth pollination syndrome. Its reproductive biology was examined by testing the hypothesis that a twilight-foraging carpenter bee, Xylocopa tabaniformis orpifex, can serve as its pollinator. In the study population, pollen was deposited by carpenter bees on 56% of all the flower stigmas that were monitored during evening periods, and at least 70% of those monitored during successive evening and morning periods; flowers that only carpenter bees were allowed to visit produced healthy seed pods about 3 weeks later. Given the effectiveness of X. tabaniformis as a pollinator and its overlap in range with O. elata, we believe a mixed pollination syndrome that includes both bees and moths is a more appropriate charaterization of the pollination biology of this plant species. Accession date: 11 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author. Author address: Dept of Biology, University of Central Oaklahoma, 100 North University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA366/99 plants/evening primrose/Oenothera elata/Xylocopa tabaniformis orpifex/carpenter bees/pollination/hawkmoth. Barthell, J. F. and Thorp, R. W. (1995) Nest usurpation among females of an introduced leaf-cutter bee, Megachile apicalis. Southwestern Entomologist, 20(2), 117-124. Author. Female nest usurpation and size variation were compared in a population of this bee at a site in California, USA. Both behavioural and morphological evidence was gathered from 3 types of female: (1) those that occupied and defended nest holes, (2) those that patrolled the nesting substrate while attempting to displace the latter group and (3) pollen-foraging bees that apparently had already established nests elsewhere in the environment. Females occupying holes and patrolling nesting sites were, on average, larger than foraging females. In addition, female densities at nest sites correlated positively with the average size of females found at those sites. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701266 Megachile apicalis/Apidae/USA/California/foraging/biological competition/nesting/variation/Megachile/females/size/relationships/behaviour/Megachile/morphology/Megachile/nests. Bartholdi, J. J., III, Seeley, T. D., Tovey, C. A. and Vate, J. H. V. (1993) The pattern and effectiveness of forager allocation among flower patches by honey bee colonies. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 160(1), 23-40. P. Walker. Previous empirical studies have revealed the mechanisms involved in honey bee [Apis mellifera] forager allocation. The resulting allocation pattern and its effectiveness have now been studied. A system of differential equations, which models the allocation process in a hypothetical colony, shows that the colony tends to allocate foragers specifically among flower patches, and each forager experiences the same rate of 'value' accumulation, regardless of flower patch (equal value rate allocation). The model was used to generate predictions about the patterns of dancing, and other variables, for different flower patches; the results of one empirical test confirm the prediction that at equilibrium the foragers from different patches experience equal rates of value accumulation. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600977 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/foraging/honey bees/nectar/communication/dances/by dances/mathematical models. Barton, K. (1996) Africanized bees advance slowly. California Agriculture, 50(4), 6. The continuing but slow spread of Africanized honey bees in southern California, USA, is reported. As of 31 July 1996, there had been 16 finds, 14 in Imperial County and 2 in Riverside County, compared to a total of 13 in 1995 and 1 in 1994. This research update includes material derived from interviews with K. Visscher. Language: En. Author address: c/o Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, 300 Lakeside Drive, 6th Floor, Oakland, CA 94612-3560, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900194 Africanized honey bees/honey bees/spread/geographical distribution/introduced species/Apis mellifera scutellata/USA/California/Apis mellifera/distribution/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa/Apis mellifera. Basavanna, G. P. C. (1994) Thai sacbrood disease of the Indian honey bee, Apis cerana indica. Thai sacbrood disease of the Indian honey bee and problems and prospects of establishing the European bee (Apis mellifera) in Karnataka. Proceedings of a workshop, 15th June, 1994, Bangalore, India [edited by Veeresh, G. K.]. Bangalore, India, Institution of Agricultural Technologists, 3-7. P. Walker. This review, with 16 references, summarizes information on the symptoms, severity and spread of Thai sac brood disease and on the virus itself, and on preventive measures. Suggestions for future research are made. Page(s): 3-7. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700536 bee diseases/beneficial insects/conferences/honey bee brood/sac brood/India/Apis cerana/bee viruses. Basilio, A. M. (1996) Pollen of hydrophytic species in honey from Paraná [river] delta (Argentina). Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica, 31(3/4), 231-234. Original title: Polen de las especies hidrofitas en las mieles del delta del Rio Parana (Argentina). Pollen from hydrophytic plant species were found in 21 of 27 honey samples obtained from beekeepers. The pollens were from (A) Polygonum spp. (P. hydropiperoides and P. stelligerum) and (B) Sagittaria montevidensis.A was identified in 16 samples (0.3-55.3%) and B in 17 samples (0.4-74.4%); at least 2 of the honeys can be regarded as unifloral honeys. These plants have not previously been reported as an important resource for honey bees. The presence of these pollens may be useful in characterizing honeys of the region, or at least of subtropical wetlands. Accession date: 11 May 1999. Call number: 638.163/166. Library code: Bb. Language: Es, en. P Walker. Author address: Laboratorio de Paleobotánica y Palinología, Depto de Cs. Biológicas, Facultad de Cs. Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 1428 Nuñez, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA589/99 honey/varieties/Argentina/Polygonum/Sagittaria/wetlands. Basilio, A. M. and Romero, E. J. (1996) Pollen content of honeys from the Paraná river delta (Argentina). Darwiniana, 34(1-4), 113-120. Original title: Contenido polínico en las mieles de la región del delta del Paraná (Argentina). Detailed quantitative results are presented of pollen analyses of 29 honey samples collected in 1990-93. Pollens from species belonging to the Fabaceae, Myrtaceae and Asteraceae families were the most common; pollens from certain hydrophytic plants were also present in many of the samples. Accession date: 11 May 1999. Call number: 638.163/166. Library code: Bb. Language: Es, en. P Walker. Author address: Lab. de Paleobotánica y Palinología, Depto de Cs. Biológicas, Facultad de Cs. Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 1428 Nuñez, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA590/99 honey/varieties/Argentina/wetlands. Basnet, P., Matsuno, T. and Neidlein, R. (1997) Potent free radical scavenging activity of propol isolated from Brazilian propolis. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, C (Bioscinces), 52(11/12), 828-833. The authors evaluted free radical scavenging activity of the water, methanol and chloroform extracts of propolis in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and xanthine-xanthine oxidase (XOD) generated superoxide anion assay systems. The free radical scavenging activity guided fractionation and chemical analysis led to the isolation of a new compound, propol (3-[4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-but-1-enyl)-phenyl]-acrylic acid) from the water extract, which was more potent than most common antioxidants such as vitamin C [ascorbic acid] or vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) in these assay systems. Accession date: 11 May 1999. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bc. Language: En. . Author address: Pharmazeutisch-Chemisches Institut der Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA609/99 propol/propolis/free radicals/antioxidants/chemical composition/extracts. Basnet, P., Matsushige, K., Hase, K., Kadota, S. and Namba, T. (1996) Four di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives from propolis. Potent hepatoprotective activity in experimental liver injury models. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 19(11), 1479-1484. D. G. Lowe. A water extract of propolis (PWE) showed a strong hepatoprotective activity against CCl-toxicity in rats and galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in mice. The PWE also showed a significant hepatoprotective activity against CCl-induced liver cell injury in cultured rat hepatocytes. Fractionation and chemical analysis led to the isolation of 4 dicaffeoyl quinic acid derivatives from the PWE. The structure of these isolates was determined to be methyl 3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinate, 3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid, methyl 4,5-O-caffeoyl quinate and 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid by spectroscopic methods. These compounds were more potent hepatoprotective agents than glycyrrhizin at a concentration of 10 g/ml. Quinic acid alone did not show hepatoprotective effects in cultured rat hepatocytes against CCl-toxicity, and chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid were less potent than the dicaffeoyl quinic acid derivatives. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Research Institute for Wakan-Yaku (Traditional Sino-Japanese Medicines), Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama 930-01, Japan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900318 hive products/laboratory animals/prophylaxis/hepatotoxins/propolis/as hive products/rats/liver/compounds/effects/quinic acid/derivatives. Basnet, P., Metsushige, K., Hase, K., Kadota, S. and Namba, T. (1996) Potent antihepatotoxic activity of dicaffeoyl quinic acids from propolis. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 19(4), 655-657. D. G. Lowe. Aqueous extracts of propolis showed strong hepatoprotective activity in experiments with CCl-induced liver injury model rats. Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative TLC yielded 2 dicaffeoyl quinic acid derivatives, methyl 3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinate and 3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid; their structures were determined by the use of 2D NMR. In assays with liver-injured rats, these 2 compounds were stronger antihepatotoxic agents than glycyrrhizin. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Research Institute for Wakan-Yaku (Traditional Sino-Japanse Medicines), Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-01, Japan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900317 hive products/laboratory animals/prophylaxis/hepatotoxins/propolis/as hive products/rats/liver/compounds/effects/quinic acid/derivatives. Bastos, D. H. M. (1994) The sugars of honey: Analytical aspects. Lecta, 12(1), 151-158. Original title or source: Acucares do mel: Aspectos analiticos. Compositions of 490 US honeys are summarized as the mean, standard deviation and ranges of the contents of water, fructose, glucose, sucrose, reducing disaccharides expressed as maltose, and undetermined compounds. Glucose, fructose and water constitute 85% of honey; all 24 oligosaccharides that have been found in honey consist either of glucose units or of glucose and fructose, and presumably arise from their linking via enzymatic action. The preferred method for determining sugars in honey has changed several times: polarimetry was replaced by alkaline copper reduction, paper chromatography, liquid chromatography on a carbon/celite column, gas chromatography, and finally HPLC. Library code: 18 ref. Language: Pt. Author address: Universidade Sao Francisco, Campus Braganca Paulista, Av. Sao Francisco de Assis 218, CEP 12.900-000, Itatiba, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800263 chromatography/glucose/fructose/oligosaccharides/honey/composition/sugars/USA/determination/analytical methods. Bastos, D. H. M. and Silva, J. R. (1994) Analysis of honey produced in the Braganca region. Lecta, 12(2), 121-134. Original title or source: Analise de meis produzidos na regiao Bragantina. In 1993, ten honeys marketed in the Braganca region of Brazil were analysed for water, reducing sugars, ash, diastase index and pH, and for overheating and adulteration by the Fihe and Lugol tests; 9 were made by Apis mellifera, the other by the Jatai honey bee Tetragonisca angustula. Botanical origins (Vernonia polyanthes, Croton floribundus, multifloral) were confirmed by pollen analysis. All samples were correctly labelled and satisfied specifications for table honey (rather than industrial). Library code: 11 ref. Language: Pt. Author address: Universidade Sao Francisco, Campus Braganca Paulista, Av. Sao Francisco de Assis 218, CEP 12.900-000, Itatiba, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800255 Tetragonisca/Tetragonisca angustula/Apis mellifera/Vernonia polyanthes/Croton/Croton floribundus/honey/composition/Brazil/Brazil/characteristics. Bastos, E. M. and Brandao, M. (1994) Survey of bee plants and characterization of the pollen spectra of honeys. 2. Municipality of Sao Goncalo do Rio Abaixo, MG. Daphne, Revista do Herbario PAMG da EPAMIG, 4(1), 55-62. Original title or source: Cadastramento de plantas apicolas e caracterizacao dos espectros polinicos dos meis II Municipio de Sao Goncalo do Rio Abaixo - MG. D. G. Lowe. A list of 140 plants is given, with scientific and local names, and months when flowering occurs. Library code: Bc. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801324 honey bee forage/Brazil/honey/pollen analysis. Bastos, E. M. and Brandao, M. (1994) Inventory of bee plants in Barao de Cocais, Minas Gerais. 3. Daphne, Revista do Herbario PAMG da EPAMIG, 4(4), 54-60. Original title or source: Inventario da flora apicola do Municipio de Barao de Cocais, Minas Gerais III. D. G. Lowe. A list of 32 taxa identified by pollen analysis of 13 samples of honey is given, and 25 pollen grains are illustrated. Observations of bees foraging in this area of Brazil showed that 57 species of plants were visited, 5 (Poaceae) exclusively for pollen. Library code: Bc. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801325 honey bee forage/Brazil/honey/pollen analysis. Bastos, E. M., Brandao, M. and Gastelois, B. (1995) Honey pollen spectrum from grazing land in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Apiacta, 30(2), 42-45. P. Walker. Honey samples were collected from 4 areas during different seasons; results of pollen grain analysis on 36 samples are tabulated and discussed. Pollen grains from 38 plant species (21 families) were identified, with different patterns in the different seasons. Eucalyptus pollen was dominant during the dry (63.8% of total) and rainy (41.9%) seasons, and was also a secondary pollen (22.7%) in the transition period. Pollen from Vernonia scorpioides (Asteraceae) was also present in all seasons (18.9-29.0%). Landsat satellite images confirmed vegetation types within 3 km of each apiary. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Confederacao Brasileira de Apicultora, Rua Mario Beraldi 380, Santa Candida, Curitiba PR, 82650-490, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700960 Eucalyptus/Vernonia scorpioides/Minas Gerais/seasonal fluctuations/honey bee forage/honey/Brazil/honey/pollen analysis. Bastos, E. M., Brandao, M. and Silveira, F. R. C. d. (1995) Pollen spectrum of honeys produced at Serra do Caraca, Minas Gerais [Brazil]. Daphne, Revista do Herbario PAMG da EPAMIG, 5(1), 40-45. Original title or source: Espectro polinico dos meis produzidos no parque natural de Serra do Caraca MG. D. G. Lowe. The honey bee forage in the district of Santa Barbara, Brazil, was studied by means of pollen analyses of honey collected in the period August 1992 - October 1993. Of the 26 pollen types found, the most dominant were from Vernonia sp., Ambrosia polystachya, Croton sp. and Eucalyptus sp. Photomicrographs of 17 of the pollens are presented. Library code: Bc. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801326 Vernonia/Ambrosia polystachya/Croton/Eucalyptus/honey bee forage/Brazil/honey/pollen analysis. Basualdo, M., Del Hoyo, M. L. and Bedascarrasbure, E. L. (1998) Honeybee foraging activity in relation to flowering in oilseed rape. Apiacta, 33(4), 121-127. The mean number of flowers per raceme (which affects flower density) decreases during the flowering period. Rate of foraging by Apis mellifera workers varied with day of flowering and with time of day. The variation is described by a multiple regression model. Foragers were most active between 11.00 and 15.00 h., and during this period there were more pollen-collectors than nectar-foragers. Average time spent on a flower by a forager was 4.4 s. Accession date: 3 June 1999. Call number: 638.121.24. Library code: Bj. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Area de Produccion Apicola, Faculdad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pinto 399 (7000), Tandil, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA470/99 honey bees/foraging/Brassica napus var. oleifera/flowers, characteristics. Bates, D. F. (1997) An introduction to bee-houses. Langport, UK, David F. Bates. This simple, introductory guide to keeping honey bees (Apis mellifera) in bee-houses, aimed mainly at UK beekeepers, discusses historical aspects, bee-houses today, types of hive which can be used in bee-houses, races of honey bee, and size, design and location. There are 10 figures, but no references as the book is not intended to be too technical in nature. Page(s): 38 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900568 beekeeping/honey bees/Apis mellifera. Batra, S. W. T. (1991) Bees and pollination in south Asia. Annals of Entomology, 9(2), 7-9. The potential for research into Asian honey bee species, their behaviour and relationships with host plants is considered. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700091 Apis/species/Asia/pollination/honey bees/by honey bees/in Asia. Batra, S. W. T. (1994) Anthophora pilipes villosula Sm. (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae), a manageable Japanese bee that visits blueberries and apples during cool, rainy, spring weather. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 96(1), 98-119. Author. Observations have shown that this vernal, univoltine, solitary Japanese bee has potential as a commercially managed crop pollinator. It is easily maintained in inexpensive portable adobe blocks. It is gentle, forages during inclement weather, also from before dawn until after dusk in fine weather. It is polylectic, does not rob nectar, flies rapidly, forages distances up to 500 m, visits numerous flowers including blueberry and apple, and sonicates. Its active period coincides well with spring fruit blossom in the temperate zone. Females may make several nests, learning new nest locations. Dormant nests in adobe blocks were kept outdoors through 5 years in Maryland, USA, with minimal insulation, and the population approximately tripled each year. Details are provided regarding its behaviour in Japan and Maryland, including phenology in relation to crops, wild plants and other bees, hosts, foraging behaviour, effects of weather, management, substrate and nesting behaviour, territorial behaviour of males and mating. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Bldg. 476, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701162 Apidae/Anthophora pilipes villosula/pollinators/Japan/USA/blueberries/apples/phenology/nesting/Anthophora/domestication/foraging/nests/life cycle/Anthophora/weather/effects/pollination/Anthophora/of Malus pumila/by Anthophora/Anthophora/of Vaccinium/Malus pumila/Vaccinium. Batra, S. W. T. (1995) Bees and pollination in our changing environment. Apidologie, 26(5), 361-370. Author. This is a review (with 152 references) of the early literature demonstrating the adequacy of pollination by local bee (Apoidea) populations before intensive and extensive agricultural practices were introduced. Although not always the best pollinators, honey bees were used in crops when populations of other bees fell. Publications on managing and conserving pollinating wild bees are included because interest in sustainable agriculture and biodiversity of bees and host plants is increasing. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, Bldg 476, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700821 Apidae/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/biodiversity/conservation/ecology/agricultural land/pollination/Apoidea/honey bees/crops/by Apoidea/by honey bees/of crops/reviews. Batra, S. W. T. (1996) Biology of Apis laboriosa Smith, a pollinator of apples at high altitude in the Great Himalaya range of Garhwal, India (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 69(2), 177-181. Author. A. laboriosa was found near Uttarkashi (1300 m) and Harsil (2660 m), along the gorge of the Bhagirathi Ganga, about 600 km west of its known range in Nepal. Combs at Uttarkashi were built on a south-facing cliff. These bees responded to repeated attacks by the giant hornet, Vespa mandarinia, by hissing and shimmering (shaking), and foragers dropped their pollen loads. The colonies probably migrate to escape mass slaughter by these hornets, as well as to exploit alpine flowers. At Uttarkashi, in late April, foragers visited Callistemon trees 3 km from their nests. This rare, seasonally migrating bee is a good pollinator of apple trees in early May at Harsil, and populations should be conserved. They may be viewed by eco-tourists, bringing some income to this region. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, Bldg. 476, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900130 Vespa mandarinia/honey bees/beneficial insects/pollinators/apples/predation/Vespa/by Vespa/on honey bees/pests/Vespa/of honey bees/Apis laboriosa/Vespa/honey bee colonies/colony defence/India/pollination/of Malus pumila/Malus pumila/by honey bees. Batra, S. W. T. (1997) Bionomics of Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) matianense (Bluthgen) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae), the predominant pollinating bee in orchards at high altitude in the Great Himalaya of Garhwal, U.P., India. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 99(1), 162-170. Author. In this area of India, L. matianense is the most abundant bee in early May, pollinating apples at Harsil (2600 m), and Prunus sp. at Gangotri (3100 m). It nests in south-facing, sunny banks, where density reaches 2403 nests/m 2 (mean, 290/m 2). The nests of this probably solitary species are short, sinuous, nearly horizontal burrows, ending in 1 or 2 cells at a mean depth of 6.2 cm. This bee thermoregulates its nests by constructing them in relatively cool, moist soil among grass roots near the tops of the banks. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, Bldg. 476, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900091 Lasioglossum matianense/Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/apples. Batra, S. W. T. (1997) Fruit-pollinating bees of the Garhwal Himalaya, U. P., India. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Pollination, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, 23-28 June 1996 [edited by Richards, K. W.]. Leiden, Netherlands, International Society for Horticultural Science, 325-328. Fruit trees in the Lesser Himalaya of Uttar Pradesh and adjacent northern Haryana are pollinated primarily by the honey bees Apis cerana, A. florea, A. dorsata and A. mellifera. Many farmers in the Lesser Himalaya keep A. cerana hives in niches in the walls of their houses and barns. In the Great Himalaya Range, fruit trees are pollinated primarily by halictine bees (especially Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) matianense) and bumble bees. Apis laboriosa is the only honey bee found in this high northern area, 600 km west of its known range in Nepal. It winters in the subtropical zone at 1300 m, and migrates to the sub-alpine zone at 2600 m, where it summers. The diverse species of bees that pollinate the following were investigated: peach (Prunus persica), plum (Prunus domestica), almond (Prunus dulcis), apricot (Prunus armeniaca),wild cherry (Prunus mira), cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera), cherry (Prunus avium), various wild Prunus spp., sand pear (Pyrus ussurensis), pear (Pyrus communis), wild pear (Pyrus pashia), apple (Malus domestica), and Citrus sp. The survey covered climatic zones and locations, from 579 to 3100 m in altitude in an area of about 4400 km. Page(s): 325-328. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Bee Res. Lab., USDA, Bldg. 476, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900402 honey bees/Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/Citrus/Malus pumila/Pyrus pashia/Prunus mira/Pyrus communis/Prunus persica/Pyrus ussuriensis/Prunus domestica/Ptunus dulcis/Prunus armeniaca/Prunus cerasifera/Prunus avium/Apis cerana/Apis florea/Apis dorsata/Apis mellifera/Apis laboriosa/Lasioglossum/conferences/International symposium on pollination. Batra, S. W. T. (1997) Solitary bees for orchard pollination. Pennsylvania Fruit News, 77(4), 3. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, USDA, Bldg. 476, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900782 Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/orchards/pollination/Apoidae/tree fruits. Batra, S. W. T. (1997) Solitary bees for Vaccinium pollination. Acta Horticulturae(446), 71-76. Bluberries are pollinated by several species of solitary bee, especially Adrena, which nests underground. Honey bees are often used to ensure adequate pollination when native solitary bees are insufficient; but these often to forage other plant species. Populations of many soil-dwelling solitary bees could be encouraged to nest near blueberry fields by providing south-facing slopes of well-drained, sandy soil, backed to the north by windbreaks. Two solitary bee species, Colletes validus and Anthophora pilipes villosula, are being studied at Beltsville, Maryland, USA. They are potentially manageable, sonicating (buzz-pollinating) pollinators for high and lowbush bluberries [Vaccinium corymbosum]. An overview of research on solitary bees that pollinate blueberries and cranberries is presented. Editor(s): Yarborough, D E; Smagula, J M. Book title: Proceedings of the 6th international symposium on Vaccinium culture, Orono, Maine, USA, 12-17 August 1996. Editors: Yarborough, D E; Smagula, J M. Accession date: 11 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, Bldg 476, ARS-USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA368/99 blueberries/cranberries/Vaccinium corymbosum/Andrena/Colletes/Anthophora/windbreaks/cultural methods/pollinators/research/conferences. Batra, S. W. T. (1998) Management of hornfaced bees for orchard pollination. A booklet for growers, beekeepers and schools giving information on the hornfaced mason bee, Osmia cornifrons. It contains details of life cycle, artificial nests, storage, health and parasite control. Originally published on the world wide web. Internet publication. Page(s): 10. Accession date: 13 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bc. Language: En. . Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, ARS-USDA, Building 476, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA367/99 Osmia cornifrons/mason bees/artificial nests/orchard pollination. Batra, S. W. T. and Norden, B. B. (1996) Fatty food for their brood: How Anthophora bees make and provision their cells (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington(17), 36-44. Author. The intranidal behavioural patterns used by the solitary bees A. abrupta and A. pilipes villosula are described and illustrated, based on direct observations of mother bees: (1) excavating their nests; (2) constructing brood cells and lining them with fatty, waterproof Dufour's gland secretion; (3) provisioning their brood cells with nectar, pollen and Dufour's gland secretion; (4) churning the provisions; (5) ovipositing; (6) sealing brood cells. Their behaviour is compared with observed intranidal behaviour in the Halictidae and Colletidae. The consumption of energy-rich, fatty Dufour's gland secretion by larvae is among several unusual features of these specialized bees. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, Bldg. 476, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801156 Anthophora abrupta/Anthophora pilipes villosula/Apidae/Anthophora/nests/Dufour's gland/secretions/Anthophora/larvae/food. Battershill, N., Constable, D., Crouch, L., Duffin, L. and Pinder, P. (1996) Beeswax crafts. Tunbridge Wells, UK, Search Press Ltd. D. G. Lowe. This paperback book contains chapters on: candle making; modelling; beauty creams, soaps and polishes; encaustic art; wax crayons. The clear step-by-step instructions are fully illustrated in colour. Page(s): 80 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800650 beeswax/uses/products/crafts/books. Battesti, M. J. and Goeury, C. (1992) Efficiency of melissopalynological data to characterize geographical and botanical origins of honeys: the example of Corsican honeys. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 75(1/2), 77-102. Original title or source: Efficacite de l'analyse melitopalynologique quantitative pour la certification des origines geographique et botanique des miels: le modele des miels corses. Author. A new computerized method to process pollen data derived from honey was developed. During a 3-year study, 112 honey samples were collected from different regions of the island. Presentation of the results in diagrams is more precise and more easily readable than the usual tables of frequency classes. This also facilitates comparisons between samples and enables a direct analysis of the relative frequency distributions of the taxa studied. However, apart from the graphic presentation, the main advantage of the Melisoft software used is the automatic comparison of the pollen content of the honeys. It permits, without referring to any previous classification, characterization of honeys on the basis of their relative pollen-frequency spectra, taking into account the presence/absence parameter. The following honeys could be characterized: chestnut (Castanea sativa) honeys, more complex and composite maquis honeys with dominant tree heath (Erica arborea), honeys from plains or coastal Cistus areas, sour orange (Citrus aurantium deliciosa) honeys, strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) and asphodel (Asphodelus microcarpus) honeys. The uses and limitations of the method are discussed, taking into account 'secondary and tertiary enrichments' with pollen from plants with no nectaries as well as the over- or under-representation in honeys of pollen from the main nectariferous flowers. The presence of indicators such as Anthyllis hermanniae and Cytinus hypocistis, as well as assemblages of biogeographically different taxa, shows that it is possible to certify the Corsican origin of honeys. Library code: Bb. Language: Fr. Author address: Laboratoire de Botanique Historique et Palynologie, Faculte des sciences de St Jerome, Boite 451, 13 397 Marseille Cedex 13, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601490 Castanea sativa/Erica arborea/Cistus/Citrus aurantium/Citrus deliciosa/Arbutus unedo/Asphodelus microcarpus/Anthyllis hermanniae/Cytinus hypocistis/honey/pollen analysis/honey bee forage/France/Corsica. Batzios, C. A., Salampasis, M., Liakos, V. D., Tait, J. and Androulidakis, S. (1997) A hypermedia library for the education and extension training of Greek beekeepers. Http://beekeeping.vet.auth.gr/home.htm. Proceedings of the 1st European conference for information technology in agriculture, Copenhagen, Denmark, 15-18 June 1997. H. Kure, I. Thysen and A. R. Kristensen. Frederiksberg, Denmark, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 159-162. A hypermedia digital library is presented which has been designed and developed to meet the educational needs of Greek beekeepers. These needs are not fulfilled by the current extension services. This lack is identified as one potential reason for the low productivity of the industry in Greece. Five distributed hyperbases have been produced covering the main areas on which beekeepers expressed interest . A web authoring tool called HyperTree has been used to help the collaborative authors of the library to effectively structure and interconnect the information provided, and to preserve a common interface design thereby making the library more usable. Editor(s): Kure, H; Thysen, I; Kristensen, A R. Page(s): 159-162. Accession date: 13 May 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA408/99 beekeeping/education/extension/information systems/databases/conferences/internet/Greece. Bauer, L., Kohlich, A., Hirschwehr, R., Siemann, U., Ebner, H., Scheiner, O., Kraft, D. and Ebner, C. (1996) Food allergy to honey: pollen or bee products? Characterization of allergenic proteins in honey by means of immunoblotting. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 97(1, pt 1), 65-73. D. G. Lowe. Immunoblotting and IgE inhibition studies were carried out on the sera of 23 patients who had shown allergic symptoms after eating honey or honey-containing products. IgE bound to 3 proteins with molecular masses of 54, 60 and 72 kDa which were present in the 4 kinds of honey which were tested (Helianthus annuus, Robinia pseudoacacia, Castanea sativa and 'forest' honey). The IgE binding to these proteins was inhibited by extracts of honey bee heads, indicating that the proteins were of bee origin. In addition, when sera from patients allergic to honey bee venom were tested with honey extracts, IgE binding to bee-specific components was observed in 7 of 10 cases. A further protein (30/33 kDa) which bound IgE was present in H. annuus honey; IgE binding was not reduced by honey bee head extract, suggesting that this protein was of plant origin. It is concluded that bee-derived proteins play an important role in the sensitization of patients allergic to honey. The risk of developing a bee venom allergy is very low, considering the IgE reactivity to bee-derived proteins in honey. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Institute of General and Experimental Pathology, AKH, University of Vienna, Wahringer Gurtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801053 food allergies/man/antibodies/honey/allergies/honey bees/allergens/allergies. Baumann, O. (1992) Structural interactions of actin filaments and endoplasmic reticulum in honeybee photoreceptor cells. Cell and Tissue Research, 268(1), 71-79. Author. Fluorescent phallotoxins and heavy meromyosin were used to reveal the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in honey bee photoreceptor cells, and the relationship of actin filaments to the submicrovillar, palisade-like cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Bundles of unipolar actin filaments (pointed end towards the cell centre) protrude from the microvillar bases and extend through cytoplasmic bridges that traverse the submicrovillar ER. Within the cytoplasmic bridges, the filaments are regularly spaced and tightly apposed to the ER membrane. In addition, actin filaments are deployed close to the microvillar bases to form a loose web. Actin filaments are scarce in cell areas remote from the rhabdom; these areas contain microtubule-associated ER domains. The results suggest that the actin system of the submicrovillar cytoplasm shapes the submicrovillar ER cisternae, and that the distinct ER domains interact with different cytoskeletal elements. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Zoologie der Universitat, Universitatsstrasse 31, 8400 Regensburg, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600160 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/cell structure/honey bees/compound eyes/cytology. Baumann, O. (1992) Submembrane cytoskeleton of pigmented glial cells, primary pigment cells and crystalline cone cells in the honeybee compound eye. Cell and Tissue Research, 270(2), 353-363. Author. The organization of the submembrane cytoskeleton of non-photoreceptive, accessory cells in the honey bee compound eye was examined using light-microscopic (phallotoxin labelling, immunohistochemistry) and electron-microscopic (decoration with myosin fragments) techniques. The crystalline cone cells contain numerous peripheral actin filaments oriented longitudinally with antiparallel polarity. Bundles of microtubules lie under the plasma membrane of primary pigment cells, in close apposition to the crystalline cone; they are interspersed with only a few actin filaments. Pigmented glial cells (secondary pigment cells) contain a two-dimensional filament/particle web lining their entire plasma membranes. Both filamentous actin and -spectrin are localized within the cortex of these cells, indicating that they are web components. The results demonstrate that the 3 cell types contain different cortical cytoskeletons, implying different functional properties. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Zoologie der Universitat, Universitatsstrasse 31, 8400 Regensburg, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600161 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/cell structure/honey bees/compound eyes/cytology/pigments. Baumann, O. and Lautenschläger, B. (1994) The role of actin filaments in the organization of the endoplasmic reticulum in honeybee photoreceptor cells. Cell and Tissue Research, 278(3), 419-432. Close to the bases of the photoreceptive microvilli, arthropod photoreceptors contain a dense network of endoplasmic reticulum that is involved in the regulation of the intracellular calcium concentration, and in the biogenesis of the photoreceptive membrane. The role of the cytoskeleton in organizing this submicrovillar endoplasmic reticulum in honey bee photoreceptors was studied. Immunofluorescence microscopy of taxol-stabilized specimens, and EM examination of high-pressure frozen, freeze-substituted retinae demonstrated that the submicrovillar cytoplasm lacks microtubules. The submicrovillar region contains a conspicuous F-actin system that codistributes with the submicrovillar endoplasmic reticulum. Incubation of retinal tissue with cytochalasin B caused depolymerization of the submicrovillar F-actin system, and disorganization and disintegration of the submicrovillar endoplasmic reticulum, indicating that an intact F-actin cytoskeleton is required to maintain the architecture of this domain of the endoplasmic reticulum. Accession date: 17 August 98. Call number: 638.121. Library code: X. Language: En. . Author address: Inst. Zoologie, Univ. Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA81/99 honey bees/compound eyes/endoplasmic reticulum/actin. Baumann, O. and Takeyasu, K. (1993) Polarized distribution of Na,K-ATPase in honeybee photoreceptors is maintained by interaction with glial cells. Journal of Cell Science, 105(2), 287-301. Author. Arthropod photoreceptors are polarized cells displaying distinct surface domains. The distribution of Na,K-ATPase (sodium pump) over these domains was examined in the drone honey bee photoreceptor using a monoclonal antibody. The results showed that the sodium pump is restricted to sites of the non-receptive photoreceptor surface closely juxtaposed to glial cells; no sodium pumps were detected on the glia-free domains of the non-receptive surface and on the light-sensitive microvillar membranes. Sodium pumps were present on the entire non-receptive photoreceptor surface when photoreceptor-glia contact was removed by isolating the photoreceptors. Incubation in hyperosmotic saline caused a redistribution of sodium pumps on the photoreceptor surface corresponding to the redistribution of glial cells. Photoreceptor-glia contact and Na,K-ATPase distribution were independent of extracellular Ca. The results suggest that adhesion of glial cells to the photoreceptors plays a crucial role in the maintenance of the polarized distribution of Na,K-ATPase in honey bee photoreceptors. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Zoologie, Universitat Regensburg, Universitatsstrasse 31, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701350 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/drone honey bees/compound eyes/photoreceptors/physiology. Baur, M. E., Kaya, H. K., Peng, Y. S. and Jiang, J. (1995) Nonsusceptibility of the honey bee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae), to steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes. Journal of Nematology, 27(3), 378-381. Author. Worker honey bees and brood were exposed to 4 entomopathogenic nematode species under conditions normally encountered in the hive by spraying nematodes on to combs. Mortality of adult bees exposed to any of the nematode species was less than 10%, and there was no evidence of nematode infection when dead adults were dissected. To assess the impact of nematodes on brood, small (super) combs and large (brood) combs were used. The results were inconsistent between the 2 sizes of comb. The small combs sprayed with Steinernema carpocapsae contained the largest number of uncapped cells, those sprayed with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora or S. riobravis contained an intermediate number of uncapped cells and control combs and those sprayed with S. glaseri contained the fewest number of uncapped cells. Large combs sprayed with S. riobravis contained more uncapped cells than controls or those sprayed with S. carpocapsae, although the differences were not significant. The results do not support the hypothesis that high-temperature-tolerant species of nematodes are necessarily more infective to honey bees. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800153 Apis mellifera/Apidae/Steinernema carpocapsae/Heterorhabditis bacteriophora/Steinernema riobravis/Steinernema glaseri/entomophilic nematodes/infectivity/honey bees/honey bee brood/nematoda/effects/insects/Aphis mellifera. Bawa, K. S. (1996) An integrated approach towards the management of tropical forests for extraction of non-timber forest products. First technical report (period: January–July 1995). Indian Bee Journal, 58(4), 211-215. This project, based in the Biligiri Rangan Hills Wildlife Sanctuary in the Western Ghats (SW India), includes honey production as one its its key enterprises. However, this has had to be scaled down because Apis cerana populations were reduced by Thai sac brood. A. dorsata populations have been monitored. Accession date: 11 september 1997. Call number: 638.14. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: Dept. Biology, Univ. Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA171/99 beekeeping/India/Karnataka/forests. Baxter, J., Eischen, F., Pettis, J., Wilson, W. T. and Shimanuki, H. (1998) Detection of fluvalinate-resistant varroa mites in U.S. honey bees. American Bee Journal, 138(4), 291. In August 1997, it was reported from S. Dakota and Florida that samples of 300 adult bees contained 30-50 mites. In a trial with 7 acaricides applied to colonies in S. Dakota in mid-September, Apistan (fluvalinate,2 strips/colony) was ineffective, but an experimental acaricide or strips impregnated with 7.5% amitraz (not registered in USA) killed over 95% of mites. In Florida, Apistan (2, 4 or 8 strips/colony) was also ineffective, whereas the other two acaricides were very effective. Apistan from the same batch was very effective when used on infested colonies in Texas. It is concluded that some Varroa populations in the USA are becoming resistant to fluvalinate. Accession date: 18 September 98. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: USDA-ARS Honey Bee Research, 2413 E. Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA217/99 honey bees/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/fluvalinate/acaricide resistance/USA/South Dakota/Florida. Bayer, E. and Gonzalez, G. L. (1995) The Spanish heaths. Colmenar(2;3;4;1;2), 31-34;38-41;38-41;12-15;63-67. Original title or source: Los brezos espanoles. P. Walker. This series of articles covers the history, characteristics, distribution and uses of Ericaceae species. Calluna vulgaris and many Erica species are described. The final part discusses the plant species present in typical heathlands in different parts of Spain. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Real Jardin Botanico de Madrid, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800548 honey bee forage/heathlands/Calluna/Erica/Spain. Bayon, J. (1997) Mead of the Celts: a celestial liqueur. ArMen(86), 30-37. Original title or source: L'hydromel chez les Celtes, une liqueur celeste. In Celtic mythology mead was considered a drink of nobles and gods, conferring immortality, knowledge and the gift of poetry. The history of mead in Celtic countries and its use as a symbol in myths and religions is discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900674 honey. Bazlen, K. (1995) A year's study of the food sources and development of honey bee colonies in a forest at Schonbuch, Diplomarbeit der Fakultat fur Biologie der Universitat Tubingen, Germany. Original title or source: Jahresverlauf der Trachtnutzung durch Honigbienenvolker und ihre Entwicklung im Wald Fallstudie Schonbuch. D. G. Lowe. This investigation was carried out in 1994-1995 at Schonbuch, Germany, in a forest area with oak and beech trees intermixed with spruces and pines. Pollen analyses were carried out on pollen loads and honey samples from 20 Apis mellifera carnica colonies located at 4 sites. The most important sources of bee forage were various fruit trees, Aesculus, Acer, Rubus, Sarothamnus, Epilobium, Trifolium, Brassica, Sinapis and Phacelia. Brood rearing and colony development were greatest in colonies situated in warm, sunny locations. Page(s): v + 100 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700222 Apis mellifera carnica/beneficial insects/sun/Aesculus/Acer/Rubus/cytisus/Epilobium/Trifolium/Brassica/Sinapis/Phacelia/honey bee forage/Germany/forests/honey bee colonies/development/honey bees/brood rearing/theses/Quercus/Fagus sylvatica/Picea/Pinus/vegetation types/mixed forests. Bazzuro, D., Diaz, R. and Sanchez, M. (1995) Classification of honey: a sustainable use of the butia palm (Butia capitata). Rocha, Uruguay, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad de la Republica and PROBIDES. Original title or source: Tipificacion de miel: un uso sustentable de la palmera butia (Butia capitata). D. G. Lowe. Part 1 of this booklet briefly describes the botanical classification of honeys. Part 2 describes in more detail the honey derived from B. capitata, which grows extensively in Rocha, Uruguay. The pollen grain of this palm is described, and other plant species of apicultural interest in this region are listed. Some typical pollen analyses of butia honeys are presented, and physicochemical characteristics are also discussed. Page(s): 30 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800636 Butia capitata/Arecaceae/honey/pollen analysis/Butia/Uruguay/composition/characteristics. Bazzurro, D., Diaz, R. and Sanchez, M. (1996) Characterization of honey from the butia palm (Butia capitata) during the 1995-1996 flowering in the department of Rocha. Rocha, Uruguay, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad de la Rupublica and PROBIDES. Original title or source: Tipificacion de miel de palma butia (Butia capitata) durante la floracion de 1995-1996 en el departamento de Rocha. See also AA 636/97.\0BD. G. Lowe. Details of pollen analyses of butia palm honeys from Rocha, Uruguay, are given and data on water content, acidity, HMF, diastase index, colour and organoleptic characteristics are also presented. Plant species of apicultural interest in this region are listed. Page(s): 29 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801418 Butia capitata/Arecaceae/honey/pollen analysis/Butia/Uruguay/composition/characteristics. Beauchamp, G. (1992) Effects of energy requirements and worker mortality on colony growth and foraging in the honey bee. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 31(2), 123-132. Author. A model of colony growth and foraging in Apis mellifera is presented. It is assumed that summer workers choose a foraging strategy that maximizes colony population by the end of the season, subject to the constraint that enough nectar has been stored to sustain the adult population over winter. The optimal foraging strategy is derived with respect to the number of flowers visited during one foraging trip. A forager that visits many flowers collects a substantial amount of nectar, but the probability that the worker returns alive from the excursion decreases accordingly. Dynamic modelling shows that when the expected rate of increase in nectar reserves is low, for instance in small colonies or when mortality rate rises rapidly with foraging intensity, workers collect more nectar during each foraging trip. The increase is realized at the expense of colony growth. The main finding is that depending on colony status, the foraging strategy that maximizes worker population implies visits to almost any number of flowers. This is in sharp contrast to predictions from traditional foraging models where foraging intensity is assumed to cluster around values that maximize net rate or efficiency. The model suggests that strategies that cluster around rate and efficiency maximization should be viewed as particular solutions to a more general problem. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600976 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/foraging/honey bees/nectar/honey bee colonies/size/population dynamics/development/mathematical models. Beccari, M., Castiglione, A., Cavaliere, G., D'Aloya, G., Fabbri, C., Losi, B., Ranzini, C., Romagnoni, G. and Sorgato, G. (1992) Unusual case of anuria due to African bee stings. International Journal of Artificial Organs, 15(5), 281-283. P. Walker. A man in Cameroon who received more than 1200 stings from honey bees (about 25000 g of venom) did not exhibit hypovolemic or anaphylactic shock, or haemolysis and/or rhabdomyolysis. After 11 days, he was suffering from oligoanuric acute renal failure, and renal biopsy 18 days after the attack showed acute tubular necrosis. This is the first report of such reactions to multiple bee stings. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Ospedale Fatebenefratelli e Oftalmico, Milan, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600188 Apis mellifera/venoms/honey bees/stings/effects/renal failure/man. Becerra Guzmán, F. d. J. and Contreras Escareño, F. (1999) Presence of Varroa jacobsoni O. in the state of Jalisco [Mexico]. Apitec(Jan/Feb), 23-25. Original title: Presencia de la Varroa jacobsoni O. en el estado de Jalisco. In each of 5 regions, 3% of apiaries were sampled, and the samples were examined for mites. In 4 regions, over 93% of colonies tested were infested and the level was 100% in Costa; in Norte infestation was lower (40%). Accession date: 2 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. P Walker. Author address: Centro de Investigaciones en Apicultura y Meliponicultura, Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur, Univ. de Guadalajara, Mexico. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA823/99 Varroa jacobsoni/Mexico. Bechinger, B. (1997) Structure and functions of channel-forming peptides: magainins, cecropins, melittin and alamethicin. Journal of Membrane Biology, 156(3), 197-211. The structure and functions of membrane-active peptides are extensively reviewed. These peptides including cecropins from insects, melittin from honey bees (Apis mellifera) and alamethicin from the fungus Trichoderma viride, can be synthesized and purified by chemical or biochemical means in sufficient quantities to allow for their study by biophysical techniques. The systems of particular interest for pharmacological applications: immunological or tumoricidal activity are briefly discussed. Library code: 262 ref. Language: En. Author address: Max-Planck-Institut fur Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901061 cecropins/melittin/pharmacology/reviews/biochemistry/chemistry/molecular conformation/membranes/cell membranes/lipids/peptides/neuropeptides/honey bee venom/Apis mellifera/Trichoderma viride/immunology/neoplasms/alamethicin. Becker, K. and Hedtke, C. (1995) Foraging of wild bees and honey bees on a mixture of entomophilous plants on extensification areas [fallow land]. Apidologie, 26(4), 344-346. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. A seed mixture suitable for sandy soil which was sown on 2 fields, included phacelia (35% by wt), buckwheat (25%), white mustard (12%), red radish (10%) and serradella (10%). The main flowering period was July-August when few other nectar sources were available. Honey bees constituted 79.5% of foragers and 8 species of bumble bees 14.2%. Most visited phacelia (91.6%), followed by white mustard (4.6%). Honey bees foraged on the fields until mid-September. Thirteen species of solitary bees were also identified on the plants, but they foraged mainly on 41 species of wild flowers in the area. Library code: Bj. Language: En\Fr\De. Author address: Institut fur Zoologie, FU Berlin, Konigin-Luise-Str. 1-3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700965 Apis mellifera/Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/phacelia/buckwheat/mustard/radishes/ornithopus sativus/nectar plants/conferences/honey bee forage/seed mixtures/agricultural land/fallow/agriculture/ecology/foraging/honey bees/Apoidea. Beekman, M. (1998) The bumblebee life cycle: overwintering and colony growth of Bombus terrestris. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, University of Amsterdam. Chapters 2-8 are written with co-authors, especially P van Stratum. Topics covered include: timing of the production of sexuals in bumble bee colonies, sex ratios, respiration in queens, effect of artificial rearing on queen weight; and (on B. terrestris) selection for non-diapause, diapause survival and queen performance, effect of queen diapause experience on colony characteristics. Chapter 9 is a general discussion and summary, and Chapter 10 is a summary in Dutch. Dissertation: PhD thesis. Page(s): 111. Accession date: 21 Sept 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bt. Language: En, nl. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA654/99 Bombus, life cycle/domestication/diapause, Bombus, females/theses. Beekman, M., Stratum, P. v. and Veerman, A. (1996) Diapause in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris. Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society, 7, 71-75. D. G. Lowe. During the artificial rearing of B. terrestris in climate rooms and flight cages, some mated queens are able to start egg laying 6 weeks after callow honey bee or narcotized bumble bee workers are added to them in rearing boxes. They are able to do this without the period of diapause which occurs in the natural life cycle. In this study, non-diapause queens mated to their brothers were used to make isofemale lines. In each generation the number of daughter queens that started to lay within 6 weeks was determined and only these queens were allowed to start the next generation. This selection procedure increased the proportion of non-diapause queens from 8% in the second generation to 41% in the fourth generation of one line; 3 other lines showed increases (from 22% to 89%, from 29% to 97%, from 37% to 88%). However, fifth generation colonies remained small, with only a few queens, and several isofemale lines could not be maintained. Possible reasons for this are discussed. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Pure and Applied Ecology, Section Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 320, 1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801482 Bombus terrestris/Apidae/queens/beneficial insects/inbreeding/Bombus/domestication/rearing techniques/Bombus/females/oviposition/diapause/Bombus/breeding/selection. Beetlestone, F. (1994) Botulism spores and honey. American Bee Journal, 134(7), 471-472. Review, with 17 references, of studies on the occurrence of Clostridium botulinum in honey and its association with infant botulism. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600746 food poisoning/bacterial toxins/poisonous honey/honey/contamination/Clostridium botulinum/infant disorders/botulism/honey. Beetsma, J. (1995) Bees and forest in the tropics. Proceedings of the Second NECTAR Seminar, Wageningen, Netherlands, 28 August 1992. Bennekom, Netherlands, Netherlands Expertise Centre for Tropical Apicultural Resources. P. Walker\0FThe bibliography is noticed separately\1FThe bibliography is noticed separately. The proceedings of this seminar are published here, including the conclusions and recommendations of the meeting. The 6 papers are: Bees and trees in the tropics, the importance and impact of this relationship to development (pp. 11-19), by B. Svensson; Honey and wax as non-timber forest products in forest-conservation attempts (pp. 21-26), by J. de Beer; Honey and wax production from Apis dorsata and Apis florea in submerged Melaleuca [M. leucadendron] forests in Vietnam (pp. 27-41), by V. Mulder; Beekeeping and biodiversity: social bees as pollinators in the tropics (pp. 43-60), by K. Biesmeijer; Miombo woodland forest for the people (pp. 61-70), by B. Clauss; The bark-hive beekeeping industry of central Africa: does it contribute to forest conservation or forest destruction? (pp. 71-73), by D. Wainwright. The final contribution, by R. Elsendoorn (pp. 79-140), is a bibliography (1984-1992) of publications on beekeeping and forestry. Beetsma, J. (Editor). Page(s): 141 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700885 honey bees/beneficial insects/Apis dorsata/Apis florea/ Melaleuca/Africa/Vietnam/books/beekeeping/tropics/tropical forests/Netherlands/conferences/forestry/Central Africa/vegetation types/savanna woodlands/swamps/Melaleuca leucadendron/minor forest products/Bees and forest in the tropics/non-wood forest products/forests. Beetsma, J., Boot, W. J. and Calis, J. (1999) Invasion behaviour of Varroa jacobsoni Oud.: from bees into brood cells. Apidologie, 30(2-3), 125-140. This is a review and discussion with 64 references summarizing the present state of knowledge. The following are among the subjects covered: how and when mites move from adult bees into worker or drone brood cells; the factors that determine the proportion of mites invading brood cells; the distribution of mites in worker and drone brood. Knowledge of mite invasion behaviour has led to effective biotechnical control methods. Accession date: 3 August 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En, de, fr. P Walker. Author address: Dept Entomology, Agricultural Univ. of Wageningen, POB 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA824/99 Apis mellifera/Varroa jacobsoni/parasites/honey bee brood cells/control methods/review. Beggs, J. R., Harris, R. J. and Read, P. E. C. (1996) Invasion success of the wasp parasitoid Sphecophaga vesparum vesparum (Curtis) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 23, 1-9. The wasp parasitoid Sphecophaga vesparum vesparum has been released in many parts of New Zealand since 1987 as a biological control agent for German (Vespula germanica) and common (V. vulgaris) wasps. The authors checked whether the parasitoid had established at 33 release sites. At 26 of these sites, enough nests (at least 20) were inspected to be more than 80% certain that they would have detected the parasitoid if at least 8.5% of the nests had been attacked. It is suggested that the probability of S. v. vesparum successfully invading a site is greatly increased when a large number of founders are released and there is a high density of wasp nests. The parasitoid has established in at least two sites, Pelorus Bridge (Marlborough) and Ashley Forest (Canterbury). S. v. vesparum has been established at Pelorus Bridge since 1988 and annually infests an average of 8.5% of nests within 2 km of the release site. The parasitism rate has increased since the parasitoid first established. Despite this increase, they did not record a reduction in wasp nest density that related to parasitoid abundance at Pelorus Bridge. It is recommended that no further releases of S. v. vesparum are made, but suggest to releasing a subspecies, S. v. burra. Accession date: 13 May 1999. Call number: 595.79. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author. Author address: Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Private Bag 6, Nelson, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA350/99 Vespula/New Zealand/biological control/Ichneumonidae/parasites of Vespula/parasitism by Ichneumonidae/Sphecophaga vesparum vesparum. Beggs, J. R., Toft, R. J., Malham, J. P., Rees, J. S., Tilley, J. A. V., Moller, H. and Alspach, P. (1998) The difficulty of reducing introduced wasp (Vespula vulgaris) populations for conservation gains. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 22(1), 55-63. Introduced common wasps (Vespula vulgaris) are widespread, abundant pests in New Zealand. They compete for food with native birds and feed on native invertebrates. Wasps were poisoned annually to see if it was possible to reduce their abundance in two 30 ha beech forest sites. Two different poisons (sodium monofluoroacetate and sulfluramid) were used, mixed with sardine catfood. There was no evidence that one poison was more effective than the other. Between 82% and 100% of the colonies were killed at the poisoned sites, but reinvasion by foraging workers meant that cumulative wasp biomass (measured using Malaise traps) was reduced by only 55-70%. Individual wasps were about 16% heavier at the poisoned sites at the peak of the wasp season (March) than in the non-poisoned sites, although this had a minimal effect on the cumulative biomass over the entire season. Conservation gains need to be quantified in order to assess whether the expense of such poisoning operations is warranted. Accession date: 13 May 1999. Call number: 595.79. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author. Author address: Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Private Bag 6, Nelson, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA351/99 wasps/Vespula vulgaris/control methods/sulfluramid/sodium monofluoroacetate. Beguin, C. (1990) Evolution of the bee flora in the High Jura. Revue Horticole Suisse, 63(7/8), 175-179. Original title or source: Evolution de la flore mellifere du Haut-Jura. P. Walker. The original forest covering the High Jura mountains, Switzerland/France, probably provided little bee forage; it is estimated that it contained about 10% of present-day species visited by bees there. From the 11th century until 1945, as areas were cleared, new species were planted, including maples and limes; the increased light encouraged more wild flowers and agricultural crops were grown. Eventually there were more than 50 species of bee plants in the area. Since 1945 an increase in the use of pesticides, and changes in agriculture (especially the reduction in legume crops) have caused a loss of forage for bees. Several important factors are listed, which together may result in improved bee forage in the future. Library code: Bc. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800960 honey bee forage/Switzerland/France/mountain areas. Beguin, C. (1993) Do the melliferous species, introduced into the High Jura, represent a valuable contribution to apiculture? Revue Suisse d'Agriculture, 25(4), 251-255. Original title or source: Les especes melliferes introduites dans le Haut-Jura presentent-elles un apport apicole interessant?. P. Walker. In area of about 0.79 km, in the High Jura mountains, 184 plant species attractive to bees were recorded; 55% were native species. Peak flowering was in the period from late May to mid-June. An attempt is made to evaluate the relative importance of some of the main species. Lime trees (Tilia spp.) are very valuable, especially T. platyphyllos, and also maples (Acer spp.); among herbaceous species, dandelion (Taraxacum) is important. Library code: Bc. Language: Fr. Author address: Instituts de geographie et de biologie vegetale de l'Universite de Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800959 honey bee forage/Switzerland/France/mountain areas. Beguin, C. (1994) Contribution to the mapping of the bee forage potential of the High Jura: example of spatio-temporal variations around an apiary at Chaumont/NE. Geographica Helvetica(3), 115-123. Original title or source: Contribution a la cartographie des potentialites melliferes du Haut-Jura; exemple de variations spatio-temporelles autour d'un rucher a Chaumont/NE. Author. The phenology of 200 bee forage plants in an area in the Swiss High Jura was investigated over a 4-year period. The author distinguishes 5 flowering periods and makes recommendations for beekeeping usage of these plant resources. Library code: Bc. Language: Fr. Author address: Institut de Geographie, Universite de Fribourg, Perolles, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801322 nectar plants/flowering/seasons/honey bee forage/phenology/Switzerland. Behm, F., Ohe, K. v. d. and Henrich, W. (1996) Reliability of pollen analysis of honey: determination of pollen frequency. Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau, 92(6), 183-188. Original title or source: Zuverlassigkeit der Pollenanalyse von Honig: Bestimmung der Pollenhaufigkeit. P. Walker. In 14 collaborative trials, the relative amounts of 3-6 pollen types were determined in floral honeys. Standard procedures were followed, and results of light microscopy examination at count levels of 100, 300, 500 and 1000 pollen grains were compared. The scattering of results decreased with an increase in the number of grains counted; the scatter differed between honeys. Reproducibility and comparability decreased exponentially with increasing number of grains counted. For classification of pollens into frequency classes, at least 300 grains must be counted and, for greater precision, 500-1000. Library code: Bc. Language: De. Author address: Staatliches Bedarfsgegenstandeuntersuchungsamt, Luneburg, Niedersachsisches Landesinstitut fur Bienenkunde, Celle, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901369 honey/pollen analysis. Beinbrech, G., Ashton, F. T. and Pepe, F. A. (1992) The invertebrate myosin filament: subfilament arrangement of the solid filaments of insect flight muscles. Biophysical Journal, 61(6), 1495-1512. D. G. Lowe. The ultrastructure of the myosin-containing thick filaments of insect muscle is described from EM studies of flight muscles from the honey bee (Apis mellifera), flesh fly (Phormia terrae-novae) and water bug (Lethocerus uhleri). Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Zoologisches Institut, Universitat Munster, D-4400 Munster, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601341 Apis mellifera/Phormia terrae-novae/Lethocerus uhleri/honey bees/muscles/ultrastructure. Beisser, K., Munz, E., Reimann, M. and Renner-Muller, I. C. E. (1990) Investigations on the in vitro cultivation of Carniolan honey bee cells (Apis mellifera carnica). Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B, 37(7), 509-519. Original title or source: Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur in vitro-Kultivierung von Zellen der Karntner Honigbiene (Apis mellifera carnica Pollmann, 1879). Author. A review of relevant literature on in vitro cultivation of honey bee cells is given, with 35 references. Experimental investigations were performed with haemocytes of L5 larvae using many different media and methods for the preparation of primary tissue culture. Monolayers could be prepared and a high rate of reproduction was achieved, although subcultures could not be obtained. Haemocytes could be kept alive up to 27 days by using BML-TC/7A medium. Further experiments are necessary in order to study the suitability of bee cells for detecting specific pathogens and toxic substances. Library code: Ba. Language: De. Author address: Institut fur Vergleichende Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie, Leopoldstr. 5, D-8000 Munchen 40, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700904 Apis mellifera carnica/beneficial insects/honey bees/blood cells/tissue cultures. Belaoussoff, S. and Kevan, P. G. (1998) Toward an ecological approach for the assessment of ecosystem health. Ecosystem Health, 4(1), 4-8. Many ecologists express difficulty with the concept of ecosystem health. Ecosystem health must have definable and objective norms that allow for rigorous hypothesis testing for it to be acceptable to those ecologists. One step toward objective measurement of ecosystem health is to characterize ecosystem health by diversity-abundance relationships. The log-normal relationship between diversity and abundance characterizes taxocenes (i.e., taxonomically related groups that have similar ecological functions).Under conditions of stress, the patterns of diversity and abundance often change and are no longer log-normal. This change in pattern has been shown for some, but not all, marine and terrestrial taxocenes tested. The interdisciplinary possibilities for using log-normality, and deviation from it, as a measure of natural and anthropogenic ecosystem health are discussed. The interdisciplinarity of ecosystem health is illustrated with an example of blueberry pollinator decline caused by insecticide spraying in New Brunswick, Canada, and related economic and human health costs. Accession date: 13 May 1999. Call number: 57. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA341/99 biological ecosystems/ecosystem health/ecologytaxocenes/log-normality. Belavadi, V. V. and Parvathi, C. (1993) Landing and departure rules used by honeybees on cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton). Pollination in tropics: Proceedings of the International Symposium on pollination in tropics, August 8-13, 1993, Bangalore, India [edited by Veeresh, G. K.; Shaanker, R. U.; Ganeshaiah, K. N. (Editors)]. Bangalore, India, International Union for the Study of Social Insects, Indian Chapter, 73-76. J. M. Gedye. Nectar tubes of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) flowers had a maximum nectar level of 23 mm. Apis cerana bees landed and inserted their proboscis into the nectar tube when the mean nectar level was 16.1 mm but hovered and left without landing when the level was 11.45 mm. Corresponding levels for A. dorsata were 16.7 mm and 11.49 mm. In clumps of flowers with low nectar levels, 14.7% of bees left after sampling one flower, 19.5% after sampling two and 31.5% after the third. Page(s): 73-76. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: University of Agricultural Sciences, Regional Research Station, Mudigere 577132, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600131 beneficial insects/conferences/foraging/honey bees/nectar/Elettaria cardamomum/Apis cerana/Apis dorsata. Belavadi, V. V., Venkateshalu and Vivek, H. R. (1997) Significance of style in cardamom corolla tubes for honey-bee pollinators. Current Science, 73(3), 287-290. Elettaria cardamomum flowers offer nectar in a corolla tube which is 23<+->2.08 mm long; the style passes through this tube. The pollinators, Apis cerana and A. dorsata, despite their short tongue lengths (4.5 and 5.5 mm, respectively) drew nectar up to 11.45<+->2.65 and 11.65<+->1.85 mm, respectively. In controlled experiments using capillary tubes of similar dimensions as E. cardamomum corolla tubes, the depth of feeding by the 2 bee species corresponded to their tongue lengths when there was no style. When a natural or an artificial style was introduced into the capillary tube, the depth of feeding increased with increase in style thickness. The presence of a style inside the corolla tube helped bees to draw more nectar from E. cardamomum flowers. Library code: 11 ref., 2 col. pl. Language: En. Author address: Regional Research Station (UAS Bangalore), Mudigere 577 132, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900842 spice plants/Apis cerana/Apis dorsata/nectar/plant morphology/flowers/Elettaria cardamomum/pollinators. Belcadi-Abbassi, W. and Destrade, C. (1995) Post-test apamin injection suppresses a Kamin-like effect following a learning session in mice. NeuroReport, 6(9), 1293-1296. Author. Mice trained in a partial acquisition session of an appetitive bar-pressing task received an immediate post-acquisition i.p. injection of either saline or apamin at 0.2 mg/kg. Each group was submitted to a retention test that was delayed either 25, 85 or 180 min after initial acquisition. In saline-injected groups retention of the original training was a U-shaped function of intersession interval with a significant drop in performance (Kamin-like effect) at the 85-min time interval. In contrast, at this same time, apamin-injected subjects made significantly more reinforced responses than control animals. The suppression of the Kamin-like effect by apamin could be a consequence of an acceleration of the neuronal mechanisms implicated in consolidation and long-term memory storage processes. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Laboratoire de Neurosciences, Comportementales et Cognitives, CNRS URA 339, Universite de Bordeaux 1, Avenue des Facultes 33405, Talence Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800316 laboratory animals/memory/mice/learning/apamin/effects/honey bee venom. Beljaars, P. R., Dijk, R. v., Geertsen, J. A. M. and Nootenboom, H. (1995) Determination of long-life radiocesiums Cs-134 and Cs-137 in food by -ray spectrometry: interlaboratory study. Journal of AOAC International, 78(5), 1244-1251. P. Walker. Test samples (honey, milk, 2 herb mixtures) containing Cs-134 and Cs-137 were sent to each of 13 laboratories for determination of these radioisotopes by -ray spectrometry. The procedure is described. The accuracy of mean measurements of both isotopes was 98-103%, relative to reference measurements made in one laboratory using a high-resolution GeLi detector. For the honey samples, repeatability relative standard deviation (RSD) was 11.7% for a Cs-134 level of 121 Bq/kg, and 2.0% and 7.3% for Cs-137 levels of 213 and 236 Bq/kg, respectively. Reproducibility RSD values were 14.9%, and 4.1% and 7.4%, respectively. The method is suitable, in the absence of 'fresh' fission products, for food samples with an activity level 100 Bq/kg for each isotope, with a counting time of 900 s. It is not suitable for Cs-134 determination if the activity ratio of Cs-137:Cs-134 is 10. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Inspectorate for health Protection, Food Inspection Service, PO Box 2516, 6201 GA Maastricht, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800642 honey/radioactivity/impurities/caesium/analytical methods/gamma spectrometry. Bella, V. l., Ho, B., Appel, S. H. and Smith, R. G. (1996) Calbindin D forms a Ca-dissociable complex with mellitin [sic] in vitro. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International, 38(6), 1199-1210. Library code: 23 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901056 calbindin/calcium/binding/calmodulin/hive products/melittin/biochemistry. Bellinghausen, I., Metz, G., Enk, A. H., Christmann, S., Knop, J. and Saloga, J. (1997) Insect venom immunotherapy induces interleukin-10 production and a Th2-to-Th1 shift, and changes surface marker expression in venom-allergic subjects. European Journal of Immunology, 27(5), 1131-1139. P. Walker. Immunoregulatory changes as a result of venom immunotherapy were studied in 114 subjects with a history of allergy to wasp or bee stings. They were treated by rush therapy, reaching a maintenance dose of 100 g venom, injected subcutaneously, within one week. It was found that the treatment induced a rapid shift in cytokine expression from Th2 to Th1 cytokines, and led to induction of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10, which may be important for the limitation of potentially harmful allergen-specific Th1 responses. These changes in cytokine expression may be responsible for subsequent increases in allergen-specific IgG and decreases in IgE production, as well as suppressive activity observed in earlier studies. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Clinical Research Group, Department of Dermatology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901095 immune desensitization/Hymenoptera/venoms/usage/stings/allergies/cytokines/Apis mellifera/Vespidae/arthropod allergies/man/treatment/immunotherapy/IgG/IgE. Bellmann, H. (1995) Bees, wasps, ants: the central European Hymenoptera. Stuttgart, Germany, Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. Original title or source: Bienen, Wespen, Ameisen: die Hautflugler Mitteleuropas. D. G. Lowe. This naturalists' guide to the distinguishing characteristics, habitats, distribution and ecology of central European Hymenoptera is superbly illustrated with nearly 350 colour photographs. Page(s): 336 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800750 Apidae/Vespidae/Formicidae/Hymenoptera/Europe/books. Beltrán, I. M., Díaz, G. L. and Reza, R. M. (1998) Honey bee pollination of the apple varieties in Coahuila. Apitec(8), 27-32. Original title: La polinización apícola del manzano en Coahuila. Nine strong Apis mellifera colonies (2.4 hives/ha) were placed in the centre of a 3.8-ha orchard of Red Delicious (R) and Golden Delicious (G) apple trees. Average fruit set on trees at various distances from the apiary was above 80% for both cultivars. Fruit set for flowers wrapped in tulle was less than 14%; values for R were lower than those for G. In another orchard with 6 hives/ha and pollen inserts attached to the hives, fruit set was only slightly higher. The numbers of loculi with seeds and of seeds/fruit were lower than in the first orchard; however, both R and G are partially parthenocarpic so a large number of seeds/fruit is not an indication that proper pollination has occurred. Accession date: 11 August 98. Call number: 638.19. Library code: Bj. Language: Es, En. . Author address: Dept. Horticultura, Univ. Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, C.P. 25315, Mexico. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA331/99 honey bees/pollination/Malus pumila. Belzunces, L. P. and Colin, M. E. (1993) Synergies between insecticides and fungicides applied to honey bees at sublethal doses. Experimental approach in the laboratory. Phytoma(446), 20-24. Original title or source: Synergies entre insecticides et fongicides appliques a des doses subletales chez l'abeille. Approche experimentale en laboratoire. P. Walker. Laboratory experiments on honey bees (Apis mellifera) reported by Colin & Belzunces (1992) [Pesticide Science 36(2): 115-119] were continued. When applied separately, the following did not significantly increase mortality: the fungicidal mixtures (A) iprodione + carbendazime (525-262.5 g/ha) and (B) difenoconazole + carbendazime (125-250 g/ha), and the insecticide (C) deltamethrin (0.75 g/ha). Simultaneous application of B and C had a synergistic effect on mortality, but this did not occur with A and C. Sequential application of B and C did not have a synergistic effect. Various hypotheses are proposed to explain these results. Library code: Bc. Language: Fr. Author address: INRA, Domaine Saint Paul, Station de Phytopharmacie, BP91, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600289 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/chemical control/nontarget effects/synergism/deltamethrin/iprodione/carbendazime/difenoconazole/poisoning/honey bees/fungicides/of honey bees/by fungicides/by deltamethrin/toxicity/to honey bees/of fungicides/of deltamethrin. Belzunces, L. P. and Debras, J. F. (1997) Comparison of properties of native and lytic forms of acetylcholinesterase from Apis mellifera. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 34(2), 143-157. D. G. Lowe. The properties of soluble acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from the heads of honey bees (Apis mellifera) were compared with those of the amphiphilic, membrane-bound form of AChE, which is found in the visual system and various regions of the brain of honey bees. Soluble derivatives of the membrane AChE, obtained by autolysis or by limited digestions with various enzymes, were also studied. Electrophoretic mobilities, sensitivities to organophosphates, kinetic parameters and thermal stabilities of the different forms of A. mellifera AChE are reported. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Phytopharmacy, INRA, Site Agroparc, Avignon, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901235 Apis mellifera. Belzunces, L. P., Gauthier, M. and Colin, M. E. (1992) Acetylcholinesterase in Apis mellifera head during post-embryonic development. Existence of a glycoinositol-anchored membrane form at early pupal stages. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 103(1), 57-63. Author. Properties of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from Apis mellifera heads were studied during pupal development and at the adult stage. During post-embryonic development, tissue and specific activities were closely related and increased to reach a maximum value at emergence and at last pupal stage, respectively. In adults, AChE activity was weaker in foragers than in emerging bees. The membrane form occurred in adult bees as well as in pupae, whereas the soluble enzyme only appeared from the dark-eyed pupal stage. The proportion of soluble and membrane forms fluctuated during late development but, in all cases, the percentage of the soluble form remained less than 10% of total AChE activity. At all post-embryonic stages, the membrane form was sensitive to the action of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and was converted into a hydrophilic enzyme. In adult bees, the sensitivity to PI-PLC depended on the season. In summer, about 60% of the membrane activity could be solubilized by PI-PLC vs only 5% in winter. The sensitivity of AChE to pirimicarb varied with the developmental stage. In foraging bees, AChE was more susceptible to pirimicarb than in emerging bees. This difference of sensitivity to carbamate was abolished after removal of the membrane anchor either by mild trypsin digestion or PI-PLC treatment. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: INRA, Domaine Saint Paul BP 91, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600182 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/development/age differences/worker honey bees/head/acetylcholinesterase/honey bees/pupae/age/effects. Belzunces, L. P., Lenfant, C., Pasquale, S. d. and Colin, M. E. (1994) In vivo and in vitro effects of wheat germ agglutinin and Bowman-Birk soybean trypsin inhibitor, two potential transgene products, on midgut esterase and protease activities from Apis mellifera. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 109(1), 63-69. Author. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Bowman-Birk soyabean trypsin inhibitor are potential transgene products for inducing pest resistance in plants. The effects of these molecules were studied on midgut esterase and protease activities in Apis mellifera. Trypsin inhibitor and WGA did not show acute toxicity. In vivo, trypsin inhibitor caused a decrease in the amount of trypsin activity and did not have a significant effect on esterase activity. In vitro, trypsin inhibitor inhibited about 80% of non-specific protease activity and 100% of trypsin activity. In vivo, WGA at high concentration in food (1 mg/ml) elicited a large decrease in trypsin activity and did not have a significant effect on esterase activity. In vitro, WGA did not have any significant effect on trypsin and non-specific protease activities but slightly activated esterase activity. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: I.N.R.A. Station de Phytopharmacie, BP 91, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800133 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/transgenic plants/effects/nontarget organisms/honey bees/esterases/proteinases/trypsin/inhibition/of esterases/of proteinases. Belzunces, L. P., Vandame, R. and Gu, X. (1996) Modulation of honey bee thermoregulation by adrenergic compounds. NeuroReport, 7(10), 1601-1604. Author. The effects of adrenergic compounds on the thermoregulation of resting honey bees were investigated using a non-traumatizing approach. Bees fed ad lib were treated orally and kept at an ambient temperature of 22C; the surface thoracic temperature was monitored by infrared thermography. Bees were treated with the adrenergic agonists epinephrine and ephedrine, and with the -blocking agent alprenolol. Low doses of adrenergic agonists had no significant effect on thermogenesis, but high doses caused a hypothermia. Alprenolol triggered a dose-dependent hypothermia that was reversed by low doses of epinephrine and ephedrine. Results are discussed with reference to the metabolic and neural adrenergic pathways that may be involved in bee thermoregulation. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: INRA, Phytopharmacie and Bioclimatologie, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900154 Apis mellifera/epinephrine/ephedrine/alprenolol/honey bees/thermoregulation/-adrenergic agonists/effects. Benachir, T. and Lafleur, M. (1995) Study of vesicle leakage induced by melittin. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Biomembranes, 1235(2), 452-460. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departement de Chimie, Universite de Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800325 honey bee venom/melittin/phospholipids/interactions. Benachir, T. and Lafleur, M. (1996) Osmotic and pH transmembrane gradients control the lytic power of melittin. Biophysical Journal, 70(2), 831-840. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departement de Chimie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801463 melittin/pH/effects/osmosis/honey bee venom. Benachir, T., Monette, M., Grenier, J. and Lafleur, M. (1997) Melittin-induced leakage from phosphatidylcholine vesicles is modulated by cholesterol: a property used for membrane targeting. European Biophysics Journal, 25(3), 201-210. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departement de Chimie, Succ. Centre Ville, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901064 honey bee venom/melittin/phospholipids/interactions. Benatar, S. T., Cobey, S. and Smith, B. H. (1995) Selection on a haploid genotype for discrimination learning performance: correlation between drone honey bees (Apis mellifera) and their worker progeny (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 8(5), 637-652. Author. Successful bidirectional selection for discriminative olfactory learning is reported for drone honey bees (Apis mellifera). Learning performance was evaluated using a discrimination conditioning procedure that required drones to discriminate between an appetitively reinforced odorant and one that was followed by punishment. Selective breeding produced high- and low-learning-performance lines of worker progeny that diverged from the performance of workers whose fathers were selected at random. The experiments also showed that levels of sucrose-induced sensitization were not correlated to learning performance. The results corroborate earlier findings and further demonstrate the effect of selection on a haploid genotype. The study showed that the demonstrated differences in learning performance cannot be completely accounted for by alteration of sucrose-induced sensitization. Thus, using this technique, it may be possible to select for associative conditioning without a pleiotropic increase in sensitization. The honey bee is ideally suited to these types of correlation analyses. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800182 Apis mellifera/drone honey bees/learning/breeding/honey bees/selection. Bencsik, J. (1997) Apparatus for managing supered hives without effort. Vida Apicola(83), 30-31, 34-37. Original title or source: Aparato para manejar colmenas de alzas sin esfuerzo. This piece of equipment, designed by the author, is described, and photographs show how it is used by a single beekeeper, e.g. to lift off and replace a super, to move a hive on to a hand cart for transport. It is made of lightweight metal (total wt 10 kg) and can be folded to fit in a car boot. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900567 beekeeping/equipment/super bodies/movable-comb hives/lifting. Bendahou, N., Bounias, M. and Fleche, C. (1994) Compared toxicity of two families of insecticides using new algebraic parameters derived from the Hill equation as a substitute for LD. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 3(3), 305-317. P. Walker. A new toxicological concept allows the evaluation of toxicity of any substance, and can be used to compare and classify compounds without having to calculate LD. In tests, groups of caged Apis mellifera workers were fed with sugar syrup containing an identical concentration of cypermethrin or fenitrothion (0-0.8 g/l). After calculating algebraic parameters based on the Hill equation, mortality graphs could be plotted (parameters vs. doses), and a new parameter was derived: dT50, 'the dose which decreases by half the 50% survival time of a control group'. For cypermethrin, the Hill coefficient (n) was 0.549, maximum mortality rate () 15.8%/day, dT50 0.012 g/l; for fenitrothion, values were 0.320, 6.3%/day and 0.02 g/l, respectively. All values indicate that cypermethrin is more toxic than fenitrothion to honey bees. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Centre National d'Etudes Veterinaires et Alimentaires, Sophia-Antipolis, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800611 Apis mellifera/honey bees/pyrethroids/mortality/toxicity/fenitrothion/cypermethrin/to honey bees/of fenitrothion/of cypermethrin/insecticides/kinetics. Bendahou, N., Bounias, M. and Fleche, C. (1997) Acute toxicity of cypermethrin and fenitrothion on honeybees (Apis mellifera mellifera) according to age, formulations and (chronic paralysis virus)/insecticide interaction. Journal of Environmental Biology, 18(1), 55-65. Author. The LD value for pure standards of cypermethrin (0.16 <+-> 0.21 g/bee) and fenitrothion (0.27 <+-> 0.031 g/bee) were significantly different from those of commercial formulations Cymbush (0.26 <+-> 0.07 g/bee) and Folithion (0.38 <+-> 0.2 g/bee). The LD values for newly emerged bees (age 1 day) for cypermethrin (0.6 <+-> 0.03 g/bee) and fenitrothion (0.27 <+-> 0.08 g/bee) varied significantly from those for adult bees, i.e. cypermethrin 0.21 <+-> 0.01 g/bee, and fenitrothion 0.42 <+-> 0.10 g/bee. Chronic paralysis virus (CPV) increased the acute toxicity of cypermethrin on newly emerged bees. The LD of cypermethrin (0.16 <+-> 0.03 g/bee) decreased in the presence of CPV to 0.06 <+-> 0.01 g/bee. In another experiment, caged bees received separately or jointly for 7 days cypermethrin at 10 g/litre of sucrose syrup and 1 l of viral solution diluted to 106)>. In bees which received both cypermethrin and CPV the correlated increase in death rate and decrease of sucrose consumption were significantly greater than in bees which received cypermethrin or CPV separately. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Centre National d'Etudes Veterinaires et Alimentaires, Sophia-Antipolis, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801389 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/nontarget organisms/chemical control/cypermethrin/fenitrothion/toxicity/honey bees/to honey bees/of cypermethrin/of fenitrothion/age/effects/bee chronic paralysis virus/bee viruses/viral diseases/diseases/viruses. Benedek, P. (1997) Structure and density of lucerne pollinating wild bee populations as affected by changing agriculture. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Pollination, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, 23-28 June 1996 [edited by Richards, K. W.]. Leiden, Netherlands, International Society for Horticultural Science, 353-357. Intensive surveys on populations of wild bees (Apoidea) which pollinate lucerne were made in Hungary in the mid-fifties, late sixties and early seventies. Comparing these surveys, a dramatic change in the structure of wild bee populations occurred between the fifties and the sixties. The populations of some bee species have fallen, other species have remained unchanged, while the population of Medicago oligoleges has increased. The changes may be explained by changes in agricultural land usage since the fifties, including a rapid increase in field size as well as an increased use of mechanical weed control along roadsides, and by an increased use of herbicides on arable land. The effects are discussed in terms of seasonal occurrence for different groups of wild bees. It is concluded that the changes in agriculture have been favourable for some bee species, but unfavourable for others. Page(s): 353-357. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Pannon University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Var 4, H-9201 Mosonmagyarovar, Hungary. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900381 Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/lucerne/International symposium on pollination. Benedek, P. and Nagy, C. (1995) Honeybee flower constancy on some fruit tree species. Horticultural Science, 27(3/4), 38-42. The constancy of honeybee foraging on particular flowers differed between plant species. It was 88-90% for pears, 70-85% for apricots, 60% for apples and 43-53% for sour cherries. It could not be characterized by only the amount of contaminating pollen species in mixed loads but also by the distribution of these amounts. Results are discussed in relation to bee pollination of fruit trees. Library code: 11 ref., 4 col. pl. Language: En. Author address: Faculty of Agriculture, Pannon University of Agricultural Sciences, H-9201 Mosonmagyarovar, Hungary. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800519 malus pumila/pyrus communis/prunus dulcis/prunus cerasus/beneficial insects/apples/pears/apricots/cherries/temperate fruits/pollination/pollinators/Apidae/foraging/honey bees/fruit trees. Benedek, P. and Nyeki, J. (1995) Role of bee pollination in the fruit set and yield of self-fertile and self-sterile apple, sour cherry and plum cultivars. Horticultural Science, 27(3/4), 34-37. In self-sterile apple, plum and sour cherry cultivars even partial limitation of the effective duration of bee pollination significantly reduced fruit set and yield. In apples and a self-sterile cherry (Pandy meggy) this reduction was marked even if bee pollination was limited from days 5-6 of flowering onwards. In the self-sterile plum cv. Cacanska Najbolja moderate limitation had no significant effect but marked or complete limitation did. A self-fertile cherry cultivar (Ciganymeggy) showed some sensitivity to limiting bee pollination. Self-fertile plums were not affected by limiting bee pollination. It is suggested that yield is a more reliable measurement than fruit set when evaluating sensitivity to limiting bee pollination. Library code: 8 ref. Language: En. Author address: Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Pannon University of Agricultural Sciences, H-9201 Mosonmagyarovar, Hungary. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800695 malus pumila/prunus/prunus cerasus/self pollination/cross pollination/beneficial insects/plums/cherries/apples/pollination/pollinators/Apidae/fruits/set/pollination/Prunus domestica/self incompatibility/pollination/pollination/honey bees/of Malus pumila/by honey bees/pollination/of Prunus cerasus/pollination/of Prunus/pollination. Benedek, P. and Nyeki, J. (1996) Pollinating efficiency of honeybees on apple cultivars as affected by their flower characteristics. Horticultural Science, 28(1/2), 40-47. Detailed studies made of bee visitations to 25 apple cultivars at several sites in Hungary showed that there was considerable variation between cultivars. Attractiveness to honeybees depended on the amount of nectar produced and less on its sugar concentration. Pollen production was important in those cultivars which produced abundant pollen but little nectar. Relative frequencies of bee visitation gave no guide to their effectiveness in pollinating the different cultivars. The relative position of stamens, styles and petals had a definite effect on bee behaviour. Results are discussed in relation to orchard planning. Library code: 11 ref. Language: En. Author address: Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Pannon University of Agricultural Sciences, H-9201 Mosonmagyarovar, Hungary. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800521 malus pumila/honey bees/apples/pollination/pollinators/Apidae/flowers/morphology/Apis mellifera/foraging/nectar/characteristics. Benedek, P. and Nyeki, J. (1996) Relationship between the duration of insect pollination and the yield of some apple cultivars. Horticultural Science, 28(3/4), 93-96. Farm experiments were carried out in 1987 and 1988 with 5 apple cultivars (Idared, Jonathan, Jonnee, Starkrimson Delicious and Wellspur). Bee pollination was limited by caging branches for various durations in the flowering period. The intensity of bee visits was observed. Reduction of the effective period of bee pollination dramatically reduced yield. In cultivars Idared, Jonnee and Starkrimson Delicious, under conditions of intense bee pollination, no relationship between fruit set and size was observed at fruit set levels above 10 fruits/200 flowers on the branch. Library code: 4 ref. Language: En. Author address: Pannon University of Agricultural Sciences, H-9201 Mosonmagyarovar, Var 4., Hungary. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900352 Malus pumila/fruit set/size/fruits/apples/cultivars/pollination/pollinators/Apidae/honey bees/of Malus pumila/by honey bees. Benedek, P. and Nyeki, J. (1996) Studies on the bee pollination of peach and nectarine. Acta Horticulturae(374), 169-176. Peaches and nectarines produce notable amounts of both nectar and pollen to attract bees to flowering trees. Data on: (1) pollen production by 17 peach and nectarine cultivars in 1983 and 1984 in Hungary (1 table); and (2) number of bee visits to open flowers of 12 peach cultivars and 7 nectarine cultivars during 1982, 1984 and 1989 in Hungary (3 tables) are presented. Factors affecting pollination of flowers by bees, including flower shape, relative position of anthers, type of pistil [gynoecium], anther size, pollen size, nectar and pollen production are discussed. Library code: 12 ref. Language: En. Author address: Pannon University of Agriculture, Mosonmagyarovar Faculty of Agriculture, Mosonmagyarovar, Var 4, H-9201, Hungary. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900353 Prunus persica/cultivars/gynoecium/anthers/pollen/nectar/conferences/International peach symposium/peaches/nectarines/pollination/pollinators/Apidae/flowers/development/morphology/Prunus/honey bees/of Prunus persica/by honey bees. Benedek, P., Nyeki, J. and Szabo, Z. (1995) Bee pollination of apricot: variety features affecting bee activity. Acta Horticulturae(384), 329-332. Flower size, number of stamens/flower, relative position of the stamens and pistils, nectar content of the flower, sugar content in the nectar, anther size, pollen production, bee visitation to the trees and bee behaviour at the flower were recorded for 30 cultivars at 7 sites over 6 years in Hungary. Flower characteristics varied considerably depending on the year and the site. Apricot flowers were attractive to bees. There were no significant differences among cultivars with regard to bee pollination. Library code: 5 ref. Language: En. Author address: Faculty of Agriculture, Pannon University of Agriculture, 9201 Mosonmagyarovar, Var 4, Hungary. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800520 Prunus armeniaca/flowers/stamens/nectar/sugars/anthers/pollen/Hungary/conferences/International symposium on apricot culture/apricots/cultivars/pollination/pollinators/Apidae/foraging/honey bees/characteristics. Bengsch, E. and Bonmatin, J. M. (1999) Development of a new procedure for biological control of varroa: virological approach. La Santé de l'Abeille(172), 245-252. Original title: Mise au point d'un nouveau procédé de lutte biologique contre le varroa: approche virologique. The aim of this research programme, in which several laboratories are taking part, is to select a virus that fulfils several criterai; the most important are that it should be pathogenic to Varroa jacobsoni mites but harmless to bees and mammals (including man). The baculovirus family is being studied. Viruses already identified in varroa are discussed, and the possibility of genetic modification is considered. Another approach may be that of using infectious spiroplasm which causes female mites to lay only female eggs; although it can infect honey bees this would be unimportant because the queen mates outside the hive. Accession date: 8 October 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. P Walker. Author address: CNRS, Centre de Biophysique moléculaire, Orléans, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1117/99 Varroa jacobsoni/Apis mellifera/control method/viruses/baculovirus/spiroplasm. Benington, J. H., Woudenberg, M. C. and Heller, H. C. (1995) Apamin, a selective SK potassium channel blocker, suppresses REM sleep [in rats] without a compensatory rebound. Brain Research, 692(1/2), 86-92. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801093 honey bee venom/apamin/effects/rats/sleep. Benthem, F. D. J. v., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L. and Velthuis, H. H. W. (1995) Biology of the stingless bee Plebeia remota (Holmberg): observations and evolutionary implications. Insectes Sociaux, 42(1), 71-87. Author. Observations were made on 6 P. remota colonies housed in wooden boxes and kept inside the laboratory, with free access to the outside. The results showed that brood production is seasonal (there is no brood in the colony in colder months), and adult workers occur as summer and winter bees. The natural nest is in tree cavities, and the involucrum is absent or restricted to the winter period. Brood cells are arranged in horizontal combs, and new cells are built completely synchronously. Each series consists of up to 50 cells, their number being mainly dependent on colony size. Construction speed is remarkably constant, allowing 4-6 batches per 24 h. Cell building and provisioning are activities of a small group of specialized workers. Provisioning, oviposition and operculation of all cells occur simultaneously; each cell is provisioned by 4-9 workers. Localization of a cell by the queen may be facilitated by its characteristic guard, which defends the cell against the approaching queen. The degree of synchronization within a batch is very high: the duration per cell lasts 420-950 s and a batch of up to 50 cells needs only 557-1160 s. Operculation is done by a worker that was not involved in the previous stages. Males are generally produced by the queen. Several male-producing cycles occur per year. In orphan colonies, laying workers produce males, and in queenright colonies workers may occasionally reproduce as well. Division of labour follows the general pattern for stingless bees. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Ecologia Geral, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, CP 11.461, CEP 05508-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800098 Plebeia remota/Meliponinae/Apidae/evolution/social behaviour/females/queens/trigona/brood rearing/oviposition/life cycle/division of labour. Berahia, T., Cerrati, C., Sabatier, S. and Amiot, M. J. (1993) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of flavonoids in honey. Sciences des Aliments, 13(1), 15-24. Author. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been developed in order to analyse the flavonoids, extracted from honey, without derivatization. This technique allowed the identification of 6 flavone-flavonols and 4 flavanone-flavanonols. The main peak was identified as pinocembrin. The lon Collect Dialog Box programme allowed the successful detection of minor flavonoids, such as flavone. GC/MS provides flavonoid patterns of honeys and could be used in the determination of floral origin. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Faculte des Sciences et Techniques de Saint-Jerome, Laboratoire de Phytochimie, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 13, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600303 honey/composition/flavonoids/analytical methods/gas chromatography. Berezin, B. B., Hoang, A. N., Lakhtin, V. M. and Yamskov, I. A. (1997) Isolation and characterization of a lectin-like protein from bee venom. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 33(4), 397-399. Lectin-like properties of bee venom proteins were studied. Phospholipase A2 was demonstrated to harbour lectin activity. Specific haemagglutinating activity of the isolated phospholipase exceeded 320 times the activity of the initial bee venom. Translated from a Russian paper in Prikladanaya Biokhimiya i Mikrobiologiya 33(4): 445-447 (1997). Accession date: 13 May 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bc. Language: En . Author. Author address: Institute of Organoelemental Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117813, Russia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA459/99 honey bee venom/phospholipase A2/lectin activity. Berg, S., Büchler, R., Fuchs, S., Koeniger, N. and Ullmann, M. (1999) Use of formic acid and marjoram oil against the mite. Imkerfreund, 54(4), 6-9. Original title: Mit Ameisensäure und Marjoranöl gegen die Milbe. In field trials, 8 beekeepers treated colonies infested with Varroa jacobsoni with KombiAM: 15% formic acid was put in a tray at the bottom of the hive and 2 wooden strips, each impregnated with 1.5 ml marjoram oil, were put on top of the frames. The 1782 test colonies were treated 4 times at weekly intervals, starting at the end of July or early Aug. Mite fall was extremely variable (7-5586/colony, average 640). Efficiency at different apiaries, based on results for 47 colonies, varied from 39.3% to 97.9%; this variation seemed to be partly due to the different hives used. Results were best in a tiered hive of Zander boxes with a deep bottom board, followed by German standard boxes. Winter losses were below average in treated colonies. Although residues of marjoram oil were present in winter honey stores in the hive, none was detected in the first spring honey harvest (detection limit 0.1 mg/kg). Accession date: 2 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: De. P Walker. Author address: Institut für Bienenkunde (Polytechnische Gesellschaft), Univ. Frankfurt a. M., Kar-von-Frisch Weg 2, 61440 Oberursel, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA825/99 Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/formic acid/essential oils/acaricides. Berg, S., Koeniger, N., Koeniger, G. and Fuchs, S. (1997) Body size and reproductive success of drones (Apis mellifera L.). Apidologie, 28(6), 449-460. P. Walker. Small drones were reared for the experiment in worker cells and large ones in drone cells; the cordovan (cd) mutant was used as a marker and the distribution of drone types in a drone congregation site was monitored by using pheromone traps. No significant differences in temporal or in horizontal or vertical distributions of large (cd) drones were found, either in comparison with large dark drones or small drones. The offspring of homozygous cordovan (cd/cd) queens which were mated with (cd) or dark drones was examined. Small drones had a reproductive disadvantage compared with large ones. Large (cd) drones had a lower reproductive success than large dark ones. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Bienenkunde (Polytechnische Gesellschaft), Fachbereich Biologie der Universitat Frankfurt a. M., Karl-von-Frisch-Weg 2, D-61440 Oberursel, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901274 Apis mellifera. Berger, B., Crailsheim, K. and Leonhard, B. (1997) Proline, leucine and phenylalanine metabolism in adult honeybee drones (Apis mellifica carnica Pollm). Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 27(6), 587-593. Amino acids labelled with 14C were injected into the haemolymph of hive drones (5 days old) and flight drones (12 days old). For a period of 4 h they were able to move and feed on honey in a 20 ml container. Air was pumped through this container and bubbled through a CO2 adsorbent fluid, after which the radiocativity incorporated into protein, remaining in the haemolymph, and absorbed in the CO2-trap was determined. In hive and flight drones proline is present in greater concentrations in the haemolymph than phenylalanine (21:1; 31:1) or leucine (24:1; 76:1), and is used to a greater extent in oxidative metabolism than either phenylalanine (462:1; 222:1) or leucine (38:1, 394:1). Although the oxidative utilization of proline was high and was similar at both ages, hive drones used approximately 10 times more leucine than flight drones; the oxidative breakdown of phenylalanine in flight drones is higher than hive drones. Compared to the older drones, more phenylalanine, leucine and proline were incorporated into the body protein of the younger drones, indicating that protein synthesis was more intense during earlier life stages. Accession date: 13 May 1999. Call number: 638.121.3. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Institut für Zoologie an der Karl-Franzens-Universität in Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA469/99 drone honey bees/oxidative metabolism/proline/phenylalanine/leucine/protein synthesis. Bergman, P., Molau, U. and Holmgren, B. (1996) Micrometeorological impacts on insect activity and plant reproductive success in an alpine environment, Swedish Lapland. Arctic and Alpine Research, 28(2), 196-202. Author. The effects of weather on the flight and flower-visiting activity of 5 bumble bee species and 4 butterfly species were studied at a subarctic-alpine site in northern Swedish Lapland. The study focused on the insects' role as potential pollinators and the effect of bumble bee flight and foraging activity on plant reproductive success. The activity rates of both bumble bees and butterflies were significantly correlated with ambient air temperature and solar radiation, and as a consequence, both bumble bees and butterflies exhibited a regular diurnal activity pattern. The butterflies' activity was more constrained by low temperature and solar radiation than the bumble bees' activity, and small worker bees were more affected by the weather than the larger queens. Only 1% of the butterflies observed were visiting flowers, compared with 69% of the bumble bees. Thus, butterflies seem to be less important pollinators for the alpine plant community than bumble bees. Short-term micrometeorological impact on the reproduction of 2 plant species pollinated by bumble bees, Bartsia alpina and Diapensia lapponica, was also studied. In both species, reproductive success, measured as seed production, was significantly reduced during a spell of cold weather in comparison to a warmer period. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Chemical Ecology, University of Goteborg, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22, S-413 19 Goteborg, Sweden. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900062 beneficial insects/pollinators/alpine plants/Bombus/Lepidoptera/weather/effects/foraging/pollination/of Bartsia/by Bombus/of Diapensia/cold zones/Sweden/Bartsia/Diapensia. Bergmann, J. H. (1993) Ecological method of evaluating observation areas or landscapes as a habitat for nectar-sucking and pollen-eating insects. Beitrage fur Forstwirtschaft und Landschaftsokologie, 27(2), 85-87. Original title or source: Okologisches Bewertungsverfahren von Beobachtungsflachen oder Landschaftsteilen hinsichtlich der Lebensmoglichkeiten von nektarsaugenden und pollenfressenden Insekten. A method is outlined whereby existing vegetation inventories or survey data can be used to evaluate the nutritional status of an area for insects such as colonial or solitary bees, butterflies, etc. The practical application of this method is illustrated with an example for an area of mixed broadleaved woodland (in Germany). Library code: 6 ref. Language: De. Author address: Forstliche Forschungsanstalt, Eberswalde, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600012 Apidae/Hymenoptera/Lepidoptera/nectar/pollen/wildlife/insects/ecology/methodology/vegetation/surveys/vegetation types/deciduous forests/Germany/forest ecology/techniques/evaluation/pollinators/food plants/honey bee forage/foraging. Bergmann, J. H. (1997) Genetically altered plants and beekeeping. Bienenwelt, 39(1), 1-3. Original title or source: Gentechnisch veranderte Pflanzen und die Imkerei. In genetically-modified plants, e.g. rape, certain enzyme(s) occur; if these are present in nectar and pollen, how will bees and other foraging insects be affected? The author suggests that toxicity tests should be carried out (as is done with pesticides) on genetically-engineered crops in order to evaluate possible effects on bees. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Author address: D-16225 Eberswalde, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900546 genetic engineering/plant breeding/honey bee forage/crops. Bergstrom, G., Bergman, P., Appelgren, M. and Schmidt, J. O. (1996) Labial gland chemistry of three species of bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from North America. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 4(3), 515-519. D. G. Lowe. Secretions from the labial glands of male Bombus sonorus, B. huntii and Psithyrus insularis were analysed by GC/MS. They consisted of isoprenoids and straight-chain fatty acid derivatives (alcohols with 14, 16 and 18 carbon atoms and odd-numbered hydrocarbons with 23-27 carbon atoms), and were species-specific with just a few major components. In B. sonorus, (Z)-11-octadecen-1-ol was the main compound, in B. huntii it was trans-2,3-dihydrofarnesol and in P. insularis it was geranylcitronellol. The results are compared with those for 36 species and 2 forms of Scandinavian bumble bees analysed previously, and the probable function of the labial gland secretion as a marking secretion is discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Chemical Ecology, Botanical Institute, Goteborg University, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22, S-413 19, Goteborg, Sweden. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800793 Bombus sonorus/Bombus huntii/Psithyrus insularis/Apidae/USA/Bombus/males/labial glands/secretions. Bergstrom, G., Dobson, H. E. M. and Groth, I. (1995) Spatial fragrance patterns within the flowers of Ranunculus acris (Ranunculaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 195(3/4), 221-242. Author. Floral scents emitted from different flower parts of Ranunculus acris were investigated by GC/MS analysis. Isoprenoids, strongly dominated by trans--ocimene, constituted the principal class of volatiles in all flower parts except pollen; sesquiterpenes were especially diverse. Odours collected separately from petals, stamens, and sepals + gynoecium comprised the same volatiles, but these were present in disparate proportions among the flower parts, thereby creating subtle contrasts within the flower. The main sources of volatiles were the petals and stamens, which made equal contributions to the whole-flower fragrance. Emissions from the petals differed quantitatively between the apical and basal petal regions, thereby paralleling optical nectarguide patterns. Pollen odour was markedly unlike that of other flower parts, with only few volatiles, a high representation of 5 methylene-2(5H)-furanone (protoanemonin), and no detectable trans--ocimene. The distinctiveness of the pollen's volatile profile suggests that it may serve a signalling role to pollen-feeding insects [R. acris is the main food plant of Chelostoma florisomne (Megachilidae)]. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Chemical Ecology, Goteborg University, Carl Skottbergs Gata 22, S-413 19 Goteborg, Sweden. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801107 Ranunculus acris/Ranunculus/flowers/fragrance/volatile compounds. Bernal, J. L., Nozal, M. J. d., Rivera, J. M., Jimenez, J. J. and Atienza, J. (1996) Determination of the fungicide vinclozolin in honey and bee larvae by solid-phase and solvent extraction with gas chromatography and electron-capture and mass spectrometric detection. Journal of Chromatography, 754(102), 507-513. Author. Methods for the determination of vinclozolin in honey and in honey bee larvae are proposed. The fungicide can be extracted with an n-hexane/acetone (70:30 vol/vol) mixture, or by passage through octadecylsilane (ODS) cartridges. Clean-up procedures (chromatography on Florisil or ODS columns) are described. Vinclozolin is quantified by capillary GC with electron-capture and MS detection. Recoveries from spiked samples (25 mg/kg) exceeded 90%. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Prado de la Magdalena s/n, E-47005, Valladolid, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901028 Apis mellifera/fungicides/nontarget effects/honey/pesticide residues/vinclozolin/analytical methods/gas chromatography/honey bees/larvae. Bernard, J., Chabot, C., Gagne, J., Baudry, M. and Massicotte, G. (1995) Melittin increases AMPA receptor affinity in rat brain synaptoneurosomes. Brain Research, 671(2), 195-200. Recent experimental evidence suggests that phospholipase-induced changes in binding properties of the -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) subtype of glutamate receptors account for the increase in synaptic response observed in long-term potentiation (LTP). Here, treatment of rat telencephalic synaptoneurosomes with melittin, a potent activator of endogenous phospholipases, increased [H]AMPA binding to the AMPA receptor. The action of melittin was concentration-dependent (EC 10 g/ml) and did not require the presence of extracellular calcium. Saturation kinetic experiments revealed that the increase in [H]AMPA binding produced by melittin was due to an enhancement in the affinity of the AMPA receptor, an effect markedly reduced by phospholipase A (PLA) inhibitor bromophenacyl bromide (BPB). In contrast to BPB, inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism did not interfere with the melittin-induced increase in [H]AMPA binding. In neonatal synaptoneurosomes, the effect of melittin on [H]AMPA binding was significantly reduced when compared to adult synaptoneurosomes, an effect which is consistent with the observation that LTP is not present in very young animals. The results indicate that activation of endogenous phospholipases may be an important mechanism in the regulation of AMPA receptor properties in LTP. Library code: 38 ref. Language: En. Author address: Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, Departement de Chimie-Biologie, CP 500, Trois-Rivieres, Que. G9A 5H7, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800673 melittin/honey bee venom/Apis mellifera/toxins/neurotoxins/receptors/phospholipase A2/rats/laboratory animals/brain/pharmacology/effects/physiology. Bernardello, L., Rodriguez, I., Stiefkens, L. and Galetto, L. (1995) The hybrid nature of Lycium ciliatum cestroides (Solanaceae): experimental, anatomical, and cytological evidence. Canadian Journal of Botany, 73(12), 1995-2005. D. G. Lowe. The origin of this hybrid may be due to pollen transfer mediated by bumble bees (Bombus spp.), which occasionally forage on both parent species. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal, C.C. 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801141 Bombus/Apidae/pollinators/pollination/of Lycium/by Bombus/Lycium/Lycium/hybrids. Bernardello, L. M., Galetto, L., Jaramillo, J. and Grijalba, E. (1994) Floral nectar chemical composition of some species from Reserva Rio Guajalito, Ecuador. Biotropica, 26(1), 113-116. P. Walker. Nectar was collected from 17 native plant species, belonging to 9 families, in a rain forest; 3 of the species are probably bee-pollinated and 11 bird-pollinated. Sugar concentrations in the nectars ranged from 3% to 25%; contents of sucrose, fructose and glucose are tabulated, and the results are discussed briefly. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal, C. C. 495. 5000, Cordoba, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800738 forest trees/tropical forests/flowers/angiosperms/rain forests/Ecuador/nectar/sugars. Bernhardt, P. (1995) The floral ecology of Dianella caerulea var. assera (Phormiaceae). Cunninghamia, 4(1), 9-20. P. Walker. In 2 populations of this plant in eastern Australia, only 20% of the flowers in inflorescences set fruit. The flowers, which are nectarless, were buzz-pollinated by female bees, mainly Exoneura spp. (Anthophoridae) and Lasioglossum and Nomia spp. (Halictidae). Bees less than 6 mm long removed pollen without contacting the stigma. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, St Louis University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800767 Dianella caerulea/Liliaceae/pollinators/Apoidea/Exoneura/Lasioglossum/Nomia/Australia/Dianella/flowers/characteristics/pollination/of Dianella/by Apoidea/Dianella. Bernhardt, P. (1996) Anther adaptation in animal pollination. The biology of anthers [edited by D'Arcy, W.; Keating, R.]. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 192-220. Page(s): 192-220. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800350 animals/plants/flowers/cross-pollination/adaptation/pollination/by animals/of plants/characteristics/anthers. Bernhardt, P. and Walker, K. (1996) Observations on the foraging preferences of Leioproctus (Filiglossa) Rayment (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) in eastern Australia. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 72(3), 130-137. Author. Fifty-three bees representing 3 species in the subgenus Filiglossa (Leioproctus davisi, L. filamentosa and L. hamatus) were collected on 9 Persoonia species (Proteaceae) distributed through New South Wales and Victoria. These records extend the foraging range of L. (Filiglossa) to 10 Persoonia species. Female bees outnumbered males by 70%; 55% of females and 43% of males carried significant loads of Persoonia pollen. One female L. filamentosa carried pollen from more than one Persoonia species when Persoonia species were sympatric and had overlapping flowering periods. Pollen analyses indicated that some females of L. davisi and males of L. filamentosa also foraged on Asteraceae and Myrtaceae. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800426 Apidae/Proteaceae/Australia/foraging/Leioproctus/Persoonia. Bernhardt, P. and Weston, P. H. (1996) The pollination ecology of Persoonia (Proteaceae) in eastern Australia. Telopia, 6(4), 775-804. P. Walker. Wild populations of 20 Persoonia species and 2 hybrids were studied. Bees constituted 99% of insects collected while they were probing or foraging on flowers and their pollen loads included Persoonia pollen. The most common bee genus was Leioproctus (subgenus Cladocerapis; Colletidae). Apis mellifera (9% of total) was collected from 8 Persoonia species, with highest numbers on P. pinifolia and P. mollis. At 2 sites, 28% of the bees collected were carrying pollen of more than one Persoonia species; this, together with the overlapping distributions and flowering periods of some species, explains in part the high frequency of first-generation hybrids. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Dept. of Biology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800766 Proteaceae/Australia/pollinators/hybrids/pollination/Apoidea/of Persoonia/by Apoidea/Persoonia. Bernstein, J. A., Kagen, S. L., Bernstein, D. I. and Bernstein, I. L. (1994) Rapid venom immunotherapy is safe for routine use in the treatment of patients with Hymenoptera anaphylaxis. Annals of Allergy, 73(5), 423-428. Rapid venom immunotherapy (VIT) regimens have been developed to provide safe protection to individuals who have experienced Hymenoptera anaphylaxis by administering 50 g of venom over 2-3 h on treatment day 1. A rapid VIT protocol which consisted of administration of a cumulative dose of 58.55 g of each venom on treatment day 1 followed by an accelerated build-up over 3 weeks to a final maintenance dose of 100 g per venom was developed by in 1984. The authors' 10-year cumulative experience with this rapid VIT regimen is reported. 77 venom-allergic patients received a cumulative dose of 58.55 g per venom on treatment day 1 in an ambulatory care setting. Rapid VIT was assessed for safety. A cost analysis was performed to compare rapid VIT to a modified rush immunotherapy regimen. 4 patients (5.2%) experienced mild systemic reactions consisting of diffuse urticaria on day 1. Treatment was otherwise well tolerated. Resting events occurred in 21 patients, a mean number of 12 months (range 3 days to 48 months) after treatment, without systemic reactions. This experience confirms that rapid VIT is safe to administer in an ambulatory setting and should be considered especially for patients during the stinging insect season when rapid protection is required. Library code: 18 ref. Language: En. Author address: Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0563, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800025 arthropod allergies/anaphylaxis/Apis mellifera/Vespula/Dolichovespula/man/stings/therapy/Hymenoptera/hypersensitivity/immunotherapy/venoms/allergies/honey bee venom/usage/immune desensitization/venoms/venoms. Berrios, R. R. and Serrano, L. A. (1994) Bilateral optic neuritis after a bee sting. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 117(5), 677-678. Accession date: 17 August 98. Call number: 638.178. Library code: X. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA292/99 honey bees/stings/eye diseases/man. Berry, R. (1994) 128 Frame tangential honey extractor. New Zealand Beekeeper, 1(5), 24-25. A. G. Matheson. Describes the construction and operation of an extractor of novel design: a horizontal-axis, tangential machine comprising two drums each holding 64 frames. The extractor is loaded and unloaded mechanically, and can process in excess of 1000 kg of honey per hour. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600731 honey/extraction/centrifugation. Berube, C. (1997) Bees and warfare. Dromore Buzzette(23), 12-13. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900147 biological warfare/Apis mellifera/honey bees/war/in war. Bettesworth, D. (1999) Surveillance for exotic disease of honey bees. New Zealand Beekeeper, 6(6), 6. In New Zealand the beekeeping industry has established a pest management strategy to control American foul brood; in addition, the new MAF Regulatory Authority Standard for surveillance of diseases of honey bees was published in Nov. 1998. 'Approved' beekeepers sign an agreement to be responsible for controlling and eliminating AFB, and to recognize and report symptoms of exotic diseases. Accession date: 14 September 1999. Call number: 638.15. Library code: Bj. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: AgriQuality New Zealand Ltd, Whangarei, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1095/99 honey bees/diseases/New Zealand/American foul brood. Beukelman, C. J., Vries, P. J. F. d., Schaafsma, A., Quarles van Ufford, H. C., Kuenen, J., Kroes, B. H., Worm, E. v. d., Berg, A. J. J. v. d., Labadie, R. P. and Dijk, H. v. (1997) Immunomodulating properties of propolis. Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Letters, 7(2/3), 75-77. A propolis fraction, depleted of waxes and water extractable compounds was tested in a number of immunoassays. Pronounced inhibition of the classical complement pathway was observed, whereas alternative and terminal pathways were hardly effected. The fraction strongly inhibited luminol as well as lucigenin enhanced chemiluminescence generated by human serum treated zymosan or PMA triggered granulocytes. TNF production by human mononuclear cells was also dose-dependently inhibited; the inhibition of T-cell proliferation was less pronounced. The inhibitory activities could not be ascribed to cytotoxic effects. Daily oral administration of the propolis fraction to mice infected intranasally with Klebsiella pneumoniae, resulted in a three-fold increase in the likelihood of survival. Accession date: 13 May 1999. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Dept of Medicinal Chemistry section Pharmacognosy, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiteit Utrecht, PO Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA610/99 propolis/T-lymphocytes/immunoassays/extracts. Beverly, M. B., Kay, P. T. and Voorhees, K. J. (1995) Principal component analysis of the pyrolysis-mass spectra from African, Africanized hybrid, and European beeswax. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 34(2), 251-263. P. Walker. Wax from honey combs of African (A) and European (E) honey bees (Apis mellifera) and their hybrids (H) was analysed by Curie-point pyrolysis and MS, to assess the suitability of the technique for identifying the different bees. Principal component analysis of the resulting mass spectra segregated the waxes from A, E and H. The peaks which enabled the discrimination corresponded with identifiable molecules. The waxes differed in relative intensities of several compounds, but no molecules were identified as being distinctive to a particular type of wax. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800649 beeswax/hydrocarbons/pyrolysis/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/Europe/tropical Africa/hybrids/identification. Bevilacqua, M., Serra, E., Vianello, A., Garrou, E., Sparagna, B., Barale, U. and Zaccagna, C. A. (1997) Natural resin association such as incense and propolis in zootechnology. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 62(2/3), 247-252. Incense is a hardened rubbery resin that runs from subtropical plants; propolis is a resinous, rubbery and balsamic substance collected by bees from the buds of trees. These two substances have common origins and have been used for the treatment of human and animal diseases since the earliest times. This study evaluated the effectiveness of incense (one sample collected in Somalia and sold in Italy, and the other collected from Dacryodes klaineana [Aucoumea klaineana] in Guinea Bissau) and propolis (collected in Piedmont, Italy, where the bees harvest from poplar [Populus sp.] buds) in reducing the bacterial load in 3 covered enclosures of a pig farm and in 2 tunnel sheds in which 14500 chicks were reared. The chemical composition of the 2 incense samples was determined; the Somalian incense contained a higher concentration of monoterpenes and was poor in sesquiterpenes, while incense from Guinea Bissau was lacking in monoterpenes and contained more sesquiterpenes. After spreading propolis, the number of colony forming units in the samples collected both from the pig farm and the poultry farm was significantly reduced. A further reduction in the bacterial load was obtained when propolis and incense were used together. On the basis of these preliminary data, it is concluded that propolis (especially when containing a high concentration of sesquiterpenes) and incense can be employed in zootechnology, to sanitize the closed environments of breeding farms. Library code: 41 ref. Language: En. Author address: Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria, Ospedale-Universita di Padova, Padova, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901046 propolis/antibacterial properties/Aucoumea klaineana/resins/non-wood forest products/minor forest products/Populus/poultry housing/pig housing/disinfection/incense/Burseraceae. Beye, M., Grohmann, L., Poch, A. and Burgtorf, C. (1999) A scientific note on the preparation of high molecular weight DNA from honeybee Apis mellifera L. pupae for PFGE analysis. Apidologie, 30(4), 349-350. A method for obtaining high mol wt DNA for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis is described; 200-250 g DNA was obtained from 100 pupae at the mature white stage. The method might also be suitable for other insects that tend to have high nuclease activity and high polysaccharide content. Accession date: 16 September 1999. Call number: 638.12. Library code: Bj. Language: En, de, fr. P Walker. Author address: Molekulare Ökologie, Inst. für Zoologie, Kröllwitzer Str. 44, 06099 Halle, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1027/99 Apis mellifera/honey bee pupae/DNA. Beye, M. and Moritz, R. F. A. (1993) In situ hybridization of rDNA on chromosomes of the honeybee, Apis mellifera L. Experientia, 49(4), 337-338. Author. The use of the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique for studying the honey bee genome is described. DNA probes containing the repeated rDNA region of Drosophila melanogaster (coding e.g. 28S and 18S rRNA) hybridized in situ to distinct regions of 2 heterologous mitotic chromosomes extracted from drone honey bee larvae (A. m. carnica); these sites probably represent nucleolus organizing regions. This is the first report on well-defined chromosomal markers in the honey bee and confirms the feasibility of using the FISH technique for mapping the A. mellifera genome. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Biologie, FB 14, Technische Universitat Berlin, Franklinstr. 28/29, D-1000 Berlin 10, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700123 Apis mellifera carnica/beneficial insects/honey bees/Apis mellifera/DNA/chromosomes/genome analysis. Beye, M. and Moritz, R. F. A. (1994) A centromere-specific probe for fluorescence in situ hybridization on chromosomes of Apis mellifera L. Apidologie, 25(3), 322-326. Author. Repetitive DNA was isolated through CsCl gradient centrifugation from genomic DNA of A. mellifera. DNA fragments were cloned and used for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Chromosomes were isolated from testes tissue of drone larvae. One clone, GC-6, proved to hybridize to the centromere of 14 chromosomes. This probe could be used in combination with others to identify various chromosomes of A. mellifera. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Biologie, Technische Universitat, Franklinstr. 28/29, 10587 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600156 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bees/chromosomes/DNA. Beye, M. and Moritz, R. F. A. (1995) Characterization of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) chromosomes using repetitive DNA probes and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Journal of Heredity, 86(2), 145-150. Author. Two different repetitive DNA probes of A. mellifera and ribosomal DNA from Drosophila melanogaster were used to characterize the chromosomal set of the honey bee (n = 16). The probes were hybridized to chromosome preparations of haploid testis tissue from drone larvae using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The honey bee probes hybridized to the telomeric (Alu I family) and centromeric region (Ava I family) of most chromosomes. The rDNA probe labelled 2 chromosomes only. Combination of the 3 probes yielded labelled patterns allowing identification of each chromosome of the individual honey bee. This is the first report of an unambiguous identification of the chromosomal set of the honey bee since classical banding techniques failed to yield clear patterns for identification. The consensus sequence of the centromeric reiterated probe (Ava I family) has a length of about 550 nucleotides and shows no homology to other known sequences. However, the structural organization of a 130-nucleotides-long motif forming the unusually homogeneous 550 nucleotides repeat is similar to those found in mammals' repetitive DNAs. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Biologie, FG Genetik, Technische Universitat Berlin, Franklinstr. 28/29, 10587 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800146 Apis mellifera/Drosophila melanogaster/nucleotides/honey bees/chromosomes/DNA probes. Beye, M., Moritz, R. F. A., Crozier, R. H. and Crozier, Y. C. (1996) Mapping the sex locus of the honeybee (Apis mellifera). Naturwissenschaften, 83(9), 424-426. D. G. Lowe. In A. mellifera, 2 molecular markers have been found closely linked to the sex locus; one of these is a multilocus fingerprint marker known as the Z-locus. In this study the Z-locus marker was cloned from a partial DNA library and used as a probe to map the sex locus physically on to one chromosome. The results showed that the sex locus has a subtelomeric position on the long arm of honey bee chromosome 8, which can now be called the sex chromosome. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Okologie und Biologie, FG Genetik, Technische Universitat Berlin, Franklinstrasse 28/29, D-10587 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900160 Apis mellifera. Beye, M., Moritz, R. F. A. and Epplen, C. (1994) Sex linkage in the honeybee Apis mellifera detected by multilocus DNA fingerprinting. Naturwissenschaften, 81, 460-462. P. Walker. A queen was instrumentally inseminated with semen from one of her own drone offspring so that 50% of her fertilized eggs developed into diploid drones; these were reared in vitro to the prepupal stage. DNA was extracted from 16 of them and pooled. A second DNA pool was obtained from 70 females (workers) from the same queen. When the DNA pools were screened, a fingerprint allele present only in females was found, named Zb-3/TC, whereas the diploid drones were homozygous for the alternative Za-3/TC locus. The marker Zab-3/TC can therefore serve as a means of identifying the sex determination locus X, as it is linked to it. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Biologie der Technischen Universitat, D-10587 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700124 beneficial insects/honey bees/Apis mellifera/DNA fingerprinting/sex linkage. Beye, M., Neumann, P., Schmitzová, J., Klaudiny, J., Albert, S., šimúth, J., Felder, M. and Moritz, R. F. A. (1998) A simple, non-radioactive DNA fingerprinting method for identifying patrilines in honeybee colonies. Apidologie, 29(3), 255-263. Primers were derived flanking a microsatellite motif of the cloned Z-locus. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product of the Z-locus was variable in size and up to 4 alleles were found in a sample of 11 workers within one colony. Using the combination of 3 loci, the Z, the Q (both linked to the sex locus) and a royal jelly protein gene (RJP57-1), 5 patrilines were discriminated in the 11-worker sample. Using well established microsatellite technology, however, 7 and 6 patrilines could be identified. The technique may enable laboratories which lack an isotope facility and equipped with only a PCR thermocycler and agarose gel apparatus to study the polyandrous mating system of the honey bee in a variety of different contexts. Accession date: 20 August 98. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bj. Language: En, fr, de. . Author address: Inst. Molekulare Ökologie, Martin-Luther-Univ. Halle, Kröllwitzer Str. 44, 06099 Halle, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA109/99 worker honey bees/relationships/kinship/DNA fingerprinting/genes/microsatellites/polymerase chain reaction. Beye, M. and Raeder, U. (1993) Rapid DNA preparation from bees and %GC fractionation. BioTechniques, 14(3), 372-374. P. Walker. A method is described for isolating high mol wt DNA from freeze-dried honey bees (Apis mellifera) within 1 h. It can be used for parallel DNA preparations from many samples (yields 10-15 g per sample). Bee DNA was also fractionated on preparative CsCl bisbenzimide gradients into 4 fractions of different GC contents including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The methods should be especially useful for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses in the context of subspecies identification based on mtDNA and for breeding and genetic mapping by RFLP segregation analysis in drones, analogous to fungal genetic mapping in haploid recombinants. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: LB Genetik, Universitat Kaiserslautern, Postfach 3049, D-W-6750 Kaiserslautern, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701320 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/breeding/identification/honey bees/DNA/isolation techniques/laboratory methods. Bgh, A. (1996) The reproductive phenology and pollination biology of four Calamus (Arecaceae) species in Thailand. Principes, 40(1), 5-15. The phenology and the pollination biology of Calamus longisetus, C. peregrinus, C. rudentum, and Calamus sp. were investigated in southern Thailand. These species are dioecious. The pistillate inflorescences bear dyads each comprising a pistillate flower and a sterile staminate flower. The latter closely resemble functional staminate flowers. Staminate plants flower continuously for several months, whereas pistillate plants have much shorter flowering periods. Examination of the behaviour and the pollen loads of captured insect floral visitors strongly suggests that the most important pollinating agents are Trigona bees. Wind pollination and apomixis are apparently not important. The pollinators appear to be attracted by scent, nectar, and pollen. The sterile staminate flowers of pistillate inflorescences probably attract pollinators by mimicking functional staminate flowers, as well as by producing nectar. Although the four species presented their flowers differently, there were no apparent differences with regard to their pollinating faunas. Library code: 15 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Systematic Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Nordlandsvej 68, DK-8240 Risskov, Denmark. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800387 Calamus/canes and rattans/flowering/phenology/beneficial insects/pollinators/Trigona/pollination/Calamus longisetus/Calamus peregrinus/Calamus rudentum/reproductive behaviour/Thailand/of Calamus/by Trigona. Bhagavan, S., Benatar, S., Cobey, S. and Smith, B. H. (1994) Effect of genotype but not of age or caste on olfactory learning performance in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Animal Behaviour, 48(6), 1357-1369. Author. Several studies on honey bees (Apis mellifera) have identified a significant amount of inter-individual variability in olfactory learning performance among workers within colonies. This variability could be due to changes in learning performance due to age, to caste-specific alteration of motivational state, or to genotypic variability among paternal lines within colonies. Experiments reported here were designed to establish the contribution of all three variables under controlled environmental conditions within which significant variability in a measure of learning performance existed. The results indicate that, at least under these conditions when genotype was not manipulated, neither age nor caste had an effect on motivational state or learning performance. Genotype was the only variable that could account for a substantial portion of the variability within colonies. Therefore, manipulation of genotype will be necessary in future studies designed to establish the reasons underlying variability in learning performance in natural populations. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, 1735 Neil Ave., Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800139 Apis mellifera/honey bees/castes/effects/learning/genetic variation/age. Bhagavan, S. and Smith, B. H. (1997) Olfactory conditioning in the honey bee, Apis mellifera: effects of odor intensity. Physiology & Behavior, 61(1), 107-117. Author. Any odour-guided behaviour might require generalization and/or discrimination over a wide range of odorant intensities. Proboscis extension conditioning (PEC) and electroantennogram (EAG) assays were used to investigate stimulus-intensity dynamics during olfactory processing in the honey bee. Experiments that tested generalization involved conditioning to one odorant concentration and either testing with a different odorant or with different concentrations of the same odorant. At low training concentrations, responses to either a novel odorant or to higher concentrations of the same odorant resulted in strong generalization. At higher training concentrations, significantly less generalization was observed to a novel odorant or to lower concentrations of the same odour. EAG analyses indicated that asymmetric generalization could arise due to long-term adaptation of peripheral receptor neurons. Discrimination experiments showed that relatively higher odorant concentrations associated with an appetitive reinforcer could usually be discriminated from a lower concentration that was associated with punishment, but not vice versa. Although sensory modulation in peripheral (sensory) processes might be sufficient to account for discrimination of a high from a low concentration, discrimination of low from high concentrations points to the involvement of central processes. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, 1735 Neil Ave, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901231 Apis mellifera. Bhaskar, V. (1992) Pollination biology and fertilization in Santalum album L. (Santalaceae). Flora (Jena), 187(1/2), 73-78. J. M. Gedye. Field observations of sandal trees (Santalum album) showed that flowering generally lasted from June to October. The flowers, which were virtually odourless, changed from pale green to dark red over 72 h. Anther dehiscence occurred at the time of flower opening. The flowers were self-incompatible. The main insect visitors were flies, although honey bees (Apis cerana, A. dorsata and A. florea) dominated during the early part of flowering. Nectar was secreted around the base of the ovary during the first day of flowering when the stigma was receptive to pollination. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Farm Forestry, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560 065, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700412 Apis cerana/Apis dorsata/Apis florea/beneficial insects/pollinators/India/pollination/honey bees/Diptera/of Santalum album/by honey bees/by Diptera/Santalum album/Apis/species. Bhat, A. A. (1993) Sexual maturity and sperm recovery in Apis cerana indica F. drones. Journal of Insect Science, 6(2), 253-255. Studies on the reproductive life of A. cerana drones revealed that they started maturing from the 6th day and all matured within 9–12 days. Maximum numbers of sperms (1.3 x 106) were recorded in the seminal vesicles and vasa deferentia of drones aged 15-18 days. Complete endophallus eversion in the maximum number of drones (20%) was obtained at the age of 21 days from outgoing drones, followed by incoming drones (15%). In drones that were confined in cages from the date of emergence, along with worker bees, complete eversion was obtained in the least number of drones (8.3%) at the same age. Highest mean sperm count (0.97 x 106) per drone was obtained from drones reared under natural conditions, compared to 0.93 x 106 and 0.92 x 106 from drones confined with workers and fed on honey + pollen + vitamin E or honey + pollen respectively. Accession date: 17 August 98. Call number: 638.121.3. Library code: X. Language: En. . Author address: Div. Entomol., SKUAST, Shalimar, Srinagar 191121, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA127/99 drone honey bees/age/spermatozoa/sexual maturity/male genitalia/Apis cerana. Bhat, A. A. (1994) Efficiency of crossing Kashmir and Himachal strains of Indian honey bee, Apis cerana indica Fab. Journal of Insect Science, 7(1), 106-107. Crosses made between Kashmir (female parent) and Himachal (male parent) strains of Apis cerana indica showed that F hybrid workers had intermediate characters with respect to body weight and length, length and width of fore and hind wings, thorax width, number of wing hooks, proboscis length and honey yield. Assessment of hoarding ability showed that F hybrids consumed 1 ml of sugar solution more rapidly than either of the parental strains. Library code: 10 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Nauni 173 230, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800112 beneficial insects/insects/honey bees/crosses/breeding/Apis cerana indica/genetics/hybrids/Apis cerana/Apis cerana/strains/India. Bhat, N. S., Arpita, R., Prakash, N. A. and Jaganath, G. (1996) The role of insects in the pollination and seed set of Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) (Fam: Leguminosae). Insect Environment, 2(3), 100-101. The dependence of Peltophorum pterocarpum on insect pollination for seed set was examined in 10 trees on the GKVK campus at Bangalore, Karnataka, in May 1996. Three panicles each on 10 flowering trees were tagged for observations on open and self pollination. For self pollination the panicles were bagged after treating with a 0.05% methomyl spray to prevent insect activity. For each treatment, numbers of flowers, and pod and seed set were recorded. Also, pollinator visits were recorded for 5 min at 5 times from 08.30 to 16.30 h for 3 days on 5 panicles from 3 trees. Four pollinators were observed: Apis dorsata, A. cerana, Xylocopa sp. and an unidentified syrphid. Honey bee visits were most at 08.30 h (for pollen foraging) with other peaks at 1230 h (A. dorsata) and 14.30 h (A. cerana) for nectar collection. Xylocarpa (carpenter bee) activity (nectar collection) increased through the day. The syrphid was observed from 10.30 h onwards and was possibly involved in residual pollen collecting activity.The pod set in open pollinated flowers was 71.1%, and in selfed flowers 8.4%. Seed set was 78.6 from 52.4 flowers in the open pollinated flowers, and 6.8 seeds from 45.1 flowers following self pollination. Library code: 2 ref. Language: En. Author address: P.C. Unit (Sunflower), GKVK, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore - 560 065, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900463 seed set/peltophorum/beneficial insects/self pollination/open pollination/flowers/forest trees/multipurpose trees/Apis dorsata/Apis cerana/Xylocopa/Syrphidae/honey bees/biology/Peltophorum pterocarpum/pollination/India/Karnataka/pollination/pollinators/pollination/pollination/of Peltophorum/by honey bees/by Xylocopa/pollination/pollination/pollination. Bhatia, R., Gupta, D., Chandel, J. S. and Sharma, N. K. (1995) Relative abundance of insect visitors on flowers of major subtropical fruits in Himachal Pradesh and their effect on fruit set. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 65(12), 907-912. D. G. Lowe. A study was carried out at Jachh in 1992-93 to study the relative abundance of insect visitors on flowers of 'Dashehari' mango (Mangifera indica), 'Dehradun' litchi (Litchi chinensis) and Citrus spp. and their effects on fruit set. Of 34 insect species recorded on the flowers of loose-skinned mandarin (Citrus reticulata), maita (C. sinensis), kinnow mandarin (C. nobilis C. deliciosa), mango and litchi, 15 were Diptera, 13 Hymenoptera, 4 Coleoptera and 1 each of Lepidoptera and Hemiptera. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) were the main pollinators on Citrus spp., A. florea and hoverflies (Episyrphus balteatus) on litchi, and flies belonging to the family Calliphoridae on mango. Fruit set on bagged flowers was 0 on mango, 0.88% and 0.98% on litchi, and 20-60% on Citrus spp. For unbagged flowers, corresponding fruit sets were 4.32%, 2.14% and 2.48%, and 60-76%, respectively. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Regional Horticultural Research Station, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Jachh, Himachal Pradesh 176 201, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801468 Apis mellifera/Apis florea/Episyrphus balteatus/Apidae/Calliphoridae/Diptera/Hymenoptera/Coleoptera/Lepidoptera/Hemiptera/beneficial insects/pollinators/mangoes/mandarins/India/subtropical tree fruits/pollination/honey bees/insects/of Mangifera indica/by honey bees/by insects/insects/of Litchi/insects/of Citrus/Mangifera indica/Litchi/Citrus. Bhuvaneswari, K. and Uthamasamy, S. (1994) Toxicity of alphamethrin to beneficial insects in cotton ecosystem. Journal of Insect Science, 7(2), 228-229. Toxicity of alphamethrin [alpha-cypermethrin] was evaluated against natural enemies of cotton pests (adults of the parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis, the predators Menochilus sexmaculatus [Cheilomenes sexmaculata] and larvae of Chrysopa scelestes [Brinckochrysa scelestes]), and the honey bee Apis cerana indica. The LC50s indicated that alphamethrin was more toxic to predators and honey bees but less toxic to the parasitoids than the other insecticides tested (cypermethrin, endosulfan and malathion). Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800454 honey bees/parasitoids/predators/Cheilomenes sexmaculata/Brinckochrysa scelestes/Trichogramma chilonis/Apis cerana indica/cypermethrin/endosulfan/malathion/toxicity/beneficial insects/insecticides/cotton/fields/natural enemies/alphamethrin/alphamethrin/to honey bees/of alphamethrin/Apis cerana. Bi, J., Wang, Z. and Hongzhen, G. (1996) [Study on the flower mass of black locust and management of nectariferous forest in Tai Hang mountain]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 32(6), 509-515. Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is an important nectariferous tree species in China. Most black locust forests are not suitable for timber production but are suitable for management as a nectar source. Based on 490 sample trees and 81 plots, the flower mass of individual trees and stands of black locust were measured. The flower mass of individual trees varied from 0-5.2 kg/tree; this is a heritable genetic trait. The flower mass of a stand has close links with age. Regression analysis of the main factors that affect flower mass in a stand was performed and a multiple regression estimation model of flower mass for a stand was formulated. Flower mass growth dynamics in a stand follows the logistic function. The growth rate is greatest at 8 years and rapid growth occurs from 4 to 12 years. There are significant differences between flower mass dynamics and stem, branch, leaf and root growth dynamics in a mature stand. These results may be useful for the future management of nectariferous forests. Accession date: 13 May 1999. Call number: 638.132. Library code: Bb. Language: Ch, en. Author. Author address: He Bei Forestry Research Institute, Shi Jazhuang 050061, China. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1078/99 bee forage/nectar plants/black locust/Robinia pseudoacacia/flower mass/nectariferous forests/Tai Hang mountain/China. Bianchi, E. M. (1995) The preparation of the tincture, the soft extract, the ointment, the soap and other propolis-based products. Apiacta, 30(2; 3/4), 56-62;121-127. P. Walker. The subjects covered include: origin, collection and use of propolis by bees, collection (by man) from the hive and storage, chemical composition, biological properties, medical uses and formulations, recipes for making propolis-based products, quality tests and possible contraindications (e.g. allergy). Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Centro de Investigaciones Apicolas, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Avda. Moreno (S) 577, 4200 Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701496 hive products/honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pharmaceutical products/propolis/as hive products/medicinal properties/usage/by honey bees/foraging. Bianchi, E. M. (1996) Honeys: determining mineral substances by conductivity. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 28(1), 15-22. Original title or source: Mieles: determinacion de sustancias minerales por conductimetria. A method for determining the mineral content of honey by measuring its electrical conductivity is presented. Library code: Bb. Language: Es. Author address: Centro de Investigaciones Apicolas, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900292 analytical method/electrical conductivity/minerals/composition/honey. Bicker, G. (1991) Taurine-like immunoreactivity in photoreceptor cells and mushroom bodies: a comparison of the chemical architecture of insect nervous systems. Brain Research, 560(1/2), 201-206. Author. Taurine is one of the most abundant amino acids found in the tissues of insect nervous systems. The distribution of taurine-like immunoreactivity was investigated in compound eyes, ocelli and mushroom bodies of Drosophila and Locusta. A comparison to the previously described taurine-like immunoreactivity in the brain of worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) showed that the photoreceptor cells of all 3 insect species are immunoreactive. Immunoreactive mushroom body intrinsic Kenyon cells were also found in all 3 species. The intensity of the immunoreactivity was however graded, depending on the species. While the majority of Kenyon cells were stained in Apis and Drosophila, the immunoreactivity of the locust mushroom body was mainly confined to the intrinsic neurons originating in the accessory calyx. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie der FU Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900887 Drosophila/Locusta/Apis mellifera/compound eyes/ocelli/worker honey bees/brain/taurine. Bicker, G. (1992) Taurine in the insect central nervous system. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Comparative Pharmacology and Toxicology, 103(3), 423-428. Taurine is one of the most abundant free amino acids found in the tissues of insect nervous systems. A brief survey of its immunocytochemical distribution is provided for the brain of worker honeybees. The protocerebral mushroom bodies are prominent neuropiles of the insect brain. Immunoreactivity for taurine was compared in the mushroom body intrinsic Kenyon cells of Apis, Drosophila and Locusta. In all 3 species Kenyon cells expressed immunoreactivity. The intensity of the immunoreactivity was, however, graded, depending on the species. Technical advances in the primary culture of the Kenyon cells of honeybees in a defined taurine-free medium provide the opportunity to investigate the action of taurine in a controlled environment. Taurine-like immunoreactivity has been described in the photoreceptor cells of insect and mammalian visual systems. Physiological evidence for similar functions of taurine in mammalian and insect nervous systems is reviewed. Library code: 39 ref. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie der FU Berlin, Konigin-Luise-Str. 28/30, D-1000 Berlin 33, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700918 Apis mellifera/Locusta migratoria/Drosophila melanogaster/reviews/taurine/nervous system/neurochemistry/immunocytochemistry/mushroom bodies/worker honey bees/brain. Bicker, G. (1996) Transmitter-induced calcium signalling in cultured neurons of the insect brain. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 69(1), 33-41. D. G. Lowe. This review, with 45 references, summarizes fluorescence imaging experiments with the indicator dye fluo-3 to investigate the calcium responses to transmitter stimulation of honey bee mushroom body neurons in primary culture. The results support previous histochemical studies that suggested the expression of nicotinic cholinergic receptors on Kenyon cells. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie der FU Berlin, Konigin-Luise-Str. 28/30, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900879 Apis mellifera/honey bees/brain/copora pedunculata/neurons/calcium/neurotransmitters. Bicker, G. and Hahnlein, I. (1994) Long-term habituation of an appetitive reflex in the honeybee. NeuroReport, 6(1), 54-56. Author. Experiments were carried out on habituation of the honey bee's proboscis extension reflex. This reflex is elicited by touching one antenna with a droplet of sugar solution. The response decrement was quantified by determining the number of trials necessary to abolish any visible response. Measurements of the time-dependent spontaneous recovery showed that habituation persisted for at least 10 min, representing a simple form of short-term memory. When repeated training sessions were applied over 2 days, a long-term memory for habituation to appetitive sensory stimuli, lasting for 24 h, was established. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie der Freien Universitat Berlin, Koningin-Luise-Str. 28-30, 14195 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800138 Apis mellifera/feeding/proboscis/habituation/honey bees/reflexes/learning/memory. Bicker, G. and Kreissl, S. (1994) Calcium imaging reveals nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on cultured mushroom body neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 71(2), 808-810. Author. Fluorescence imaging with the visible wavelength indicator fluo-3 was used to investigate the calcium responses to cholinergic ligands of honey bee (Apis mellifera) Kenyon cells in primary culture. Application of acetylcholine (ACh) or nicotine, but not pilocarpine, promoted a calcium influx into the cell body and neurites. The increase in intracellular calcium after ACh stimulation was blocked by -bungarotoxin. These results support previous histochemical studies that suggested the expression of nicotinic cholinergic receptors on Kenyon cells. After depolarization with high K solution fluorescence increased in the somata and neurites, which indicates the presence of voltage-gated Ca channels in Kenyon cell membranes. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie der Freien Universitat Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700153 Apis mellifera/pupae/brain/honey bees/corpora pedunculata/cholinergic receptors/neurons/cell membranes. Bicker, G., Kreissl, S. and Hofbauer, A. (1993) Monoclonal antibody labels olfactory and visual pathways in Drosophila and Apis brains. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 335(3), 413-424. Author. A monoclonal antibody raised against Drosophila brain homogenate was used for a comparative immunocytochemical analysis of visual and olfactory pathways in brains of Drosophila melanogaster and Apis mellifera. Application of the antibody to sections of Drosophila and Apis brain stained certain interneurons which conspicuously fasciculate in common tracts or neuropilar compartments. Both in Drosophila and in Apis, the antigen was also expressed on the perineural sheath and granular cell compartments in the majority of neuronal cell bodies. The antibody stained monopolar cells in the visual system of both species, and in Apis those fibres of the anterior superior optic tract which link the medulla with the mushroom bodies. In Drosophila, bundles of Kenyon cells of the mushroom bodies were stained. In worker bees and drones, the relay neurons of the median and lateral antennoglomerular tracts were labelled. Since the recognition of the antigen does not require fixation, the antibody can be employed to label selectively living neurons in dissociated cell culture. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, W-1000 Berlin 33, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601340 Apis mellifera/Drosophila melanogaster/neurons/monoclonal antibodies/honey bees/brain/ultrastructure. Bienefeld, K. (1994) Genetic characteristics of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) favour recurrent selection. Proceedings 5th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production (XIX), Guelph, Canada, Aug 7-12. Guelph, Canada, Organizing Committee, World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production., 115-118. See AA 910/93.\0BD. G. Lowe. The genetic correlation between queen and worker effects should be considered in the selective breeding of honey bees. To illustrate this, data from 5581 controlled matings of A. m. carnica, previously reported by Bienefeld & Pirchnir [Annals of the Entomological Society of America (1991) 84 (3) 324-331], are used to show how a selective breeding programme might be planned. The genetic correlations between worker effects and queen effects were highly negative for the traits 'honey production' and 'aggressiveness'. This impeded selection response since it reduced the phenotypic variance within the population. The use of recurrent selection to overcome the negative relationship is discussed. Page(s): 115-118. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Landerinstitut fur Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf, Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700647 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey-getting capacity/aggressiveness/honey bees/breeding/genetic variance/heritability. Bienefeld, K. (1996) Consideration of breeding in selection for varroa tolerance. Deutsches Bienen Journal, 4(2), 18-23. Original title or source: Zuchterische Aspekte bei der Selektion auf Varroatoleranz. P. Walker. This lecture (delivered in Erlangen, 18.11.95) discusses possible criteria to use in the selection of honey bees tolerant to Varroa jacobsoni infestation. The three most useful ones appear to be the number of mites falling to the hive floor after treatment, the proportion of damaged mites and the propensity of the bees to remove experimentally manipulated brood. Three other, less useful characteristics, the attraction of brood to mites, the length of the sealed brood stage and the fertility of the mites, are also discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Author address: Landerinstitut fur Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e. V., Friedrich-Engelsstr. 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701421 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/resistance/breeding/selection. Bienefeld, K. (1996) The importance of beekeeping in Germany. Deutsches Bienen Journal, 4(5), 14-18. Original title or source: Die Bedeutung der Bienenhaltung in Deutschland. P. Walker. Statistics for 1950-1995 are presented in graphs and the changes over the period are discussed; differences in the development of beekeeping in the different areas (Lands) are pointed out. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Author address: Landerinstitut fur Bienenkunde, Hohen Neuendorf e. V., Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800122 beekeeping/Germany. Bienefeld, K. (1996) Factors affecting duration of the postcapping period in brood of the honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica). Journal of Apicultural Research, 35(1), 11-17. Author. Reducing the duration of the length of the capped brood phase is considered to be a good approach for breeding honey bees resistant to Varroa jacobsoni. In cross-fostering experiments using 6 colonies of Apis mellifera carnica, in addition to the genotype of worker brood, the nursing colony also affected the duration of the postcapping stage. Regression analysis of postcapping duration on precapping duration showed that the relationship was negative and highly significant, so that a shorter postcapping stage was partly compensated for by a longer precapping period. The ratio between postcapping and precapping periods was significantly affected by genotype of worker brood, by effects of the precapping nurse colony and by effects of the postcapping nurse colony. The duration of the precapping and postcapping stages and the inverse relationship between them was shown to have a genetic basis. The results show that the nurse colony has an important impact on the duration of the postcapping stage and this should be considered in selection programmes. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Landerinstitut fur Bienenkunde, Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800154 Apis mellifera carnica/ectoparasites/Varroa jacobsoni/resistance/honey bees/development/genotypes/effects/nurse honey bees/sealed brood/pupae/hosts/Apis mellifera. Bienefeld, K. (1996) Selective breeding for varroa tolerance. Bienenwelt, 38(10;11), 241-246;276-280. Original title or source: Zuchterische Aspekte bei der Selektion auf Varroatoleranz. P. Walker. Honey bee lines vary in their tolerance (resistance) to Varroa jacobsoni. The potential to increase this characteristic in the general population by selection is explained and discussed. Part II evaluates 6 different measurements that can be used in selecting for tolerance. The 3 most suitable for beekeepers to use are: number of fallen mites after treatment of the colony; proportion of damaged mites in natural mite-fall; extent to which bees remove experimentally manipulated brood. The success of selection for tolerance in an area will increase with the number of beekeepers involved; it is also necessary to test colonies in different environmental conditions, and to set up a central evaluation of the results. Some disadvantages of selection are mentioned. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Author address: Landerinstitut fur Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf, Friedrich-Engelsstr. 32, D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900257 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/grooming/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/resistance/breeding/selection. Bienefeld, K. (1999) Who will be the beekeepers? Inquiry into the encouragment of the next generation. Imkerfreund, 54(8), 7. Original title: Wer wird Imker? Umfrage zur Nachwuchsförderung. In the past 5 years the number of beekeepers in Germany has decreased by 7.8%, and fewer young people are starting beekeeping. A survey of 4000 beekeepers showed, as expected, that just over half were over 50 years old; only 2.8% were under 20 and only 2.6% 20-30. Ideas for improving the situation are being sought. Accession date: 15 September 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bj. Language: De. P Walker. Author address: Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde, Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1005/99 beekeeping/Germany/beekeepers. Bienefeld, K., Haberl, M. and Radtke, J. (1998) Does the genotype of honeybee brood influence the attractiveness for Varroa jacobsoni and/or the reproduction of this parasite? Hereditas, 129, 125-129. Queen honey bees (Apis mellifera carnica) were each inseminated with sperm from 4 drones from different stocks. Shortly after egg laying, the brood combs were transferred to a colony which was infested with V. jacobsoni. After capping of cells, brood was transferred from the foster colony to an incubator and was examined for infestation and reproduction by mites. The paternal descent of the bee brood (n = 400) was determined by DNA analysis. No significant differences were found between the single bee patrilines according to their attractiveness (average infestation/cell) for the parasites. Out of 99 brood cells which were infested with one mother mite, 13% of the parasites proved to be infertile. There were no significant differences between bee patrilines in any of the reproduction parameters of varroa. Accession date: 13 May 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Institute of Bee Research, Friedrich Engels Str. 32, D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1119/99 honey bees/Apis mellifera carnica/Varroa jacobsoni/brood attractiveness/patrilines/mite parasites/DNA analysis. Bienefeld, K., Mattausch, A., Möller, U. and Pritsch, G. (1994) Why do worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L) eat drone brood? Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, 87, 30. Original title: Ursache von Kannibalismus bei Arbeiterinnen der Honigbiene (Apis mellifera L.) an diploider Drohnenbrut. Accession date: 13 May 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bc. Language: De. . Author address: Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde, Friedrich Engels Str. 32, D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1038/99 worker honey bees/Apis mellifera/drone brood/diploid/cannibalism. Bienefeld, K., Radtke, J. and Zautke, F. (1995) Influence of thermoregulation within honey bee colonies on the reproduction success of Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie, 26(4), 329-331. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. Three brood combs, nearly ready for capping, were put into different parts of a hive containing a honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony heavily infested with V. jacobsoni: in the middle of the brood nest (B), at the edge of the lower box (E) and in the middle of the upper (broodless) box (U). Temperatures in the combs were monitored, and the cells were opened and examined 2 days before bees were due to emerge. Temperatures differed significantly: B, 33.1C E, 29.2; U, 33.9. Varroa infestation levels in B, E and U were 35.6%, 32.1% and 51.6%, respectively. Although the percentage of unreproductive mites did not differ greatly, numbers of mature (B, 0.71; E, 0.36; U, 0.27) and immature (B, 1.39; E, 2.05; U, 1.25) offspring per female differed significantly and were correlated with average temperature. Library code: Bj. Language: En\Fr\De. Author address: Landerinstitut fur Bienenkunde, Friedrich Engels Str. 32, D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701050 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/conferences/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/reproduction/host parasite relationships/temperature/effects/honey bee colonies/thermoregulation/natural enemies/biology/hosts. Bienefeld, K., Reinhardt, F. and Keller, R. (1998) Honey bee breeding evaluation: procedure and results. Deutsches Bienen Journal, 6(9), 370-374. Original title: Zuchtwertschätzung bei der Honigbiene - Durchführung und Ergebnisse. The characteristics used for evaluating colonies for selective breeding are discussed. At the Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde data have been collected since 1947, and the data bank now holds information on 46 201 colonies. In February each year, data are evaluated, and the previous 10 years' results for the following characteristics are made available: honey yield, docility, population size, swarming tendency and inbreeding coefficient. A diskette containing these data, together with information on colony performance, is sent to each regional association.The improvements obtained in the last 25 years of selective breeding are evaluated and discussed. The possibility of including varroa tolerance in selection.characteristics is mentioned. Accession date: 10 September 1999. Call number: 638.145. Library code: Bc. Language: De. P Walker. Author address: Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde, Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA798/99 breeding/honey bees/colonies/performance/aggression/databases/research institutes/Germany/selection/swarming. Bienefeld, K. and Stroh, A. M. (1992) Effect of maternal descent of honey brood (Apis mellifera) on reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skodowska. Sectio DD, Medicina Veterinaria, 47(23), 123-125. Original title or source: Einflusse der mutterlichen Abstammung der Bienenbrut (Apis mellifera) auf die Reproducktion von Varroa jacobsoni. P. Walker. Pairs of queens were used to produce worker brood with identical chromosomal genotype; a brood sample from each queen was put in the brood nest of a honey bee colony heavily infested with V. jacobsoni, to see whether mites preferred one or other of the brood samples. A series of tests showed that maternal descent, and also worker genotype, each had a significant effect on mite reproduction in the brood. Library code: Ba. Language: De. Author address: Landerinstitut fur Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf, Friederich-Engels-Str. 32, D-O-1406 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601068 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/reproduction/worker honey bees/genotypes/maternal effects. Bienefeld, K., Tahmasebi, G. H., Keller, R., Kauhausen-Keller, D. and Ruttner, F. (1996) Report on the present situation of Apis mellifera meda in Iran. Apidologie, 27(4), 307-308. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. Foreign queens have not been imported into Iran for 10 years. To examine the present degree of hybridization in the native race A. m. meda, 12 samples of bees were collected from the mountainous region in the north, 10 from a bee breeder in central Iran and 5 from an apiary of aggressive bees. Using the morphomoteric method of Kauhausen-Keller and Keller [Apidologie (1994) 25 (2) 133-143], they were compared with samples of A. m. meda, A. m. carnica, A. m. ligustica and A. m. anatolica from a data bank in Oberursel, Germany. No effect of foreign races on A. m. meda was found. In central Iran, there were some differences (aggressive and gentle populations), but the native race showed good consistency, especially in extreme climatic conditions. Library code: Bj. Language: En\Fr\De. Author address: Landerinstitut fur Bienenkunde, F-Engels-Str. 32, D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800942 honey bees/races/Apis mellifera meda/Apis mellifera/Iran/morphology. Bienefeld, K., Thakur, R. K. and Keller, R. (1999) Untersuchungen zur Vererbung des Öffnens und Ausräumens varroabefallener Brutzellen durch die Honigbiene (Apis mellifera carnica). Bienenvater, 120(2), 18-23. Accession date: 27 May 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: De. . Author address: Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde, Friedrich-Engles Str. 32, D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA534/99 Varroa jacobsoni/control methods. Bienefeld, K., Thakur, R. K. and Keller, R. (1999) Drone-laying workers to control Varroa: opening and cleaning out of varroa-infested brood cells by honey bees (Apis mellifera carnica) – inheritance of the characteristic. Deutsches Bienen Journal, 7(2), 4-5. Original title: Dronenbrütige Arbeiterinnen gegen Varroa: Untersuchungen zur Vererbung des Öffnens and Ausräumens varroabefallener Brutzellen durch die Honigbiene (Apis mellifera carnica). Preliminary studies are reported. A video camera, operating in IR light, recorded for at least 7 days the hygienic behaviour of 50 marked workers when they were on brood cells infested with Varroa jacobsoni; films were evaluated as rapidly as possible so that specialist workers could be selected. These were put in cages with young workers (1-2 days old) which were replaced after 8 days, i.e. before they could start laying eggs; thus, only the selected workers laid eggs from which drone brood was reared. Semen from the resulting drones was used for instrumental insemination of a queen; the resulting worker offspring showed marked hygienic behaviour, which was absent in controls. The characteristic can therefore be inherited through the drone. Accession date: 27 July 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bj. Language: De. P Walker. Author address: Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde e. V., Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA747/99 worker honey bees/behaviour/Apis mellifera carnica/Varroa jacobsoni/laying worker honey bees/heredity/hygienic behaviour. Bienefeld, K. and Zautke, F. (1996) Does the post-capping stage duration influence lifespan in the honey bee? Apidologie, 27(4), 313-315. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. The length of the post-capping stage (P) was recorded for 577 Carniolan honey bees (Apis mellifera carnica) from 18 strains. The bees were marked on emergence and the lifespans (L) for 335 of them were determined. Some results were shown to have been affected by the experimental method, so these were eliminated; for the remaining 165 bees, averages were: P = 295.2 <+-> 8.9 h; L = 21.6 <+-> 7.9 days. L showed no significant correlation with P, but shorter L tended to result from shorter P. This should be borne in mind by bee breeders selecting for short P in an attempt to increase resistance to Varroa jacobsoni. Library code: Bj. Language: En\Fr\De. Author address: Landerinstitut fur Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf, F-Engels-Str. 32, D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800914 Apis mellifera carnica/breeding/resistance/ectoparasites/Varroa jacobsoni/honey bees/lifespan/pupae/sealed brood/development. Bienefeld, K., Zautke, F., Pronin, D. and Mazeed, A. (1999) Recording the proportion of damaged Varroa jacobsoni Oud. in the debris of honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera). Apidologie, 30(4), 249-256. The proportion of damaged mites in natural mite fall is considered a useful criterion in the breeding of varroa-tolerant bees. However, assessment of the trait of defensive behaviour may be distorted if additional mites are damaged by other means, so the effects of certain factors on the recording of this trait were studied. It was found that protection of the floorboard from predators significantly reduced the number of damaged mites. Damage increased, especially if wax moth larvae were present, if mites were left on the floorboard for more than 2 days. Conditions under which the mites were stored also significantly affected the extent of damage. Accession date: 16 September 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En, de, fr. P Walker. Author address: Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde, Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1118/99 Varroa jacobsoni/honey bees/selection/tolerance/resistance hygienic behaviour/experimental techniques/bottom boards/floorboards. Bienkowska, M. and Pohorecka, K. (1996) Results of pollen trapping dependent on the size of holes in the insert scraping pollen pellets. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 40(1), 95-101. Original title or source: Efekty pozyskiwania pyku w zaleznosci od wielkosci otworow we wkadce stracajacej obnoza pykowe. P. Walker. Three designs of pollen trap (attached to the hive front) were used and, in each type, pollen-scraping inserts with holes of different sizes were tested. The average daily weights of pollen collected per colony were 44.7, 63.6, 17.1 and 27.5 g in traps having insert holes of 4.77, 4.79, 5.00 and 5.20 mm diameter, respectively. The optimal diameter for holes in the pollen-scraping insert is therefore 4.77-4.79 mm. Library code: Bj. Language: Pl. Author address: Oddzia Pszczelnictwa, Instytut Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa, ul. Kazimierska 2, 24-100 Puawy, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900327 honey bees/Apis mellifera/pollen loads/hives/hive entrance fittings/bee-collected pollen/pollen trapping. Bienkowska, M., Pohorecka, K. and Konopacka, Z. (1996) Preliminary investigations on the relationship between varroa and chalk brood infestations in honeybee colonies. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 40(2), 271-272. Original title or source: [Abstract]. It has been suggested that the incidence of chalk brood might be higher in colonies infested with Varroa jacobsoni, but this was not demonstrated in a 2-year study in Poland. Dead mites and mummified larvae were collected from the hive bottom and in dead bee traps. In 1995 (10 colonies), there were 373 mummies and 1371 dead mites, and in 1996 (15 colonies), there were 969 mummies and 249 dead mites. Losses of brood (in 600 cells examined) averaged 22.4% (maximum 58%) in 1995 and 11.3% (maximum 41%) in 1996. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Bee Division, Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, Kazimierska 2, 24-100 Puawy, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900598 honey bees/Apis mellifera/bee diseases/ectoparasites/Ascosphaera apis. Bieri, K., Bucher, S. and Bogdanov, S. (1999) Report on FSSA honey testing 1998. Revue Suisse d'Apiculture, 96(7), 267-275. Original title: Rapport concernant le contrôle du miel de la FSSA 1998. A total of 99 honeys were examined in 1998. Almost all of the 84 labelled 'quality honey' were within the limits laid down for contents of water, HMF and invertase. Pollen analysis results are summarized for 31 honeys and labelling information for 84. Accession date: 2 August 1999. Call number: 638.16. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA877/99 honey/composition/labelling/pollen analysis/Switzerland. Bierman, C. W. (1995) Venom immunotherapy: who should receive it? Journal of Pediatrics, 126(2), 257-258. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Division of Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800752 Vespula/Apis mellifera/stings/arthropod allergies/treatment/man/Hymenoptera/allergies/venoms/usage/immune desensitization. Bierzychudek, A. (1979) History of beekeeping in Argentina. Buenos Aires, Argentina, Héctor J Mattone. This book contains much information, and a few illustrations, especially about uses of products from nests of stingless bees. The writings of authors are presented in chronological order, from Ulrich Schmidel in the 1500s to Bernardino Rivadavia in the 1800s. Original collective title: Historia de la apicultura Argentina. Page(s): 163. Accession date: 22 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bd. Language: Es. E Crane. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA718/99 beekeeping, history/Argentina/Meliponinae. Biesmeijer, J. C. (1998) The organisation of foraging in stingless bees of the genus Melipona: an individual-oriented approach. Utrecht, The Netherlands, Utrecht University. Different co-authors are cited for each of the 10 chapters. The species M. beecheii and M. fasciata were studied in two areas of Costa Rica, and various aspects of pollen- and nectar-foraging were examined at individual and colony levels. An attempt was made to analyse the individual foraging patterns and to deduce some of the mechanisms involved in the foraging behaviour of the colony as a whole. It was found that individual bees are initially flexibly allocated over foraging tasks, according to communicated information. They then become specialists in collecting pollen or nectar (or resin or mud), mainly by learning to forage, rather than as a result of age or genetics. Flexible choices observed at colony level were the result of (A) adjustment of individual foraging, and (B) reactivation of experienced foragers, and (C) recruitment of novices to better food sources. Dissertation: PhD thesis. Page(s): 263. Accession date: 21 Sept 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bt. Language: En, nl. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA655/99 Melipona, foraging/nectar/pollen/learning/theses. Biesmeijer, J. C., Born, M., Lukács, S. and Sommeijer, M. J. (1999) The response of the stingless bee Melipona beecheii to experimental pollen stress, worker loss and different levels of information input. Journal of Apicultural Research, 38(1/2), 33-41. When experimentally deprived of pollen, M. beecheii did not increase its forager force, but allocated more foragers to pollen foraging. Individual foraging activity seemed to be intensified. During days 1-10, pollen availiability in the field was low and pollen foraging almost stopped, then pollen foraging increased. M. beecheii did not respond to daily variation in worker mortality or experimental removal of 50% of workers. Behaviour of pollen foragers was related to foraging experience on the previous day and not to colony foraging parameters such as the total number of pollen loads and the size of the work force. More foragers were allocated to pollen foraging when more information on pollen availability (returning successful foragers) came into the hive. This study indicates that in M. beecheii the allocation of foragers to pollen-collecting depends both on the availability of pollen sources and on colony needs. Their responses to pollen stress was similar to that reported for Apis mellifera, except for the more conservative response to low pollen availability in the environment. Accession date: 6 September 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author. Author address: Ethology and Socio-ecology Group, Lab. of Comparative Physiology, Utrecht Univ., PO Box 80.086, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA949/99 Melipona beecheii/stingless bees/pollen/foraging/communication/division of labour/Meliponinae/Costa Rica. Biesmeijer, J. C., Nieuwstadt, M. G. L. v., Sommeijer, M. J. and Bruijn, L. L. M. d. (1994) Pollen foraging strategies of two domesticated stingless bee species in Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Trinidad and Tobago, 7-12 September 1992. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 214-220. D. G. Lowe. Pollen loads were removed from bees returning to their colonies at a site in Pozo Azul, Costa Rica. The samples were taken every 2 weeks in January-July 1992. The 2 species involved, Melipona beecheii and Tetragonisca angustula, differed considerably in their pollen foraging. The 2 T. angustula colonies collected pollen from 46 and 28 plant species respectively, of which 18 were common to both. The 2 M.beecheii colonies collected pollen from 19 and 19 species respectively, 9 being common to both. Both species foraged for pollen mostly in the morning: 93% of M. beecheii from 05.20 to 08.00 h; 75% of T. angustula from 08.00 to 10.00 h. Regular pollen sources for T. angustula seemed to be visited either for a 2-week period (8 of 13 species) or for much longer, whereas M. beecheii collected from most of its regular pollen sources for periods of about one month up to 8 weeks. Of the total 56 pollen sources used by T. angustula, and the 29 used by M. beecheii, only 6 were used by both species. This, and the diurnal and seasonal variations in foraging activity, suggest that there is little competition for pollen between the 2 species. Page(s): 214-220. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Department, Utrecht University, PO Box 80086, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600448 beneficial insects/Apidae/Melipona beecheii/Tetragonisca angustula/conferences/Costa Rica/foraging/Melipona/Tetragonisca/pollen. Biesmeijer, J. C., Smeets, M. J. A. P., Richter, J. A. P. and Sommeijer, M. J. (1999) Nectar foraging by stingless bees in Costa Rica: botanical and climatological influences on sugar concentration of nectar collected by Melipona. Apidologie, 30(1), 43-55. In a humid forest environment where two species were studied, the nectar collected by M. beecheii (B) had a higher sugar concentration than that collected by M. fasciata (F). Pollen analyses showed that their nectar sources overlapped considerably and that M collected richer nectar than F even from the same plant species. At a dry tropical study site, nectars collected by B and F had similar sugar concentrations which were higher than those at the forest site. Foraging behaviour is suggested as the basis for resource partitioning in humid forests. Accession date: 23 June 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bj. Language: En, de, fr. Author. Author address: Ethology and Socio-ecology Group, Laboratory of Comparative Physiology, Utrecht Univ., PO Box 80.086, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA369/99 Melipona/foraging/nectar/nectar composition/tropical/stingless bees/resource partitioning. Bigey-Schupp, J., Vaissière, B., Longuesserre, J., Ducreux, D. and Hennion, B. (1998) Pollination of the strawberry plant: quality factor in early plots. Revue Fruits et Légumes, 159, 64-67. Original title: Pollinisation du fraisier: facteur de qualité en cultures précoces. Strawberry plants grown in poly-tunnels flower in February in southern France, where this study was carried out. Honey bees are not sufficiently active at this time of year to pollinate these flowers, but bumble bees were observed foraging on the flowers (from 11 h to 16 h) when conditions were suitable. For the study stamens were removed from some flowers (EF), because it is known that some of the early flowers are incomplete. Bumble bees visited EF and good fruits were formed. On normal flowers a single visit by a bee was as effective as hand pollination; a bee spent 10-30 s on a flower. However a bee spent only 1-3 s on EF (max. 10 s) and many visits were necessary for successful pollination. Accession date: 13 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bc. Language: Fr. P Walker. Author address: CIREF, Bergerac, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA950/99 bumble bees/pollination/pollinators/strawberry/France. Bigot, Y., Hamelin, M. H., Capy, P. and Periquet, G. (1994) Mariner-like elements in hymenopteran species: insertion site and distribution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91(8), 3408-3412. D. G. Lowe. Copies of mariner-like element (MLE) transposons in the bee Bombus terrestris and the ant Myrmica ruginodis were sequenced, and the distribution of MLE in 27 hymenopteran species (including 15 species of Apoidea) was studied by PCR and Southern blot hybridization. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut de Biocenotique Experimentale des Agrosystemes, Faculte des Sciences, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700416 Bombus terrestris/Myrmica ruginodis/Formicidae/Apidae/haploidy/Hymenoptera/Apoidea/genomes/DNA. Bigot, Y., Lutcher, F., Hamelin, M. H. and Periquet, G. (1992) The 28S ribosomal RNA-encoding gene of Hymenoptera: inserted sequences in the retrotransposon-rich regions. Gene, 121(2), 347-352. D. G. Lowe. This gene was studied in the honey bee, Apis mellifera, and 2 parasitoid wasps, Diadromus pulchellus and Eupelmus vuilleti. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut de Biocenotique Experimentale des Agrosystemes, Faculte des Sciences, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601339 Apis mellifera/Diadromus pulchellus/Eupelmus vuilleti/ribosomal RNA/Hymenoptera/honey bees/genes/RNA. Bikos, T. (1993) Beekeeping recordings. Melissokomiki Epitheorisi, 7(8;9), 208-211;295-297;373-376;141-143;184-187;225-228;265-269;309-312;353-358;396-400;440-443;11-16;175-179;273-276. E. Crane. These articles result from much field work, especially on islands in the Aegean. They describe various aspects of past and present beekeeping in mainland Greece, Crete and Aegean islands, and many are well illustrated studies of the surviving traditional beekeeping. These include, especially: solines (horizontal cylindrical hives in Crete) (pp. 225-228 in 1994); upright board hives in east Boetia (pp. 309-312, 353-358 in 1994); horizontal hives and hive extensions in Syros and Folegandros (pp. 396-400 in 1994); wall recesses for hives in Kithera (pp. 11-16, 175-179 in 1995). Library code: Bj. Language: Gr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701295 beekeeping/Greece/Crete/fixed-comb hives. Bikos, T. (1995) About Marchalina hellenika. Melissokomiki Epitheorisi, 9(2;3), 51-56;83-89. The life cycle and Greek distribution of this honeydew-excreting insect (Hemiptera), which is found on Pinus species, are described. Library code: Bj. Language: Gr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701390 honey bee forage/honeydew/excretion/Marchalina hellenica/Pinus/Greece. Bikos, T. (1995) About Marchalina hellenica. Melissokomiki Epitheorisi, 9(4), 131-137. F. Hatjina. Parts 1 and 2 of this article [Melissokomiki Epitheorisi (1995) 9 (2;3) 51-56;83-89] described the life cycle and Greek distribution of this honeydew-excreting insect, which is found on Pinus halepensis and P. brutia. This part describes methods of 'grafting' eggs and juvenile stages of M. hellenica from infested trees to uninfested ones in order to increase populations (and therefore honeydew flows for exploitation by beekeepers). Library code: Bj. Language: Gr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901310 honeydew/excretion/Marchalina hellenica/Pinus. Bikos, T. (1996) Beekeeping recordings. The bee-cupboards 'doulepet' in Andros. Melissokomiki Epitheorisi, 10(10;12), 359-363;462-466. F. Hatjina. In the north part of the island of Andros in the Cyclades, some bees were kept in 'wall hives', a recess closed with a wooden door on the inner side, with a flight hole for the bees on the outside. These and their operation are described, with 20 photographs. Library code: Bj. Language: Gr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901312 fixed-comb hives/wall apiaries/beekeeping. Bikos, T. (1996) Beekeeping recordings: Andros (bee boles, skep hives and clay hives). Melissokomiki Epitheorisi, 10(9), 314-320. F. Hatjina. In different parts of the island, both wicker skeps and long horizontal clay hives are kept in wall recesses (bee boles), the latter in retaining walls that separate and support hillside terraces. Library code: Bj. Language: Gr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901314 fixed-comb hives/wall apiaries/beekeeping. Bikos, T. (1997) Beekeeping recordings. Wall hives in Florina. Melissokomiki Epitheorisi, 11(3), 118-123. F. Hatjina. In this part of NW Greece, wall hives were often made in a barn or stable; a rectangular recess on the inner side was covered with a wooden door, and a flight hole made to the outside. A number are described and illustrated. Library code: Bj. Language: Gr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901313 fixed-comb hives/wall apiaries/beekeeping. Bikos, T. (1997) [Beekeeping recordings: traditional hives in Florina [Macedonia, Greece]]. Melissokomiki Epitheorisi, 11(5), 226-232. Accession date: 1 july 1998. Call number: 638.142. Library code: Bj. Language: Gr. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA188/99 fixed-comb hives/Greece. Bikos, T. (1997) [Beekeeping recordings - Pillion mountain, Magnesia [Greece]]. Melissokomiki Epitheorisi, 11(7/8), 355-359. A number of traditional hives made from tree trunks or wooden boards are described. Accession date: 2 july 1998. Call number: 638.142. Library code: Bj. Language: Gr. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA189/99 fixed-comb hives/beekeeping/Greece. Bilash, G. D. and Krivtsov, N. I. (1994) Russian beekeeping from ancient to modern times. American Bee Journal, 134(8), 525-529. P. Walker. Part 1 deals with the early history of beekeeping in Russia, Part 2 with developments during the 1800s and early 1900s, and Part 3 with the 'Soviet era'. At the time of writing there were 105 specialized beekeeping collective farms with a total of 301000 colonies; 14 of these farms specialized in breeding. In 1990 they produced 434000 fertile queen bees and 120000 4-frame nuclei. Additional information is given on the museum at the Rybnoe Institute of Beekeeping and on the genetic selection programme directed by V. Vinogradovna in the Caucasus. Considerable improvements have been achieved in wax production, proboscis length, hardiness and queen's oviposition rate, but the future of this research is uncertain. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Investigative Institute of Beekeeping, Rybnoe, Russia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600484 history/beekeeping/Russia. Bilash, G. D. and Krivtzov, N. I. (1995) History of the Russian beekeeping. Present-day tendencies. Apiacta, 30(3/4), 69-74. P. Walker. Examples are given to show the importance of tree beekeeping in Russia in the Middle Ages; the (later) decline in beekeeping from 50 million colonies down to 5-6 million colonies is described. Developments in the 1800s following the invention of the movable-comb hive, are discussed, with statistics, and much information is given for the present century. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Beekeeping Research Institute, Rybnoe/Ryasan, Russia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701293 beekeeping/history/Russia. Bilinski, M. (1997) Bumble bee nests occurring in nature. Postepy apidologii w Polsce [edited by Cierzniak, T.]. Bydgoszcz, Poland, Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Wyzszej Szkoy Pedagogicznej, 119-134. Original title or source: Gniazda trzmieli w natuze. P. Walker. During the period 1954-96, the structure and development of nests of 12 Bombus species were studied. Colonies adjusted their nests at each stage of development, and also adapted them to environmental conditions. Most of the nests observed in spring failed to develop properly and many colonies stopped expanding after the first workers emerged. This was usually due to bad weather, and also to burning of grass, which destroyed species nesting on the ground, e.g. B. ruderarius and B. pascuorum. Surviving colonies increased rapidly in the summer, but in recent years the failure rate in these colonies also increased, probably as a result of forage scarcity, diseases and pesticide poisoning. Protection of nest sites and forage is recommended. Page(s): 119-134. Library code: Bd. Language: Pl. Author address: Oddzia Pszcelnictwa ISK, ul. Kazimierska 2, 24-100 Puawy, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900796 Apidae/beneficial insects. Binder-Kollhofer, B. and Hubbe, U. (1995) The 'honey master' a new bottling machine under test. Deutsches Bienen Journal, 3(9), 17-20. Original title or source: Der 'Honigmeister' ein neues Abfullgerat in der Erprobung. P. Walker. The machine is linked to computerized scales and when an empty jar is placed on the tray the weight resets to zero and the honey flow starts automatically; the flow ceases so that the jar contains the pre-requested weight of honey (250-253 g, 500-503 g or 1000-1003 g). In 3 series of trials, each with 100 500-g jars, the weight was below the range of tolerance in 4%, 0% and 1% of jars (and exceeded it in 6%, 11% and 18%). The number of jars filled per hour was 152-182. The pre-preparation of the honey is described, and the results are discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Author address: Abteilung fur Bienenzucht, Hessische Landesanstalt fur Tierzucht, Erlenstrasse 9, 35274 Kirchhain, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701472 honey/bottling/weighers/automatic control/packaging/machinery. Bingham, R. (1998) Efficient pollination of alpine plants. Nature, 391, 238. Pollination of alpine plants and foothill populations of Campanula rotundifolia was measured by calculating a corrected visitation rate that incorporated information on pollinator abundance, visitation rates,pollen deposition and duration of stigma receptivity. The results show that pollination in alpine and foothill populations is more comparable than would be expected from visitation rates and insect diversity alone. The most importnat factors are bumble bees, which have a dominent role as pollinators of alpine plants and the longer duration of stigmatic receptivity in high-elevation plants. Accession date: 13 May 1999. Call number: 58. Library code: Bc. Language: En. . Author address: Dept of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA934/99 alpine plants/pollination/mountain areas. Binner, P. and Sander, K. (1997) Pair-rule patterning in the honeybee Apis mellifera: Expression of even-skipped combines traits known from beetles and fruitfly. Development, Genes and Evolution, 206(7), 447-454. D. G. Lowe. Similarities between A. mellifera and beetles (Tribolium) and fruitflies (Drosophila) in the expression pattern of various developmental genes are described and discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Biologie I (Zoologie) der Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat, Albertstrasse 21a, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900158 Apis mellifera/Tribolium/Drosophila. Biondo, S., Genduso, P. and Pirrone, A. M. (1994) Population genetics of Apis mellifera L. colonies in central and western Sicily and isolation of Apis mellifera sicula Grassi. Apicoltura(9), 1-6. Original title or source: Genetica di popolazione di colonie di Apis mellifera L. residenti nelle zone centro-occidentali della Sicilia e isolamento di Apis mellifera sicula Grassi. Author. In a continuation of previous studies, samples of honey bees from the provinces of Messina and Trapani, Sicily, were subjected to electrophoretic analysis of Mdh-1 and Est polymorphic loci. Frequency of the Est-S allele was used as an index of contamination of the purity of A. m. sicula. It was shown that this contamination, which started many years ago in eastern Sicily, is spreading westwards. However, pure A. m. sicula bees were found in Trapani (Est-S 98.6%). Queens reared from this population have been taken to the apiary on the island of Ustica. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Istituto Entomologia Agraria, Universita degli Studi, Viale delle Scienze 13, 90129 Palermo, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700204 beneficial insects/population genetics/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera sicula/Apis mellifera/Italy/Sicily/genetic variation/enzyme polymorphism/malate dehydrogenase/esterases. Birnbaum, J., Charpin, D. and Vervloet, D. (1993) Rapid Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy: comparative safety of three protocols. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 23(3), 226-230. P. Walker. A total of 284 sting-allergic patients were treated with honey bee [Apis mellifera] or yellowjacket [Vespidae] venom rapid immunotherapy, using one of 3 protocols: 4-day, 6-h or 210 min, with cumulative doses of 527.6, 226.6 and 101.1 g, respectively. Details of the protocols are given. Systemic reactions occurred in 28.2, 28.6 and 6.9% of patients in each group, respectively. The results suggest that short rapid venom immunotherapy protocols with low cumulative doses carry a lower risk of systemic reactions. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Chest Diseases and Allergy, Hopital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600821 Vespidae/Apidae/arthropod allergies/man/immune response/immunotherapy/stings/Hymenoptera/allergies/honey bee venom/usage/immune desensitization/venoms. Bishop, J. A. (1994) Bumble bees (Bombus hypnorum) collect aphid honeydew on stone pine (Pinus pumila) in the Russian Far East. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 67(2), 220-222. Author. Numerous Bombus hypnorum workers collected honeydew from aphids, Cinara cembrae, on Pinus pumila 15 km southwest of the Aborigen Field Station (6150N, 14920W) in the Russian Far East in July, 1992. Five other species of bumble bees foraged on flowers in the immediate vicinity but did not collect aphid honeydew. Aphids were on P. pumila only at the driest site where P. pumila grew in the area. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology and Wildlife and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601227 Bombus hypnorum/Apidae/Aphidoidea/Cinara cembrae/Pinus pumila/Russia/foraging/Bombus/honeydew/Cinara/excretion/Pinus/Bombus/Cinara/Pinus. Bissett, J., Duke, G. and Goettel, M. (1996) Ascosphaera acerosa sp. nov. isolated from the alfalfa leafcutting bee, with a key to the species of Ascosphaera. Mycologia, 88(5), 797-803. Author. Ascosphaera acerosa sp. nov. was isolated from a dead larva of Megachile rotundata. The species is distinguished by the narrow spindle-shaped ascospores. An identification key is provided for the 21 species currently known in the genus Ascosphaera. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800823 identification/keys/taxonomy/new species/entomogenous fungi/Canada/Ascosphaera acerosa/morphology/Megachile rotundata/infection. Bitidningen (1998) Updated statistics on different honey bee races in Sweden 1997. Bitidningen, 97(5), 28-29. Original title: Statistiska uppgifter om de olika biraserna i Sverige 1997. Accession date: 8 september 1998. Call number: 638.123. Library code: Bj. Language: Sv. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA131/99 honey bees/races/Sweden. Bitondi, M. M. G. and Simoes, Z. L. P. (1996) The relationship between level of pollen in the diet, vitellogenin and juvenile hormone titres in Africanized Apis mellifera workers. Journal of Apicultural Research, 35(1), 27-36. Author. The relationship between the amount of pollen consumed and vitellogenin (Vg) and juvenile hormone (JH) titres in the blood of Africanized worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) was studied. Analysis of blood from young workers fed on diets differing in pollen content revealed that Vg, but not JH titre, is dependent on pollen consumption. Workers fed on a 50% pollen diet had higher Vg levels than workers fed on a 15% pollen diet. A 0% pollen diet severely impaired the increase in Vg titre normally observed during the first days of adult life. However, the quantity of pollen in the diet was not reflected in the measured JH titre, which was not significantly different in bees fed on the various diets. The results are discussed in terms of regulation of Vg synthesis. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800166 Apis mellifera/blood/protein metabolism/worker honey bees/vitellogenins/juvenile hormones/nutrition/pollen/evaluation. Bitterman, M. E. (1996) Comparative analysis of learning in honeybees. Animal Learning & Behavior, 24(2), 123-141. Author. Some recent experiments on learning in honey bees [Apis mellifera] are discussed. The performance of free-flying and harnessed honey bees has been studied in a variety of experiments patterned after those in which learning in vertebrates has been studied among them experiments on amount, quality, and probability of reward; on compound conditioning and discrimination; and on spatial learning and memory. Despite the remoteness of the evolutionary relationship and the vast differences in brain size and structure, the results for honey bees are strikingly similar to those for vertebrates in many respects and different in only a few. The extent to which phenomena of learning common to honey bees and vertebrates can be understood in terms of common functional principles and mechanisms remains to be determined. None of the differences in the results for honey bees and vertebrates points unmistakably to a difference in their learning. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Bekesy Laboratory of Neurobiology, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800489 Apis mellifera/memory/vertebrates/honey bees/learning. Bittrich, V. and Amaral, M. C. E. (1996) Flower morphology and pollination biology of some Clusia species from the Gran Sabana (Venezuela). Kew Bulletin, 51(4), 681-694. The flower morphology and its relation to the pollination biology of 4 species of Clusia (Guttiferae) from the Gran Sabana (Guyana highland) belonging to 3 sections of the genus is described. The flowers of both genders of C. schomburgkiana (sect. Polythecandra) and of C. columnaris (sect. Omphalanthera) offer resin as a reward for small bees acting as pollinators. In both species the androecial morphology is highly derived. Functionally, this can be interpreted in terms of minimization of contact of the sticky resin and the pollen. Male flowers of C. pusilla and Clusia sp. of sect. Clusiastrum offer pollen as a reward for large, middle-sized and small bees, who vibrate the anthers to collect pollen. Female flowers are rewardless and unusual in the genus by the presence of long styles. The pollinating bees are probably deceived by the combination of papillose stigmas and the yellowish staminodes directly below these. The bees pollinate the stigmas when trying to vibrate them. The evolution of the flower biology in the genus Clusia is briefly discussed. Library code: 20 ref. Language: En. Author address: Dept. de Botanica, IB - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, C.P. 6109, 13081-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900773 woody plants/beneficial insects/sex differences/hymenoptera/size/evolution/Clusia/Clusia schomburgkiana/Clusia columnaris/Clusia pusilla/flowers/plant morphology/pollination/Venezuela. Bittrich, V. and Amaral, M. C. E. (1997) Floral biology of some Clusia species from Central Amazonia. Kew Bulletin, 52(3), 617-635. In a study of 3 species of Clusia sect. Cordylandra and 3 species of Clusia sect. Chlamydoclusia, it was found that both male and female flowers offer resin as a reward for pollinating bees. Male flowers of C. sect. Chlamydoclusia may also provide pollen. The main pollinating insects were bees, especially species belonging to the tribes Euglossini and Trigonini. The taxonomic significance of the different pollination strategies in Clusia, and their evolution are discussed. Accession date: 13 May 1999. Call number: 58. Library code: Ba. Language: En. P Walker . Author address: Depto de Bôtanica, IB - Universidade de Campinas, C.P. 6109, 13081-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA935/99 Clusia/solitary bees/pollinators/pollination. Bittrich, V., Amaral, M. C. E. and Melo, G. A. R. (1993) Pollination biology of Ternstroemia laevigata and T. dentata (Theaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 185(1/2), 1-6. J. M. Gedye. The flowers of T. laevigata and T. dentata are pendulous, small and inconspicuous, lasting for only one day and smelling of methyl salicylate. The anthers, which are completely enclosed in the petal tube, are longitudinally dehiscent. Pollen is expelled from a small pore at the apex of the petal tube by the action of bees vibrating the flower. At the study sites, in central Amazonia, females of Euglossa sp. and Paratetrapedia sp. collected pollen from T. laevigata. T. dentata pollen was collected by Ptiloglossa sp., Bombus transversalis, Xylocopa sp., and 3 Paratetrapedia species. Additional visitors included 2 Augochloropsis species and Melipona sp. Euglossa ignita males collected fragrant oils from the petals. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Allgemeine Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-2000 Hamburg 52, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700441 Apidae/pollinators/Brazil/Theaceae/foraging/Apoidea/pollen/pollination/of Ternstroemia/by Apoidea/Ternstroemia. Bjorkman, T. (1995) Role of honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the pollination of buckwheat in eastern North America. Journal of Economic Entomology, 88(6), 1739-1745. P. Walker. Counts of insect visitors to flowers of Fagopyrum esculentum showed that Apis mellifera constituted 95% of the total. Each flower was visited by 0 to 40 honey bees, but many visits did not increase daily seed initiation, provided each flower was visited at least twice. Pollen transfer by bees sometimes limited seed set if less than 10 grains were delivered to a flower. Although buckwheat pollination in this area is carried out mainly by honey bees, their behaviour is not well adapted to this species. Effectiveness of pollination was not increased by introducing more colonies. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Horticultural Sciences, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800333 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/buckwheat/USA/pollination/honey bees/of Fagopyrum esculentum/by honey bees/Fagopyrum esculentum. Bjornsson, E., Janson, C., Plaschke, P., Norrman, E. and Sjoberg, O. (1995) Venom allergy in adult Swedes: a population study. Allergy (Copenhagen), 50(10), 800-805. The results are reported of a study of 1815 men and women, aged 20-44 years and resident in 3 areas of Sweden. The prevalence of sensitization to the venom allergens of honeybees (Apis mellifera) and wasps (Vespula vulgaris) was assessed by RAST. Atopy and allergic diseases were considered possible risk factors for symptom development. Of the 1815 subjects, 1399 were randomly chosen from the general population. Of the random sample, 9.3% had specific bee or wasp IgE, 1.5% reported systemic reactions to bee or wasp stings, and 0.6% had both. Sensitization to bee or wasp correlated positively with atopy (odds ratio (OR) 2.0, confidence interval (CI) 1.4-2.8, P 0.0001), male sex (OR 1.8, CI 1.3-2.5, P 0.001) and age (OR 2.0, CI 1.4-2.8, P 0.01), and negatively to living in the northernmost of the 3 centres (OR 0.4, CI 0.3-0.7, P 0.001). Atopy was not found to be a risk factor for systemic reactions. It was concluded that the prevalence of Hymenoptera allergy in Sweden is rather low when compared with other countries. Subjects with atopy seem to have an increased risk of becoming sensitized but do not develop systemic reactions more frequently than nonatopic subjects. Library code: 19 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Lung Medicine and Asthma Research Centre, Akademiska sjukhuset, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800374 venoms/arthropod allergies/IgE/immunoglobulins/RAST/epidemiology/risk factors/atopy/Apis mellifera/Vespula vulgaris/man/stings/Sweden/Hymenoptera/hypersensitivity/allergies/allergies/allergies/honey bee venom/allergens/Vespula/antibodies. Bkaily, G., Simaan, M., Jaalouk, D. and Pothier, P. (1997) Effect of apamin and melittin on ion channels and intracellular calcium of heart cells. Bee products: properties, applications, and apitherapy [edited by Mizrahi, A.; Lensky, Y.]. New York, USA, Plenum Publishing Corporation, 203-211. Page(s): 203-211. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: MRCC Group in immuno-cardiovascular interactions, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801459 Apis mellifera/honey bee venom/apamin/melittin/heart/cells/effects/calcium ions. Blaauw, P. J., Smithuis, O. L. M. J. and Elbers, A. R. W. (1996) The value of an in-hospital insect sting challenge as a criterion for application or omission of venom immunotherapy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 98(1), 39-47. An in-hospital insect sting challenge test (IHC) using stings from live insects was carried out on a group of 479 patients (136 sensitized to Apis mellifera venom and 343 sensitized to Vespula spp. venom) at Elkerliek Hospital, Helmond, Netherlands. All patients who had a systemic reaction IHC were advised to receive venom immunotherapy. Those negative for IHC were monitored for 3 years to determine their reactions to stings received naturally in the field. It could be concluded that venom immunotherapy was justifiable only after a positive response to an IHC is observed. Library code: 34 ref. Language: En. Author address: Elkerliek Hospital, Helmond, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900753 hypersensitivity/Apis mellifera/Vespula/man/stings/venoms/toxins/toxinology/diagnosis/allergies/arthropod allergies/immunotherapy/envenomation/honey bee venom/honey bees. Blanchetot, A. (1992) DNA fingerprinting analysis in the solitary bee Megachile rotundata: variability and nest mate genetic relationships. Genome, 35(4), 681-688. P. Walker. Genetic variability in M. rotundata was assessed by DNA fingerprinting using the M13 sequence and a synthetic oligonucleotide sequence homologous to a hypervariable region of the -globin gene. Comparisons among offspring were used to analyse genealogical structure in M. rotundata nests. The results indicate that polyandry by a large number of males is not common in this species. In this study, it seems likely that the offspring in each nest were from a female that had mated once. However, in some nests, 2 males might have been involved. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N 0W0, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600890 beneficial insects/Apidae/Megachile rotundata/genetic variation/mating/DNA. Blanco Bueno, P. J. (1996) Beekeeping in Spain for the period 1970-1990. Productivity. First annual inspection and decisions. Part 1. Colmenar(1), 4-6. Original title or source: La apicultura en Espana periodo 1970-1990. Productividad. Primera inspeccion anual y decisiones. 1 parte. P. Walker. The average honey yield/colony in Spain decreased from 1975 to 1985, then it increased to 15 kg in 1995. The number of colonies increased from 1975 to 1.56 million in 1995 and national production rose to 23500 t. Geographical variations and the effects of varroa are discussed. The number of colonies in fixed-comb hives has remained fairly constant (c. 1500) with low yield/hive. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Depto. de Produccion Animal, ETSIA, Madrid, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800124 beekeeping/Spain/honey/production/records. Blank, S. M. and Kraus, M. (1994) The nominal taxa described by K. Warncke and their types (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 26(2), 665-761. D. G. Lowe. During the period 1965-1993, K. Warncke described 57 new genera and 887 new species of Apoidea. These are listed here with their original citations, holotypes and paratypes; etymological details are discussed. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Schichlerstrasse 5, D-16202 Eberswalde, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800757 Apidae/Apoidea/taxonomy. Blaser, K. (1994) Regulation of IgE and IgG antibodies to bee venom phospholipase A2. Allergologie, 17(9), 419-422. Original title or source: Regulation der IgE- und IgG-Antikorper gegen Bienengift-Phospholipase A2. Bee venom phospholipase A2 (PLA) is the main allergen in bee sting allergy. It is shown that both human T cell clones and peripheral T cells from allergic and nonallergic subjects recognize 3 immunodominant epitopes of 12-18 amino acid residues. However, the production of the IgE regulatory cytokines IL-4 and IFN and its ratio, and in consequence the formation of IgE and IgG4 antibodies, strongly depends upon the amount of PLA added to the in vitro cultures. It is thus concluded that the binding of the epitope peptide in the triple complex of HLA class II/peptide/TcR is decisive in the outcome of the cytokine pattern and the IgE:IgG4 ratio. Following the chemical mass action low, the concentration of the peptide is the only accessible variable, whereas the change of HLA and TcR concentrations in activated antigen presenting cells and T cells, respectively, are negligible and only contribute to the individuality of the recognition. The dependency of the T cell-derived cytokine pattern and the antibody isotype formation on the amount of allergen/antigen might reflect a mechanism for allergen immunotherapy during which antigen is injected repeatedly and in higher doses. Library code: 13 ref. Language: De. Author address: Obere Strasse 22, CH-7270 Davos-Platz, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700350 honey bee venom/Hymenoptera/Apidae/enzyme activity/arthropod allergies/phospholipase A2/Apis mellifera/venoms/antibody regulation/phospholipase A/phospholipase A/antibodies/allergies. Blaser, K. (1996) Allergen dose dependent cytokine production regulates specific IgE and IgG antibody production. New horizons in allergy immunotherapy. Sehon and et al. New York, USA, Plenum Press, 295-303. In order to determine the relevant epitopes for human T and B cells and their features in the regulation and production of specific IgE and/or IgG antibodies, the immune response to bee venom phospholipase A2 (PLA) in allergic and non-allergic subjects was investigated. This enzyme consists of 134 amino acid residues with a carbohydrate side chain at position 13 and is available as recombinant protein. PLA-specific T cell clones from bee sting allergic and non-allergic human subjects were developed. Using a panel of dodecapeptides overlapping in 10 residues and a large set of 18-25 mer overlapping peptides, we detected three epitopes that were recognized by the peripheral blood T-cells and T-cell clones. A fourth determinant involved the carbohydrate moiety Asn13 of PLA. Whereas the CHO-depending epitope seems to be mostly active in allergics, the other three epitopes are equally recognized by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of both allergic and non-allergic individuals. In T-cell clones, the ratio of IL-4/IFN-gamma cytokines and the quality of the activating signal depend on the strength of the binding of the MHC-II/Ag/TcR complex between APC and T-cells. The number of antigen-specific APC-T cell contact sites can be varied in vitro by changing the dose of antigen added to the cell culture. While isotype switch for both IgE and IgG4 requires IL-4, this cytokine suppresses antigen-specific IgG4 production by already switched B-cells. Therefore, IL-4 and IFN-gamma display counter-regulatory effects on the production of IgE being responsible for atopic states and IgG4 antibodies which are signs of a normal immune response to allergen and act as protective antibodies. The combination of this counter-regulation of IgE and IgG4 antibodies with the fundamental law of mass action for chemical reactions revealed that the antigen concentration governs to a great part the ratio of IL-4/IFN-gamma secretion and therefore the formation of IgE and IgG and allergy or protection, together with the equilibrium constant K, which represents immunological individuality and a measure of Ag presentation. Editor(s): Sehon et al. Page(s): 295-303. Accession date: 13 May 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author. Author address: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, CH-7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1039/99 honey bee venom/allergies/IgE/IgG/antibodies/T-cells/B-cells. Blaser, K. (1996) T-cell and B-cell epitopes in bee venom phospholipase A2: antigen-dose-dependent cytokine ratios regulate specific IgE and IgG antibody responses. Peptides in immunology. C. H. Schneider. Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Sons, 93-101. The human immune response to bee venom phospholipase A2 (PLA) in allergic and non-allergic individuals was investigated. PLA represents the major allergen in bee sting allergy. By using PLA-specific T-cell clones from bee sting allergic and non-allergic human subjects and a panel of dodecapeptides overlapping in 10 residues and 18-25-mer overlapping peptides, three epitopes recognized by T cells were detected. A fourth determinant involved the carbohydrate moiety on Asn13 of PLA. Whereas the CHO-depending epitope seems to be mostly active in allergics, the other three epitopes are equally recognised by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from both allergic and non-allergic individuals. Successful hyposensitization of bee sting allergic subjects could be achieved by repeated injections of the three peptides representing the major human T-cell epitopes. B-cell recognition structures were determined with recombinant PLA point mutated on different Lys residues. With the aid of the mutated PLA, we could show that Lys25 is strongly involved in IgG4 antibody binding, whereas IgE antibodies express a larger spectrum of specificities. The production of IgE depends on interleukin (IL)-4, whereas IgG4 antibodies are suppressed by this cytokine. In contrast, interferon (IFN)-gamma suppresses IgE and enhances IgG4 antibody production in memory B cells. In human T cell clones the ratio of IL-4/IFN-gamma production depends on the quality of activation signal to the T cell, which for its part is a result of the binding of the MHC-II/Ag/TcR complex between antigen-presenting and T cells. Editor(s): Schneider, C H. Page(s): 93-101. Accession date: 13 May 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, CH-7270, Davos, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1040/99 honey bee venom/allergic reactions/allergies/T-cells/IgG/IgE/antibodies. Blaser, K. (1997) Immunological basis of specific allergen immunotherapy. Allergologie, 20(6), 307-308. Original title: Immunologische Grundlagen der spezifischen Allergen-Immunotherapie. Using honey bee venom immunotherapy as a model, the reactions occurring in a patient during the treatment are discussed. Accession date: 1 November 1999. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bc. Language: De. . Author address: Schweizerisches Inst. für Allergie- und Asthmaforschung (SIAF), Davos, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1191/99 honey bee venom/allergens/immune desensitization. Blaser, K., Carballido, J. M., Faith, A., Crameri, R. and Akdis, C. A. (1998) Determinants and mechanisms of human immune responses to bee venom phosphlipase A2. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 117, 1-10. A mixture of three epitope-containing peptides was successfully used in specific immunotherapy of bee venom-allergic patients. Both peptide and whole bee venom immunotherapy induced a state of specific anergy in T cells. The production of specific IgE and IgG4 antibodies directly correlated with the secreted interleukin-4:gamma-interferon (IL-4:IFN-gamma) ratio, which itself depends on the concentration of available antigen and the strength of T cell-activating signal. This signal comprises accumulated molecular interactions delivered by engagement of the antigenic peptide/MHC class II comples with the T cell receptor (TcR). Indeed thermodynamic laws of chemical equilibrium reactions reveal that the antigen concentration, together with the equilibration constant Ki and the related Gibbs standard free energy delta-Gº of the MHC-II/Ag/TcR complex reaction, may govern the secreted IL-4:IFN-gamma ratio, and in consequence, differential IgE and IgG4 antibody formation. Ki includes epitope and MHC-II haplotype variability and therefore represents a measure of immunological individuality. A major B cell epitope was determined by using point-mutated PLA. Specific antigen recognition by B cells can trigger distinct cytokine profiles in T cells and contribute to the differential regulation of specific IgE and IgG4 antibodies. Our results indicate that the distinct cytokine profiles inducing allergic and nonallergic responses can be attributed to thresholds of T cell activation generated by the specific binding properties of individual MHC-II molecules to immunogenic T cell epitopes and their presentation to TcR. Accession date: 10 June 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, CH-7270, Davos, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1041/99 honey bee venom/allergies/allergic response/antibodies/T-cells/IgE/IgG. Blaser, K., Crameri, R. and Akdis, C. A. (1999) Immunogenic determinants of the bee venom phospholipase A2 allergen: Their role in specific immunotherapy. Chimica Oggi/Chemistry Today, Jan(Feb99), 9-13. Our results indicate that generation of cytokine profiles inducing either allergic or nonallergic responses can be attributed to thresholds of T cell activation generated by the specific binding properties of individual MHC-II molecules to immunogenic T cell epitopes and presentation to TcR. Accession date: 10 June 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Davos, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1042/99 honey bee venom/allergic response/allergies/T-cells/antibodies. Blasko, K. and Schagina, L. V. (1996) Tracer kinetic studies of melittin action on RBC [red blood cell] membranes. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 40(1), 9-13. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Biophysics, Semmelweis University of Medicine, P.O. Box 263, Budapest 1444, Hungary. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900337 honey bee venom/melittin/erythrocytes/haemolysis/effects/membranes. Blazencic, Z., Grabeljsek, T. and Macukanovic, M. (1994) Apiflora of some mesophylous meadows in the Velika Morava valley. Acta Veterinaria (Beograd), 44(4), 245-252. D. G. Lowe. In the 4 meadow communities investigated in this part of Serbia, 43-46% of the plant species identified were classed as nectar plants. Of the total of 152 species, 41 had an index of nectar production (INP) of 4 (the highest), 48 had an INP of 3, 37 an INP of 2 and 26 an INP of 1 (the lowest). Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belevar JNA 18, 11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701386 honey bee forage/Serbia/meadows/nectar plants/Yugoslavia. Blenau, W., May, T. and Erber, J. (1995) Characterization of [H]LSD binding to a serotonin-sensitive site in honeybee (Apis mellifera) brain. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 112(2), 377-384. D. G. Lowe. The pharmacological characterization of a serotonin-sensitive [H]lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) binding site in homogenates of worker honey bee brains is described. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Biologie, Technische Universitat Berlin, Franklinstr. 28/29, D-10587 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800141 Apis mellifera/kinetics/honey bees/brain/binding sites/lysergic acid diethylamide/serotonin. Blenau, W., May, T. and Erber, J. (1995) Characterization of a dopamine-sensitive [H]LSD binding site in honeybee (Apis mellifera) brain. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Pharmacology, Toxicology & Endocrinology, 110(2), 197-205. D. G. Lowe. The kinetics and pharmacological characterization of [H]lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) binding to a dopamine-sensitive site (D-site) and a serotonin-sensitive site (S-site) were studied using homogenates of worker honey bee brains. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Biologie, Technische Universitat Berlin, Franklinstr. 28/29, D-10587 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800150 Apis mellifera/kinetics/honey bees/brain/binding sites/lysergic acid diethylamide/serotonin/dopamine. Blight, M. M., Metayer, M. l., Pham Delegue, M. H., Pickett, J. A., Marion-Poll, F. and Wadhams, L. J. (1997) Identification of floral volatiles involved in recognition of oilseed rape flowers, Brassica napus by honeybees, Apis mellifera. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 23(7), 1715-1727. Author. Volatiles from B. napus flowers were sampled by air entrainment and their relevance to the natural odour profile of the flowers was confirmed by conditioned proboscis extension (CPE) assays with worker honey bees. Coupled gas chromatography (GC)-CPE analysis of the air entrainment samples was used to locate key compounds involved in the recognition of B. napus flowers, and the compounds were then identified using GC/MS and comparison with authentic samples. Six regions of the gas chromatograms elicited CPE responses from bees previously conditioned to the total extract, and from these areas 16 compounds were identified that elicited CPE activity from conditioned bees when tested with synthetic samples. Eight of the 16, -pinene, phenylacetaldehyde, p-cymene, -terpinene, linalool, 2-phenylethanol, (E,E)--farnesene, and 3-carene, gave the highest responses. When the bees were conditioned to the total extract of flower volatiles, a mixture of these 8 components elicited responses from 83% of bees, suggesting that the 8-component mixture accounted for a major part of the CPE activity of the total extract. In addition, a mixture of the 3 most active compounds, phenylacetaldehyde, linalool, and (E,E)--farnesene, evoked responses from 85% of the bees after the latter had been conditioned to the 8-component mixture. Thus, these 3 compounds appear to play a key role in the recognition of the 8-component mixture and, by inference, of oilseed rape flowers. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biological and Ecological Chemistry, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901232 Apis mellifera. Blitterswijk, H. v. (1994) Beekeeping training and extension support project. Final report 1987-1994. Kathmandu, Nepal, Betresp. D. G. Lowe. The origins, organization, targets and achievements of this beekeeping development project in Nepal, in 1987-1993, are described, including training, extension and research activities. The project is assessed and recommendations are made. Page(s): 42 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601321 beekeeping/development projects/developing countries/Nepal. Bloch, G., Borst, D. W., Huang, Z. Y., Robinson, G. E. and Hefetz, A. (1996) Effects of social conditions on juvenile hormone mediated reproductive development in Bombus terrestris workers. Physiological Entomology, 21(4), 257-267. Author. During the annual life cycle of the B. terrestris colony there is a stage characterized by worker reproduction in the presence of the queen. It has been proposed that this is a result of a decrease in the inhibitory effect of the queen. This hypothesis was examined by studying the effects of queens taken from colonies at different stages of development on several aspects of worker physiology and behaviour. Queenless workers had significantly more developed ovaries and higher rates of release of JH than did queenright workers, confirming previous findings that suggest that bumble bee ovarian development is under JH control. Mated queens, separated from their colony and brood, exerted the same inhibitory effect on the reproductive development of callow workers. In contrast, workers confined with virgin queens or in queenless groups demonstrated a significantly higher rate of release of JH, overt aggression and threatening behaviour. There were no differences in rates of release of JH between workers confined in groups in the laboratory with queens taken from colonies either before or after the onset of worker reproduction. Furthermore, overt aggression and threatening behaviour were similar and low in both types of groups. These results give no support to the hypothesis that a decrease in inhibition by the queen is associated with the onset of worker reproduction. The study also showed that young workers reared in colonies either before or after worker reproduction occurs, or in queenless colonies, all demonstrated similar, low rates of release of JH. The results suggest that older workers may inhibit the corpora allata of younger workers in queenless colonies. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: G.S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Irsael. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800789 Bombus terrestris/Apidae/queens/corpora allata/Bombus/females/reproduction/ovarian development/Bombus/aggression/Bombus/juvenile hormones/secretion. Blochtein, B. (1995) The importance of specialized leg structures and scent glands of males in the mating biology of leafcutter bees (Hymenoptera; Megachilidae), Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften, Eberhard-Karls-Universitat, Tubingen, Germany. Original title or source: Die Bedeutung spezialisierter Beinstrukturen und Duftdrusen der Mannchen in der Paarungsbiologie von Blattschneiderbienen (Hymenoptera; Megachilidae). P. Walker. The specialized body parts of males of 150 Megachile species were examined by light and electron microscopy; on the basis of their front tarsi, the species were grouped into 6 types. Scent marking of mating areas by M. willoughbiella males and mating behaviour were studied, and also the positions of their scent glands and the volatile sex attractant (hydrocarbons, esters and acids). The specialized front leg structures are used during copulation to hold the female's antennae. Similarly, male M. rotundata hold down the antennae, although they do not have the same leg structures. In both species, epithelial scent glands were found on the front basitarsi. It is concluded that the front legs of a Megachile male give tactile, visual and chemical signals to the female during mating. Page(s): vii + 98 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700850 Apidae/Megachile rotundata/Megachile willoughbiella/beneficial insects/sex attractants/Megachile/males/legs/scent glands/mating/theses/Megachile. Blom, J. v. d. (1992) Individual involvement in queen-attending of worker honeybees. Insectes Sociaux, 39(3), 237-249. P. Walker. Marked newly emerged workers were introduced into 4 honey bee colonies in observation hives and their behaviour was recorded whenever they participated in queen attendance (QA). Individual workers did not differ significantly in number of separate periods of QA, total duration of queen-worker contact or constancy of relative individual involvement. Three behaviours were distinguished: antennating the queen, licking her body, and feeding her. The last two were performed mainly by workers which had been in attendance for some time. Licking reduced the likelihood of the queen moving away. No correlations were found between frequency of QA and frequencies of other behaviours in the hive. The amount of time workers spent with the queen did not seem to reduce their future chances of becoming egg-laying workers when the queen was removed. It is concluded that participation in QA is random. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Laboratory of Comparative Physiology, University of Utrecht, P.O. 80086, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701363 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/queen honey bees/worker honey bees/relationships/honey bee colonies/division of labour. Blom, J. v. d. (1993) Individual differentiation in behaviour of honey bee workers (Apis mellifera L.). Insectes Sociaux, 40(4), 345-361. Author. Behavioural differentiation in worker honey bees has been an important issue in papers on honey bee behaviour. However, little is yet known about proximate factors leading to behavioural differentiation within worker honey bees of the same age group (idiosyncrasy). Although recently there have been many publications concerning the influence of genetic and physiological factors on worker behaviour, these factors do not provide proximate clues at the level of an individual. The aim of this study was to examine behavioural differentiation within one age group of workers. These descriptions for more or less normal situations are necessary in order to make investigations with respect to the proximate factors leading to idiosyncrasy possible. Various methods have to be employed to describe and quantify these differences. The analysis of frequency distributions of involvement in a behaviour alone is usually not enough for this purpose. Significant idiosyncrasy was found for 'comb construction', 'allogrooming' and some behavioural acts which occur in queenless colonies: 'involvement in aggressive interactions' (both as 'aggressor' and as 'victim') and 'staying in empty cells'. The distribution of the number of times workers were allogroomed never deviated from random distributions. Also workers' 'involvement in visiting larvae in emergency queen cells' was mostly random. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Laboratory of Comparative Physiology, Utrecht University, P.O. 80086, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600183 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/social behaviour/worker honey bees/behaviour/variation. Blom, J. v. d. (1993) 'Division of labour' in honeybees; a revision. Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society, 4, 91-96. D. G. Lowe. Recent studies on division of labour in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies are reviewed, with 30 references. The influences of genotypic differences, the role of juvenile hormone and individual differentiation are discussed, and it is concluded that it is not useful to regard 'age dependence' as the most important factor in a worker's behaviour. Future research should be directed to studies of 'behavioural differentiation of individual workers'. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Laboratory of Comparative Physiology, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80086, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601394 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/juvenile hormones/honey bee colonies/division of labour/worker honey bees/behaviour/age/effects. Blom, J. v. d., Boot, W. J. and Velthuis, H. H. W. (1994) Simultaneous queen raising and egg laying by workers in Africanized honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera L.) in Costa Rica. Apidologie, 25(4), 367-374. P. Walker. Twenty small queenless colonies of mixed European and Africanized origin were set up for the study; in 2, many laying workers were present at the start. All colonies reared emergency queens and during this period egg laying by workers also occurred. Few worker-laid eggs were found in 7 colonies and the numbers were very variable in the others. Egg laying ceased after a queen had emerged. There was no correlation between size of eggs inside a worker's ovary and either number of queen cells raised or number of empty queen cups constructed. For workers in different colonies, the average number of ovarioles was 3.79-8.33/ovary. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Laboratory of Comparative Physiology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80086, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600540 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/Costa Rica/hybrids/laying worker honey bees/oviposition/ovarioles/honey bees/queen rearing/honey bees/races/tropical Africa. Blondelle, S. E., Houghten, R. A. and Perez-Paya, E. (1996) Identification of inhibitors of melittin using nonsupport-bound combinatorial libraries. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271(8), 4093-4099. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801094 honey bee venom/melittin/inhibition/by peptides/peptides. Blondelle, S. E., Houghten, R. A. and Perez-Paya, E. (1996) All D-amino acid hexapeptide inhibitors of melittin's cytolytic activity derived from synthetic combinatorial libraries. Journal of Molecular Recognition, 9, 163-168. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801462 honey bee venom/melittin/inhibition/by peptides/peptides. Blondelle, S. E., Simpkins, L. R., Perez-Paya, E. and Houghten, R. A. (1993) Influence of tryptophan residues on melittin's hemolytic activity. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology, 1202(2), 331-336. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700768 erythrocytes/man/honey bee venom/melittin/haemolysis. Blonska, V. M. and Nikonenko, N. M. (1994) Honey bee pollination of onion seed plants. Bdzhil'nitstvo, 21, 50-52. Library code: Bj. Language: Uk. Author address: Poltavskii Filial Institutu Bdzhilnitstva im P. I. Prokolovicha UAAN, Kiev, Ukraine. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700382 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/onions/seed production/pollination/honey bees/of Allium cepa/by honey bees/Allium cepa. Blonska, V. M. and Nokonenko, N. M. (1990) [Nectar productivity of onion]. Bdzhil'nitstvo, 20, 19-21. Accession date: 1 November 1999. Call number: 638.132. Library code: Bj. Language: Uk, ru. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1079/99 nectar/secretion/onion/Allium. Bloodworth, B. C., Harn, C. S., Hock, C. T. and Boon, Y. O. (1995) Liquid chromatographic determination of trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid content of commercial products containing royal jelly. Journal of AOAC International, 78(4), 1019-1023. Author. Thirty-nine samples of commercial products containing royal jelly were analysed by liquid chromatography for their trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA) content. Most of the samples contained 10-HDA. Samples claiming to be pure royal jelly contained from 1.98% to 6.37% 10-HDA (wt/wt). The 10-HDA content of samples claiming to contain royal jelly as an ingredient ranged from non-detectable to 1.28% (wt/wt). Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Science and Forensic Medicine, NBC Building, Outram Rd, Singapore 0316, Singapore. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701491 liquid chromatography/royal jelly/determination/products/hive products/as hive products/analytical methods/chromatography/10-hydroxy decenoic acid. Bobrzecki, J., Wilde, J. and Krukowski, R. (1994) Effect of fumigating honey bee colonies with Apiwarol, Warrosekt, Folbex or Fumilat on queen lifespan, spring brood rearing and honey production. Acta Academiae Agriculturae ac Technicae Olstenensis, Zootechnica(39), 213-220. Original title or source: Wpyw odymiania Apiwarolem, Warrosektem oraz Folbexem lub Fumilatem na dugosc uzytkowania matek oraz rozwoj i produkcyjnosc rodzin. Fumigation with the title compounds [active ingredients not given], which are used to control Varroa jacobsoni infestations, had no harmful effect on the lifespan of queen honey bees [Apis mellifera], spring brood rearing or honey production. Library code: Ba. Language: Pl. Author address: Zakad Pszczelnictwa, Instytut Hodowli i Technologii Produkcji Zwierzecej, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700283 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/honey bee colonies/fumigation/acaricides/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/queen honey bees/lifespan/brood rearing/honey-getting capacity. Bobrzecki, J., Wilde, J. and Krukowski, R. (1994) Effect of stimulative feeding with pollen on the development and productivity of honey bee colonies. Acta Academiae Agriculturae ac Technicae Olstenensis, Zootechnica(39), 193-203. Original title or source: Wpyw podkarmiania pobudzajacego pykiem kwiatowym na rozwoj i produkcyjnosc rodzin. D. G. Lowe. The effect of stimulative feeding with pollen was studied over a period of 5 years at Olsztyn, Poland. Five groups of colonies (7 or 8 colonies/group) were fed in spring and summer with pollen, either mixed with sugar and yeast in the form of a patty, or with syrup. A sixth group was fed syrup only. Some of the hives were fitted with pollen traps. Colony productivity was measured as number of brood cells and first honey yield (rape honey); the intensity of egg laying was also measured. Although all measures of productivity were high after feeding, results were not uniform from year to year and there were no clear conclusions. Library code: Ba. Language: Pl. Author address: Zakad Pszczelnictwa, Instytut Hodowli i Technologii Produkcji Zwierzecej, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700245 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/brood rearing/honey-getting capacity/honey bee colonies/performance/feeding/honey bees/pollen. Bocquet, M. (1994) Honey plants: rosemary [technical leaflet 4 1 14]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 21(4), 201-206. Original title or source: Flore mellifere: le romarin [fiche technique 4 1 14]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, BP 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700232 honey bee forage/nectar plants/Rosmarinus. Bocquet, M. (1994) Rosemary honey: nature and composition, principal organoleptic characteristics [technical leaflet 4 1 141]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 21(4), 207-208. Original title or source: Le miel de romarin: nature et composition, principales caracteristiques organoleptiques [fiche technique 4 1 141]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, BP 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700320 honey/Rosmarinus/composition/characteristics/flavour. Bocquet, M. (1994) Honey plants: phacelia [technical leaflet 4 0 20]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 21(2), 95-97. Original title or source: Flore mellifere. La phacelie [fiche technique 4 0 20]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B. P. 22, 74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600612 nectar plants/Phacelia. Bocquet, M. (1994) Phacelia honey: nature and composition, principal organoleptic characteristics [technical leaflet 4 0 201]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 21(2), 99-100. Original title or source: Le miel de phacelie: nature et composition, principales caracteristiques organoleptiques [fiche technique 4 0 201]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B. P. 22, 74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600740 honey/Phacelia/composition/characteristics/flavour. Bocquet, M. (1994) Crop pollination: the market for seed production. Abeilles et Fleurs(430), 7-11. Original title or source: Pollinisation des cultures: le marche de la production de semences. P. Walker. Seed production is a prospective market in France for beekeepers who provide bees for pollination. The demand is strong in certain areas and the requirements are clear, but there are also some constraints. Beekeepers can respond well, provided they have a better market organization, are willing to improve their methods and to experiment. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600770 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/pollination/honey bees/seed production/by honey bees/hiring/France/in France. Bocquet, M. (1994) Nectar plants. Rhododendron [technical leaflet 4 1 13]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 21(3), 149-152. Original title or source: Flore mellifere. Le rhododendron [fiche technique 4 1 13]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B. P. 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601400 nectar plants/Rhododendron. Bocquet, M. (1994) Feeding [honey bees]. Echauffour, France, Office pour l'Information et la Documentation en Apiculture. Original title or source: Le nourissement. D. G. Lowe. The first part of this book (chapters 1-4) explains the nutritional needs of the honey bee colony, with chapters on physiology, digestion and utilization of foods, the food requirements of each caste, and how the colony organizes its food resources. The second part describes the foods fed to honey bee colonies by the beekeeper, and the methods and equipment for doing this. Chapter 5 discusses honey and pollen and the substitutes, such as sugar syrup and plant, yeast and algal proteins, which can be used in their place. Requirements for water, and additives such as minerals and vitamins, are also dealt with. Chapter 6 describes feeders which can be used in various positions inside the hive or positioned near the hive for bees to forage on. Chapter 7 presents an annual plan for feeding colonies, which is suited to their requirements in different seasons and which can be adapted according to the purpose for which the colonies are being managed. Chapter 8 examines this in more detail and sets out the nutritive needs of colonies being used for the production of honey, pollen, beeswax or queens, or being used for pollination. Feeding weak, diseased or poisoned colonies, and colonies kept in difficult climatic conditions, is also dealt with. The book, which ends with a bibliography of over 250 references, provides a well set out guide to this aspect of beekeeping management. Page(s): 158 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601418 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/sugar/syrup/pollen/pollen substitutes/water/honey bees/feeding/nutrition/honey bee colonies/food consumption/books. Bocquet, M. (1994) Rhododendron honey: nature and composition, principal organoleptic characteristics [technical leaflet 4 1 131]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 21(3), 153-154. Original title or source: Le miel de rhododendron: nature et composition, principales caracteristiques organoleptiques [fiche technique 4 1 131]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B. P. 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601495 honey/Rhododendron/composition/flavour/characteristics. Bocquet, M. (1995) Honey plants: Spanish sainfoin [Hedysarum coronarium] [technical leaflet 4 0 41]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 22(1), 39-42. Original title or source: Flore mellifere: le sainfoin d'Espagne [fiche technique 4 0 41]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, BP 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700231 honey bee forage/nectar plants/Hedysarum coronarium. Bocquet, M. (1995) Spanish sainfoin [Hedysarum coronarium] honey: nature and composition, principal organoleptic characteristics [technical leaflet 4 0 411]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 22(1), 43-44. Original title or source: Le miel de sainfoin d'Espagne: nature et composition, principales caracteristiques organoleptiques [fiche technique 4 0 411]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, BP 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700319 honey/Hedysarum coronarium/composition/characteristics/flavour. Bocquet, M. (1995) Honey plants. Sainfoin [technical leaflet 4 0 40]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 22(4), 185-188. Original title or source: Flore mellifere. Le sainfoin [fiche technique 4 0 40]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B. P. 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701384 honey bee forage/nectar plants/Onobrychis viciifolia. Bocquet, M. (1995) Sainfoin honey: nature and composition, principal organoleptic characteristics [technical leaflet 4 0 401]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 22(4), 189-190. Original title or source: Le miel de sainfoin: nature et composition, principales caracteristiques organoleptiques [fiche technique 4 0 401]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B. P. 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701474 honey/composition/characteristics/flavour/Onobrychis viciifolia/properties. Bocquet, M. (1996) Honey plants: white clover [technical leaflet 4 0 42]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 23(1), 45-48. Original title or source: Flore mellifere. La trefle blanc [fiche technique 4 0 42]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B. P. 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701385 honey bee forage/nectar plants/Trifolium repens. Bocquet, M. (1996) White clover honey: nature and composition, principal organoleptic characteristics [technical leaflet 4 0 421]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 23(1), 49-50. Original title or source: Le miel de trefle blanc: nature et composition, principales caracteristiques organoleptiques [fiche technique 4 0 421]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B. P. 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701473 honey/composition/characteristics/flavour/Trifolium repens/properties. Bocquet, M. (1996) Nectar plants. The sunflower [technical leaflet 4 0 60]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 23(2), 93-98. Original title or source: Flore mellifere. Le tournesol [fiche technique 4 0 60]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B.P. 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800193 nectar plants/Helianthus annuus. Bocquet, M. (1996) Sunflower honey: nature and composition, principal organoleptic characteristics [technical leaflet 4 0 601]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 23(2), 99-100. Original title or source: Le miel de tournesol: nature et composition, principales caracteristiques organoleptiques [fiche technique 4 0 601]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B.P. 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800275 honey/Helianthus annuus/flavour/composition/characteristics. Bocquet, M. (1996) Nectar plants. Heather [technical leaflet 4 1 10]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 23(3), 139-142. Original title or source: Flore mellifere. La callune [fiche technique 4 1 10]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B. P. 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801327 nectar plants/Calluna. Bocquet, M. (1996) Honey plants: the strawberry-tree [technical leaflet 4 1 01]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 23(4), 189-192. Original title or source: Flore mellifere. L'arbousier [fiche technique 4 1 01]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B. P. 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801329 honey bee forage/nectar plants/Arbutus. Bocquet, M. (1996) Strawberry-tree honey: nature and composition, principal organoleptic characterisitics [technical leaflet 4 1 011]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 23(4), 193-194. Original title or source: Le miel d'arbousier: nature et composition, principales caracteristiques organoleptiques [fiche technique 4 1 011]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B. P. 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801417 Arbutus/honey/flavour/composition/characteristics. Bocquet, M. (1996) Heather honey: nature and composition, principal organoleptic characteristics [technical leaflet 4 1 101]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 23(3), 143-146. Original title or source: Le miel de callune: nature et composition, principales caracteristiques organoleptiques [fiche technique 4 1 101]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B. P. 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801421 honey/Calluna/flavour/composition/characteristics. Bocquet, M. (1997) Nectar plants, The heaths [technical leaflet 4 1 11]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 24(1), 39-42. Original title or source: Flore mellifere. Les bruyeres [fiche technique 4 1 11]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B. P. 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900215 honey bee forage/Ericaceae/heaths/nectar plants/Erica. Bocquet, M. (1997) Tree heath (Erica arborea) honey: nature and composition, principal organoleptic characteristics [technical leaflet 4 1 111]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 24(1), 43-44. Original title or source: Le miel de bruyere arborescente (Erica arborea): nature et composition, principales caracteristiques organoleptiques [fiche technique 4 1 111]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apidemedia, B. P. 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900297 Erica arborea/honey/flavour/composition/characteristics/Erica. Bocquet, M. (1997) Nectar plants. Eucalyptus [technical leaflet 4 2 12]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 24(3), 145-150. Original title or source: Flore mellifere. L'eucalyptus [fiche technique 4 2 12]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B. P. 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900925 honey bee forage/nectar plants/Eucalyptus. Bocquet, M. (1997) Nectar plants. Thyme [technical leaflet 4 1 15]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 24(2), 91-94. Original title or source: Flore mellifere. Le thym [fiche technique 4 1 15]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B.P. 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900926 honey bee forage/nectar plants/Thymus. Bocquet, M. (1997) Eucalyptus honey: nature and composition, principal organoleptic characteristics [technical leaflet 4 2 121]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 24(3), 151-152. Original title or source: Le miel d'eucalyptus: nature et composition, principales caracteristiques organoleptiques [fiche technique 4 2 121]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B. P. 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901023 honey/Eucalyptus/composition/characteristics/flavour. Bocquet, M. (1997) Thyme honey: nature and composition, principal organoleptic characteristics [technical leaflet 4 1 151]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 24(2), 95-96. Original title or source: Le miel de thym: nature et composition, principales caracteristiques organoleptiques [fiche technique 4 1 151]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Apimedia, B. P. 22, F-74371 Pringy Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901024 honey/Thymus/composition/characteristics/flavour. Bocquet, M. (1999) Honey bees and fire blight. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 26(1), 21-26. Original title: Abeilles et feu bactérien. Accession date: 2 Sept 1999. Call number: 63. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA639/99 Erwinia amylovora/honey bees, vectors. Bocquet, M., Espagno, L., Crauser, D., Bondois, V. and Jeanne, F. (1997) The weighing of hives. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 24(4), 183-194. Original title or source: La pesee des ruches. This article summarizes information on why hive weight varies, methods and equipment for weighing hives, and using results to compare colonies and to give information on honey production and the state of the colony. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: OPIDA, Centre Apicole, F-61370 Echauffour, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900940 hives/scales. Bocquet, M., Jeanne, F. and Paris, N. (1997) Pollination in France. Results of an enquiry carried out by OPIDA between 1995 and June 1997. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 24(3), 111-122. Original title or source: La pollinisation en France. Resultat d'une enquete effectuee par l'OPIDA entre 1995 et Juin 1997. D. G. Lowe. Questionnaires were sent to beekeepers and growers. The replies received yielded data on age, regions of activity, types of crop pollinated, preparation of colonies for pollination, problems caused by pest control treatments, use of pollinators other than honey bees (e.g. Bombus, Megachile, Diptera), pollination fees, relationships between beekeepers and growers, and appreciation by growers of the needs of honey bees. A survey of rape and sunflower pollination by ANAMSO in 1995 is also summarized. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: OPIDA, Centre Apicole, F-61370 Echauffour, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901073 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/agricultural crops/horticultural crops/fruit crops/seed production/pollination/honey bees. Bodnarchuk, L. I., Bagrii, I. G. and Voitenko, V. M. (1994) The present state and problems of honey bee selection in Ukraine. Bdzhil'nitstvo, 21, 3-5. Library code: Bj. Language: Uk. Author address: Institut Bdzhilnitstva im P. I. Prokolovicha UAAN, Kiev, Ukraine. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700247 beneficial insects/selection/honey bees/breeding/Apis mellifera/Ukraine. Bodnarchuk, L. I., Bondaryev, S. G., Bugera, S. I. and Bondaryeva, O. S. (1994) Investigation of electrical current for honey bee venom collection. Bdzhil'nitstvo, 21, 56-60. Library code: Bj. Language: Uk. Author address: Institut Bdzhilnitstva im P. I. Prokolovicha UAAN, Kieve, Ukraine. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700378 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/hive products/honey bee venom/as hive products/collection/electricity. Bodnarchuk, L. I., Kozhura, I. M., Kubaichuk, V. P., Yakimenko, D. M. and Peresichnii, M. I. (1994) The effects of honey, pollen and some plant products on the health of people in areas of chronic radioactive pollution. Bdzhil'nitstvo, 21, 66-69. Library code: Bj. Language: Uk. Author address: Institut Bdzhilnitstva im P. I. Prokolovicha UAAN, Kiev, Ukraine. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700334 hive products/health surveys/honey/pollen/medicinal properties/as hive products/bee-collected pollen/therapeutic diets/man/pollution/radioactivity/Ukraine. Bodnarchuk, L. I. and Rafalskii, V. Y. (1994) The lifespan of honey bees in vegetable greenhouses. Bdzhil'nitstvo, 21, 30-32. Library code: Bj. Language: Uk. Author address: Institut Bdzhilnitstva im P. I. Prokolovicha UAAN, Kiev, Ukraine. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700127 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/vegetables/pollinators/honey bees/lifespan/greenhouses. Bodnarchuk, L. I., Rafalskii, V. Y. and Sinyavskii, L. V. (1994) Characteristics of honey bee flight activity in greenhouses. Bdzhil'nitstvo, 21, 33-36. Library code: Bj. Language: Uk. Author address: Institut Bdzhilnitstva im P. I. Prokolovicha UAAN, Kiev, Ukraine. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700185 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/behaviour/flying honey bees/greenhouses. Bodnarchuk, L. I., Rafalskii, V. Y. and Sinyavskii, L. V. (1994) Artificial limitation of brood rearing as a method of increasing honey bee colony vitality and improving pollination in greenhouses. Bdzhil'nitstvo, 21, 36-40. Library code: Bj. Language: Uk. Author address: Institut Bdzhilnitstva im P. I. Prokolovicha UAAN, Kiev, Ukraine. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700261 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/honey bees/brood rearing/pollination/greenhouses/by honey bees/in greenhouses/greenhouse cultivation/honey bee colonies/manipulations/for pollination. Bodnarchuk, L. I., Shalimov, I. I., Olifir, V. N. and Vladimirskii, A. A. (1991) Industrial variation of the incubator for leafcutter bees. Vestnik Zoologii(2), 82-83. An improved incubator for Megachile rotundata is described that excludes infestation with parasitic Hymenoptera and results in increased production of cocoons by 4-5 times. Language: Ru. Author address: I. I. Shmal'gauzena Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700398 Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/domestication/rearing techniques/Megachile rotundata. Bodnarchuk, L. I., Shalimov, I. I. and Vladimirski, A. A. (1990) [Stimulation of pollination by the bee Megachile rotundata F.]. Bdzhil'nitstvo, 20, 45-47. A special block of trap nests (tubes) was turned by a clockwork mechanism. Exposure of nests to solar radiation throughout the day improved the temperature distribution in the block and resulted in longer periods of flight activity by bees. The test blocks contained on average 15 440 cocoons compared with 5773 in control blocks (static). Accession date: 1 November 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bj. Language: Uk, ru. A Komissar. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA951/99 Megachile rotundata/pollination/nests/insolation/rearing techniques/flight. Bodt, G. d. (1996) Rhododendron honeys. Carnets du CARI(50), 10-12. Original title or source: Les miels de rhododendrons. D. G. Lowe. The toxicities to honey bees of nectars from 17 species of Rhododendron and 10 hybrids are tabulated. The toxic effects on humans of eating Rhododendron honey are also described. There are 19 references in the bibliography. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701476 honey/Rhododendron/poisonous honey/poisoning/honey bees/nectar/of honey bees/by nectar. Bodt, G. d., Bruneau, E. and Vlayen, P. (1996) Contamination of honeys by endospores. Possibilities of sterilization and trials with high pressure treatment. Carnets du CARI(52), 16-19. Original title or source: Contamination des miels par les endospores. Possibilites de sterilisation et essai des hautes pressions. D. G. Lowe. This review, with 34 references, discusses the contamination of honey with Clostridium botulinum spores, which can cause infant botulism. Methods of sterilization include the use of gamma radiation, heating to 100-120C, and heating at lower temperatures under high pressure; several difficulties remain to be solved before the last technique can be used successfully for the treatment of honey. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800269 honey/sterilization/heating/contamination/Clostridium botulinum. Boecking, O. (1994) The removal behaviour of Apis mellifera towards mite-infested brood cells as a defence mechanism against the ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni, Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhems Universitat zu Bonn, Germany. Original title or source: Das Ausraumverhalten von Apis mellifera L. gegenuber Milben-Infizierter Brut als ein Abwehrverhalten gegen die ektoparasitische Milbe Varroa jacobsoni Oud. O. Boecking. A. mellifera workers reacted to naturally infested brood as well as experimentally infested brood by uncapping the cells and eliminating the infested brood. This behaviour was lacking with regard to uninfested control cells. Comparing different A. mellifera colonies in Bonn and in Kelibia (Tunisia) showed that there was considerable variation in removal success within the tested colonies. Only in a few cases were the caps of mite-infested cells opened and then closed again with a new wax cap without eliminating the bee brood. This behaviour could be identified because of the changed wax structure of the cell cap. Especially in those cases in which brood cells were experimentally infested with several mites some mites left these cells by the briefly existing opening in the cap. Removal rates towards drone brood were distinctively higher than those towards worker brood. Experiments showed that external factors can influence removal rates. In one trial removal rates doubled after an additional syrup feeding of the test colonies. High positive correlations between removal rates towards mite-infested brood and freeze-killed brood suggest that the use of this more general hygienic test could simplify and save time in investigations of this behaviour. The use of mites for artificial infestations from colonies different from the test colonies had no influence on removal rates. In contrast to dead mites and other introduced particles only living mites in the brood cells caused a removal response from the bees. The removal response increased with the number of mites/cell. In those cases in which the mites transferred acute paralysis virus (APV) the removal rates were higher than those towards mite-infested brood stages without APV. Most of the adult female mites which escaped the brood cells after the removal response of the bees could invade other brood cells, some changed to phoretic mites on adult bees and a small percentage were killed by the bees. Immature mites in opened brood cells were killed by the bees. These investigations thus revealed a defence behaviour of A. mellifera against V. jacobsoni like the one which is known in A. cerana. Page(s): 131 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: De. Author address: Institut fur Landwirtschaftliche Zoologie und Bienenkunde, Melbweg 42, 53127 Bonn, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600663 Apis mellifera/ectoparasites/bee diseases/bee viruses/bee acute paralysis virus/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/resistance/honey bee brood/eviction/theses. Boecking, O. and Ritter, W. (1994) Current status of behavioral tolerance of the honey bee Apis mellifera to the mite Varroa jacobsoni. American Bee Journal, 134(10), 689-694. D. G. Lowe. This review, with 89 references, discusses the following topics: behavioural tolerance of Apis cerana to V. jacobsoni; behavioural tolerance of A. mellifera to V. jacobsoni (Brazil, Tunisia, Uruguay); different susceptibility of European A. mellifera to V. jacobsoni; mechanisms of varroa tolerance in A. mellifera. Prospects for the future breeding of varroa-tolerant A. mellifera are discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Landwirtschaftliche Zoologie und Bienenkunde der Universitat, Melbweg 42, 53127 Bonn, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601076 Apis mellifera/Apis cerana/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/resistance. Boecking, O. and Spivak, M. (1999) Behavioral defenses of honey bees against Varroa jacobsoni Oud. Apidologie, 30(2-3), 141-158. This review with 140 references discusses research on hygienic and grooming behaviour by honey bees as defences against varroa mites. Results for Apis mellifera and A. cerana are compared. Accession date: 4 August 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En, de, fr. P Walker. Author address: Inst. für Landwirtschaftliche Zoologie und Bienenkunde der Universität, Melweg 42, 53127 Bonn, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA826/99 Varroa jacobsoni/Apis mellifera/Apis cerana/hygienic behaviour/grooming/reviews. Bogdanov, S. (1994) Liquefaction of honey with Melitherm and Jakel cappings melting equipment. Bienenwelt, 36(12), 286-289. Original title or source: Verflussigung von Honig mit Melitherm und Jakel-Abdeckelungsgerat. P. Walker. Liquefaction of 15 kg granulated honey in Melitherm equipment took 4 h. Temperature sensors showed that the temperature of the honey near the heating coil gradually increased from 50 to 70C, whilst that of the liquid honey in the collecting vessel decreased from 45 to 33. These results indicated that honey is only briefly in contact with the heating coil. The invertase number was 22.9 before and 21.6 after treatment; HMF content and electrical conductivity were unchanged. Also, 16.5 kg of honey combs containing granulated honey were heated in a Jakel wax cappings melter; liquefaction took 2 h. The yield of liquid honey was 5.8 kg (35%). The invertase number was 16.2 before and 14.6 after treatment; HMF content increased from 0.45 to 2.10 mg/kg and electrical conductivity was unchanged. It is concluded that the Melitherm equipment liquefies honey carefully and without damage. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Author address: Sektion Bienen, FAM, CH-3097 Liebefeld, Bern, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601491 granulated honey/crystallization/-fructofuranosidase/HMF/electrical conductivity/honey/liquefaction/heating/honey/extraction/cappings/from cappings/honey/equipment. Bogdanov, S. (1997) Non-peroxide antibacterial activity of honey. Bee products: properties, applications, and apitherapy [edited by Mizrahi, A.; Lensky, Y.]. New York, USA, Plenum Publishing Corporation, 39-47. P. Walker. In this study, 10 different honey samples still had antibacterial activity after hydrogen peroxide in the honey had been destroyed by catalase. The antibacterial compounds were shown to be present in 4 fractions: acidic; basic; non-volatile and non-polar; volatile. The antibacterial activity of each fraction, and the overall activity of a honey varied between honeys from different botanical sources. This suggests that at least some of the activity is of plant origin. The non-peroxide antibacterial activity was not affected or only slightly by heating at 70C for 15 min and by storage at room temperature for 15 months. Page(s): 39-47. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Bee Department, Federal Dairy Research Institute, 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801399 honey/antibacterial properties/composition. Bogdanov, S. (1997) Nature and origin of the antibacterial substances in honey. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und -Technologie, 30, 748-753. The non-peroxide antibacterial activity of honey and honey fractions was tested with Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus bacterial species. Antibacterial activity correlated significantly with honey acidity but did not correlate with honey pH. There were small differences between the antibacterial activities of different honey types: rhododendron, eucalyptus and orange honeys had a relatively low acitivity, whereas dandelion, honeydew and rape honeys had a relatively higher activity. These results suggest that a part of the antibacterial activity might be of plant origin. However, the antibacterial activity of sugar-adulterated honeys was the same as that of control honeydew honeys produced in the same apiary suggesting that the major part of the antibacterial activity of honeydew honey is of bee origin. Ten different honeys were fractionated into four fractions using column chromatography or vacuum distillation: acidic; basic; nonvolatile, nonpolar; and volatile. The antibacterial activity of the different fractions tested was: acids > bases = nonpolar, nonvolatiles > volatiles. This order was the same using either S. aureus or M. luteus as test strains. An exception was manuka honey from New Zealand where almost the entire activity was found in the acidic fraction. Accession date: 18 May 1999. Call number: 638.16. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Federal Dairy Research Institute, Bee Department, 3003 Bern, Liebefeld, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1166/99 honey/antibacterial properties/medicinal properties/fractionation/non-peroxide activity/Staphylococcus aureus. Bogdanov, S. (1997) Characterization of Swiss honey types. Agrarforschung, 4(10), 427-430. Original title: Charakterisierung von Schweizer Sortenhonigen. The most important monofloral honeys produced in Switzerland are from Robinia pseudoacacia, chestnut, Rhododendron sp. (Alpenrose), rape and dandelion. Their organoleptic properties and the results of pollen analyses are reported. A statistical discriminant analysis method is proposed using the variables fructose content, fructose/glucose ratio, electrical conductivity and acid content. The method correctly classified 98 of the 101 monofloral honeys of the 5 types studied. Accession date: 1 November 1999. Call number: 638.16. Library code: Bc. Language: De, fr, en. Author. Author address: Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Milchwirtschaft, Liebefeld (FAM), 3003 Bern, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1163/99 honey/composition/Switzerland/pollen analysis/Robinia pseudoacacia/Rhododendron/chestnut/Taraxacum/Brassica. Bogdanov, S. (1999) Honey quality and international regulatory standards: review by the International Honey Commission. Bee World, 80(2), 61-69. Accession date: 8 October 1999. Call number: 638.16. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: Bee Dept, Federal Dairy Inst., Liebefeld, 3003 Bern, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1164/99 honey/standards/legislation/Europe/international aspects/composition. Bogdanov, S. (1999) Honey quality and new international honey standards, Parts 1 and 2. Schweizerische Bienen-Zeitung, 122(6, 7), 320-324; 389-391. Original title: Honigqualität und neue internationale Honignormen (1. Teil) (2. Teil). The requirements of draft CL 1998/12-S of the Codex Alimentarius (full text in Part 2) and of EU draft 96/0114 (CNS) are compared and discussed. A proposal for a new international standard for honey is considered. Accession date: 8 October 1999. Call number: 638.16. Library code: Bj. Language: De. P Walker. Author address: Sektion Bienen, FAM, 3097 Liebefeld. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1165/99 honey/standards/legislation/Europe/international aspects/composition. Bogdanov, S., Imdorf, A. and Kilchenmann, V. (1998) Residues in wax and honey after Apilife VAR® treatment. Apidologie, 29(6), 513-524. Apilife VAR, which is used against Varroa jacobsoni, contains 76% thymol. Thymol residues were determined in honey and comb samples from colonies in 8 Swiss apiaries that had been treated for 2-5 years. Thymol content in honey did not increase with number of applications; it averaged 0.15 mg/kg (range 0.02-0.48 mg/kg). Taste threshold of thymol in honey from acacia and rape was between 1.1 and 1.6 mg/kg. Thymol content in brood comb from 2 apiaries did not increase with number of applications and averaged 574 mg/kg; in honey comb it was 21.6 mg/kg. Thymol did not evaporate when combs were melted, but content in wax decreased rapidly when combs were exposed to air during storage. Accession date: 23 Mrach 1999. Call number: 638.163/166. Library code: Bj. Language: En, fr, de. P Walker. Author address: Federal Dairy Research Institute, Bee Department, 3003 Bern, Liebefeld, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA591/99 pesticide residues/acaricides/honey/beeswax/thymol/Apilife VAR. Bogdanov, S., Imdorf, A., Kilchenmann, V. and Fluri, P. (1999) Frakno thymol frame for control of Varroa jacobsoni - assessment of the situation. Revue Suisse d'Apiculture, 96(7), 250-258. Original title: Cadre à thymol Frakno pour la lutte contre Varroa jacobsoni - détermination de l'émplacement. This frame incorporates a container for 12 g thymol crystals which gradually volatilize; the frame is left in the brood nest throughout the year and the container is refilled 2-3 times a year. Honey samples suppled by 15 beekeepers using this method. contained, on average, 0.4 mg thymol/kg (range 0.11-1.06 mg/kg). In contrast, honey from 4 beekeepers who removed the frame during the nectar flow (Apr. to end. Oct.) contained only 0.17 mg/kg (<0.02-0.27 mg/kg). The botanical source of the honey did not have a significant effect on thymol content. Treatment from autumn to spring is recommended. (Also published in German in Schweizerische Bienen-Zeitung 122(8): 445-451 (1999). Accession date: 2 August 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. P Walker. Author address: Section apicole, FAM, Liebefeld, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA827/99 Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/thymol/honey/pesticide residues. Bogdanov, S. and Kilchenmann, V. (1995) Acaricide residues in beeswax: long-term studies in Switzerland. Apidologie, 26(4), 319-321. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. Samples analysed were: (A) recycled beeswax from commercial wax products, and (B) brood comb wax from beekeepers who had treated varroa-infested colonies only once with an acaricide. Residues in B averaged: bromopropylate, 56.9 mg/kg; coumaphos, 3.8 mg/kg; fluvalinate, 1.8 mg/kg. In A, acaricide levels were related to frequency of exposure; bromopropylate content was 4.6 mg/kg in 1991 and 1992, but after its use was discontinued its content decreased (2.7 mg/kg in 1993). Its half-life is estimated as c. 4 years. Results are also given for coumaphos (1.2-2.6 mg/kg) and fluvalinate ( 0.4-0.8 mg/kg). Flumethrin was not detected (limit 0.4-1 mg/kg). On average, acaricide levels in B were 3.7-fold lower than levels in A. Library code: Bj. Language: En\Fr\De. Author address: Sektion Bienen, EFAM, 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701116 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/Varroa jacobsoni/acaricides/combs/conferences/beeswax/pesticide residues/bromopropylate/flumethrin/coumaphos/fluvalinate/Switzerland. Bogdanov, S., Kilchenmann, V., Fluri, P., Buhler, P. and Lavanchy, P. (1999) Influence of organic acids and components of essential oils on honey taste. American Bee Journal, 139(1), 61-63. When an organic acid or an essential oil is used to control varroa infestation of honey bee colonies, a residue of the substance may be found in the honey. The substances may also occur naturally in honey. Codex Alimentarius states that total content in a food must be below sensory level, so a series of taste tests was carried out to establish the sensory thresholds in honey. They are (mg/kg): formic acid 300-600; oxalic acid 400-900; lactic acid 800-1600; thymol 1.1-1.3; camphor 5-10; menthol 20-30. For the acids, thresholds were lower in acacia honey than in a honeydew honey. Accession date: 23 June 1999. Call number: 638.163/166. Library code: Bj. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Federal Dairy Research Institute, Liebefeld, 3003 Bern, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA592/99 honey/pesticide residues/organolepsis/formic acid/lactic acid/oxalic acid/thymol/menthol/camphor. Bogdanov, S., Kilchenmann, V. and Imdorf, A. (1997) Acaricide residues in beeswax and honey. Bee products: properties, applications, and apitherapy [edited by Mizrahi, A.; Lensky, Y.]. New York, USA, Plenum Publishing Corporation, 239-246. P. Walker. Samples for analysis were collected from honey bee [Apis mellifera] colonies after acaricide treatments (to control Varroa jacobsoni). Bromopropylate residues were found to accumulate in brood comb wax and were more than twice as high in colonies treated once a year (4 Folbex strips) for 5 years than in those treated once. Fluvalinate accumulated in brood comb wax of colonies treated continuously with Apistan for 1 year (max. 40-60 mg/kg). Coumaphos did not apparently accumulate after 5 Perizin treatments, but a sampling problem may have led to erroneous results. Flumethrin residues after Bayvarol treatments were, on average, 0.051 mg/kg in brood combs. Levels of the acaricides were lower in honey comb wax and even lower in honey stores (well below permitted limits). The behaviour of acaricides during recycling of old comb wax spiked with acaricides was also studied. On average, the acaricide concentration was 1.7 times higher after recycling. Commercial samples of wax for foundation contained 0.2-4.8 mg/kg, but wax from beekeepers who had been using alternative varroa control methods for at least 3 years contained only 0.1-1.3 mg/kg. Page(s): 239-246. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Bee Department, Federal Dairy Research Institute, 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801424 Apis mellifera/ectoparasites/chemical control/acaricides/honey/pesticide residues/bromopropylate/coumaphos/fluvalinate/flumethrin/beeswax/Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/pests/honey bees/of honey bees. Bogdanov, S., Kilchenmann, V. and Imdorf, A. (1998) Acaricide residues in some bee products. Journal of Apicultural Research, 37(2), 57-67. In Switzerland, Folbex VA (bromopropylate, BP), Perizin (coumaphos, CM), Apistan (fluvalinate, FV) and Bayvarol (flumethrin, FM) are used for varroa control. The contamination level of BP, CM and FV in brood and honey combs, sugar feed and honey was studied after field trials. Samples of recycled pure beeswax and propolis, gathered by beekeepers, were also examined. All samples were analysed by gas chromatography with ECD detection. After one normal acaricide treatment in autumn brood comb was contaminated by BP, CM and FV, with residues ranging from 1.8 to 48 mg/kg. The residue level in honey comb wax was on average 5–10 times lower than in brood combs. The residues in the combs increased with increasing number (folbex) or longer duration of treatment (Apistan). Residues in sugar feed and honey were much lower than in the combs and were all below the Swiss MRL (maximum residue limit). In a laboratory experiment the behaviour of the acaricides during the recycling of old combs into new beeswax was examined. The acaricide concentration in new recycled wax was on average 1.7 times higher than in old combs under all conditions (longer boiling times or higher temperatures). The contamination level of acaricides in all recycled Swiss beeswax has been studied since 1991. All commercial samples contained BP, CM and FV in varying amounts. Between the years 1993 and 1996, residues varied between 2.4 and 4.3 mg/kg for BP, 0.7 and 1.3 mg/kg for CM and 1.9 and 2.9 mg/kg for FV. No FM above the detection limit of 0.25 mg/kg was found. All but one propolis sample (n = 27) gathered in 1996 contained FV (average 9.80 mg/kg), 10 contained BP (average 1.17 mg/kg) and 2 of them FM (average 2.54 mg/kg). Accession date: 9 September 98. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: Federal Dairy Research Institute, Bee Department, Liebefeld, 3003 Bern, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA218/99 Beeswax/propolis/combs/pesticide/residues/bromopropylate/ control methods/coumaphos/fluvalinate/flumethrin/Varroa jacobsoni/Switzerland. Bogdanov, S., Kilchenmann, V., Imdorf, A. and Fluri, P. (1998) Residues in honey after application of thymol against Varroa using the Frakno Thymol frame. Schweizerische Bienen-Zeitgung, 121(4), 224-226. Original title: Rückstände im Honig nach Verwendung des Thymolrähmchens gegen die Varroa. Thymol is an effective treatment against varroa and has little effect on the bees. In Switzerland two methods of treatment are available. Hives can be treated with Apilife VAR for 8 weeks in late summer or autumn after honey flow. Excessive thymol residues have not been found to accumulate in honey or wax, even after several years of repetitive treatment with Apilife VAR. Th other method of treatment has been available in Switzerland for 3 years - the 'Frakno frame'. With this method colonies are treated with thymol year-round. In this study we investigate whether thymol residues from this method affect the quality of the honey, contravening Swiss and European food regulations, that forbid any additions to honey which change its natural taste. After year-round treatment of colonies with the 'Frakno frame', levels of thymol equal to and exceeding 0.8mg/kg (above which thymol can be tasted in the honey) were found, which may well effect the taste of the honey. Removal of the thymol frame during honey flow may decrease thymol residues, though the effectiveness of the treatment for Varroa may be reduced. Due to the concerns regarding honey quality we cannot recommend the use of the thymol frame for practical application. Accession date: 18 May 1999. Call number: 638.163/166. Library code: Bc. Language: De (En translation). R Crocker. Author address: Sektion Bienen, FAM, Liebefeld, 3003 Bern, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1180/99 honey/residues/thymol/essential oils/biotechnical control methods/Switzerland/Varroa jacobsoni. Bogdanov, S., Martin, P. and Lullmann, C. (1997) Harmonised methods of the European Honey Commission. Apidologie(Extra Issue), 59. The European Honey Commission, formed in 1990, has revised the official analytical methods for honey. The selection of methods includes all those that at the present state of knowledge are sufficient for the determination of quality. Some old methods, still widely used in routine analysis, are included, as well as some more modern ones. All the methods compiled in this publication have been published previously and, with one exception (specific rotation), have been subjected to collaborative study. Most of them have also been through the standardization procedure of the German Institute for Norms (DIN). Most of the methods can be used to determine the quality criteria for honey specified in the European or Codex Alimentarius standards. Some amendments to compositional criteria (e.g. for reducing sugars, apparent sucrose, ash content and acidity) are proposed. Standards are also proposed for some other criteria (e.g. individual sugars, electrical conductivity, invertase) which can now be determined more precisely by modern methods. The methods which are described in this publication are for the determination of moisture, electrical conductivity, ash content, pH and free acidity, HMF, diastase, sugars, insoluble matter, invertase, proline and specific rotation. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Bee Department, FAM, Liebefeld, 3003 Bern, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900652 honey/composition/characteristics/quality/analytical methods/standardization/Europe. Bogdanov, S., Vit, P. and Kilchenmann, V. (1996) Sugar profiles and conductivity of stingless bee honeys from Venezuela. Apidologie, 27(6), 445-450. Author. The HPLC sugar profiles and the conductivity of 42 stingless bee honey samples from Venezuela were determined. Three of the honey types were produced by Melipona species, while the rest belonged mainly to 5 Trigona species. The main sugars of the Melipona honeys were fructose and glucose, with an average of 36.7 g/100 g. The Trigona (Frieseomelitta) honeys had a completely different sugar spectrum; the principal sugar was a disaccharide, tentatively identified as maltose, with an average content of 32.3 g/100 g, while fructose and glucose were present in smaller concentrations (24.4 and 18.1 g/100 g respectively). The Melipona honeys contained also small quantities of maltose and only traces of other oligosaccharides, while the Trigona honeys had small but measurable amounts of turanose, trehalose and erlose. The conductivity values of the Melipona honeys varied from 0.32 to 0.44 mS/cm and were significantly lower than those of the non-Melipona ones, with minimum and maximum values of 1.04 and 1.07 mS/cm. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Bee Department, Federal Dairy Research Station, 3097 Liebefeld, Bern, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801408 Melipona/Trigona/Apidae/beneficial insects/maltose/fructose/glucose/honey/Meliponinae/Venezuela/composition/sugars/electrical conductivity/properties. Boguslauskiene, R. (1993) Effect of phosalone on wintering and productivity of bee colonies. Acta Entomologica Lituanica, 11, 144-147. Original title or source: Fozalono itaka biciu ziemojimui ir produktyvumui. In experiments in Lithuania in 1987-89 in which phosalone was applied to clover at the budding or flowering stage or else the plants were left untreated, the chemical did not affect the overwintering of colonies of Apis mellifera or their further development. In early spring the colonies had 10.6-12.6% more brood than when clover remained untreated. Between 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg phosalone was found in the nectar, but no bee poisoning was detected. Library code: 5 ref. Language: Li. Author address: Lietuvos Zemdirbystes Inst., Vilnius, Lithuania. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700703 Lithuania/insecticides/phosalone/nontarget effects/Apis mellifera/Hymenoptera/Apidae/insects/beneficial insects/pollinators/clovers/honey bee colonies/winter/development/poisoning/honey bees/of honey bees/by phosalone/Trifolium/pest control. Bohart, G. E. and Griswold, T. (1996) A revision of the rophitine genus Protodufourea (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 69(4, supplement), 177-184. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900111 Apidae/Protodufourea/taxonomy. Bolchi Serini, G. (1992) Seasonal variations in the pollinators Apis mellifera L. and Bombus spp. in the 'Massiccio del Campo dei Fiori'area (Varese, northern Italy). Ethology, Ecology & Evolution(Special issue 2), 37-42. P. Walker. Insect visitors to flowering Vaccinium corymbosum, Rubus fruticosus and R. idaeus were recorded. Apis mellifera was the most numerous, constituting 83% of all visitors from April to September, followed by Bombus spp. (15%). Bumble bees were important pollinators in early spring and in bad weather. The most numerous species were B. muscorum and then B. lapidarius; B. pascuorum was common until June, and B. terrestris and B. pratorum were also present in the early months. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Universita di Milano, Via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milano, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701511 Apis mellifera/Bombus muscorum/Bombus lapidarius/Bombus pascuroum/Bombus terrestris/Bombus pratorum/beneficial insects/pollinators/Apidae/Italy/seasonal variation/pollination/honey bees/bombus/of Vaccinium/by honey bees/by bombus/Bombus/of Rubus idaeus/Bombus/of Rubus fruticosus/Vaccinium/Rubus idaeus/Rubus fruticosus. Bolchi Serini, G. (1993) A contribution to knowledge of the male genitalia of some species of Bombus Latr. (Hymenoptera: Bombidae). 2. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, 25(1), 1-10. Original title or source: Contributo alla conoscenza delle appendici genitali maschili di alcuni Bombus Latr. (Hymenoptera Bombidae). II. Diagrams of the male genitalia of 10 species of Bombus are presented. Library code: Ba. Language: It. Author address: Istituto di Entomologia agraria, Universita degli Studi, Via Celoria, 2, 1-20133 Milano, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601246 Apidae/Bombus/male genitalia/genitalia. Bolchi Serini, G., Locatelli, D. P., Colombo, M. and Spreafico, M. (1996) Strepsiptera larvae in pollen collected by Apis mellifera L. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, 28(2), 209-215. Author. Strepsiptera first-instar larvae were found in pollen loads taken from hives situated in 2 sites in the central Italian Alps by means of special traps, which were inspected weekly from mid-April to mid-October over 2 years (1992 and 1993). The pellets were subjected to an analytical method especially devised for the extraction of arthropods and their fragments. Most of the specimens found were Strepsiptera first-instar larvae, and they varied in number according to the season. In no cases were stylopized bees observed: this would suggest that the presence of Strepsiptera larvae in the pollen loads was merely a consequence of the bees' foraging behaviour. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Istituto di Entomologia agraria, Universita degli Studi, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milan, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901418 Strepsiptera/larvae/pollen loads. Bolchi Serini, G. and Marianelli, P. (1994) The collection of Bombus Latr. in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale of Milan. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, 26(1), 1-26. Original title or source: La collezione di Bombus Latr. del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano. The collection contains some 1200 specimens from about 100 species and subspecies. Library code: Ba. Language: It. Author address: Istituto di Entomologia agraria, Universita degli Studi, Via Celoria, 2, I-20133 Milano, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601238 Apidae/collections/taxonomy/Bombus/Italy. Bolchi Serini, G., Ricci, S. and Daolio, E. (1994) Populations of Apis mellifera L. in the 'Oltrepo pavese'(northern Italy): results of a morphometric study. Ethology, Ecology & Evolution(Special issue 3), 107-111. Author. A morphometric study was carried out on worker bees from 3 localities (Ponte Nizza, Ruino and Voghera) in northern Italy and reference specimens of Apis mellifera ligustica from the Istituto Nazionale di Apicoltura of Bologna. The bees were measured for length of lower labrum, cubital index of forewing, width of yellow strip on tergite 2, width of tomentum band on tergite 4 and length of hairs on tergite 5; the values obtained wre submitted to discriminant multivariate analysis. The 3 studied populations were statistically different from each other and from the reference specimens. The latter were very similar due to the fact that they were obtained by means of artificial insemination. Among the apiaries studied, that of Ponte Nizza was the only one with colonies approaching the reference samples. All the characteristics examined carried the same weight in discriminating the differences between the populations. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Universita di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700207 honey bees/races/Apis mellifera ligustica/morphology/Apis mellifera/Italy/biogeography. Bolchi Serini, G., Sacchi, L. and Spreafico, M. (1996) Observations on the pattern of temperature in colonies of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Insect Social Life, 1, 193-198. D. G. Lowe. Temperatures in 5 colonies of Apis mellifera ligustica in 10-frame Dadant-Blatt hives were recorded continuously from December 1992 to May 1994. The peak period of heat production started in January, at the resumption of egg laying. The temperature was maintained at a constant level until the end of summer, when it began to drop as brood rearing decreased; the lowest temperature was recorded in December. Clustering began when the ambient temperature was about 12C. In 2 queenless colonies with a large number of drones the cluster temperature was the same as in queenright colonies, indicating that the drones contributed to heat production. During the filling of honey storage cells in the super, the temperature was kept at a constant 30-32, but after the cells were capped the temperature in the super followed variations in ambient temperature, although always 4-5 above it. The temperature in a colony affected by nosema disease fell dramatically until chemotherapy was applied. Knocking on the walls of a hive containing a particularly defensive colony caused the hive temperature to rise to 40 within a few minutes. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Universita degli Studi, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901293 Apis mellifera ligustica/brood rearing/drone honey bees/Nosema apis/colony defence. Bolchi Serini, G., Sacchi, L. and Spreafico, M. (1996) Observations on the pattern of temperature in colonies of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera Apidae). Proceedings of the Italian Section of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects (IUSSI), Pavia, June 8-10, 1995. F. Le Moli, A. Mori and D. A. Grasso, 193-198. Temperatures (T) inside 5 occupied 10-frame hives were recorded continuously from Dec 1992 to May 1994. T was lowest in Dec when colonies had no brood; clustering occurred when T fell to approx. 12 . T in the cluster never fell below 22 . In single supers added during a nectar flow, T was maintained at 30-32 , but after the honey cells were sealed it varied and was approx. 4-5 above external temperature. When one colony became infected with Nosema apis, T fell below 24 within 24 h, but the colony was treated and T returned to normal within 3 days. When hive walls were banged, T in the most aggressive colony rose to 40 within 15 min. Editor(s): Le Moli, F; Mori, A; Grasso, D A. Page(s): 193-198. Accession date: 2 June 1999. Call number: 638.12. Library code: Bd. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Universita degli Studi, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA425/99 honey bee colonies/hives, temperature/Apis mellifera/nosema disease, effects/aggressive behaviour. Bolchi Serini, G. and Spreafico, M. (1996) Undesirable effects of the honeydew of Cinara cuneomaculata, the larch lachnid, on feeding by Apis mellifera. Ape Nostra Amica, 18(6), 18-19. Original title or source: Effetti indesiderati della melata di Cinara cuneomaculata (Del Guercio), afide lacnino del larice, sull'alimentazione di Apis mellifera L. D. G. Lowe. Honeydew produced by this lachnid is foraged on by honey bees (Apis mellifera), but the honey produced from it granulates so quickly in the hive that the bees cannot utilize it. In hives with large amounts of this honey, the colony can die from starvation. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Istituto Entomologia agraria di Milano, Milan, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801335 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/feeding/starvation/Italy/Lachnidae/Cinara cuneomaculata/Cinara/honeydew/excretion/honey/injuries/honey bees/to honey bees/by starvation. Boleli, I. C., Hartfelder, K. and Simoes, Z. L. P. (1995) Serotonin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous and neuro-endocrine system of honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae and pupae. Zoology, 99(1), 58-67. Author. Six groups of serotonin-immunoreactive (5-HTi) neurons were identified in brains of last larval instar and early pupal honey bees. Immunoreactivity in the brain was restricted to neuronal somata during most of the preimaginal phase and could not be detected in cerebral neurites. Axons acquired 5-HT immunoreactivity only in the pharate adult stages, when some 5-HTi projections also could be detected in the neuroendocrine axis. 5-HTi cells directly adjacent to the retrocerebral complex could serve to modulate corpora allata activity in the larval stages. In contrast, somata and neurites in the suboesophageal and ventral ganglia exhibited strong 5-HTi neurons in these ganglia showed a metameric organization, with two bilateral pairs of 5-HTi cells per neuromere. Their neurites project to the contralateral side, ascend to form extensive dendritic fields with numerous varicosities, and then, via the intersegmental connectives, project into the anteriorly situated ganglion. Compared to 5-HTi neurons in the segmental neuromeres, serotoninergic neurons in the preimaginal brain, thus seem retarded in development. The pronounced heterochrony in the development of the serotoninergic system in the honey bee brain and the segmental neuromeres as compared to other insects could be an adaptation in social insects providing opportunities for higher levels of neuronal plasticity. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departmento de Biologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800156 apis mellifera/biogenic amines/development/neurons/metamorphosis/honey bees/brain/corpora allata/serotonin/larvae/pupae/central nervous system. Boletín del, C. (1998) 'El Niño' destroys hopes of a good [beekeeping] season [in Argentina]. Boletín del Colmenar, 4(29), 4-11. Original title: El Niño ahogo los pronosticos de una gran temporada. Accession date: 15 September 98. Call number: 638.14. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA172/99 beekeeping/Argentina/weather. Bollhalder, F. (1998) 'Thymovar' for the treatment of varroa. Schweizerische Bienen-Zeitung, 121(3), 148-151. Original title: 'Thymovar' zur Varroabekämpfung. A Thymovar strip contains 15 g thymol on a solid absorbent material as carrier. The strip is placed on top of the brood frames and is replaced 3–4 weeks later. Colonies at 4 apiaries (4–17 colonies) were treated from the end of Aug. until mid-Nov. with Thymovar or with Api-Life-Var (a.i. essential oils). Mite-fall was similar in the 2 groups. An oxalic acid treatment to determine the remaining mite population in Nov. showed that both treatments were equally effective. Efficiency varied rather widely, but averaged 85–97% at different apiaries. When Thymovar becomes available on the market, its use is recommended, followed by oxalic acid treatment in November. Thymol residues found in beeswax after treatment decreased rapidly. Spring honey contained on average 0.19 mg thymol/kg and honeydew honey 0.02 mg/kg. Honey for consumption must contain less than 0.8 mg/kg. Accession date: 1 July 98. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: De. . Author address: Andermatt Biocontrol AG, 6146 Grossdietwil, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA219/99 honey bees/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/thymol/oxalic acid/honey/beeswax/pesticide residues. Bologna, M. A. and Laurenzi, M. (1994) Descriptions of the triungulins of Synhoria testacea (Fabricius) and another undetermined African species (Coleoptera: Meloidae), with data on Horiini larvae. African Entomology, 2(2), 155-162. The 1st-instar (triungulin) larva of S. testacea (from a Xylocopa capitata tunnel in South Africa) and another unidentified Ugandan species, probably also a Synhoria, are described. The descriptions clearly demonstrate 2 pairs of ocelli in both species. Comparative morphological data and information on Horiini triungulins are also included. The Horiini are obligate parasitoids of Xylocopa bees. Library code: 25 ref. Language: En. Author address: Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Universita della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700532 Meloidae/morphology/taxonomy/larvae/Synhoria/Synhoria testacea/parasitoids/Xylocopa capitata/Xylocopa/triungulins/parasitism/by Meloidae/Xylocopa/of Xylocopa/parasites. Bonabeau, E., Theraulaz, G., Deneubourg, J. L., Aron, S. and Camazine, S. (1997) Self-organization in social insects. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 12(5), 188-193. This review, with 42 references, discusses the concept of self-organization as applied to various aspects of social life in ants, bees and termites. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900011 Apidae/Formicidae/Isoptera/social insects/social behaviour. Bonet, A. (1992) Reproductive biology of Ruta angustifolia in the Catalonian coastal range. Folia Botanica Miscellanea, 8, 113-124. Original title or source: Biologia reproductiva de Ruta angustifolia Pers. en la cordillera litoral Catalana. D. G. Lowe. The small bee Hylaeus brachycephalus was responsible for 54.4% of insect visits to R. angustifolia in this area of Spain, and its foraging behaviour indicated that it was the main pollinator. Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Author address: Departament de Biologia Vegetal (Botanica), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600043 phenology/reproductio/pollinators/pollination/Hylaeus/of Ruta angustifolia/by Hylaeus/Ruta angustifolia. Bonetti, A. M., Kerr, W. E. and Matusita, S. H. (1996) Effects of juvenile hormones I, II and III, in single and fractionated dosage in Melipona bees. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 55(sup.1), 113-120. Author. Applications of JH I, II and III in single or fractionated doses to larvae of Melipona compressipes, M. quadrifasciata, M. rufiventris and M. scutellaris at the L3 and beginning of the cocoon-spinning phase activated feminizing genes, inducing differentiation of female larvae into queens. Fractionated treatment produced more queens than single doses. It was difficult to obtain 100% queens with single dosages of JH in some cases, which implies a mechanism of JH degradation by specific esterases. Total (100%) queen production occurred only when an adequate amount of JH was administered within the period that is critical for caste determination. The threshold dosage of JH I for M. compressipes (below which it was not possible to obtain 100% queens) was 0.1 g in 4 applications of 0.025 g each. For M. quadrifasciata the threshold dose for obtaining the highest proportion of queens was 0.2 g JH I in 4 applications of 0.05 g each. For M. scutellaris 0.025 g JH I in a single dosage induced 100% queens. No 100% production of queens from M. rufiventris treated larvae were obtained; the highest proportion was 86% of queens with 0.2 g JH I. In order to obtain expression of the feminizing genes in Melipona species, JH I was the most efficient followed by JH III. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Genetica e Bioquimica, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801182 Apidae/beneficial insects/queens/Melipona/larvae/juvenile hormones/effects/females/caste determination. Bonfanti, E. and Lucchelli, E. (1998) New experiments with oxalic [acid]. Apis, 6(2), 12-15. Original title: Nuove sperimentazioni sull'ossalico. In summer 58 honey bee colonies in 6 apiaries were treated with oxalic acid. For each frame of bees, a colony was given 5 ml of a solution of 1 litre water containing 100 g oxalic acid dihydrate and 1 kg sugar. During treatment, a gap in brood rearing was ensured, using one of 3 methods. On average, 67–91% of mites [Varroa jacobsoni] were killed in the different apiaries. No significant increase in bee mortality was observed. In the autumn 100 colonies in 10 apiaries were treated twice with an interval of 15 days, and control efficiency was 98.5–99.9%. Most mites were killed by the first treatment. Again, bee mortality did not increase. Autumn treatment is recommended. Accession date: 11 August 98. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: It. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA220/99 honey bees/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/oxalic acid. Bonfanti-Almeida, J. C., Gobbi, N. and Palma, M. S. (1996) Bioinsecticide action of the venom of Africanized bees Apis mellifera Linnaeus 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae): IThe most susceptible age of Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius 1794 (Lepeletier: Pyralidae) eggs to the venom action. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins, 2(1), 46-51. D. G. Lowe. The action of non-lyophilized honey bee venom was tested by topical application to the egg masses of the lepidopteran D. saccharalis. Three-day-old eggs were the most susceptible to the venom, with LC equal to 8.6 mg/ml and LD equal to 0.173 mg/egg mass. The venom lost its toxicity after being stored for 15 days. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, FIRP, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900329 Apis mellifera/honey bee venom/toxicity/insecticidal activity/Diatraea saccharalis/ova/Lepidoptera/insects. Bonilla-Gomez, M. A. and Nates-Parra, G. (1992) Euglossine bees from Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae) 1. Illustrated keys. Caldasia, 17(1), 149-172. Original title or source: Abejas euglosinas de Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae) 1. Claves ilustradas. A key to the 108 euglossine bees found in Colombia is presented. Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Author address: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, A.A. 77038, Santafe de Bogota, Colombia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601260 Apidae/Euglossini/Colombia. Bonney, R. (1995) Bill Maxant. Bee Culture, 123(1), 29-32. This article gives an account of Bill Maxant and the firm he founded, Maxant Industries Inc., manufacturers of honey processing equipment, located in Massachusetts, USA. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700315 honey/processing/equipment/firms/USA. Bonney, R. (1996) Woodenworld II. Bee Culture, 124(1), 30-40. P. Walker. This is a survey of wooden hive boxes and hive parts available from 10 manufacturers/suppliers in USA and Canada. The following information is tabulated and discussed: dimensions of standard hive parts and of actual parts supplied, costs, grading and assembly, frames and spacing. There is useful advice on points to consider before ordering and on assembly of parts. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701400 firms/USA/Canada/hive parts/movable-comb hives/brood bodies/super bodies/frames. Bonney, R. (1997) Plastic frames and foundation. Bee Culture, 125(6), 31-34. Several types of plastic combs and foundation available in the USA are described, and their weights, prices and ease of assembly are compared. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900571 plastic combs/plastic foundation/movable-comb hives. Boomsma, J. J. and Eickwort, G. C. (1993) Colony structure, provisioning and sex allocation in the sweat bee Halictus ligatus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 48(4), 355-377. Author. Population and colony-level sex allocation and nest productivity in H. ligatus were studied by excavating nests during one season. The emphasis was on measuring the provision masses (male-producing provision masses are smaller and more or less round, whereas gyne-producing provision masses are larger and 'loaf'-shaped). The overall sex ratio of the summer brood was moderately biased towards gynes. A significant positive correlation between the overall size of provision masses (as an estimate for the degree of female bias of the nest sex ratio) and the number of eusocial workers was found. This relationship was clearer in partial analyses in which the provision mass weights were adjusted for sampling date, removing the effect of protandry. Foundress size, however, had no effect on the second brood provision masses and neither was there an effect of worker number on the size of gynes and males separately. In the first brood only the size of the foundress had a consistently positive effect on the size of the provision masses and on the size of the emerging daughter workers. The observed increase of female bias in the nest sex ratio with increasing numbers of eusocial worker bees conforms to optimization predictions following from kin-selection theory. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800080 Halictus ligatus/Apidae/nests/USA/Halictus/brood rearing/food/Halictus/sex ratio/reproduction. Boomsma, J. J. and Ratnieks, F. L. W. (1996) Paternity in eusocial Hymenoptera. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 351(1342), 947-975. This review, with 242 references, assesses the evidence for multiple paternity, and to a lesser extent multiple insemination, in the eusocial Hymenoptera. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900762 Hymenoptera/males/mating. Boot, W. J. (1994) Methyl palmitate does not elicit invasion of honeybee brood cells by Varroa mites. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 18(10), 587-592. P. Walker. A special 'half-comb' with a transparent base was used in these trials so that worker brood cells could be inspected every 2 h for invasion by mites. Test cells were treated with 2l of 10, 1 or 0.1% methyl palmitate in acetone, or with pure acetone. Numbers of mites invading treated cells were similar to those in untreated cells in all trials except one; in the 0-6 h preceding capping, cells treated with 0.1% methyl palmitate had more mites than control cells. Higher doses of methyl palmitate killed some or all larvae. It is concluded that this compound does not (as has been suggested) serve as an attractant to mites. Further, an unpublished analysis of volatiles from brood cells that attracted mites established that methyl palmitate was present as a trace in only 2 of 17 samples. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Pure and Applied Ecology, Section Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 320, 1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700286 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/honey bee brood/invasion/larvae/esters/methyl palmitate. Boot, W. J. (1995) Invasion of Varroa mites into honey bee brood cells, Proefschrift, Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen, Netherlands. See e.g. AA 1287/93, 635/94, 270/95.\0BD. G. Lowe. Aspects investigated in this thesis (and presented as separate chapters) are: behaviour of a V. jacobsoni female as it leaves an adult bee and invades a honey bee brood cell; the rate of invasion (a matter of chance or choice?); factors affecting the invasion of cells e.g. availability of brood cells, especially drone brood, age of brood and ratio of brood to adult bees; the effects of the time spent on adult bees on the reproductive success of V. jacobsoni; the different periods of invasion into worker and drone cells; the correlationship between the distance of a larva to the cell rim and the attractiveness of brood cells to a mite; the failure of methyl palmitate in the honey bee larval cuticle to elicit invasion behaviour; reproductive success of V. jacobsoni in worker and drone brood cells. The results of these investigations have been, or will be, published as separate papers. Page(s): 119 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601459 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/drone honey bees/worker honey bees/cells (honey bees)/ectoparasites/host parasite relationships/reproduction/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/honey bee brood/invasion/theses. Boot, W. J., Baalen, M. v. and Sabelis, M. W. (1995) Why do Varroa mites invade worker brood cells of the honey bee despite lower reproductive success? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 36(4), 283-289. P. Walker. A simple model using clonal population growth as a fitness measure has been developed to study the reproductive strategy of V. jacobsoni. For European Apis mellifera the model suggests that if mites have to wait less than 7 days before they can invade a drone cell, specialization on drone rather than worker brood cells would be a better strategy. This time is close to the estimated waiting time of 6 days. In fact, mites invade both drone and worker cells, but some specialization on drone cells occurs. In African or Africanized A. mellifera and in A. cerana, mites specialize on drone cells for reproduction; although some female mites enter worker cells, a large percentage do not reproduce. In A. florea, Euvarroa sinhai mites invade only drone cells. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Pure and Applied Ecology, Section Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 320, 1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800235 Apis mellifera/Apis cerana/Euvarroa sinhai/ectoparasites/behaviour/worker honey bees/drone honey bees/Apis florea/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/reproduction/honey bee brood/invasion/mathematical models. Boot, W. J., Beetsma, J. and Calis, J. N. M. (1994) Behaviour of Varroa mites invading honey bee brood cells. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 18(6), 371-379. Author. Invasion behaviour of Varroa jacobsoni into honey bee brood cells was studied using an observation hive. The mites were carried close to a suitable brood cell on adult bees. Subsequently, the mites moved from the bees to the rim of the cell, walked quickly inside, crawled between the larva and the cell wall, and moved on to the bottom of the cell. Mites were never seen walking across the comb and entering and leaving brood cells as has been described for Tropilaelaps clareae. Differences in invasion strategies between V. jacobsoni and T. clareae are discussed. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Pure and Applied Ecology, Section Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 320, 1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700281 apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/behaviour/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/invasion/cells (honey bees)/honey bee brood/infestation. Boot, W. J., Beetsma, J. and Calis, J. N. M. (1994) Behavior of Varroa mites invading honey bee brood cells. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 18(6), 371-379. The invasion behaviour of Varroa jacobsoni into brood cells of Apis mellifera was studied using an observation hive. The mites were carried close to a suitable brood cell by the bees. Subsequently, the mites moved from the bees to the rim of the cell, walked quickly inside, crawled between the larva and the cell wall, and moved on to the bottom of the cell. V. jacobsoni mites were never seen walking across the comb, and entering and leaving brood cells as has been described for Tropilaelaps clareae. Differences in invasion strategies between V. jacobsoni and T. clareae are discussed. Library code: 28 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Applied and Pure Ecology, Section Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 320, 1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601087 beneficial insects/insects/pollinators/mites/Acari/Varroidae/arthropod pests/honey bees/Apis mellifera/Varroa jacobsoni/Tropilaelaps clareae/hosts/ectoparasites/biology/behaviour/pests/of honey bees/behaviour. Boot, W. J., Blom, J. v. d. and Beetsma, J. (1997) Workers of Apis cerana reproduce during short periods of queenlessness. Entomologische Berichten, 57(10), 149-153. Author. In 6 colonies of Apis cerana the queen was removed and the occurrence of egg laying by workers was studied. Three colonies had brood of all stages and were allowed to build emergency queen cells and to rear queens. In 3 other colonies no young brood to build emergency queen cells was left (hopelessly queenless) but older brood was present. Workers started laying within 2-3 days after removal of the queen, both in the colonies rearing queens and in the hopelessly queenless colonies. Mass egg laying by workers occurred in 5 of the 6 colonies 4-5 days after removal of the queen. These eggs partly developed into capped drone brood. Thus, A. cerana workers may produce a substantial number of drones during short periods of queenlessness, even when new queens are reared simultaneously. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901193 honey bee colonies/queenlessness/laying worker honey bees/drone honey bees/brood rearing/Apis cerana. Boot, W. J., Calis, J. N. M. and Beetsma, J. (1995) Does time spent on adult bees affect reproductive success of Varroa mites? Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 75(1), 1-7. P. Walker. In 3 series of experiments, combs with emerging worker brood, heavily infested with mites, were put into mite-free Apis mellifera colonies. The numbers of mites on the bottom board were counted daily, and mite reproductive success in worker brood cells was investigated in relation to time spent on adult bees. Relative mortality of mites was low after the first day (18% then 4%, 2%, 0.6%). A total of 756-892 mites entered worker brood cells; 8-12% did not produce offspring and 8-10% produced only male offspring. For all reproductive mites, the number of offspring was 4.0-4.4/mite (in one reproductive cycle), and these included 1.2-1.3 viable daughters. Reproductive success was not related to time spent on adult bees before entering the cell. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Pure and Applied Ecology, Section Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 320, 1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700289 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/fertility/reproduction/host parasite relationships. Boot, W. J., Calis, J. N. M., Beetsma, J., Hai, D. M., Lan, N. K., Toan, T. V., Trung, L. Q. and Minh, N. H. (1996) The phenomenon of non-reproduction in worker cells as a Varroa tolerance factor involves natural selection of the mites. Apidologie, 27(4), 282-284. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. Mites (V. jacobsoni) from bees in Apis mellifera colonies (M) were introduced experimentally into A. cerana (C) worker brood, and vice versa. About 80% of M mites reproduced in naturally infested cells, and also in experimentally infested M and C worker brood. Only 10% of C mites reproduced in M worker cells and in naturally infested C worker brood. The results show that a low reproduction rate is a trait of the mite strain. This should be taken into account when selecting bees for reduced mite susceptibility. Library code: Bj. Language: En\Fr\De. Author address: Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, P.O.B. 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801019 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/susceptibility/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/reproduction/worker honey bees/honey bee brood/Apis cerana. Boot, W. J., Driessen, R. G., Calis, J. N. M. and Beetsma, J. (1995) Further observations on the correlation between attractiveness of honey bee brood cells to Varroa jacobsoni and the distance from larvae to cell rim. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 76(3), 223-232. Varroa jacobsoni was studied with respect to invasion into different types of brood cells of Apis mellifera. Different cell types were obtained by shortening and elongating cells, grafting worker larvae into drone cells and vice versa. The type of cell strongly affected the number of mites/cell, and the attractive period of the cells to the mites. The type of cell of also affected the distance from larva to cell rim preceding cell capping. When this distance was larger in comparison to control cells of the same age, the attractive period of the brood cells was shorter and vice versa. Since in all cell types the distance from larva to cell rim continuously decreased preceding cell capping, this negative correlation was in agreement with the hypothesis that there was a critical larva-rim distance under which brood cells are attracted to mites. The length of the attractive period of brood cells depended on the moment this critical distance was reached. The distribution of mites over different cell types in turn resulted from differences in the attractive period. Library code: 17 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Pure and Applied Ecology, Section Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 320, 1098 Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701027 beneficial insects/social insects/animal behaviour/natural enemies/Apis mellifera/Varroa jacobsoni/hosts/ectoparasites/biology/behaviour/pests/honey bees/of honey bees/honey bee brood/invasion/cells (honey bees)/types/effects/cells. Boot, W. J., Nguyen Quang, T., Pham Cong, D., Huan, L. v., Dung, N. v., Le Tu, L. and Beetsma, J. (1997) Reproductive success of Varroa jacobsoni in brood of its original host, Apis cerana, in comparison to that of its new host, A. mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 87(2), 119-126. Reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni has been extensively studied in colonies of the mite's recently acquired host, Apis mellifera. However, data on reproduction in colonies of its original host, A. cerana, are still fragmentary. In order to compare reproductive success in naturally infested brood cells of A. cerana and A. mellifera, freshly capped worker and drone cells (0-5 h after capping) were marked and opened 9 days later. When one or more foundress Varroa mites were found, the number and stage of the offspring were recorded. In colonies of A. cerana, V. jacobsoni reproduced almost exclusively in drone cells. Surprisingly, however, these drone cells proved to be better suited for reproduction than drone (and worker) cells of A. mellifera. Firstly, in drone cells of A. cerana, 97-100% of the mites produced female offspring and 98-99% of these mites also produced male offspring. In drone and worker cells of A. mellifera only 70-80% produced females and only 74-86% of these mites produced males. Secondly, if a mite produced female offspring, it produced more females in drone cells of A. cerana than in drone cells of A. mellifera: 4.5-4.6 vs 2.9-3.7 females per mite, respectively. Finally, infestation by two foundress females negatively affected reproduction per mite in drone cells of A. mellifera, but not in drone cells of A. cerana. Thus, V. jacobsoni seems to be better adapted to A. cerana than to A. mellifera, although population growth of mites in A. mellifera colonies is higher due to the exploitation of worker cells besides drone cells. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, PO Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900466 honey bees/Apis mellifera/Apis cerana/ectoparasites/Varroa jacobsoni/hosts/Apis/behaviour/reproduction. Boot, W. J., Schoenmaker, J., Calis, J. N. M. and Beetsma, J. (1995) Invasion of Varroa jacobsoni into drone brood cells of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Apidologie, 26(2), 109-118. Author. The entry of V.jacobsoni into drone brood cells was studied in colonies without worker brood. The probability for a mite to invade was dependent on the brood/bees ratio, which is defined as the number of drone brood cells capped per kg of bees. In comparison with invasion in colonies with exclusively worker cells, mites invaded drone cells 11.6 times more frequently. This suggests that the biased distribution of mites in colonies with both types of brood cells results predominantly from the higher rate of invasion into a drone cell per se, when compared with that into a worker cell per se. Since the rate of invasion is high in drone cells, a trapping method using drone combs may be very effective in controlling the mite. When no other brood is present, 462 drone cells are estimated to be sufficient to trap 95% of the mites in a colony of 1 kg of bees. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Section Population Biology, Department of Pure and Applied Ecology, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 320, 1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700270 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/cells (honey bees)/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/host preferences/control methods/trapping/honey bee brood/invasion/drone honey bees. Boot, W. J., Sisselaar, D. J. A., Calis, J. N. M. and Beetsma, J. (1994) Factors affecting invasion of Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) into honeybee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) brood cells. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 84(1), 3-10. To study the rate of invasion into brood cells, a group of Varroa jacobsoni was introduced into colonies of Apis mellifera. For each experiment, 1 or 2 otherwise comparable colonies were treated and the effect on the rate of invasion was assessed. The results showed that the rate of invasion increased with the number of available brood cells, and decreased with the size of the population of A. mellifera. This was expected when the rate ofinvasion was limited because A. mellifera had to carry V. jacobsoni close to a brood cell for invasion to occur, and only a limited number of A. mellifera could come close enough to a brood cell simultaneously. Also, the rate of invasion decreased when young brood was present. This may have arisen because V. jacobsoni preferred young A. mellifera which were more likely to stay in the brood nest area, and young A. mellifera in the brood nest were divided over areas with brood cells that were suitable for invasion and over brood cells that were unsuitable for invasion. Hence, an increase in the amount of young brood, which was not yet suitable for invasion by V. jacobsoni, may decrease the invasion rate. Differences in the period during which brood celss suitable for invasion were available to V. jacobsoni appeared not to affect the rate of invasion. . Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Pure and Applied Ecology, Section Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600270. Borcic, I., Radonic, A. and Grzunov, K. (1996) Comparison of the volatile constituents of propolis gathered in different regions of Croatia. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 11(5), 311-313. Volatile compounds isolated from propolis, collected in 2 different regions of Croatia, were analysed by GC-MS. They differed qualitatively and quantitatively. The major volatile components of Dalmatian propolis identified were terpenes (30%), while benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid and benzyl benzoate were predominant (49%) in propolis from Slavonia. The compounds -pinene, -pinene, -terpinene, -muurolene, -cadinene and -cadinene have not previously been identified as components of propolis. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Split, Teslina 10/V, 21000 Split, Croatia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900315 volatile compounds/propolis/regions/Croatia/chemical composition/terpenoids/alcohols/benzoic acid/benzyl benzoate/-pinene/-pinene/hive products/hive products. Borg, P. and Tolvanen, M. (1993) Notes on foraging ecology of honey bees in the SW archipelago of Finland. Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 69(1), 16-20. J. M. Gedye. Young bees from 4 colonies of Apis mellifera ligustica and 4 of A. m. carnica were marked with fluorescent paint and observed over a range of 3 km from the hives. Pollen analysis of pollen pellets and field observations showed that bees foraged most commonly on Calluna vulgaris, Lythrum salicaria, Trifolium repens, Epilobium angustifolium and Origanum vulgare, but many other plant species common in the seashore pastures at the study sites were commonly foraged on by honey bees. Foraging was made less effective by strong winds and long flying distances over open water. Bees often drifted into other colonies, including those of the other race. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Botany, PO Box 7, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700191 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/foraging/honey bees/Finland/coastal areas/climate/effects/drifting/honey bee forage. Borg-Karlson, A. K., Unelius, C. R., Valterova, I. and Nilsson, L. A. (1996) Floral fragrance chemistry in the early flowering shrub Daphne mezereum. Phytochemistry, 41(6), 1477-1483. The flower volatiles of D. mezereum, collected from a plant growing in Osterskar, Sweden, during 1991, 1992 and 1994, were analysed by GC-MS and multi-dimensional GC. (S)-(+)-Linalool was the main constituent (95%) of the floral fragrance; its enantiomeric purity exceeded 99% in the samples. Isomers of linalool oxide ((2S,5S)- and (2R,5S)-furanoid and (3R,6S)- and (3S,6S)-pyranoid isomers) constituted 2-5% of the fragrance. The elution order of these compounds on a permethylated -cyclodextrin column is reported. A fragrance sample of D. mezereum and (S)-(+)-linalool attracted males of the solitary bee species Colletes cunicularius and Andrena cinerea. The furanoid linalool oxide isomers were weakly attractive. The role of (S)-(+)-linalool in the pollination of D. mezereum is discussed. Library code: 26 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800003 Thymelaeaceae/pollination/Colletes/Andrena/fragrance/flowering/linalool/ornamental woody plants/plant composition/Daphne mezereum/monoterpenoids/insect attractants/Colletes cunicularius/Andrena cinerea/terpenoids/volatile compounds/composition/flowers/terpenoids/composition/poisonous plants/Daphne/foraging/Daphne. Bornhauser, B. C. and Meyer, E. P. (1997) Histamine-like immunoreactivity in the visual system and brain of an orthopteran and a hymenopteran insect. Cell and Tissue Research, 287(211-221). The distribution of histamine-like immunoreactivity has been analysed in the visual system and brain of the cricket Gryllus campestris and of the honey bee Apis mellifera by using antiserum against histamine. Specific immunolabelling of the photoreceptors has been found in the compound eyes and ocelli of both examined species. Intense immunostaining can also be detected in the midbrain of these species. The axons of immunoreactive cells innervate almost every area in the protocerebrum. Most of the reactive neurons are typically wide-field neurons with bilateral ramifications that form dense arborizations. Numerous small buttons on the arborizations probably represent pre- and postsynaptic sites. The histamine-like immunoreactivity neurones are apparently connected to many postsynaptic neurones. In both bees and crickets, some regions of the nervous system such as the first two optic neuropils and the central body show the same labelling pattern, whereas the mushroom bodies exhibit no immunoreactivity. Nevertheless, several differences in the staining pattern can be seen: the glomeruli of the antennal lobe are invaded by histamine-like immunoreactive fibres in the bee but not in the cricket. Furthermore, an interneurone is found in the second optic neuropil in the bee. In acoord with the work of other authors on the distribution of histamine in the insects nervous system, we suggest that histamine is not only a transmitter within the visual system, but also a transmitter or co-transmitter in the insect midbrain. Accession date: 18 May 1999. Call number: 638.121. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Zoologisches Institut der Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1029/99 immunocytochemistry/photoreceptor cells/neurotransmitters/insect brain/fluorescent dyes/Gryllus campestris/Apis mellifera. Bornus, L. (1993) A history of the [Polish] bee research institutes (Lublin, Skierniewice, Puawy). Puawy, Poland, Oddzia Pszczelnictwa, Instytut Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa. Original title or source: Z historii instytutu pszczelarskiego (Lublin - Skierniewice - Puawy). Page(s): 81 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Pl. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600920 history/beekeeping/research institutes/Poland/books. Bortoli, C. d. and Laroca, S. (1990) Survey of Apoidea (Hymenoptera) in a restricted site in São José dos Pinhais (PR, south Brazil), with comparative notes. Dusenia, 15, 1-112. Original title: Estudo biocenótico em Apoidea (Hymenoptera) de uma área restrita em São José dos Pinhais (PR, Sul do Brasil), com notas comparativas. Accession date: 1 November 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bd. Language: Pt, en. . Author address: Dept de Geociências da Univ. Estadual de Ponta Grossa e Fac. Estadual de Filsofia, Ciências e Letras de Guarapuava, CP 992, 84100 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA952/99 Apoidea/distribution/Brazil/surveys. Bosch, J. (1992) Floral biology and pollinators of three co-occurring Cistus species (Cistaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 109(1), 39-55. J. M. Gedye. A survey of the highly self-incompatible species Cistus albidus, C. salvifolius and C. monspeliensis, growing together in Spain, showed that the flowers of C. albidus produced the most nectar and pollen and attracted the most insects, especially those with higher nutritional requirements. Of the bees attracted to C. albidus, 64% were equal to or greater than 8 mm in size. Bees visiting C. salvifolius and C. monspeliensis were much fewer in numbers and most (77% and 62%, respectively) were smaller in size ( 8 mm). Coleopterans represented the highest number of insect visitors to the flowers of all 3 Cistus species. A few Diptera and Lepidoptera also visited the flowers. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal, 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700409 Apidae/Coleoptera/Lepidoptera/Diptera/pollinators/nectar/pollen/Spain/foraging/Apoidea/insects/Cistus. Bosch, J. (1994) Osmia cornuta Latr. (Hym., Megachilidae) as a potential pollinator in almond orchards. Journal of Applied Entomology, 117(2), 151-157. Three Osmia cornuta populations were released in each of 3 almond orchards near Reus, Spain. In each orchard, bees were offered the same choice of paper straws of 4 different lengths (12, 15, 18 and 21 cm) inserted in milk-carton nesting materials. Releasing methods used were different for each orchard; bees of orchard A were released within their natal straws; bees of orchard B were released by inserting individual cocoons in new straws; and bees of orchard C were mass-released in emergence boxes. Nesting bees at each orchard were counted and significantly more females dispersed in orchard C (79.10%) than in orchard B (51.04%) or orchard A (28.34%). Females preferred to nest in longer straws (15-21 cm) than in 12-cm straws in all orchards. In general, the number of cells built per nest increased and the sex ratio (males/females) of progeny decreased with straw length. Previously occupied straws were preferred to previously unoccupied straws in both orchards A and B. It is suggested that O. cornuta females select new holes when attractive nesting materials are offered and previously occupied holes when less attractive nesting materials are available. Library code: 17 ref. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Animal, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601164 Hymenoptera/Apidae/beneficial insects/dispersal/orchards/animal behaviour/nut crops/sex ratio/biology/behaviour/almonds/pollination/nesting/Osmia/domestication/of Prunus dulcis/by Osmia/Prunus dulcis. Bosch, J. (1995) Comparison of nesting materials for the orchard pollinator Osmia cornuta (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Entomologia Generalis, 19(4), 285-289. P. Walker. In a test in an almond orchard in NE Spain, O. cornuta was offered 4 different nesting materials; the bees found drilled wood blocks the most attractive, followed by grooved boards, then reed sections, and milk cartons containing paper straws. Reeds from bamboo were much more attractive than those from Phragmites or Arundo. The male:female sex ratio of progeny tended to be highest in the least attractive materials. Mortality and parasitization were low in all materials. The numbers of cells made and of female progeny were highest in wood blocks, which are therefore recommended as the most suitable. A 9 9 16 cm pine block had 25 holes, 15 cm deep, each lined with a paraffined paper straw, internal diameter 7.5 mm. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Dept. Animal Biol., Fac. Biol., Univ Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800720 Osmia cornuta/Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/almonds/Spain/Osmia/nests/domestication. Bosch, J. and Blas, M. (1994) Effect of over-wintering and incubation temperatures on adult emergence in Osmia cornuta Latr. (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Apidologie, 25(3), 265-277. Author. Cocoons of the potential orchard pollinator O. cornuta were exposed to different overwintering and incubation temperatures to see if adult emergence could be manipulated and bees could be induced to emerge in synchrony with almond bloom. Bees overwintered in a warehouse in an almond-growing area emerged over a period of time longer than the flowering period of commercial almond orchards. Conversely, bees overwintered in refrigerators completed emergence in less than a week. Longer overwintering periods resulted in shorter emergence periods, but lower overwintering temperatures did not. Incubation of overwintered cocoons for 24 h failed to accelerate emergence consistently. The shortest emergence periods were obtained when bees were overwintered at 3C for 120 d. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Dept. Biologia Animal, Fac. Biologia, Univ. Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600383 overwintering/almonds/flowering/rearing techniques/domestication/Osmia/temperature/effects/development. Bosch, J. and Blas, M. (1994) Foraging behaviour and pollinating efficiency of Osmia cornuta and Apis mellifera on almond (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae and Apidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 29(1), 1-9. Author. Foraging behaviour and pollinating efficiency of Osmia cornuta females (Oc) and Apis mellifera nectar (Am (N)) and pollen/nectar (Am (P)) foragers were studied in an orchard of young late-flowering almond trees in 1989 and 1991. Contact between the body of the pollinator and the stigma of the flower occurred in 98.7% of Oc visits, in 67.3% of Am (P) visits, and in 39.5% of Am (N) visits. Oc visited more flowers per unit time and fewer flowers per tree than either Am (P) or Am (N). In 1991, Oc flew longer distances and changed rows more frequently than Am. Fruit-set in flowers that received only one visit by one of the 3 pollinators examined in 1989 and 1991, respectively, were as follows: 21.8% and 38.1% for Oc, 16.7% and 26% for Am (P), and 9.1% and 0% for Am (N). Pollinating efficiency of Am (P) does not appear to be limited by the quantity of compatible pollen on the body of the bee, but rather by the frequency of contact with the stigma of the flower. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department Biologia Animal, Faculty Biologia, University Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601555 Apis mellifera/Osmia cornuta/beneficial insects/pollinators/Apidae/almonds/pollination/honey bees/Osmia/of Prunus dulcis/by honey bees/by Osmia/Prunus dulcis/foraging/Osmia. Bosch, J., Blas, M. and Lacasa, A. (1992) Osmia cornuta (Hymenoptera; Megachilidae), a new pollinator for almonds. Fruticultura Profesional(44), 65-71. Original title or source: Osmia cornuta (Hymenoptera; Megachilidae), un nuevo polinizador para los almendros. D. G. Lowe. Causes of deficiencies in almond pollination in Spain are discussed, and the use of Osmia cornuta as a pollinator is proposed. The characteristics of this bee are described briefly. Library code: Bc. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Biologia, Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700397 Osmia cornuta/beneficial insects/Apidae/pollinators/almonds/Spain/pollination/Osmia/of Prunus dulcis/by Osmia/Prunus dulcis/domestication/Osmia. Bosch, J., Retana, J. and Cerda, X. (1997) Flowering phenology, floral traits and pollinator composition in a herbaceous Mediterranean plant community. Oecologia, 109(4), 583-591. P. Walker. Flower characteristics and nectar and pollen production are tabulated for the 17 most abundant plant species in a grassland area in northeast Spain. Flowers were present all the year round, but most species flowered in the spring. In April, Apis mellifera constituted 70.4% of insect visitors to flowers, but numbers then decreased sharply. Wild bees were more active from April to July. In total (April-October) 58.5% of all flower visitors were ants, 12% beetles, 9.5% flies, 6.4% honey bees, 6.4% wild bees and 5.2% wasps. Most plant species were visited by a variety of insects. By correspondence analysis, 4 categories of plants were defined, according to their main groups of visitors. Analysis showed that, in spite of the seasonality shown by different insect groups, the observed patterns of visitor distribution among plants were most affected by pollen and nectar rewards. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Utah State University, Logan. UT 84322, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901091 plant communities/grasslands/phenology/Spain/pollination/insects. Bosch, J., Vicens, N. and Blas, M. (1993) Analysis of nests of some Megachilidae nesting in pre-established cavities (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Orsis, 8, 53-63. Original title or source: Analisis de los nidos de algunos Megachilidae nidificantes en cavidades preestablecidas (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). D. G. Lowe. Nests of Rhodanthidium sticticum, Anthidium florentinum, Heriades truncorum, Hoplitis adunca, Metallinella brevicornis, Megachile apicalis and M. rotundata were obtained by the use of trap-nests having a number of tubes 15 cm long, with diameters of 7, 8 or 9 mm. Information is given on nest architecture, food provisions (including types of pollen collected), structure of larval cocoons, faeces, parasites and predators. Library code: Ba. Language: Catalan. Author address: Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800816 Apidae/Megachilidae/nests. Bosch, J. v. d., Woodfield, D. R., Clifford, P. T. P. and Caradus, J. R. (1996) White clover breeding, flowering, and farm management as it relates to beekeeping. New Zealand Beekeeper, 3(9), 24-25. P. Walker. Many cultivars of white clover (Trifolium repens) have been bred for different purposes in New Zealand. In some areas, fields grown for seed are important nectar sources for bees. As a result of changes in farming practices, fewer white clover flowers are being grown, but honey yield/colony does not seem to have decreased; climate/weather seems to be the main factor affecting honey production. Variations in nectar secretion by flowers indicate that suitable selection could result in plants with greater honey potential. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800977 Trifolium repens/flowering/nectar plants/cultivars/New Zealand/honey bee forage. Bosch, M., Simon, J., Blanché, C. and Molero, J. (1997) Pollination ecology in the tribe Delphineae (Ranunculaceae) in a W Mediterranean area: floral visitors and pollinator behaviour. Lagascalia, 19(1-2), 545-562. Investigations of foraging behaviour allowed us to differentiate between 'legal' pollinators, nectar or pollen robbers, floral predators and accidentals. Field observations showed that the main pollinators are Hymenoptera of the genus Bombus, principally in high montane species (Aconitum and D. montanum), whereas the remaining species growing in lower habitats showed a wider taxonomic range of visitors, including other Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera, some of which acted as pollinators. The plants studied have a complex floral morphology, closely adapted to insect-pollination. They produced a large amount of nectar in a specialized structure hidden in a spur (in Delphinium and Consolida) or in a helmet (in Aconitum). Correlation between nectary length and insect tongue length has been studied. Analysis of corbiculae showed that Delphineae species are the greatest pollen source, together with small amounts of other neighbouring plants in each population. Accession date: 18 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author. Author address: Lab de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Univ de Barcelona, Ave. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028-Barcelona, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA953/99 Apoidea/Bombus/bumble bees/pollinators/Delphinium/Acontium/foraging behaviour/mediterranean. Bosch, M., Simon, J., Molero, J. and Blanché, C. (1998) Reproductive biology, genetic variation and conservation of the rare endemic dysploid Delphinium bolosii (Ranunculaceae). Biological Conservation, 86, 57-66. Delphinium bolosii, is a very rare endemic plant known from only two populations in Catalonia, having fewer than 1500 individuals. A biological survey of this species included: (a) reproductive biology, comprising pollination ecology, breeding systems, seed set and pollen viability; and (b) enzyme electrophoresis to measure genetic variation within and between two populations. A trend to increasing self-pollination rates (up to 20%) and to low levels of genetic variation (1.6-1.7 allelles per locus), together with high rates of nectar robber visits are reported. The hypothetical evolutionary relationship (chromosomal changes and geographic isolation) of this species with its related wide-spread ancestor D. fissum are also discussed. The main threats to this species are catastrophic events (especially soil erosion), human impact activities (both agriculture and tourism) and decreasing pollination. The small populations and low genetic variability reinforce its endangered status. Some conservation measures are suggested, including in-situ and ex-situ strategies. Accession date: 18 May 1999. Call number: 58. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Lab de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Univ de Barcelona, Ave. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA936/99 Delphinium bolosii/rare endemic/endangered species/conservation/reproductive biology/isozyme electrophoresis/pollination ecology. Botero Garces, N. and Morales Soto, G. (1995) Effect of Apis mellifera L. on yield of Andes berry (Rubus glaucus Benth.). Revista Colombiana de Entomologia, 21(2), 65-69. Original title or source: Influencia de Apis mellifera L. en la produccion de mora de Castilla (Rubus glaucus Benth.). In a R. glaucus crop in Retiro, Antioquia, florets were left exposed to all pollinating insects or enclosed to exclude all insects, or whole plants were enclosed in insect-proof cages into which honey bees were introduced. Fruit weight per cluster was greatest in the completely exposed treatment, but was significantly greater with honey bees only than with no insects. The weight of 20 fruits was also greatest in the exposed treatment and least in the no-insects treatment. Library code: 26 ref. Language: Es. Author address: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado Aereo 55823, Medellin, Colombia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800696 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/Rubus glaucus/pollination/pollinators/Apidae/fruits/size/of Rubus glaucus/by honey bees/Robus glaucus. Botero Garces, N. and Morales Soto, G. (1995) Flower visitation patterns of Apis mellifera on the Andean blackberry. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia, 21(3), 153-157. Original title or source: Patrones de visita floral de Apis mellifera L. en mora de Castilla. D. G. Lowe. Foraging behaviour of honey bees (Apis mellifera) on Andean blackberry (Rubus glaucus) was studied at a 10-ha site in Retiro, Colombia. Ten honey bee colonies (each of c. 30000 bees) were introduced to pollinate the crop. Bees foraged on the flowers only for nectar, but carried pollen grains on their bodies. Mean visitation time was 8 s/flower. The greatest foraging activity was between 10.00 h and 16.30 h, with a peak from 13.00 to 14.00 h. The population density of honey bees on the flowers varied greatly, but the results indicate that 2 hives/ha would be sufficient for pollination of Andean blackberry crops. Insecticide applications would be best made before 09.00 h or after 18.00 h. Library code: Bc. Language: Es. Author address: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado Aereo 55823, Medellin, Colombia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801471 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/blackberries/Colombia/pollination/of Rubus glaucus/by honey bees/Rubus glaucus. Bounias, M., Andre, J. F., Nectoux, M. and Popeskovic, D. S. (1994) Varroa jacobsoni control by feeding honey bees with organic cupric salts. Bee Science, 3(3), 111-119. Author. For 3 years, about 1500 colonies were surveyed for varroa following feeding tests using cupric gluconate and cupric lactate in sucrose syrup; 3-5 litres per hive of 0-2.8 g of copper metal per litre of sucrose syrup were given in spring and/or summer. Bee and mite mortalities were recorded for up to 4 years without significant toxicity being noted for honey bees. By contrast, up to 91% of the mites were killed in a dose-dependent manner by gluconate. Lactate was markedly less active than the gluconate, although it also prevented reinfestations. Cupric gluconate in sugar syrup was as attractive, if not more so, than pure sucrose, and the copper concentrations in honey at harvest did not exceed natural levels. Efficacy of treatments was not brood-dependent. Cupric organic salts therefore provide a safe way for preventing the infestation of colonies and the population development of the mite over long periods. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Phytopharmacy, Unit of Biomathematics and Toxicology, University of Avignon, 23 rue du 58 R. I., 84000 Avignon, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700679 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/copper. Bounias, M., Kruk, I., Nectoux, M. and Popeskovic, D. (1996) Toxicology of cupric salts on honeybees. V. Gluconate and sulfate action on gut alkaline and acid phosphatases. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 35(1), 67-76. Author. The effects of cupric salts, fed to honey bees (Apis mellifera) to systemically control Varroa jacobsoni, on the host phosphatases were investigated. The alkaline and acid forms extracted from the guts of worker bees exhibited substrate-inhibition features. Upon detailed kinetic analysis, cupric organic salts indicated activation effects at concentrations of about 1 mM. Concentrations up to 10 mM (alkaline form) and 25 mM (acid form) induced no important changes, except a partial quenching of the substrate-inhibition process. Cupric gluconate and sulfate demonstrated similar patterns, except an increase of the apparent Hill coefficient by sulfate only. The substrate constant of acid phosphatases was decreased at high cupric gluconate doses while its maximum velocity was biphasically increased (with observed maximum at 1 mM), resulting in a sustained activation. Chemiluminescence studies revealed that cupric ion activation is counteracted by oxygen radicals generated by cupric ions and also, in vitro, by the artificial substrate para-nitrophenylphosphate. In practice, dramatic effects would not be expected at the doses used to control V. jacobsoni. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Phytopharmacy-Ecotoxicology Department, INRA, University of Avignon, F-84000 Avignon, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901233 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control. Bounias, M., Navone-Nectoux, M. and Popeskovic, D. S. (1995) Toxicology of cupric salts in honeybees. 1. Hormesis effects of organic derivatives in lethality parameters. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 31(2), 127-132. P. Walker. In a theoretical study, Bounias [Comptes Rendus des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (1990) 310 (3) 65-70] derived absolute lethality parameters for Apis mellifera treated with cupric salts to control Varroa jacobsoni. In the present study, adult workers were fed with sugar syrup containing various concentrations of cupric gluconate or aspartate or isoleucinate, with or without pollen. From mortality curves, LT, Hill coefficients and LD were calculated, and also the maximum mortality acceleration. No toxic effects were found for cupric gluconate or isoleucinate with pollen, but hormesis effects were shown. Toxicity at high doses was compared with toxicity of phosalone and lindane. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Biomathematics and Toxicology Unit, University of Avignon, 23 rue du 58e R.I., F 84000 Avignon, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800148 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/phosalone/lindane/ectoparasites/Varroa jacobsoni/chemical control/toxicity/honey bees/copper/organic salts/to honey bees/of copper. Bourke, A. F. G. (1994) Worker matricide in social bees and wasps. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 167(3), 283-292. P. Walker. It has been reported that in bumble bees (Bombus) and vespine wasps (Vespa, Vespula, Dolichovespula) workers sometimes kill the colony's queen. It is suggested that this may occur if the gain to workers (in worker-produced males) outweighs the loss (in lack of queen-derived offspring). A kin selection model is used to explore this condition for the queen, for non-laying workers and for laying workers. Several situations favouring matricide are indicated. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800068 Apidae/Bombus/Vespidae/queens/death/females/relationships/mathematical models. Bouseman, J. K. (1993) A record of Nomada (Nomada) colorata from Illinois with a suggested host species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Great Lakes Entomologist, 26(3), 251. D. G. Lowe. Specimens of N. colorata females were taken from flowering Viola plants in Illinois, USA. Numerous females of Andrena violae were collecting pollen from these plants at the same time and it is suggested that a host-parasite relationship might exist between these 2 bee species. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Center for Economic Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700517 Nomada colorata/Andrena violae/Apidae/host parasite relationships/USA/Illinois/parasitism/by Nomada/Andrena/of Andrena/Nomada/parasites. Bouseta, A. and Collin, S. (1995) Optimized Likens-Nickerson methodology for quantifying honey flavors. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 43(7), 1890-1897. P. Walker. Extracts of a clover honey were obtained by dichloromethane extraction (DE) under an inert atmosphere followed by simultaneous steam distillation and DE. Organoleptic properties of the extracts were very similar to those of the original honey. Recovery factors obtained for many chemical compounds show that certain conditions are important: oxygen level, extraction time, cold finger temperature. Recovery was excellent for about 70 compounds tested under optimal conditions, but poor for hydrophilic alcohols (low-volatile), so recovery factors must be taken into account for accurate quantification of these compounds. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Unite de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 2/Bte 7, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801410 honey/flavour/volatile compounds/analytical methods. Bouseta, A., Scheirman, V. and Collin, S. (1996) Flavor and free amino acid composition of lavender and eucalyptus honeys. Journal of Food Science, 61(4), 683-694. Author. The volatile compounds of honeys from 2 unifloral sources, lavender and eucalyptus, were extracted with dichloromethane, followed by Likens-Nickerson's simultaneous steam distillation/solvent extraction. The extracts had an intense honey aroma that varied with the type of honey. Compounds (400) were separated by gas chromatography and detected by mass spectrometry. Major flavour compounds were very characteristic of each floral source (linear aldehydes, n-hexanol, coumarin, and phenylacetaldehyde in lavender honeys; diketones, hydroxyketones, 3-hexanol, sulfur compounds, and alkanes in eucalyptus samples). Eucalyptus honey was high in proline ( 150 ppm). Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Universite Catholique de Louvain, Unite de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Place Croix du Sud 2/Bte 7, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801422 honey/Lavandula/Eucalyptus/flavour/composition/volatile compounds/amino acids. Boutin, Y., Jobin, M., Bedard, P. M., Hebert, M. and Hebert, J. (1994) Possible dual role of anti-idiotypic antibodies in combined passive and active immunotherapy in honey bee sting allergy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 93(6), 1039-1046. The effects of passive infusion of a beekeepers' plasma rich in anti-idiotypic antibodies to a patient who experienced systemic reactions to honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom were studied. During the days after the infusion, a decrease of clinical sensitivity to the honeybee venom was reported. Indeed, the patient tolerated a cumulative dose of 280 g of venom without adverse reactions. Decreases in skin mast cell and in basophil sensitivity were also observed. After the plasma infusion, a modified rush immunotherapy with honeybee venom was initiated in the patient. In the following 76 weeks, increased levels of anti-idiotypic antibodies in the serum of the patient were associated with a diminution of specific antibodies (IgG and IgE) to honeybee venom. The results suggest a dual role of anti-id in the combined protocol of passive and active immunotherapy: an immediate action on clinical sensitivity along with a decrease of skin mast cell and basophil sensitivity and an immunoregulatory role on specific antibody production. Library code: 31 ref. Language: En. Author address: Centre de Recherche en Inflammation et Rhumatologie-Immunologie, C.H.U.L., 2705, boul. Laurier, Ste-Foy, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701335 arthropod allergies/honey bee venom/IgE/immunoglobulins/IgG/Apis mellifera/man/stings/therapy/hypersensitivity/immunotherapy/venoms/honey bees/allergies/usage/immune desensitization/antibodies. Bouwmeester, H. J. and Smid, H. G. (1995) Seed yield in caraway (Carum carvi). 1. Role of pollination. Journal of Agricultural Science, 124(2), 235-244. P. Walker. Caging of field plots of caraway to prevent insect pollination reduced seed yields by c. 15-20%, but in normal field conditions more than 90% of hermaphrodite flowers were fertilized. Additional hand pollination did not increase yields. Removal of competing umbels enhanced the low seed set percentages in higher-order umbels, indicating that pollination did not limit their seed yield. Wind transfer appeared to play some part in pollination. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Research Institute for Agrobiology and Soil Fertility, Postbox 14, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800020 wind pollination/pollinators/caraway/seed yields/pollination/insects/of Carum carvi/by insects/Carum carvi/pollination. Bove, C. P. (1993) Pollen morphology of the Bignoniaceae from a south Brazilian Atlantic forest. Grana, 32(6), 330-337. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Botanica, Laboratorio de Palinologia, CEP 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600004 Bignoniaceae/pollen/morphology. Bove, C. P. (1993) Systematic catalogue of arboreal plant pollen grains of southern Brazil. XXVII. Bombacaceae, Caprifoliaceae and Styracaceae. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 53(1), 87-101. Original title or source: Catalogo sistematico do polen das plantas arboreas do Brasil meridional. XXVII. Bombacaceae, Caprifoliaceae e Styracaceae. Library code: Bc. Language: Pt. Author address: Instituto de Botanica, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundao, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600006 pollen/morphology/Bombacaceae/Caprifoliaceae/Styracaceae. Bove, C. P. and Barth, O. M. (1992) Systematic catalogue of arboreal plant pollen grains of southern Brazil. XXV. Bignoniaceae. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 52(2), 283-292. Original title or source: Catalogo sistematico de polen das plantas arboreas do Brasil meridional. XXV. Bignoniaceae. Library code: Bc. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Botanica, Instituto de Biologia, CCS, Ilha do Fundao, UFRJ, 21910, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600005 pollen/morphology/Bignoniaceae. Bowden, R. M., Garry, M. F. and Breed, M. D. (1994) Discrimination of con- and heterospecific bees by Trigona (Tetragonisca) angustula guards. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 67(1), 137-139. Author. Previous work has shown that guard bees of T. (T.) angustula colonies hover near the colony entrance and selectively respond to insects or models of insects presented near the colony entrance. The present investigation showed that guards do not attack non-nestmate conspecifics. Tests on the effect of a number of other meliponine species on guard responses showed that guards attack workers of dark coloured species but do not attack yellow or light brown species. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies on responses to odours and it is suggested that visual and olfactory cues interact in stimulating aggressive responses from T. (T.) angustula guards. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600453 Apidae/visual stimuli/Trigona/colony defence/guards/species/relationships. Bowden, R. M., Williamson, S. and Breed, M. D. (1998) Floral oils: their effect on nestmate recognition in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Insectes Sociaux, 45, 209-214. Floral oils are an important component of the honey bee's olfactory environment. We use laboratory and field tests to determine whether floral oils affect nestmate recognition in honey bees. In the laboratory newly emerged worker bees, that have not been exposed to comb wax, responded more aggressively to bees that had been exposed to floral oils than unexposed control bees. In the field, guard bees did not respond differently to foragers that had been exposed to floral oils. Floral oils may play a supplementary role in nestmate recognition; however, if they have any effect it is secondary to cues acquired from from the comb during development. Accession date: 18 May 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1043/99 honey bees/Apis mellifera/kin recognition/floral scents/essential oils/odour. Bowen-Walker, P. L. and Gunn, A. (1998) Inter-host transfer and survival of Varroa jacobsoni under simulated and natural winter conditions. Journal of Apicultural Research, 37(3), 199-204. Varroa jacobsoni transferred between living bees and from dead and dying bees on to living bees under both natural and laboratory-simulated winter cluster temperatures. In trials involving 261 bees and 161 mites, 26% of the mites moved from one live host to another within 7 days. When an infested bee was dead or dying, up to 75% of the mites would transfer to a live bee within 24 h. When their host died, mites would remain on the dead bee, provided an alternative bee was not available, for an average of 48 ± 26.5 h before dismounting. During this time they continued to feed and exhibited behaviour which would enhance their chances of transfer to a new host. These results question previous suggestions that V. jacobsoni seldom moves between hosts during overwintering and that the majority of them would inevitably die with their host. Accession date: 17 May 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author. Author address: School of Biological & Earth Sciences, John Moores University, Bryom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA535/99 Varroa jacobsoni/honey bees/Apis mellifera/winter cluster/inter-host transfer/mortality/host-seeking behaviour. Bowen-Walker, P. L., Martin, S. J. and Gunn, A. (1997) Preferential distribution of the parasitic mite, Varroa jacobsoni Oud. on overwintering honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) workers and changes in the level of parasitism. Parasitology, 114(2), 151-157. Author. The distribution of Varroa jacobsoni on clustered, overwintering workers of Apis mellifera was investigated. The majority of mites were found between the 3rd and 4th ventro-lateral tergites of the abdomen with a significant preference for the left side of the host. This position would enable the mites to place their mouthparts in close proximity to the central portion of the bees' ventriculus. This may allow the mites access to nutrients at higher concentrations than would occur elsewhere in the haemolymph. At the start of winter, most infested bees carried only a single mite but towards the end increasing numbers of bees carried 2 or more mites. There was also an increase in the mite:bee ratio and more mobile mites (i.e. those moving about on the bees) were recorded. These results suggest that the mites suffer a lower overwinter mortality than the bees and are capable of transferring to a new host either before the original host dies or before it falls to the floor of the hive. This will have consequences for the transfer of diseases by Varroa within the hive. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801363 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/infestation/mortality/bee diseases/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/distribution/body parts/worker honey bees/winter. Bowman, D. (1992) Hybrid seed production in North Carolina. 1992 Proceedings beltwide cotton conferences: Volume 2. Memphis, TN, USA, National Cotton Council, 581-582. Tests were carried out at Lewiston and Kinston in North Carolina during 1990-91 to establish whether the indigenous bumble bee (Bombus spp.) population was adequate to spread pollen from male to female rows of cotton plants to produce hybrid seeds. At Lewiston male parents were pollen restorers and at Kinston they were upland normal cytoplasm used to increase seed number. Hybrid seed was produced at both locations in both years. Yields for female rows were 633 and 647 kg/ha at Lewiston, and 655 and 923 kg/ha at Kinston in 1990 and 1991, respectively, compared with 232 and 789, and 1056 and 456 kg/ha for the male rows. Low yields were due to late season Anthonomus grandis damage. F hybrid seed production was potentially feasible in North Carolina provided anthesis in male and female parents was synchronized, and adequate insect control was maintained after boll set. Page(s): 581-582. Library code: 2 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8604, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600419 cotton/Bombus/pollinators/Anthonomus grandis/insect pests/crop yield/Curculionidae/Coleoptera/Apidae/Hymenoptera/conferences/Beltwide cotton conferences/Gossypium hirsutum/hybrid seed production/damage/USA/North Carolina/yield losses/pollination/of Gossypium/by Bombus/Gossypium/Gossypium. Bozic, J. (1993) Recruitment success in attenders and followers of the waggle dance. American Bee Journal, 133(12), 863. Original title or source: [Abstract]. P. Walker. Among bees following waggle dances four types of behaviour could be distinguished: (A) walking around the comb, (B) searching behaviour, (C) following the inner side of the dancer's curve, (D) following the outer side. Thirty of the bees observed following dances were recruited to a feeding station, and 27 of them had shown behaviour C. A long period of following a dance did not lead to recruitment success, i.e. leaving the hive within 2 min of leaving the dancer. Bees which did not leave the hive after following a dance, but came to the feeding station later on the same day, had had less frequent food exchanges with foragers in the hive. Some bees were not recruited on the first day but their attending behaviour contributed to recruitment success the next day. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Dept. of Zoology, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600588 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bees/communication/dances/by dances. Bozic, J. and Valentincic, T. (1995) Quantitative analysis of social grooming behavior of the honey bee Apis mellifera carnica. Apidologie, 26(2), 141-147. Author. Social grooming behaviour was observed in colonies in 2 observation hives. Bouts of grooming lasted up to 45 s, and were directed to the wing axis (44.6%), the petiolus (18%) and the sternite regions of the abdomen (2.8%) of the receiving bee (41 bees). During grooming, the receiving bees held their wings perpendicular to the body axis. Groomer bees most often cleaned those body parts which could not be reached during self-cleaning by receiving bees. During 18% of the grooming time, groomer bees cleaned their own mouthparts and antennae. The grooming behaviour removed dust and pollen from the wing bases and petiolus and realigned the body hairs. No attempts to remove mites (Varroa jacobsoni) were observed during self-cleaning or social grooming. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 111, 61000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601385 apis mellifera carnica/beneficial insects/mouthparts/antennae/wings/ectoparasites/Varroa jacobsoni/honey bees/grooming/social behaviour. Bozic, J. and Woodring, J. (1997) Effect of activity on the haemolymph sugar titres in honey bees. Journal of Apicultural Research, 36(1), 33-39. Author. Dancing worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) had significantly lower blood trehalose titres than bees following dancers or resting bees at the same time of day. Followers and dancers had a higher glucose titre than resting bees, probably because of their greater activity. Fructose titres were higher in dancers than followers, probably because dancers had recently collected nectar. During absconding, almost all of the blood trehalose disappeared. This may have been a result of the high energy demands required for long periods of hovering flight in front of the hive that are characteristic of absconding. Absconding and swarming bees may come to rest in the immediate vicinity of the hive to regenerate blood trehalose. The trehalose titre was restored within an hour after absconding. Intense shaking and agitation of small groups of bees in a cage could not duplicate the very high level of activity during absconding. Shaking resulted in reduced glycogen levels in the flight muscles and in increased blood fructose, but no decrease in trehalose. On the first clear day following several rainy days, foragers were more excited, exhibiting more vigorous running about, and they had higher glucose titres and lower trehalose titres than after a sunny day. Increased foraging probably led to increased ingestion of food, which in turn led to increased glucose titres. Bees sampled in the autumn had higher trehalose and lower glucose titres than bees sampled in the spring, possibly because of more intense foraging activity in the spring. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 111, 1001 Ljubljana, p.p. 2995, Slovenia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801280 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/worker honey bees/blood/trehalose/fructose/glucose/foraging/seasonal variation/swarming/honey bees/honey bees/activity/effects/honey bees/communication/dances/by dances. Bracho, J. C., Rosado, A. and Pino, J. A. (1996) Comparison of isolation methods for propolis volatiles. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 8(6), 665-668. Dynamic headspace (DHS), steam distillation (SD) and simultaneous distillation-solvent extraction (SDE) methods were compared as to recovery and other criteria in the isolation of volatiles from Cuban propolis produced by Apis mellifera. Concentrates of these volatiles were analysed by GC-MS. High yield, short experimental time, minimal solvent use for routine work, strong representative odour and small concentration factor proved the SDE as the most suitable method. Library code: 12 ref. Language: En. Author address: Estacion Experimental Apicola, El Cano, Arroyo Arenas, La Lisa, Ciudad Habana 19190, Cuba. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900322 methodology/propolis/isolation/honey bees/analytical methods/extraction/volatile compounds/composition/distillation/solvents/Apis mellifera/aroma/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/hive products/hive products/volatile compounds. Bracho Pérez, J. C., Fernández, M. D. and Guerrini, L. (1999) Study of propolis quality: method of characterization, Parts 1 and 2. Cienca y Abejas, 8(28, 29), 5-9; 9-10, 12-13. Original title: Estudio de calidad de propoleos: camino a la tipificación, Primera Parte, Segunda Parte. Results are presented for organoleptic, physico-chemical and antibacterial properties of 4 propolis samples from an area of Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Wax content ranged from 20.0% to 36.9%. Accession date: 7 October 1999. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1192/99 propolis/characteristics/Argentina/composition/antibacterial properties. Brackenbury, J. (1995) Insects and flowers: a biological partnership. London, UK, Cassell plc. Photographic techniques have been developed to show exactly what happens the the heart of the natural relationship of insects and flowers. Over 160 photographs and accompanying text set out the wide range of floral shapes and pollinating mechanisms which exploit that relationship, under the following headings: the flower as a food source; the market for pollen; flower types and their pollination; the visual world of an insect; how insects see flowers; and insects and flowers in a dry climate. Page(s): 160 pp. Library code: 8 ref. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800369 beneficial insects/pollinators/books/insects/plants/interactions/insects/flowers/interactions/insects/interactions/pollination/insects/by insects/characteristics/foraging/insects. Bradbear, N. (1993) Proceedings of a scientific workshop for West African bee researchers: the First West African Bee Research Seminar, Bakau, Gambia, 25-28 November 1991. Monmouth, UK, Bees for Development. D. G. Lowe. The texts are given for the 22 papers presented at the seminar, together with the addresses given at the opening and closing ceremonies. The subjects covered include beekeeping in Gambia, Nigeria, Cameroon, Mali and Ghana, descriptions of beekeeping development projects in western Africa, and the biology and management of the indigenous honey bee, Apis mellifera adansonii. The conclusions and recommendations of the seminar are presented in 'The Banjul Bee Declaration of 1991'. Bradbear, N. (Editor). Page(s): 86 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600493 Gambia/Nigeria/Cameroon/Mali/Ghana/beneficial insects/Apis mellifera adansonii/beekeeping/Africa/conferences. Bradbear, N. and Mackay, K. (1995) Developing agencies funding and interinstitutional cooperation. The Asiatic hive bee: apiculture, biology, and role in sustainable development in tropical and subtropical Asia [edited by Kevan, P. G.]. Cambridge, Canada, Enviroquest Ltd, 271-291. D. G. Lowe. Lists are provided for: (1) beekeeping development projects under way and feasibility studies completed during the period 1981-1988 in countries where Apis cerana is present; (2) institutes reporting Apis cerana research; (3) sources of information on Apis cerana. Page(s): 271-291. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: International Bee Research Association, 18 North Road, Cardiff CF1 3DY, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701282 honey bees/beneficial insects/Apis cerana/research/information/development projects/beekeeping/research institutes/developing countries. Bradrick, T. D., Philippetis, A. and Georghiou, S. (1995) Stopped-flow fluorometric study of the interaction of melittin with phospholipid bilayers: importance of the physical state of the bilayer and the acyl chain length. Biophysical Journal, 69(5), 1999-2010. Stopped-flow fluorometry was used to study the effects of melittin on dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) on the millisecond time scale, before melittin-induced vesicle fusion takes place. Use was made of 1-(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (TMA-DPH), an oriented fluorescent probe which anchors itself to the bilayer-water interface and is aligned parallel to the normal to the bilayer surface; its fluorescence anisotropy reports on the 'fluidity'of the bilayer. For DMPC bilayers, melittin was found to decrease their fluidity only at their melting transition temperature. This perturbation appeared to be exerted almost instantaneously on the millisecond time scale of the measurements, as deduced from the fact that its rate was comparable to that obtained by following the change in the fluorescence of the single tryptophan residue of melittin upon inserting itself into the bilayer. The perturbation was felt in the bilayer over a distance of at least 50 A, with measurements of transfer of electronic energy indicating that the protein was not sequestered in the neighbourhood of TMA-DPH. The length of the acyl chains was found to be an important physical parameter in the melittin-membrane interaction: unlike the case of DMPC SUVs, melittin did not alter the fluidity of DPPC SUVs and had a considerably greater affinity for them. These results are discussed in terms of the concept of elastic distortion of the lipids, which results from a mismatch between the protein and the acyl chains which are attempting to accommodate it. Melittin was also found to cause a small (10%) enhancement in the total fluorescence intensity of TMA-DPH, which is interpreted as indicating a reduction in the degree of hydration of the bilayer. Library code: 82 ref. Language: En. Author address: Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1200, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900338 interactions/melittin/phospholipids/membranes/hive products/biochemistry/honey bee venom. Bradshaw, J. P., Dempsey, C. E. and Watts, A. (1994) A combined X-ray and neutron diffraction study of selectively deuterated melittin in phospholipid bilayers: effect of pH. Molecular Membrane Biology, 11(2), 79-86. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701504 pH/honey bee venom/melittin/phospholipids/interactions. Brady, N. (1997) Report on the research project: finding New Zealand honeys with outstanding antibacterial and antifungal activity. New Zealand Beekeeper, 4(10), 20-26. A. G. Matheson. During 1995-1997, 179 samples of unifloral honeys from 27 different plant sources (other than manuka, Leptospermum scoparium) were collected from throughout New Zealand. They were tested for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes, using agar well diffusion assay or a turbidimetric assay. No honey showed any non-peroxide antimicrobial activity, but 3 types showed outstanding hydrogen peroxide antibacterial properties: pennyroyal, Mentha pulegium (Lamiaceae), rewarewa, Knightia excelsa (Proteaceae) and honeydew honey from Nothofagus solandri (Fagaceae). The possible use of such honeys for therapeutic purposes is discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901005 inhibition/microorganisms/honey/Staphylococcus aureus/Escherichia coli/Candida albicans/Trichophyton mentagrophytes/bacteria/fungi/honey/hydrogen peroxide. Brady, N. F., Molan, P. C. and Harfoot, C. G. (1996) The sensitivity of dermatophytes to the antimicrobial activity of manuka honey and other honey. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2, 471-473. Author. Honey was tested against clinical isolates of the common dermatophyte species which cause tinea in man. A honey with an average level of hydrogen peroxide, and a manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honey with an average level of non-peroxide antibacterial activity were used. An agar well diffusion assay was used, the contents of the wells being replaced with freshly prepared honey solutions at 24-h intervals over the 3-4 days of incubation. The lowest concentrations of manuka honey with catalase added to remove hydrogen peroxide, and of the other honey (without catalase) showed that inhibition of growth around the wells were, respectively, Epidermophyton floccosum 25%, 10%; Microsporum canis 25%, 15%; Microsporum gypseum 55%, 20%; Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale 45%, 15%; Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes 25%, 15%; Trichophyton rubrum 20%, 5% and Trichophyton tonsurans 25%, 20%. No inhibitory activity was detected with the other honey at 50% with catalase added. The results show that the common dermatophytes are sensitive to the antimicrobial activity of honey, indicating that clinical evaluation of honey in the treatment of tinea is warranted. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801397 Leptospermum scoparium/Epidermophyton floccosum/Microsporum canis/Microsporum gypseum/Trichophyton mentagrophytes/Trichophyton rubrum/Trichophyton tonsurans/inhibition/dermatophytes/honey/of dermatophytes/by honey/tinea (disease)/fungi/Leptospermum/composition/hydrogen peroxide/skin diseases/man. Branco, M. R. and Correia Vieira, G. M. C. (1993) Study of seasonal variation in morphological characteristics of Apis mellifera iberica. Silva Lusitana, 1(1), 123-130. Original title or source: Estudo da variabilidade sazonal de caracteristicas morfologicas da Apis mellifera L. iberica Goetze. Author. Seasonal variation of morphological characteristics of worker honey bees should be considered in biometrical studies. The authors measured 30 characteristics of honey bees from several regions of Portugal and analysed variation due to geographical location, season, colony, and their interactions. There were no significant differences in bees which emerged in different seasons, with the exception of variables related to setae. Differences between colonies in the same apiary were significant (P = 0.01) and greater than differences between colonies from different places. It is concluded that honey bee populations in Portugal are very mixed and it may be impossible to characterize different ecotypes. Library code: Bb. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Tapada da Ajuda, 1300 Lisboa, Portugal. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601377 worker honey bees/morphology/seasonal variation/biogeography/Apis mellifera/Portugal/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera iberica. Brandao, M. and Bastos, E. M. (1995) Pollen spectrum of honeys produced at Serra da Piedade, Caete, Minas Gerais [Brazil]. Daphne, Revista do Herbario PAMG da EPAMIG, 5(4), 10-14. Original title or source: Espectro polinico dos meis produzidos na Serra da Piedade, municipio de Caete, MG. D. G. Lowe. The honey bee forage at this site in Minas Gerais, Brazil, was studied by means of pollen analyses of 14 samples of honey produced in the period August 1992 - October 1994. Of the 26 pollen types found, the most dominant was from Eucalyptus sp. (up to 100% of pollen found). Photomicrographs of 8 pollen types are included. Library code: Bc. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801323 Eucalyptus/honey bee forage/Brazil/honey/pollen analysis. Brandao, M., Bastos, E. M. and Silveira, F. R. C. (1993) Inventory of bee plants in Sao Goncalo do Rio Abaixo, MG [Minas Gerais, Brazil]. Daphne, Revista do Herbario PAMG da EPAMIG, 3(3), 24-33. Original title or source: Inventario de flora apicola do municipio de Sao Goncalo do Rio Abaixo, MG. D. G. Lowe. A list of 81 species of plants which are sources of nectar and/or pollen in this area is presented. A flowering calendar is also given, and some pollen grains found in analyses of honey samples are illustrated. Library code: Bc. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800549 honey/pollen analysis/nector/pollen/flowering/honey bee forage/Brazil. Brandeburgo, M. A. M. (1993) Competition among bees at artificial feeders. Evolucion Biologica, 7, 63-69. P. Walker. At a feeder containing sugar syrup in an apiary of c. 100 colonies of Africanized Apis mellifera, most of the foraging bees were from one colony and the rest were from a related colony. Other experiments also showed that a feeder is dominated by one colony probably its workers find it first and recruit other foragers. Interspecific competition with Partamona helleri (Meliponinae) was observed, with A. mellifera showing dominance. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Depto. Biosciences, Univ. Fed. Uberlandia, 38400 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701342 Apis mellifera/Partamona helleri/Apidae/beneficial insects/foraging/honey bees/relationships/dominance/races/tropical Africa. Brandeburgo, M. A. M. and Azevedo-Marques, M. A. (1997) Lethality of Africanized honey bee venom. Interciencia, 22(1), 31-33. P. Walker. Venom collected from Africanized Apis mellifera workers in Brazil was injected into Wistar rats of known weight. LD was 3.22 mg/kg for male rats of mean weight 100 g and 1.48 mg/kg for post-nursing females of mean weight 297 g. Intermediate LD values were found for virgin males and females of mean weight 240 g. However, there was not a linear relationship between weight and LD. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Genetica e Bioquimica, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, MG, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901430 toxicity/rats/honey bee venom/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa. Brandes, C. (1991) Genetic differences in learning behaviour in honeybees (Apis mellifera capensis). Behavior Genetics, 21(3), 271-294. Workers from colonies of Cape honey bees showed marked phenotypic differences in performance in proboscis extension reflex (PER) conditioning. Analysis of these differences using parthenogenetic offspring groups permitted the estimation of genotypic values and revealed a high degree of genetic variability that is evident among related as well as unrelated bees. The results obtained from related groups demonstrated the existence of strong genetic variability among individuals of the same colony. Quantitative analysis yielded high estimates of additive genetic effects and low estimates of dominance effects. Selection of individual workers resulted in an explicit increase in genetic variance of the next generation (G1). However, selection of bees from the parthenogenetic G1 generation, which was done to obtain parthenogenetic G2 offspring, did not lead to further improvement in selection. This observation suggests that recombination of linked genes underlying proboscis extension reflex was negligible during selection in parthenogenetic groups. The results suggest that additive genetic factors contribute significantly to variability among individuals for associative learning. Language: En. Author address: Dept. Biol., Brandeis Univ., Bassine 235, Waltham, MA 02254, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700208 beneficial insects/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera capensis/learning/genetic variation/genetics/linkage. Brandes, C., Sugawa, M. and Menzel, R. (1990) High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurement of catecholamines in single honeybee brains reveals caste-specific differences between worker bees and queens in Apis mellifera. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Pharmacology, Toxicology & Endocrinology, 97(1), 53-58. Catecholamines were determined by HPLC in honey bee brains using automized extraction and on-line detection with an electrochemical detector. This method has high sensitivity in the range of fmols. Thus, catechols can be measured in single brains as well as in parts of brains. Comparison of brains of workers and queens showed a caste-specific content of catecholamine concentrations; amounts of norepinephrine and dopamine were higher in queens than in workers. The differences are not caused by the different size of the respective brains, but reflect a difference in the two female castes. Language: En. Author address: Dept. Biol., Brandeis University, Bassine 235, Waltham, MA 02254, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700143 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/worker honey bees/queen honey bees/brains/catecholamines. Brandi, G. (1997) Beekeepers in 22 states report significant losses. Speedy Bee, 26(6), 4. P. Walker. A survey carried out in 1997 by the American Beekeeping Federation revealed that 60 beekeepers in 22 states had significant bee losses due to pesticides in 1995 and 1996; the remaining 26 respondents in 17 states did not suffer significant losses. Damage to colonies was attributed to 26 different pesticides (although often the name was not known). Those most commonly named were Furadan [carbofuran], Penncap M [parathion-methyl], Sevin [carbaryl], ethylparathion [parathion] and Dibrom [naled]. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900993 poisoning/honey bees/pesticides. Brandt, R. and Vorobyev, M. (1997) Metric analysis of threshold spectral sensitivity in the honeybee. Vision Research, 37(4), 425-439. The sensitivity of the honey bee's visual system to spectral lights was investigated by applying several mathematical models to published behavioural data. The results indicate that there are largely separate pathways for achromatic and colour processing in the honey bee. Accession date: 3 july 1998. Call number: 638.121. Library code: Bc. Language: En. . Author address: Inst. Neurobiologie, Freie Univ., Königin Luise-Str. 28-30, 14195 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA82/99 honey bees/senses/vision/colour/mathematical models. Branlard, J. P. (1997) Legal considerations for honey and its derivatives. Abeille de France et l'Apiculteur(823), 65-80. Original title or source: Considerations juridiques sur le miel et ses derives. P. Walker. This is a detailed discussion, with 153 references, of the law (and cases) relating to honey and its use in other products, e.g. pain d'epice, nougat and drinks. Terms are defined, and descriptions which honey producers are allowed to use are explained. Other bee products and some of their uses are also dealt with. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801395 food legislation/France/honey/products/legislation. Brar, H. S., Gatoria, G. S. and Jhajj, H. S. (1992) Seasonal brood rearing of Apis mellifera Linn. under different agroclimatic regions of the Punjab. Journal of Insect Science, 5(1), 27-29. P. Walker. Brood area was recorded fortnightly from 1982 to 1988 in 10 colonies in each of 4 different areas. Brood rearing continued throughout the year, with a major peak in March-May in all areas. A second smaller peak occurred in November, especially in colonies in the toria-growing area. Management methods should be adapted to suit this pattern of brood rearing behaviour. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600999 beneficial insects/honey bees/brood rearing/Apis mellifera/India/indian punjab/beekeeping/management. Brar, H. S., Gatoria, G. S. and Jhajj, H. S. (1992) Seasonal variations in honey stored by Apis mellifera Linn. colonies in different agroclimatic regions of the Punjab. Journal of Insect Science, 5(2), 141-143. P. Walker. Honey stores were recorded fortnightly from 1984 to 1988 in 10 colonies in each of 4 different areas. A major peak was found in March-May in all areas; a second short peak in November occurred in only 2 areas. A long dearth period (June-Feb.) was apparent in 2 areas, but only a short one in the others. These results emphasize that management methods must be adapted to the conditions of the area. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601007 beneficial insects/honey/storage/honey bees/by honey bees/nectar flows/Apis mellifera/India/punjab/beekeeping/management. Brar, H. S., Gatoria, G. S. and Jhajj, H. S. (1992) Field toxicity of insecticides recommended on American cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. to honeybee, Apis mellifera L. Indian Journal of Ecology, 19(2), 183-186. In field trials in the Indian Punjab in 1991, carbaryl, endosulfan, fluvalinate and monocrotophos were all toxic to Apis mellifera on cotton when sprayed. Fluvalinate was least toxic and had the shortest residual activity. Library code: 6 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700702 carbaryl/endosulfan/fluvalinate/monocrotophos/Apis mellifera/cotton/beneficial insects/nontarget effects/pollinators/Apidae/Hymenoptera/insecticides/pesticides/Gossypium hirsutum/honey bees/fibre plants/poisoning/of honey bees/by carbaryl/by endosulfan/by fluvalinate/by monocrotophos/toxicity/to honey bees/of carbaryl/of endosulfan/of fluvalinate/of monocrotophos/Gossypium/pest control. Brar, H. S., Gatoria, G. S. and Jhajj, H. S. (1994) Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of Eucalyptus as a nectar source to honeybees. Indian Bee Journal, 56(1/2), 76-79. P. Walker. In Ludhiana, India, in 1989-90, the flowering period of Eucalyptus [species not given] was from mid-October until the following April. On average each flower was open for 2 days and produced 38 mg nectar, with a sugar content of 54.7%. Total nectar production of a single tree was estimated to be 15.5 kg, with a potential honey yield of 11 kg. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800974 nectar plants/Eucalyptus/nectar/secretion/yields/India/indian punjab/forest trees/multipurpose trees. Brar, H. S., Gatoria, G. S., Jhajj, H. S. and Brar, B. S. (1993) Seasonal activity, infestation and damage of greater wax moth in Italian honeybee colonies. Indian Journal of Ecology, 20(2), 136-140. The biology and injuriousness of the pyralid Galleria mellonella were studied in the laboratory and in apiaries for Apis mellifera in the Punjab, India, in 1984-90. There were 5 generations a year, and a generation was completed in 43 days in July-August and 188 days in September-March. Overwintering took place in the larval and pupal stages in November-March. Infestation began in honeybee colonies in June (1.5 <+-> 0.7%) and peaked (17.2 <+-> 2.7%) in September, declining in October and ending in December. Wax damage was very high in October. Library code: 3 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701029 India/indian punjab/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/Galleria mellonella/insect pests/life cycle/biology/beeswax/seasonal cycle/pests/honey bees/of honey bees. Brault, A. M., Oliveira, D. d. and Marceau, J. (1995) Optimization of apple orchard pollination by honey bees in eastern Canada. Canadian Honey Council Research Symposium Proceedings 1995. Nipawin, Canada, Canadian Honey Council, 55-104. D. G. Lowe. Studies were carried out in orchards of McIntosh apple trees in Quebec, Canada, in 1993-1994, using caged and open trees and different honey bee stocking rates. Observations on native bees were also included. In 1993, the overall fruit set was 8.77% with 2 hives/ha. The mean number of pollinator visits to flowers which developed into fruits was 2.80; flowers which did not develop into fruits received 1.48 visits. Fruit quality was also related to the number of visits. Honey bees contacted the stigmas on 44.9% of visits, whereas andrenid and bumble bees contacted the stigmas on 90.87% and 97.67% of visits, respectively. A regression model indicated that a stocking rate of 4-5 hives/ha would give a fruit set of 15%, but an experiment in 1994, using 1, 3 and 6 colonies/ha, gave inconclusive results due to an overall poor fruit set. Page(s): 55-104. Library code: Bdo. Language: En\Fr. Author address: Departement des Sciences biologiques, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, CP 8888, Succ. A., Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701159 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/Canada/conferences/pollination/honey bees/of Malus pumila/by honey bees/Malus pumila. Brault, D. (1994) Anti-varroa operation in the Vallee du Haut-Giffre. Sante de l'Abeille(142), 163-171. Original title or source: Operation antivarroa Vallee du Haut-Giffre. P. Walker. In this isolated valley in Haute-Savoie, France, all honey bee colonies (more than 700) were treated in 1992 and 1993 (September). The first treatment with Apistan strips (a.i. fluvalinate) showed that the average infestation was above 500 mites/colony, although 85% of beekeepers said they had treated their colonies for varroa during the preceding year. When colonies were treated for the second time the average infestation level had decreased to 35 mites/colony. Full results are presented. It is concluded that complete and systematic treatment of all colonies in an area can successfully reduce Varroa jacobsoni populations, but if a few colonies remain untreated, all beekeepers may be adversely affected. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601456 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/fluvalinate/France. Braun, G. and Bicker, G. (1992) Habituation of an appetitive reflex in the honeybee. Journal of Neurophysiology, 67(3), 588-598. P. Walker. A series of experiments was carried out on individual foragers [Apis mellifera]. Touching one antenna with a droplet of sugar-water elicited a proboscis extension reflex; on repeated stimulation, the response decreased and finally disappeared (habituation). It could be restored by stimulating the contralateral antenna. The response was quantified by extracellular muscle recordings. In hungry bees, the response took longer to disappear. Results of experiments in which monoamine levels in the nervous system were adjusted, suggested that (A) octopaminergic neurons participate in mediating food arousal, and thus the response to the stimulus, and (B) in a separate process they also influence the decrease in response. Other results implicated cholinergic transmission in the reflex pathways. It is concluded from this study that the proboscis extension reflex is mediated by non-aminergic and mono-aminergic pathways operating in parallel. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie der FU Berlin, W-1000 Berlin 33, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701314 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bees/reflexes/neurotransmitters/feeding. Braunstein, M. (1999) 'Germany: without honey from China!'. Gestion Apícola, 3(14), 20-23. Original title: 'Alemania: sin miel China!'. Between 1996 and 1998, 12-26% of China's honey exports went to Germany, but in the first 4 months of 1999 the amount was only 992 t, i.e. 85% lower than in the same period in 1998. Assuming this trend continues, the possible effect on the world market is discussed, and in particular the position in the USA. Various statistics for exports (China, Argentina, Mexico), imports (USA) and prices the first few months of 1999 are tabulated. Accession date: 15 September 1999. Call number: 638.16. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. P Walker. Author address: Malka Cabaña Apícola, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1167/99 honey trade/prices/USA/China/Germany/Argentina/Mexico/exports/ imports. Bravo, F. (1992) Systematics and distribution of Parapartamona Schwarz. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 36(4), 863-878. Original title or source: Sistematica e distribuicao de Parapartamona Schwarz (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600113 Apidae/new species/Parapartamona zonata/Parapartamona brevipilosa/Parapartamona/taxonomy/Parapartamona/morphology/geographical distribution. Bravo, F. (1993) Description of the nests of Parapartamona zonata (Smith, 1854) and Parapartamona brevipilosa (Schwarz, 1948) (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae) collected in the Ecuadorian Andes. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 37(4), 779-785. Original title or source: Descricao dos ninhos de Parapartamona zonata (Smith, 1854) e Parapartamona brevipilosa (Schwarz, 1948) (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae) coletados nos Andes equatorianos. Author. Nests of these 2 species were found in secondary forest, between 1500 and 2700 m in the Andes. Their nesting places and nest architecture were similar. Nests are usually constructed inside a covering of plant material, especially moss, and there is an air space between this and the thick batumen, which is formed from resins, mud and faeces. The involucrum, honey pots and brood cells are found inside the batumen. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900; 14040-901 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700524 parapartamona zonata/Parapartamona brevipilosa/Apidae/nesting/Parapartamona/nests. Bravo, F. and Arcos, L. (1991) The karyotype of the species of Parapartamona (Schwarz) (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae) and comments on the systematics of the genus. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 35(4), 755-759. Original title or source: O cariotipo das especies de Parapartamona (Schwarz) (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae) e comentarios sobre a sistematica do genero. Author. The karyotype of both species of Parapartamona (P. zonata and P. brevipilosa) was determined by squashing cerebral ganglia of pupae and/or prepupae and staining with lacto-acetic orcein. The two species are from Ecuador and are allopatric. The chromosome number is n = 16. Another Neotropical species of Meliponinae, Schwarziana quadripunctata also has n = 16. This similar chromosome number is interpreted as a plesiomorphic character, since all studied species of Apinae, the supposed sister group of the Meliponinae, also have a chromosome number n = 16. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Departmento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, Casilla 2184, Quito, Ecuador. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600112 Parapartamona zonata/Parapartamona brevipilosa/karyotypes/Parapartamona/chromosome number. Bravo Serrano, R., Orzaez Villanueva, M. T. and Diaz Marquina, A. (1994) Honey. The natural sweetener for excellence. 2. Composition, production and legislation. Alimentaria, 31(253), 29-35. Original title or source: La miel. Edulcorante natural por excelencia. II. Composicion, produccion y legislacion. A brief account is given of: the composition of honey (water, sugars, organic acids, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, minerals and other compounds); its harvesting, packing and storage; types of honey in Spain; physiological effects and main uses; deterioration, adulteration, and relevant food legislation in Spain and the EU. A map is included showing where the various types of Spanish honey are produced. Library code: 19 ref. Language: Es. Author address: Dpto. Nutricion y Bromatologia II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700309 honey/composition/storage/food legislation/Spain/types. Bravo Serrano, R., Orzaez Villanueva, M. T. and Diaz Marquina, A. (1994) Honey. The natural sweetener for excellence. 1. Origin, classification and properties. Alimentaria, 31(253), 25-28. Original title or source: La miel. Edulcorante natural por excelencia. I. Origen, clasificacion y propiedades. An account is given of the historical significance of honey, its origin and classification, and the principal properties which govern its organoleptic character and commercial quality: hygroscopicity, viscosity, density, colour, aroma/taste, crystallization and optical rotatory power. Library code: 17 ref. Language: Es. Author address: Dpto. Nutricion y Bromatologia II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700301 honey/physicochemical properties/characterization/characteristics. Brdsgaard, C. J. and Hansen, H. (1994) An example of integrated biotechnical and soft chemical control of varroa in a Danish apiary. New perspectives on varroa [edited by Matheson, A. (Editor)]. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 101-105. A. G. Matheson. Several biotechnical control measures were used to control Varroa jacobsoni in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies (drone brood removal, trapping combs, heat treatment of brood), as well as treatment with lactic acid and formic acid. Calculations of daily mite-fall were used to determine their effectiveness. The trapping technique followed by heating sealed brood for 4 h at 44C, combined with drone brood removal, was sufficient to control a varroa infestation in most cases. However, even for skilful beekeepers this procedure can be difficult and autumn treatment with lactic acid or formic acid may be necessary. Page(s): 101-105. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Department of Apiculture, Danish Institute for Plant and Soil Science, Ledreborg Alle 98, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600280 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/conferences/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/formic acid/lactic acid. Brdsgaard, C. J. and Hansen, H. (1996) Virus and varroa a deadly combination. Grn Viden, Landbrug(162), 4. Original title or source: Virus og varroa en ddelig kombination. D. G. Lowe. This is an advisory leaflet for beekeepers concerning acute paralysis virus. Possible long-term harmful effects on the honey bee's immune system, caused by acaricides used against Varroa jacobsoni, are discussed, and the use of organic acids or biotechnical methods to control V. jacobsoni in the early stages of an infestation is recommended. Library code: Ba. Language: Da. Author address: Department of Apiculture, Danish Institute for Plant & Soil Science, Ledreborg Alle 98, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900950 bee virus/bee acute paralysis virus/honey bees/diseases/viruses/viral diseases/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/relationships/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/control methods/bee diseases. Brdsgaard, C. J., Hansen, H. and Hansen, C. W. (1997) Effect of lactic acid as the only control method of varroa mite populations during four successive years in honeybee colonies with a brood-free period. Apiacta, 32(3), 81-88. Trials were carried out in 1990-1994, in 2 Danish apiaries, for the control of Varroa jacobsoni by means of an autumn application of 15% lactic acid. In one of the apiaries, the population of mites decreased yearly, but in the other the V. jacobsoni population became stable after 3 years at a level above the damage-causing threshold; this was probably due to reinfestation. In these circumstances it would be best to combine the lactic acid treatment with another treatment in summer e.g. formic acid, acaricides or heat treatment of brood combs. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Research Group Apiculture, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, DK 4200 Slagelse, Demark. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900628 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/formic acid/acaricides/heat/Denmark. Breed, M., Page, R. E., Jr., Hibbard, B. E. and Bjostad, L. B. (1995) Interfamily variation in comb wax hydrocarbons produced by honey bees. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 21(9), 1329-1338. D. G. Lowe. Comb wax was obtained from 140 honey bee colonies representing 9 groups ('families') each consisting of related colonies. Dichloromethane extracts of wax were analysed by GC and the major n-alkenes among the 25 compounds found were identified. There were significant differences between colonies in concentrations of individual hydrocarbons, sufficient to indicate that these compounds could act as nestmate recognition cues, but there was no significant difference between within-group and among-group correlations. This high level of consistency within and between groups indicates structural constancy in comb wax. The potential role of comb wax hydrocarbons in nestmate recognition is discussed. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901292 Apis mellifera/genetic variation/honey bees/combs/hydrocarbons/genetic variance/beeswax/relationships/kinship. Breed, M. D. (1998) Recognition pheromones of the honey bee: the chemistry of nestmate recognition. BioScience, 48(6), 463-470. The nature and evolution of social recognition in honey bees, Apis mellifera, is explored. Recognition is particularly important in eusocial insects where individual reproductive benefits are sacrificed due to kin selection. Fitness benefits are greatest when altruistic behviour is directed towards close kin. Recognition of kin may also prevent inbreeding, which is usually highly deletrious. In reality kin recognition mechanisms may not be a direct measures of relatedness. In many species, including the honey bee, nestmate recognition is used as an indirect measure of relatedness. When a honey bee lands on the entrance to a hive it is examined by guard bees, they are able to discriminate between nestmate and non-nestmate individuals. Bees entering the hive that are not recognized as nestmates are attacked. The basis of this recognition is thought to be olfactory, though the origin of these recognition odours is not know. It is likely that relative abundances of fatty acids and hydrocarbons in comb wax give colonies chemical signatures, but food odours and individual cuticular hydrocarbons also seem to contribute to recognition odours. Accession date: 18 May 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bc. Language: En. E Claridge. Author address: Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1044/99 honey bees/Apis mellifera/kin recognition/behaviour/pheromones/comb. Breed, M. D., Garry, M. F., Pearce, A. N., Hibbard, B. E., Bjostad, L. B. and Page, R. E., Jr. (1995) The role of wax comb in honey bee nestmate recognition. Animal Behaviour, 50(2), 489-496. See AA 163/94.\0BD.G. Lowe. Studies using the method of Breed & Stiller (1992) [Animal Behaviour 43 (6) 875-883] showed that worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) could discriminate between combs from different colonies on the basis of genetic similarity to a learned comb. Recognition cues were acquired from the comb in very short exposure periods (5 min or less) and could be transferred among bees in physical contact. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that bees with exposure to comb had different chemical surface profiles than bees without such exposure. The results support the hypothesis that comb-derived recognition cues are highly important in honey bee nestmate recognition. These cues are at least in part derived from the wax itself, rather than from floral scents that have been absorbed by the wax. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Environmental, Population, and Organisimic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901291 worker honey bees/Apis mellifera/honey bees/relationships/kinship/communication/smell/combs/genetic effects/beeswax. Breed, M. D. and Julian, G. E. (1992) Do simple rules apply in honey-bee nestmate discrimination? Nature (London), 357(6380), 685-686. P. Walker. Using test methods already reported [see Animal Behaviour (1983) 31: 86-91] the reactions of individual worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) to containers which had received different treatments were recorded. Each of the containers had previously held a group of 10 young bees (half-sisters or super-sisters) which were: (A) untreated; or treated with (B) methyl docosanoate, or (C) hexadecane, or (D) B + C. Statistical analysis of the results showed that C has a higher priority as a cue than B, and that the presence or absence of a certain cue was more important than relative concentrations of cues. The data suggest a relatively simple system of ordering of priority of cues by bees and the use of a limited number of common features among nestmates for nestmate recognition. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, and Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 90309, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600531 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/hexadecane/methyl docosanoate/worker honey bees/relationships/kinship/honey bees/communication/smell/by smell. Breed, M. D., Leger, E. A., Pearce, A. N. and Wang, Y. J. (1998) Comb wax effects on the ontogeny of honey bee nestmate recognition. Animal Behaviour, 55, 13-20. The question of how kin recognition cues develop was investigated by observing cue differentiation between colonies of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. In the honey bee colonies, exposure to the wax comb is a critical component of the development of kin recognition cues. In this study, we determined how the cues develop under natural conditions (in swarms), whether the genetic source and age of the wax affect cue ontogeny, and whether exposure to wax , as in normal development, affects preferential feeding among bees within social groups. Cue development in swarms coincided with wax production, rather than with the presence of brood or the emergence of new workers; this finding supported previous observations concerning the importance of wax in cue ontogeny. Effective cue development required a match between the genetic source of the workers attempting to enter the hive, the wax to which they were exposed, and the guards at the hive entrance. The wax must also have been exposed to the hive environment for some time. Cues gained from wax did not mask or override cues used in preferential feeding interactions; this finding supports the contention that two recognition systems, one for nestmate recognition and the other for intra-colonial recognition, are present. The results fit the general model for cue development in nestmate recognition that relies on the use of nesting materials as an intermediary; the evolutionary significance of this model is discussed. Accession date: 18 May 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author. Author address: Dept of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1045/99 honey bees/Apis mellifera/kin recognition/behaviour/comb. Breed, M. D., Smith, T. A. and Torres, A. (1992) Role of guard honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in nestmate discrimination and replacement of removed guards. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 85(5), 633-637. P. Walker. Five workers from the same task group (guards, soldiers, liquid foragers, pollen foragers, nurses or undertakers) were put into a container; their behaviour was observed when one forager from a different colony (foreign bee) was added (or, in control tests, from the same colony). A foreign bee was bitten or stung significantly more by guard bees than by other task groups. In order to test the hypothesis that the tasks of guards and undertakers might overlap, 25 live and 25 dead foreign bees were put into the brood nest of a colony. Undertakers removed, on average, 17.6 dead bees but only 0.8 live bees. Finally, average rate of guard replacement was determined as 2.8 new guard bees/h, but after removal of all guards during a 2-3 h period, the rate was 4.9/h, i.e. significantly higher. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 90309, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700183 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/worker honey bees/guards/honey bee colonies/division of labour/colony defence/honey bees/eviction. Breed, M. D., Stiller, T. M., Blum, M. S. and Page, R. E., Jr. (1992) Honeybee nestmate recognition: effects of queen fecal pheromones. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 18(9), 1633-1640. Author. Previous work has shown that queen honey bees (Apis mellifera) produce waxy esters composed of 8-14 carbon acids and 6-14 carbon alcohols in their faeces. These esters were tested for effects on nestmate recognition; 11 of the 12 esters significantly modified the recognition characteristics of worker honey bees. Pairwise tests showed that workers can discriminate between at least some pairs of queen esters and that workers can discriminate between a queen ester and hexadecane (another known nestmate recognition cue). These results suggest that a queen may use the esters to enable workers to recognize her or to scent-mark her colony. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Enviromental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600216 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/queen honey bees/faeces/pheromones/esters/worker honey bees/relationships. Breed, M. D., Welch, C. K. and Cruz, R. (1994) Kin discrimination within honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies: an analysis of the evidence. Behavioural Processes, 33(1/2), 25-39. Author. Evolutionary arguments suggest that worker honey bees should discriminate between super-sisters and half-sisters within colonies. The theoretical support for discrimination during swarming, queen rearing, feeding, and grooming is reviewed, with 46 references. Despite substantial effort in a number of laboratories, there is no conclusive evidence for intracolony discrimination in any of the postulated contexts. The strongest suggestive data are in the critical context of queen rearing, but flaws in experimental design or analysis make the best available tests inconclusive. New data presented here show that cues exist on which discriminations can be made among adult workers in nestmate recognition interactions and in feeding interactions, but the data do not differentiate between subfamily recognition and recognition associated with colour phenotypes. It is concluded that while selection may favour discrimination between super-sisters and half-sisters, as a practical matter such discriminations play no role, or only a minor role, in the biology of the honey bee. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700629 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/worker honey bees/relationships/kinship/social behaviour/discrimination. Bregazzi, V. and Laverty, T. (1992) Enzyme gene variation in five species of bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70(6), 1263-1266. Author. Genetic variability at 8 enzyme loci was assessed in 5 bumble bee species from southern Ontario: Bombus affinis, B. fervidus, B. bimaculatus, B. impatiens and B. vagans. Average expected heterozygosity (H<+->SE) across all species was 0.089<+->0.023 (range 0.046-0.139). These values are higher than any previously reported estimates of average expected heterozygosities for bumble bees. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont. N6A5B7, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600070 Bombus/genetic variation/enzyme polymorphism. Bremer, J. E. (1996) Successful beekeeping in the easiest way. Alten-Buseck, Germany, J. E. Bremer. Original title or source: Erfolgreiche Bienenhaltung bequemster Art. P. Walker. The author describes his 'warm-way' long hive, made from expanded polyurethane which gives good insulation and is not affected by the weather. The hive is divided vertically across the middle into 2 compartments, each holding 18 frames, externally 25 cm wide and 33 cm high. This hive can be stood out in the open during the season and put in a shelter for the winter. Management methods are described. The system does not involve lifting and carrying heavy weights, and so is especially suitable for older beekeepers. Page(s): 228 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800204 beekeeping/management/warm-way hives/movable-comb hives/polyurethanes/horizontal hives/books. Bressand, J. P. (1994) Protection of the honey bee in a situation of intensive agriculture: the example of French agriculture. Sante de l'Abeille(142), 173-186. Original title or source: La protection de l'abeille dans une situation d'agriculture intensive: exemple de l'agriculture francaise. D. G. Lowe. The importance of honey bees and wild bees for pollination is emphasized and measures that can be taken to protect them from the effects of intensive agriculture are discussed e.g. legislation, use of integrated control systems, co-operation between beekeepers and growers. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601315 Apidae/Apis mellifera/nontarget organisms/pollinators/honey bees/Apoidea/agriculture/ecology/France/environmental protection. Briceno, R. D. and Ramirez, W. (1993) Activity of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and some spiders (Araneidae) during the 1991 total solar eclipse in Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 41(2), 291-293. P. Walker. Bees were trained to visit feeders before the eclipse. They continued to visit them normally after the start of the eclipse at 12.38 h and until 75% eclipse. At 13.55 h, 5 min before total darkness, the number of bees suddenly increased to a maximum. Most bees then returned to their hives, and the minimum number was counted at the feeders at 14.10 h, at the end of the total eclipse period. After this, light and temperature increased rapidly and the numbers of foragers increased again. During total eclipse, 9 of 10 spiders observed (4 genera) dismantled their webs, except for supporting threads, and then rebuilt them again afterwards. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Escuela de Biiologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700192 Apis mellifera/Apidae/Costa Rica/foraging/honey bees/Araneae/solar eclipse/effects/webs. Brinkman, M. A., Fuller, B. W., Leubke, K. G. and Hildreth, M. B. (1998) Susceptibility of adult alfalfa leafcutting bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) to Beauveria bassiana infection. Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 14(4), 393-397. Beauveria bassiana is a deuteromycete fungus which is being developed as a bioinsecticide for grasshoppers and other insects. In this study the effects of aerially applied B. bassiana on the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotunda was assessed. M. rotunda is the most important pollinator of seed alfalfa, Medicago sativa in western N. America. Mortality of adult bees sprayed with B. bassiana was significantly higher than controls treated with water or oil. 10 days after treatment 84.4% of the treated bees had died and B. bassiana sporulation was noted in 99% of the dead bees. Use of B. bassiana as a bioinsecticide could have a severe impact on alfalfa leafcutting bees and alfalfa crops. Replacement of artificial nesting structures might be a way of reducing mortality, as B. bassiana conidia do not persist on exposed surfaces. Accession date: 18 May 1999. Call number: 57. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author. Author address: Plant Science Dept, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA932/99 Megachile rotundata/ megachilid bees/biological control/alfalfa leafcutting bees/pathogens. Brito, R. M., Costa, M. A. and Pompolo, S. G. (1997) Characterization and distribution of supernumerary chromosomes in 23 colonies of Partamona helleri (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Brazilian Journal of Genetics, 20(2), 185-188. P. helleri has from 0 to 3 supernumerary chromosomes (extra to the normal diploid complement). Analysis of 23 colonies demonstrated that there are 2 types of supernumerary chromosomes, a submetacentric chromosome (called B) and a smaller acrocentric chromosome (B). These chromosomes were differently distributed among individuals of the same colony and among individuals of different colonies. In some colonies, there was heteromorphism in the second pair of chromosomes, which may be related to the origin of the supernumerary chromosome system of this species. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, 36571-000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900454 Partamona helleri/Apidae/accessory chromosomes. Britt, A. M., Burkhart, K. K. and Billingsley, M. L. (1995) Reversal of toxicity using avidin-based hemoperfusion: a model system in rats using biotinylated melittin. Pharmacology, 50(5), 307-312. The high-affinity interaction between avidin and biotin (K= 1015)> M) can be exploited to develop specific protocols for retrieval of biotinylated drugs and toxicants from biological fluids. Melittin was biotinylated using N-hydroxysuccinimide-long-chain biotin. Biotinylated melittin (1.7 mg/kg) produced 100% mortality in rats, 120 min after 4 sequential i.v. injections (0, 5, 20 and 35 min). An avidin haemoperfusion column was constructed (10 mg avidin/1 ml gel) and connected via the femoral vasculature to rats intoxicated with biotinylated melittin. Control rats were haemoperfused using avidin columns blocked with d-biotin. None of the 6 rats haemoperfused using the biotin-blocked avidin column control survived, whereas 5 of 9 of the experimental rats survived to 120 min. The difference between the 2 survival rates was statistically significant (P 0.0048). Thus, avidin-based haemoperfusion improved survival following biotinylated melittin toxicity and strengthens the concept that avidin-based haemoperfusion can reverse the toxicity of biotinylated toxicants. Library code: 7 ref. Language: En. Author address: Center for Emergency Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800674 toxins/melittin/Apis mellifera/honey bee venom/venoms/perfusion/avidin/biotin/detoxification/toxinology/rats/laboratory animals/toxicity/toxicity/toxicity. Brizuela, M. M., Hoc, P. S., Stilio, V. S. d., Agullu, M. A. and Palacios, R. A. (1993) Floral biology of Macroptilium bracteatum (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae). Darwiniana, 32(1-4), 41-57. Original title or source: Biologia floral de Macroptilium bracteatum (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae). P. Walker. M. bracteatum flowers were studied at a site in Entre Rios province, Argentina. Between flower opening and wilting (24 h later), a flower passed through 3 phases; the stigma was receptive during the first 2 phases, and nectar was present throughout. The main pollinator of the flowers was Bombus atratus; a few Centris sp. transferred pollen to the stigma. Some wasps and ants visited the extrafloral nectaries. Library code: Bb. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, U.B.A. 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700826 Bombus atratus/Centris/Apidae/beneficial insets/pollinators/fabaceae/Argentina/pollination/Bombus/of Macroptilium/by Bombus/Macroptilium. Broadman, J. (1997) Bee venom therapy. Silver Spring, MD, USA, Health Resources Press Inc. Page(s): 220. Accession date: 21 May 1999. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bd. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA611/99 honey bees/arthritis/rheumatism/medicinal properties/bee venom therapy. Brockmann, A. and Bruckner, D. (1995) Projection pattern of poreplate sensory neurones in honey bee worker, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology, 24(4), 405-411. Author. The projections of olfactory receptor cells of the poreplate sensilla (on the antennae) were studied in the worker honey bee (Apis mellifera) by filling single sensilla iontophoretically with cobalt chloride. Successful fillings of individual sensilla led to staining of 1-22 sensory neurons. All stained receptor cell axons were uniglomerular. Seven fillings of poreplates from the 5th flagellar segment in different bees were compared to analyse the distribution patterns of the receptor cell axons in the antennal lobe. The sensory neurons of individual poreplates project to widely distributed glomeruli in the antennal lobe. The projection patterns of different poreplates are not the same, but may be overlapping. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Hirnforschung, Universitat Bremen, Postfach 330440,28334 Bremen, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800507 Apis mellifera/worker honey bees/antennae/sense organs/brain/neurons. Brockow, K., Kiehn, M., Riethmüller, C., Vieluf, D. B. J. and Ring, J. (1997) Efficacy of antihistamine pretreatment in the prevention of adverse reactions to Hymenoptera immunotherapy: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 100(4), 458-463. Some clinical studies suggest that a combination of an H1 and H2-antagonist may be effective in the prophylaxis of allergic reactions. The efficacy of pretreatment with H1/H2-antagonist combination, H1-antagonist alone, or placebo in the prophylaxis of local systemic and adverse reactions to specific immunotherapy with Hymenoptera venom was compared. In a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 121 patients with Hymenoptera venom allergy were treated with rush immunotherapy and pretreated with one of the following: 120mg of terfenadine alone , 120 mg of terfenadine plus 300 mg of ranitidine, or placebo. The incidence of unwanted systemic adverse and local reactions was recorded for up to 50 weeks. In 7 patients (6%), 6 in the placebo group and one in the terfenadine group, systemic side-effects required cessation of therapy (P = 0.005). Subjective symptoms occurred in 4 patients (10%) in the terfenadine plus ranitidine group and 3 patients (7%) in the terfenadine only group. Regarding local reactions, significantly fewer patients treated with a combination of terfenadine and ranitidine and terfenadine alone as compared with placebo had severe local symptoms of erythema (29%,29%, and 49%), edema (24%, 18% and 41%), and pruritus (13%, 11% and 31%) at week 1 (P < 0.05). This therapeutic benefit was limited to the first 4 weeks of treatment. Treatment with a combination of terfenadine and ranitidine was not superior to treatment with terfenadine alone. Pretreatment with H1-antihistamines with or without H2-antihistamines significantly reduced local and sytemic adverse reactions to immunotherapy with Hymenoptera venom and may therefore be helpful in the management of immunotherapy. Accession date: 18 May 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author. Author address: Dept of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University Munich, Bidersteiner Straße 29, 8082 Munich, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1046/99 Hymenoptera/venom allergy/immunotherapy/adverse reactions/pretreatment/prophylaxis/terfenadine/ranitidine/ antihistamines/antagonists. Brødsgaard, C. J. and Hansen, H. (1999) Decontamination of beehives containing spores of the foulbrood bacterium Paenibacillus larvae larvae. Apiacta, 34(1), 26-32. Hive boxes that had been used for Apis mellifera colonies infected with American foul brood were examined for P. l. larvae spores, before and after cleaning by one of 5 methods. Approximately 80% of spores were removed by four of the methods: scorching with a blowtorch; scrubbing with stiff pads using hot soapy water; high-pressure flushing with cold water; treatment with Virkon S (a biodegradable disinfectant). Almost 100% spores were removed by the fifth method:15-min steam-treatment followed by immersion for 3 min in a boiling solution of 3% NaOH and 2% soft soap. Accession date: 27 August 1999. Call number: 638.154. Library code: Bj. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Research Group Entomology, Danish Inst. of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA814/99 American foulbrood/Paenibacillus larvae larvae/Apis mellifera/hive parts/sterilization/spores. Brødsgaard, C. J., Jensen, S. E., Hansen, C. W. and Hansen, H. (1999) Spring treatment with oxalic acid in honeybee colonies as varroa control. DIAS report, Horticulture No. 6. In late March 1998, 30 Apis mellifera colonies in Denmark were treated with oxalic acid solution to control Varroa jacobsoni infestation; treatment was either by (A) spraying, or (B) trickling the solution over the combs. Just before treatment, natural oxalic acid residue level in honey samples taken from some colonies ranged from 19.56 to 35.85 ppm; 8 days after treatment, residue levels had increased, but the increase was significant only in A colonies (av. level 62.84 ppm). By June levels had decreased. Treatment B did not appear to have any effect on glutathione S-tranferase activity of individual pupae and adult bees. Max daily mite fall was recorded 4 days after treatment; it averaged 64.93 in A colonies and 24.0 in B colonies, compared with 0.25 in controls. Colony strength and brood area during the rest of the season did not differ significantly between treated and control colonies and were also similar in the three groups one year after treatment. Accession date: 2 September 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bb. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Danish Inst. of Agricultural Sciences, Dept Crop Protection, Research Centre Flakkeberg, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA828/99 Apis mellifera/Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/oxalic acid/honey/pesticide residues. Brødsgaard, C. J., Ritter, W. and Hansen, H. (1998) Response of in vitro reared honey bee larvae to various doses of Paenibacillus larvae larvae spores. Apidologie, 29(6), 569-578. Individual laboratory-reared Apis mellifera ligustica larvae of various ages were fed with P. l. larvae spores. The youngest larvae tested (24-28 h) were the most susceptible to infection, and a dose-response relationship was found (LD50 = 8.49). Resistance to infection increased with age. In larvae with a sublethal infection, development time was significantly negatively correlated with adult emergence weight; the same correlation was found in non-inoculated larvae. Development time did not differ significantly between the latter group and the inoculated larvae that survived. Accession date: 23 March 1999. Call number: 638.15. Library code: Bj. Language: En, fr, de. P Walker. Author address: Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Group Entomology, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA510/99 Apis mellifera ligustica/larvae/honey bees/Paenibacillus larvae/American foulbrood/in vitro rearing. Brødsgard, C. J. and Brødsgard, H. F. (1998) Monitoring method as a basis for need-based control of varroa mites (Varroa jacobsoni) infesting honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Atla (Fifteenth Scandinavian Cell Toxicology Congress), 26, 413-419. In a 3-year study, the relationship between the size of mite populations (y) and natural mite mortality (x, dead mites on hive bottom, collected every 1 or 3 weeks) was investigated in full-strength honey bee colonies in Danish apiaries. The results gave a straight linear model, y = +x. The parameters for the equation when x is determined weekly or 3-weekly are given. If the model input is adjusted for the brood-rearing pattern of the sampled colonies, the fit of the model is improved. Using this model, it is possible to determine more accurately when mite control treatments should be applied. Accession date: 1 November 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bc. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Dept of Crop Protection, Research Centre Flakkeberg, Danish Inst. of Agricultural Sciences, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1120/99 Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/honey bee colonies/Apis mellifera/Denmark/models. Bromenshenk, J. J., Cronn, R. C. and Nugent, J. J. (1996) Monitoring fluoride with honey bees in the upper Snake River Plain of Idaho. Journal of Environmental Quality, 25(4), 868-877. Based on residue concentrations in honey bees (Apis mellifera), the spatial distribution of fluoride was mapped in the title area of USA. The results suggest that facilities at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) intermittently release this chemical. These emissions affect localized areas on the INEL and probably contribute little fluoride to the surrounding region. Phosphate ore processing is a recurrent fluoride source and influences a wide area, possibly even the INEL. These results are reviewed with respect to anthropogenic and natural sources of fluoride. Bee fluoride concentrations were compared to those reported for lichens, vegetation, and soils in southern Idaho. Library code: 35 ref. Language: En. Author address: Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900148 apis mellifera/honey bees/monitoring/lichens/vegetation/pollution/fluorine/fluoride/soil/biological indicators/USA/Idaho/Idaho. Bromenshenk, J. J. and DeGrandi-Hoffman, G. (1993) PC BEEPOP. A microcomputer model of the population dynamics and economics of honey bee colonies. American Entomologist, 39(4), 231-237. Author. An interactive program called PC BEEPOP for IBM-compatible personal computers is described. It combines a simulation model, expert system, and chemical toxicity database. It can be used on any IBM-compatible computer with a hard disk, 640K of available memory, and a graphics adapter card. A colour monitor, mouse input device, and 12 MHz or faster computer are recommended. No software other than DOS 3.0 or later is required to run the program. Pull-down menus facilitate the entry of initial honey bee colony size and age structure, foraging profiles, and factors that influence rates of emergence, lifespan and mortality. Default values are provided for all input parameters. Single-line HELP notes indicate appropriate ranges for all inputs, and full-screen HELP messages explain the relevance of each menu selection to bee biology and toxicology. PC BEEPOP provides daily estimates of colony size and age composition as well as the amounts of pollen and nectar gathered, consumed, and stored by the colony. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600213 information systems/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pesticides/nontarget effects/foraging/honey bee colonies/population dynamics/computer simulation/expert systems/toxicity/honey bees/data banks/to honey bees/of pesticides. Brookes, B., Small, E., Lefkovitch, L. P., Damman, H. and Fairey, D. T. (1994) Attractiveness of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to wild pollinators in relation to wildflowers. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 74(4), 779-783. The effects of proximity to wildflowers on the relative number of pollinators foraging on alfalfa flowers were investigated. Five hundred and forty-five collections were made of wild pollinating bees attracted to 20 alfalfa plantations in Canada. Of the 13 genera of bees collected, almost half belonged to Megachile, followed by Bombus with 20% of the collections. Analysis indicated that increased visitation to alfalfa was significantly related to distance of the alfalfa from wildflowers, but not to the size of the alfalfa plantation. Alfalfa growing less than 10 m from wildflowers seemed to benefit by spill-over of pollinators from the wildflowers. Alfalfa isolated from wildflowers by other alfalfa plants for a distance of at least 200 m attracted very few pollinators, the wildflowers apparently providing more attractive sources of pollen and nectar. A single plantation highly isolated (by about 600 m) from wildflowers proved to be very attractive to pollinators, apparently because wild nesting bees in the vicinity had little alternative but the alfalfa. These observations are discussed in relation to exploring crop layouts to maximize attraction of wild pollinators for seed production. Library code: 28 ref. Language: En. Author address: Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Branch, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont. K1A 0C6, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601287 alfalfa/pollinators/plant competition/seed production/lucerne/bombus/megachile/wild flowers/Medicago sativa/pollination/Apidae/foraging. Brooks, R. W. (1993) A new Amegilla (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) from Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 16(2), 279-282. A. paracalva sp. nov. is described. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600055 Apidae/Amegilla paracalva/new species/anthophora/taxonomy/anthophora/morphology. Brooks, R. W. and Engel, M. S. (1998) New bees of the genus Ischnomelissa Engel, with a key to the species (Hymenoptera, Halictidae, Augochlorini). Mitteilungen der Museum Naturkind Berlin, Deutsche Entomologie Zeitschrift, 45(2), 181-189. Five new species of the rare neotropical bee genus Ischnomelissa Engel, Ischnomelissa rhina, I. cyanea, I. lescheni, I. ecuadoriana and I. octogesima are described and figured. I. cyaneae, like the type species I. zonata Engel, has a narrow malar space. The other four species have elongated malar spaces very similar to the genus Chlerogella Michener. Because of the addition of five more species to a previously monotypic genus, a new generic diagnosis is given along with a key to all known species. The genus was previously known only from Colombia, but has now been found in Ecuador. Accession date: 18 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA954/99 Apoidea/bees/Ischnomelissa/montane/mountain/cloud forests/Augochlorini/new species/neotropics/Ecuador. Brooks, R. W. and Engel, M. S. (1999) A revision of the augochlorine bee genus Chlerogas Vachal (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 125, 463-486. The genus is revised and the female is described for the first time. The genus is newly diagnosed and new characters are discussed for its separation from other augochlorine genera. Seven new species are recognized in addition to the two previously described. A key for identification is included. The group was previously recorded only in Peru, but is now known in Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador. Accession date: 8 September 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author. Author address: Division of Entomology, Snow Entomological Collections, Natural History Museum, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA656/99 Halictidae/taxonomy/Chlerogas/distribution/South America. Broom, S. J., Ede, R. M. and Wilkins, A. L. (1992) Synthesis of (<+->)-E-4(1,2,4-trihydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexyl)-but-3-en-2-one: a novel degraded carotenoid isolated from New Zealand thyme (Thymus vulgaris) honey. Tetrahedron Letters, 33(22), 3197-3200. P. Walker. The title compound has previously been isolated (and identified) from T. vulgaris honey, of which it seems to be a characteristic component. It has now been made by a racemic synthesis, starting from -ionone. The key steps involve selective hydroboration of a triene, followed by a molybdenum-mediated epoxidation of the resulting homoallylic alcohol, with subsequent ring opening of the epoxide to give the title compound. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Chemistry, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600738 honey/Thymus/New Zealand/carotenoids/synthesis. Broom, S. J., Wilkins, A. L., Ede, R. M. and Lu, Y. (1992) Isolation and structural characterisation of Kamahine C: an unusual spiroketal found in a native New Zealand honey. Tetrahedron Letters, 33(41), 6201-6204. Author. The diethyl ether extract of honey from the flowers of the New Zealand native tree kamahi (Weinmannia racemosa) has been found to contain 3 diastereoisomers of an unusual degraded carotenoid with a 14-carbon skeleton. After acetylation, one of the isomers was fully characterized by multidimensional H and C NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray crystallography, and the structure of its parent alcohol is given. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Chemistry, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600736 honey/Weinmannia/New Zealand/carotenoids. Broom, S. J., Wilkins, A. L., Lu, Y. and Ede, R. M. (1994) Novel nor-sesquiterpenoids in New Zealand honeys: the relative and absolute stereochemistry of the kamahines: an extension of the Mosher method to hemiacetals. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 59(21), 6425-6430. Accession date: 17 August 1998. Call number: 638.16. Library code: X. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA262/99 honey/composition/sesquiterpenoids/New Zealand. Brouwer, W. W. M., Vliet, P. J. M. v., Linders, J. B. H. J. and Berg, R. v. d. (1993) Environmental risk assessment for plant protection products: the Dutch approach. Pesticide Outlook, 4(3), 30-35. The way in which risk assessments are carried out in the Netherlands is demonstrated using the examples of leaching to groundwater, adverse effects on aquatic organisms and adverse effects on birds and mammals. Other risk assessment schemes are used to assess the behaviour of pesticides in surface water and adverse effects on soil nitrification, earthworms, bees and other agriculturally beneficial organisms. Library code: 8 ref. Language: En. Author address: Plant Protection Service, P.O. Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600147 herbicide residues/pesticides/pesticide residues/risk/Apidae/Netherlands/herbicides/environmental impact/nontarget effects/residues/groundwater/surface water/soil/water/aquatic organisms/honey bees/birds/mammals/earthworms/nitrification/leaching/toxicology/nontarget organisms/effects/water/water/residues. Brown, B. V. (1996) A further species of Apocephalus, subgenus Mesophora (Diptera, Phoridae) parasitic on stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Studia Dipterologica, 3(2), 231-235. A bee-parasitizing phorid fly, Apocephalus altapivorus spec. nov. is described from southern Costa Rica. Females were collected as they attacked workers of the stingless bee Trigona fulviventris. A male specimen was reared from a parasitized bee. Of 150 bees collected randomly at the nest only one was parasitized, yielding a parasitism rate of 0.67%. This species is a sister-taxon of A. apivorus Brown. Accession date: 18 May 1999. Call number: 59. Library code: Ba. Language: En, de. Author. Author address: Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA940/99 Phoridae/parasitoids/Apidae/Apocephalus/Trigona/Costa Rica/new species. Brown, B. V. (1996) Preliminary analysis of a host shift: revision of the neotropical species of Apocephalus, subgenus Mesophora (Diptera: Phoridae). Contributions in Science(462). Twelve new species of Apocephalus, subgenus Mesophora, are described and named: an additional six unassociated males and females are described but not named. The 12 new species are A. apivorus, atavus, emphysemus, leminiscus, lizanoi, megalops and niveus from Costa Rica and A.crassus, echinatus, pilatus, prolixus and secundus from the Dominican Republic. A. leptotarsus Brown is synonymized with A.antennatus Malloch new synonymy. The previously unknow male of A. absentis Brown is described, as are the previously unrecognized females of A. adustus and A. curtus. A new key to species of the neotropical region is given. The relatively most primitive species, A. apivorus and adustus, are parasitoids of stingless bees, whereas A. tritarsus is a parasitoid of lampyrid beetles, like most other Mesophora. The host shift within the subgenus Mesophora from ants to lampyrid beetles appears to have been the parasitism of stingless bees. Accession date: 18 May 1999. Call number: 59. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author. Author address: Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA941/99 systematics/taxonomy/new species/Apocephalus/parasitoids/Costa Rica/Dominica/stingless bees. Brown, B. V. (1997) Systematics and fossil evidence of host-parasitoid relationships of Calamiscus Borgmeier (Diptera: Phoridae). Journal of Natural History, 31, 1253-1259. The life history and hitherto unknown males of Calamiscus cryptopalpis are described. A second species of the genus, C. inflativenis n. sp. is described from Costa Rica. The species C. cryptopalpis is a gregarious parasitoid of injured stingless bees in Costa Rica. The co-occurrence of a specimen of the genus Calamiscus in a piece of amber with the oldest known fossil bee is hypothesized to be the most ancient host-parasitoid relationship documented thus far. The otherwise rarely-seen fly was probably lured to the site by the alarm pheremones of the bee, and then trapped in the sticky tree resin. Accession date: 18 May 1999. Call number: 59. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author. Author address: Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA942/99 Phoridae/parasitoids/systematics/amber/fossils/stingless bees/Costa Rica/Calamiscus. Brown, B. V. (1997) Parsitic Phorid flies: a previously unrecognized cost to aggregation behaviour of male stingless bees. Biotropica, 29(3), 370-372. Male stingless bees aggregate near nesting sites to mate with emerging females. This may expose males to a higher level of parasitism by phorid flies. Observations of percentage parasitism of the stingless bee Cephalotrigona capitata by phorid flies in Costa Rica indicate that males outside the nest suffer 50% parasitism, while workers are comparatively immune. Parasitism by phorid flies is therefore a major mortality factor in male C. capitata. Accession date: 18 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bc. Language: En. E Claridge. Author address: Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA955/99 stingless bees/ Meliponini/ parasites/ phoridae/Costa Rica. Brown, M. F. and Demas, G. E. (1994) Evidence for spatial working memory in honeybees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 108(4), 344-352. P. Walker. Individual foragers visited a matrix of 6 feeders which at first contained sugar syrup, but in later trials only 3 contained a reward. The bees avoided revisiting empty feeders more frequently than expected by chance. The results indicate that honey bees have a spatial working memory system, i.e. the ability to represent multiple locations in a flexible, dynamic way. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Psychology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701313 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/foraging/honey bees/memory. Brown, R. (1994) Great masters of beekeeping. Burrowbridge, UK, Bee Books New & Old. D. G. Lowe. This book is based on a series of articles published originally in the monthly journal Beekeeping (Devon Beekeepers' Association, UK). The 26 chapters give accounts of 30 famous people in the world of beekeeping, starting with the Rev. Charles Butler and continuing, in chronological order, with inventors, scientists, beekeepers and authors such as Thorley, Janscha, Huber, Bevan, Langstroth, Woodbury, Abbott, Cowan, Herrod-Hempsall, von Frisch, Manley, Hodges and C. G. Butler, and concluding with Brother Adam. Each account gives details of that person's life, their beekeeping methods and equipment, publications and their most noteworthy contributions to beekeeping. The book is well written and will appeal particularly to those interested in the history of apiculture and collectors of 'bee books'. Page(s): 72 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600477 beekeeping/history/beekeepers/books. Brown, R. (1995) The varroa problem. Benfleet, UK, Central Association of Bee-Keepers. Page(s): 13 pp. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: 20 Parkhurst Road, Torquay, Devon TQ1 4EP, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700284 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods. Brown, R. (1995) Beeswax. Burrowbridge, UK, Bee Books New & Old. D. G. Lowe. This revised edition of Beeswax (first published in 1981) includes an updated section on candle-making and more on wax casting. Page(s): 87 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601505 beeswax/books. Bruce, W. A. (1997) Use of infrared detection for host location by the bee-mite, Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae): a theoretical model. International Journal of Acarology, 23(1), 7-11. A model that uses electromagnetic radiation in the infrared portion of the spectrum is proposed for host (Apis spp.) location by the ectoparasite Varroa jacobsoni. The mite has no known optical system (visual), lives in relative darkness, is attracted to a host that has a high body temperature (35-40C), and has appropriate sensory structures or setae located on the first pair of legs. These sensory setae have the necessary structural characteristics required of the dielectric antenna model: thin-walled and tapered; appropriate base diameters and lengths; dielectric constant between 2.5 -3.0; and located on a moveable platform (tarsus I). Setal measurements indicate operation in two spectral regions, 5-7 and 9-10 m. Use of these two spectral regions for host location and distance determination is discussed. Library code: 26 ref. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, USDA, ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave. Bldg. 476, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900733 host-seeking behaviour/infrared radiation/dielectric constant/arthropod pests/natural enemies/Apis/ectoparasites/Varroa jacobsoni/hosts/behaviour/models. Bruce, W. A., Anderson, D. L., Calderone, N. W. and Shimanuki, H. (1995) A survey for Kashmir bee virus in honey bee colonies in the United States. American Bee Journal, 135(5), 352-355. Author. Samples of 300 adult honey bee (Apis mellifera) workers were collected from 1 colony in each of 10 apiaries in California, Florida, Maine, Minnesota, New York, Texas and Washington, USA. Extracts from each sample were injected into a group of seemingly healthy white-eyed pupae from different colonies to increase to detectable levels any viruses present. Extracts were taken from each injected pupa and tested serologically for the presence of Kashmir bee virus (KBV) and other viruses. Viruses serologically related to but distinguishable from Australian strains of KBV were found to be present in each of the 7 states sampled. Sacbrood virus, black queen cell virus, acute bee paralysis virus and chronic bee paralysis virus were also found in some samples. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, USDA, ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Bldg. 476, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700660 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/bee diseases/honey bees/Kashmir bee virus/diseases/viruses/viral diseases/USA/diseases/bee viruses. Bruce, W. A., Delfinado-Baker, M. and Vincent, D. L. (1997) Comparative morphology of the peritremes of Varroa and Euvarroa (Varroidae), parasites of honey bees (Apidae). International Journal of Acarology, 23(1), 13-20. The morphology of the peritremes of the genera Varroa and Euvarroa in the family Varroidae are described. In the genus Varroa, the moveable emergent peritreme lies flat along the venter laterad of legs III and IV but can be lowered 90. The sclerotized peritremal groove consists of an ascending and a shorter descending arm thus forming a hook around the tip of the peritreme. The interior of the groove and stigmatal atrium are lined with micropapillae. The remainder of the peritreme is a sac-like structure that is continuous with the body haemocoel. The peritreme of Euvarroa does not appear to be moveable or only slightly so and is positioned flush with the soft cuticle of the body laterad and somewhat posterior to legs IV. The sclerotized peritrematic groove is U-shaped and lined with micropapillae. The stigmata are open but are not continuous with the peritrematic groove as in Varroa. Library code: 12 ref. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, Bldg 476, USDA, ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900734 taxonomy/ectoparasites/natural enemies/varroidae/Varroa/Euvarroa/morphology/respiratory system. Bruce, W. A., Needham, G. R. and Potts, W. J. E. (1997) The effects of temperature and water vapor activity on water loss by Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae). American Bee Journal, 137(6), 461-463. Adult female V. jacobsoni removed from untreated honey bee colonies were exposed to 3 temperatures (20, 30, 34C) and 5 water vapour activities of 0, 0.60, 0.75, 0.85, 0.97 a (water vapour activity (a) is equal to %RH/100). Water loss was greatest at a high temperature and low a. Time to reach 50% mass at 0 a, which is a reflection of whole body water loss, was 16, 5 and 5 h at 20, 30 and 34, respectively. At 0.97 a for each significant temperature, there was a 2-4 fold increase in time to lose 50% body mass. The most interesting observation was the impact of having mites at 0.85 vs. 0.97 a (20), where time to reach 50% increased from 35 to 123 h. These results suggest a contribution by metabolic and/or active water vapour uptake. The values at 0.60, 0.75, and 0.85 a were statistically similar at 20 and 30. At each level of a significantly faster moisture loss occurred at 30 and 34 than at 20, but results at 30 and 34 were not significantly different from each other. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Bldg. 476, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900613 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites. Bruder, A. (1995) Creamed honey but how? Imkerfreund, 50(6), 16-18. Original title or source: Creme Honig aber wie?. P. Walker. Although much advice is available on the controlled granulation of honey, the final product may be unsatisfactory. The factors involved in honey granulation are discussed, including honey composition (water, glucose, fructose), temperature, storage time, and the mechanical processing to which the honey is subjected. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Author address: Fachberater fur Imkerei, Knobelstr. 10a, 80538 Munich, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701100 creamed honey/honey/honey/processing. Bruder, A. (1997) Creamed honey. Imkerei-Technik Magazin(4), 9-14. Original title or source: Cremehonigwie geht's?. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901383 creamed honey. Bruijn, L. d. (1993) Traits of stingless bees: 1. Waste. Pegone(1), 2-4. The waste deposited by worker stingless bees (Meliponinae) in parts of their nest consists of the remains of brood cells and cocoons, dead bees and faeces. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800442 Apidae/Meliponinae/wastes. Bruijn, L. d. (1994) Traits of stingless bees: 2. Brood. Pegone(2), 2-3. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800441 Apidae/Meliponinae/brood rearing. Bruijn, L. d. (1995) Traits of stingless bees: 3. Eggs. Pegone(3), 4-5. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800437 Apidae/beneficial insects/Meliponinae/ova/oviposition/females/relationships. Bruijn, L. L. M. d. and Sommeijer, M. J. (1997) The composition and properties of honeys of stingless bees (Melipona). Perspectives for honey production in the tropics: proceedings of the NECTAR symposium held in Utrecht, 18 December 1995 [edited by Sommeijer, M. J.; Beetsma, J.; Boot, W.-J.; Robberts, E.-J.; Vries, R. de]. Bennekom, Netherlands, Netherlands Expertise Centre for Tropical Apicultural Resources, 149-168. Author. Some preliminary results are given for a study on the composition, properties and antibiotic activity of the honeys of 4 species of Melipona (M. favosa, M. trinitatis, M. beecheii, M. lateralis), and comparisons with honey from Apis mellifera are made. Honey samples from temperate honey bees contained on average 17.8% water, Africanized honey bee honey from Trinidad 18.3% water and Melipona honey on average 23.7% water. Stingless bee honeys were further characterized by a significantly lower pH, more free acids and the absence of distaste. The microflora of stingless bee honeys was characterized by the absence of yeasts and by the dominant presence of Bacillus. Stingless bee honeys possessed significant antibiotic activity. Low pH and high sugar levels were found not to be important antibiotic factors: after dilution the antibiotic activity remained at a high level. Honeys with the highest Bacillus counts always had the highest antibacterial activity. Cultures of specific bacteria isolated from nests of stingless bees grew well in honey solutions. In contrast, other species of bacteria were not stimulated but were inhibited by the application of stingless bee honey. The results explain the general and very widespread use of stingless bee honeys for medicinal purposes, for example in the treatment of burns, wounds and internal infections. The biological and applied pharmaceutical significance of these results is discussed. Page(s): 149-168. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901004 conferences/honey/Melipona/composition/characteristics/inhibition/bacteria. Bruijn, L. L. M. d. and Sommeijer, M. J. (1997) Colony foraging in different species of stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponinae) and the regulation of individual nectar foraging. Insectes Sociaux, 44(1), 35-47. Author. Experiments were carried out in Costa Rica, Trinidad and Tobago, and a tropical greenhouse at Arnhem, Netherlands, in order to study differences in the foraging behaviour of Melipona fasciata, M. beechei, M. favosa and Tetragonisca angustula. The Melipona species had a longer daily foraging activity period than T. angustula. Pollen foraging patterns of the Melipona species were different from that of T. angustula: Melipona bees collect pollen earlier in the day. In an experimental habitat without competitors, Melipona favosa did not collect pollen very early in the day. Individually marked returning foragers demonstrated in the course of the day distinct differences in nature and frequency of interactions with nestmates. Individual foraging flight frequency was lower and the intranidal transfer of nectar was delayed when syrup of a lower concentration was offered. The regulation of daily foraging activity patterns and the nectar foraging behaviour of individual worker bees are discussed. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Social Insects, Ethology and Socio-ecology, Laboratory of Comparative Physiology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.086, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901164 Apidae. Bruijn, L. L. M. d., Sommeijer, M. J., Biesmeijer, J. C., Nieuwstadt, M. J. v. and Kraaykamp, H. (1994) Honey production in stingless bees: differences in flight activity and foraging between Melipona and Tetragonisca. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Trinidad and Tobago, 7-12 September 1992. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 221-226. Author. Observations were made of the flight activity of 3 species of Melipona and Tetragonisca angustula in their natural habitats in Trinidad and Costa Rica, and in Burgers' Bush, a large tropical greenhouse in the Netherlands, Two distinct patterns were found. The Melipona species usually collected pollen in a short period of the day, most frequently at early hours. Nectar was collected in a much longer period with a maximum around noon. In T. angustula both nectar and pollen foraging took place throughout the day. Flight activity in T. angustula appeared to be correlated with light intensity, relative air humidity and temperature. In M. beecheii no such correlations were found. In Burgers' Bush, M. favosa did not show the typical Melipona activity pattern of natural habitats. The possible causes for these differences are discussed. Page(s): 221-226. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Department, Utrecht University, PO Box 80 086, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600445 beneficial insects/Melipona beecheii/Melipona favosa/Melipona fasciata/Tetragonisca angustula/Apidae/Trinidad and Tobago/Costa Rica/conferences/foraging/Melipona/pollen/nectar/Tetragonisca. Bruijn, L. L. M. d., Sommeijer, M. J. and Zuijlen, J. W. A. v. (1993) Distribution and variation among Melipona favosa favosa (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean region. Entomologische Berichten, 53(9), 128-131. Size variation, colour variation and distribution of this bee are described. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Department, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.086, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700513 Melipona favosa/Apidae/Melipona/Caribbean/biogeography/variation/Melipona/morphology. Bruneau, A. and Anderson, G. J. (1994) To bee or not to bee?: the pollination biology of Apios americana (Leguminosae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 192(1/2), 147-149. P. Walker. The literature was searched for reported pollinators of A. americana, which has an explosive tripping mechanism similar to that of Medicago sativa; it is native to the eastern half of the USA and Canada. Bees observed visiting flowers included Apis mellifera, Bombus sp. and various Halictidae, but the only bees which tripped, and thus pollinated, the flowers were Megachile spp. No flies have been observed visiting flowers. Especially in the northern part of its native range, plants have a high degree of sterility. Even in diploid populations, fruit is set infrequently. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Botany, University of Reading, Whitenights, P.O. Box 221, Reading RG6 2AS, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701223 Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/Apios americana/Apis mellifera/Bombus/Halictidae/USA/Canada/pollination/Megachile/of Apios/by Megachile/Apios/Apios/foraging/Apoidea. Bruneau, E. (1992) Bees for pollination. Proceedings of an EC workshop, Brussels, 2-3 March 1992. Brussels, Belgium, Commission of the European Communities, Division for the Coordination of Agricultural Research. D. G. Lowe. The proceedings of this workshop contain 20 papers presented under 3 headings. The first, 'Pollination relationship: flowers, insects', examines the current situation of insect pollinators, particularly bees, in the European Community. Economic aspects, crop pollination requirements, and future prospects are discussed. The second, 'Present and future use of pollination insects', deals with the use of bees as pollinators and the development of pollination services. In the third, 'Agriculture and pollination insects', suggestions are put forward for managing agricultural areas, encouraging beekeepers and farmers to adopt various practices, and for dealing with problems caused by the use of pesticides. The conclusions and recommendations of a debate on the above topics are also presented, and a list of the 33 participants is included. Bruneau, E. (Editor). Page(s): v + 237 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601553 Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/beekeeping/pollination/honey bees/Apoidea/by honey bees/by Apoidea/agricultural land/Europe/conferences/Belgium. Bruneau, E. (1998) Argentina: beekeeping in La Pampa. Abeilles & Cie(67), 6-11. Original title: Argentine: apiculture dans La Pampa. In this province in the north of the country a year-round nectar flow is provided by a variety of plants, including the trees Prosopis caldenia and Eucalyptus sp., cultivated crops Medicago sativa and Helianthus annuus, and wild flowers. Bees have been kept in the area only in the last 10 years. Langstroth hives are used for honey bees of types bred in the USA, with queens selected for productive colonies and resistance to AFB. Average yields are 40-50 kg/colony with a maximum of 80-90 or even 150 kg. The management methods of two beekeepers who have 600 and over 1000 colonies are described. The main pest is Varroa jacobsoni; AFB is present but not widespread. Accession date: 16 april 99. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA409/99 beekeeping/Argentina/honey bee forage/honey-getting capacity/honey bee colonies. Bruneau, E. and Jacobs, F. (1997) Belgian beekeeping: statistics. Abeilles & Cie(61), 18-20. Original title or source: Apiculture belge: les chiffres. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900857 beekeeping. Bruneau, E., Jacobs, F. and Trouiller, J. (1997) Results of a campaign for the detection of varroa resistance to pyrethroids in Belgium 1997. Belgique Apicole, 61(10), 294-297. Original title or source: Resultats de la campagne de detection de la resistance de varroa aux pyrethrinoides en Belgique 1997. P. Walker. In 1996, resistance to fluvalinate in Varroa jacobsoni was recorded in Alsace and Vosges du Nord. In August 1997 the whole of Belgium was surveyed for resistance (except the provinces of Liege and Flemish Brabant). A total of 26 laboratory tests and 11 field tests were carried out on bees from 28 apiaries. In Wallonie, all mite samples except one showed resistance to fluvalinate, the level ranging from 6.4% to 20.5%. Generally, levels were lower in the north. In Flanders only 2 samples showed resistance and these were from a hive that had been migrated. The results show how a front of resistance is apparently continuing to move north. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900984 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/Varroa jacobsoni/acaricide resistance/fluvalinate. Bruneau, E., Van Nitsen, L. and Andre, P. (1992) Mellifera development in farming areas. Example: hedgerows. Bees for pollination. Proceedings of an EC workshop, Brussels, Belgium, 2-3 March 1992 [edited by Bruneau, E.]. Brussels, Belgium, Commission of the European Communities, Division for the Coordination of Agricultural Research, 151-165. D. G. Lowe. The development and upkeep of hedges and woodlands, in order to provide forage and nesting sites for Apoidea, is discussed in relation to the agricultural policy of the EC. Pilot plans in Belgium, involving the planting of hedgerows, are described. Page(s): 151-165. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Centre Apicole de Recherche et d'Information, Place Croix du Sud 4, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601396 Apidae/beneficial insects/hedgerow plants/conferences/honey bee forage/agricultural land/Europe/foraging/Apoidea/hedges/planting/Belgium/hedges/woodlands. Brunnert, U., Kelber, A. and Zeil, J. (1994) Ground-nesting bees determine the location of their nest relative to a landmark by other than angular size cues. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 175, 363-369. P. Walker. Individual bees of 2 species, Lasioglossum malachurum and Dasypoda hirtipes, were trained to associate a single cylindrical landmark with the location of their nest. Returning bees were then tested with landmarks of different sizes (so that there were large discrepancies between the angular size of the landmark, as seen from the nest during training, and its distance from the nest). Results showed that a bee consistently searches for its nest at the learned distance from the landmark. The apparent size of a landmark seems to have rather a weak influence. It is suggested that, for distance evaluation, a bee exploits cues derived from the apparent speed of the landmark's image at the retina. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Lehrstuhl fur Biokybernetik, Universitat Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701257 Lasioglossum malachurum/Dasypoda hirtipes/Apidae/Lasioglossum/Dasypoda/nests/Lasioglossum/Dasypoda/orientation. Bruyn, C. d. (1997) Practical beekeeping. Marlborough, UK, Crowood Press. D. G. Lowe. This book aims to be useful to beekeeping beginners and also those with more experience. The information it presents to the reader is clearly set out, well organized and easily assimilated. The author's ability to communicate to the reader gained over 30 years' experience of teaching beekeeping and the well designed layout and attractive typeface (New Century Schoolbook) make the book very easy to read. It is also well illustrated with carefully chosen photographs and diagrams. The book begins with an account of honey bee biology including taxonomy, anatomy, the social structure of the colony, behaviour, particularly foraging, and the effects of weather, before it progresses to beekeeping techniques and equipment. The topics discussed include: routine inspections; protection, handling and personal safety; keeping records; nuclei and observation hives; adding supers, clearing and feeding; extracting honey; processing and packaging honey; swarm control; pests and diseases. One chapter examines the qualities required in the beekeeper an important but often neglected subject in books on beekeeping. The book concludes with a list of useful organizations (international and UK) and a subject index; it should provide a useful source of information for beekeepers in the UK and also other temperate-zone countries. Page(s): 288 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901209 beekeeping/UK/books. Bryk, I. (1997) Attention! Bees! Bees and the theory of beekeeping technology. The author evaluates different hives with the aim of finding the best one for overwintering bees. Serveral improvements in hive design are given. The book is a compilation of articles by the author published originally in the Ukrainian Beekeeper. Original collective title: . Page(s): 106. Accession date: 11 March 1999. Call number: 638.142. Library code: Bdx. Language: Uk. A Komissar. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA502/99 hives/overwintering/Ukraine. Buchler, R. (1994) Varroa tolerance in honey bees occurrence, characters and breeding. New perspectives on varroa [edited by Matheson, A. (Editor)]. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 12-23. See AA 1365/94. Previously published in Bee World (1994) 75 (2): 54-70. Page(s): 12-23. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Hessische Landesanstalt fur Tierzucht, Abt. fur Bienenzucht, Erlenstrasse 9, 35274 Kirchhain, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600272 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/conferences/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/resistance/breeding. Buchler, R. (1994) Varroa tolerance in honey bees occurrence, characters and breeding. New perspectives on varroa [edited by Matheson, A. (Editor)]. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 12-23. See AA 1365/94. Previously published in Bee World (1994) 75 (2): 54-70. Page(s): 12-23. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Hessische Landesanstalt fur Tierzucht, Abt. fur Bienenzucht, Erlenstrasse 9, 35274 Kirchhain, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600272 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/conferences/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/resistance/breeding. Buchler, R. (1994) Investigations into a method of standardized colony infestation for the test of Varroa population development. Apidologie, 25(5), 461-462. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. In determining the tolerance of honey bee colonies to V. jacobsoni infestations, the infestations of the investigated colonies should ideally be uniform, but in natural infestations the numbers of mites vary. A standard infestation was tested in 930 colonies, to each of which was added an average of 444 bees (variation 2.7%) and 89 mites (variation 12.8%). Bees which died immediately after the inoculation had only 15.1% of the infestation level of bee samples from 39 hives equipped with Gary dead bee traps and bottom board inserts. About 24% of the total loss of mites within 7 days occurred on dead bees; other mites dropped on to the inserts. The variation in the effective start infestation was 14.6%. Mite mortality was 17.1% of introduced mites after 21 days, and 33% after 70 days. Library code: Bj. Language: En\De\Fr. Author address: Hessische Landesanstalt fur Tierzucht, Erlenstr. 9, 35274 Kirchhain, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600678 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/experimental infection/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/infestation/standardization. Buchler, R. (1996) Specific combination of Carnica lines to improve productivity and varroa tolerance. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 40(2), 119-125. Queens and drones of the Apis mellifera carnica breeding line of the Institute in Kirchhain (K) and from the carnica lines Troiseck-07 (7), Troiseck-Celle (C) and Peschetz (P) were used for reciprocal crosses. The performances of 14-17 queens produced in each hybrid group were determined. Significant differences in honey production and defensive behaviour were observed between the groups. Productivity was clearly affected by the queen. Line K was better suited to drone production than queen production. Varroa jacobsoni infestations were lowest in K K colonies. Defensive behaviour and proportion of damaged mites were significantly lower in line C than in lines 7 and P. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Abteilung fur Bienenzucht, Hessische Landesanstalt fur Tierzucht, Erlenstrasse 9, 35274 Kirchhain, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900574 breeding/hybrids/honey bees/colonies/capacity/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/resistance/Apis mellifera carnica/races. Buchler, R. (1997) Field test on Varroa tolerance of the 'Kirchhainer population'. Apidologie, 28(3/4), 191-193. Original title or source: [Summary]. This Apis mellifera carnica breeding population (c. 150 colonies) was intensively selected for Varroa tolerance. In 1995, 216 pure-mated queens were distributed among 23 test apiaries where their overall performance was compared with that of controls (other A. m. carnica, Buckfast and local bees). Results from 17 apiaries are reported; of 147 queens, 31% were lost during introduction and overwintering and 10% during the season. In 15 apiaries, test bees had significantly lower varroa infestation levels than controls. Test colonies were smaller, gentler and swarmed more readily; in spring their average honey yield (21.1 kg) was lower than that of controls (24.4 kg), but in the summer it was higher (19.0 and 18.4 kg, respectively). Library code: Bj. Language: En\Fr\De. Author address: Abteilung fur Bienenzucht, Hessische Landesanstalt fur Tierzucht, Erlenstrasse 9, D-35274 Kirchhain, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900622 pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/resistance/colonies/performance/races/Apis mellifera carnica/breeding/Germany. Büchler, R. (1999) Practical experience with the Buckfast bee. Schweizerische Bienen-Zeitung, 122(2), 76-84. Original title: Erfahrungen mit der Buckfastbiene. Published studies of the following are discussed: crossing of Buckfast bees with other races; performance of Buckfast bees; low swarming tendency; varroa tolerance; drifting and robbing. Accession date: 7 July 1999. Call number: 638.123. Library code: Bj. Language: De. P Walker. Author address: Hessische Landesanstalt für Bienenzucht, Erlenstr. 9, D-35274 Kirchain, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA763/99 Breeding/honey bees/pests of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/ resistance/swarming/drifting/robbing/races/Apis mellifera/Europe/Buckfast. Büchler, R. (1999) What prospects does breeding for varroa-tolerance offer? Allgemeine Deutsche Imkerzeitung, 33(1), 11-14. Original title: Welche Perspektiven bietet die Zucht auf Varroatoleranz?. Several factors which affect tolerance of honey bees to Varroa jacobsoni are listed. These are discussed in relation to how tolerance can be measured, and also what characteristics should be taken into account when selecting for it. Field trials have been carried out with selected lines (using methods described in AA 1310/93). Selected queens were distributed to participating beekeepers, and results for 167 test and 241 control colonies are summarized. In test colonies, losses of queens were quite high, but incidence of V. jacobsoni was only 64% of that in control colonies; also they had significantly better brood hygiene and a higher percentage of damaged mites. However, test colonies were less strong and average honey yield was only 86-91% of that of controls. Accession date: 26 July 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: De. P Walker. Author address: Hessische Landesanstalt für Tierzucht, Abt. für Bienenzucht, Erlenstr. 9, 35274 irchhain, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA829/99 Varroa jacobsoni/resistance/honey bees/selection of honey bee colonies/breeding. Büchler, R. (1999) Results of a study on the treatment of varroatosis by dripping oxalic acid on to the winter cluster. Allgemeine Deutsche Imkerzeitung, 33(10), 5-8. Original title: Versuchsergebnisse zur Varroatosebekämpfung durch Aufträufeln von Oxalsäurelösung auf die Wintertraube. Infested colonies in Hessen, Germany, were treated in mid-Dec. by trickling a solution into the bee space between frames (3.6 ml for Zander frames and 3.2 ml for standard frames); the solution was made from sugar-water containing 2.1%, 3.2% or 4.2% oxalic acid dihydrate. Efficiencies were 84.8%, 92.2% and 94.3%, respectively. The subsequent rise in mite population was more rapid after use of the stronger solution, but after 21 d mite fall in all treatment groups was still higher than in control colonies. The treatment did not have an immediate adverse effect on the bees, but development the following spring was poor in colonies treated with 4.2% solution (the concentration used in Italy). Colonies treated with 2.1% solution developed better than control colonies, and those treated with 3.2% solution were similar to controls. Also published in Imker Freund 54(10): 5-8 (1999). Accession date: 26 October 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: De. P Walker. Author address: Hessische Landesanstalt für Tierzucht, Abteilung für Bienenzucht, Erlenstr. 9, 35274 Kirchhain, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1121/99 Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/Apis mellifera/winter/honey bee colonies/development/oxalic acid/Germany. Buchmann, S. L. (1996) Competition between honey bees and native bees in the Sonoran Desert and global bee conservation issues. The conservation of bees [edited by Matheson, A.; Buchmann, S. L.; O'Toole, C.; Westrich, P.; Williams, I. H.]. London, UK, Academic Press for the Linnean Society of London and the International Bee Research Association, 125-142. Author. Present-day farmland and urban areas once were home to numerous native pollinators including many bee species. Habitat degradation due to agricultural practices including tillage, agrochemicals, elimination of 'weedy' wild flowers supplying nectar and pollen and increased environmental patchiness, creating small islands of native vegetation within an engineered 'humanscape', has caused the dramatic decline and sometimes extinction of native, often endemic, mostly solitary ground- and twig-nesting bees. Furthermore, the introduction of massive numbers of honey bees in managed and feral colonies has permanently altered the amounts and types of nectar and pollen available from wild flowers as well as often altering the pollination services rendered to native plants. A study involving the long-term use of scale colonies and pollen trapping determined the amounts of pollen utilized by honey bee colonies in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona. These are compared to amounts utilized by carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.) and bumble bees (Bombus spp.). Pollen diet breadth for these taxa are also presented. Finally, these results are discussed in relation to new geographic information systems (GIS) models used to estimate the amounts of floral resources extracted from wildlands and agroecosystems by Apis colonies and to show where beekeeping is practised in Arizona. Recommendations for the conservation and protection of native European bees are made based upon these and other findings. Page(s): 125-142. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, ARS, USDA, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701200 Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/Bombus/Xylocopa/conferences/Apoidea/conservation/pollination/wild flowers/by Apoidea/of wild flowers/beekeeping/environmental impact/relationships/honey bees/biological competition/foraging/pollen/Apis mellifera/USA/Arizona. Buchmann, S. L. and Nabhan, G. P. (1996) The forgotten pollinators. Washington, USA, Island Press. D. G. Lowe. The aim of this book is to increase awareness of the pollination process and the animals involved bees and other insects, hummingbirds, bats and others. The authors combine remembered experiences from around the world with discussions of ecology, botany, crop science and the effects of human society. They explain the fundamental principles of pollination ecology with the aid of various case studies, explain how these processes have been disrupted, and address the question of agriculture and landscape restoration. There are chapters on bees as pollinators, honey hunters and beekeepers from ancient to present times, competition between honey bees and native pollinators, and the economics of pollination. The book contains a 16-page bibliography, a 16-page glossary explaining technical terms, a subject index and 6 appendixes, which include a list of pollinators of major crop plants, names and addresses of conservation and research organizations, suppliers of biological material, and a list of pesticides. The authors stress that the conservation issues they discuss are relevant to all, not just to scientists, students and naturalists, and the book is written so that it will appeal to a wide readership. Page(s): xx + 292 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801108 honey bees/Apidae/animals/insects/pollinators/flowers/pollination/Apoidea/angiosperms/by animals/by honey bees/by Apoidea/of angiosperms/books/nature conservation/Forgotten pollinators. Buckbee, D. A. and Abramson, C. I. (1997) Identification of a new contingency-based response in honey bees (Apis mellifera) through revision of the proboscis extension conditioning paradigm. Journal of Insect Behavior, 10(4), 479-491. Author. The two experiments reported present new information in the area of classical conditioning experiments with honey bees. Experiment 1 establishes a single unconditioned stimulus (US) technique as a preferred technique for conditioning of the proboscis extension response. Experiment 1 further identifies a new head turn response which occurs when the standard compound US technique is used. Experiment 2 demonstrates that the newly identified head turn response is contingency-based and provides an important new response to the repertoire of honey bee learning experiments. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, 215 North Murray, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901234 Apis mellifera. Buehlmann, G. (1992) Visualization of honey bee colony development based on brood area and adult numbers. Biology and evolution of social insects. J. Billen, 75-80. Editor(s): Billen, J. Page(s): 75-80. Accession date: 22 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.124. Library code: Bd. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA770/99 honey bees/colonies/colony, development/population dynamics/Apis mellifera. Bulinski, R., Wyszogrodzka-Koma, L. and Marzec, Z. (1995) Studies on concentrations of some trace elements in Polish-produced food products. Part 19: lead, cadmium, chromium, zinc, manganese, copper, nickel and iron contents in some types of honey. Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna, 28(2), 151-154. Original title or source: Badania zawartosci niektorych pierwiastkow sladowych w produktach spozywczych krajowego pochodzenia. Cz. XIX. Zawartosc oowiu, kadmu, chromu, cynku, manganu, miedzi, niklu i zelaza w miodach pszczelich. D. G. Lowe. Concentrations of these trace elements in 7 types of honey (lime, rape, buckwheat, heather, multifloral, honeydew, multifloral + honeydew) were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Average concentrations were as follows (mg/kg): lead, 0.044-0.118; cadmium, 0.004-0.016; nickel, 0.042-0.500; copper, 0.14-1.37; zinc, 2.69-19.37; iron, 2.30-9.46; manganese, 0.51-10.43; chromium, 0.017-0.053. Library code: Ba. Language: Pl. Author address: Zakad Bromatologii, Akademia Medyczna, 20-081 Lublin, ul. Staszica 4, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800623 lime/rape/buckwheat/calluna vulgaris/honeydew/lead/cadmium/nickel/copper/zinc/iron/manganese/chromium/honey/composition/trace elements/metals/honey/honey/types/honey/Poland. Bulinski, R., Wyszogrodzka-Koma, L. and Marzec, Z. (1995) Studies on the concentrations of some trace elements in home food products. 20. Concentrations of lead, cadmium, chromium, zinc, manganese, copper, nickel and iron in meads. Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna, 28(3), 259-263. Original title or source: Badania zawartosci niektorych pierwiastkow sladowych w produktach spozywczych pochodzenia krajowego. Cz.XX. Zawartosc oowiu, kadmu, chromu, cynku, manganu, miedzi, niklu i zelaza w miodach pitnych. Meads are wine beverages obtained from bee honey by fermentation. 55 samples of 11 kinds of mead produced in Poland were taken in the years 1993 and 1994. The concentrations of some metals were estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry. Average, maximum and minimum values for Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe and Cr in kinds of mead were tabulated. Average values for Pb and Cd in kinds of mead varied from 27 to 54 and from 0.8 to 2.0 g/dm, respectively, and did not exceed the respective Polish limits for these metals in drinking water [not given in the text]. The concentrations of the remaining metals were also below the respective limits. Values obtained for the metals under examination did not differ from those in other wines. Library code: 11 ref. Language: Pl. Author address: Katedra i Zakad Bromatologii Akademii Medycznej w Lublinie, 20-031 Lublin, Staszica 4, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901030 alcoholic beverages/mead/Poland/lead/cadmium/nickel/copper/zinc/iron/chromium/trace elements/drinking water/wines/heavy metals. Bullock, R. J., Rohan, A. and Straatmans, J. A. (1994) Fatal royal jelly-induced asthma. Medical Journal of Australia, 160(1), 44. An 11-year-old asthmatic girl was administered a 10 ml (500 mg) ampoule of 'double strength' royal jelly. Within 20 min she suffered an acute anaphylactic reaction with diarrhoea and bronchospasm sufficiently severe for her immediate hospitalization. She died after failure to respond to resuscitation. On questioning, it was found that she had been exposed to royal jelly on 2 earlier occasions, and following the 2nd exposure she had developed mild asthma. Details of 4 other cases of anaphylactoid reaction to royal jelly, all in females, are held in the Australian database of the Therapeutic Goods Administration. It is emphasized that royal jelly, with its very high protein content, constitutes a major and life-threatening risk to patients with a known history of asthma or related allergies. Library code: 2 ref. Language: En. Author address: Suite 1101, BMA House, Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701123 anaphylaxis/case reports/children/hypersensitivity/royal jelly/man/asthma/allergies/hive products/as hive products/asthma/death. Burdock, G. A. (1998) Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 36, 347-363. Propolis is a multifunctional material used by bees in the construction and maintenance of their hives. Use of propolis by humans has a long history, pre-dated only by the discovery of honey. Use of products containing propolis have resulted in extensive dermal contact and it is now increasingly being used as a dietary supplement. Unlike many 'natural' remedies, there is substantive data on the biological activity and toxicity of propolis, indicating it may have many antibiotic, antifungal, antiviral and antitumour properties, among other attributes. Although reports of allergic reactions are not uncommon, propolis is relatively non-toxic, with a no-effect level (NOEL) in a 90-mouse study of 1400 mg/kg body weight/day. Accession date: 18 May 1999. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Burdock and Associates, 662 Beachland Boulevard, Suit B, Vero Beach, FL 32963, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1193/99 propolis/medicinal properties/toxicity/reviews/biological properties/human health. Buren, N. W. M. v., Marien, A. G. H. and Velthuis, H. H. W. (1992) The role of trophallaxis in the distribution of Perizin in a honeybee colony with regard to the control of the varroa mite. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 65(2), 157-164. Author. It is claimed that Perizin acts systemically and is distributed by trophallaxis. The role of trophallactic interactions in the distribution of coumaphos, the active ingredient, among colony members and whether coumaphos can reach all mites by systemic activity was studied in colonies divided into 3 compartments by a screen, one receiving a Perizin treatment by sprinkling, the others receiving no Perizin. In this way it was possible to trace the amount of coumaphos transferred between bees through the screen from the treated part to the untreated one by trophallaxis. After different periods of time the number of fallen mites was counted and the amount of coumaphos in bees was determined for all hive compartments. The results showed that trophallactic interactions were of minor importance in the distribution of Perizin between the two compartments. The recommended method of sprinkling Perizin over the bees was shown to be very inefficient; only 24% of the applied amount reached the alimentary canal of the bees; the rest must therefore have remained at other places: on the outside of the bees, in the combs and on hive parts. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Laboratory of Comparative Physiology, Utrecht State University, P.O. Box 80086, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600260 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/coumaphos/trophallaxis. Buren, N. W. M. v., Marien, J., Velthuis, H. H. W. and Oudejans, R. C. H. M. (1992) Residues in beeswax and honey of Perizin, an acaricide to combat the mite Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans (Acari: Mesostigmata). Environmental Entomology, 21(4), 860-865. Author. Since 1986 Perizin has been used in many European countries against the mite Varroa jacobsoni. Studies were made on the long-term presence of coumaphos, the active ingredient of Perizin, by analysing honey and wax for residues, while distinguishing between the direct transfer of coumaphos into wax by contamination during treatment and the indirect transfer through wax production by bees. To study indirect transfer, combs were removed from Perizin-treated colonies, thus forcing the bees to produce new wax. The newly produced wax and honey were analysed for the presence of coumaphos. Wax from colonies that had not been treated with Perizin for 6 months and up to 18 months still contained coumaphos (7 and 1 g/g wax, respectively). Moreover, newly produced wax from the colonies that had not been treated with Perizin for 6 months also contained coumaphos (approximately 17% of the amount found in old wax). No residues were found in honey. Only small amounts of coumaphos were found in newly produced wax when colonies were fed a Perizin-sugar solution. The largest amounts of contamination were found in the first samples secreted; samples taken 3-4 d after application contained only 1-5% of the amount secreted on the 1st d. Coumaphos is transferred mainly into the wax directly as a consequence of the application of Perizin to combs, and the acaricide is persistent in the wax. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Laboratory of Comparative Physiology, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80086, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600338 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/nontarget effects/food contamination/beeswax/honey/pesticide residues/coumaphos/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods. Burgess, E. P. J., Malone, L. A. and Christeller, J. T. (1996) Effects of two proteinase inhibitors on the digestive enzymes and survival of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Insect Physiology, 42(9), 824-828. P. Walker. Lifespan was significantly reduced in groups of newly emerged workers fed with bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) or Kunitz soyabean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) at 0.1-1.0% in sugar syrup, but lifespan was unaffected by lower concentrations of the inhibitors. In the groups affected, digestive enzyme activities were determined on day 8; in bees fed with BPTI, levels of trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase were significantly lower than in controls. When mortality had reached 75%, trypsin levels were still low, but only the groups fed with 1.0% BPTI had low chymotrypsin and elastase activities. At both test dates, the enzyme activities were low in groups fed with 1.0% SBTI, but not in those fed with lower concentrations. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Horticulture and Food research Institute of New Zealand Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801251 Apis mellifera/trypsin/chymotrypsin/elastase/honey bees/lifespan/digestion/enzymes/proteinase inhibitors/effects. Burgett, M. (1990) Bakuti - a Nepalese culinary preparation of giant honey bee brood. Food Insects Newsletter, 3(3). Apis laboriosa brood. Accession date: 1 November 1999. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bc. Language: En. . Author address: Dept of Entomology, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331-2907, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1194/99 honey bee brood/Apis laboriosa/Apis mellifera/insects as food/Nepal. Burgett, M. (1994) PNW winter loss 1993/94. National Honey Market News(9), 13-14. A. G. Matheson. A survey of commercial and semi-commercial beekeepers who together own c. 25% of registered honey bee colonies in Washington and Oregon, USA, showed colony losses in winter (1 October 1993-1 March 1994) to be 26%, the highest recorded during similar surveys over the past 6 yr. Semi-commercial beekeepers (25-300 colonies) are more likely (27%) not to treat colonies with acaricides than commercial beekeepers ( 300 colonies; 3% not treating), and have a higher winter loss (37% vs. 25%). The parasitic mites Acarapis woodi amd Varroa jacobsoni are suggested as significant factors in winter colony loss. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601005 Apis mellifera/parasites/beneficial insects/honey bee colonies/winter/death/USA/Washington/Oregon/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/Acarapis woodi. Burgett, M. (1995) 1994 Pacific Northwest honey bee pollination survey. National Honey Market News(12), 9-10. A. G. Matheson. Beekeepers in Washington and Oregon, USA, owning more than 25 honey bee [Apis mellifera] colonies and providing pollination services were surveyed. Replies were received from 36 beekeepers, of whom 22 were 'commercial' ( 300 colonies), collectively owning 26910 colonies. The 14 'sideliners' (25-299 colonies) collectively owned 1678 colonies. Commercial beekeepers provided 95% of the 78421 colony rentals reported. Average colony rental per crop was $28, an increase of 25% from the previous year, and although the average number of pollination services per colony was virtually unchanged at 2.8 overall pollination income increased by 49% as a result of increased colony numbers. Details are given of colony rentals and usage for the major crops. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601155 USA/Washington/Oregon/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/pollination/honey bees/by honey bees/in USA/hiring. Burgett, M. (1996) 1995 Pacific Northwest honey bee pollination survey. American Bee Journal, 136(6), 432-434. P. Walker. Survey forms were returned by 42 beekeepers in Washington and Oregon, USA. The 20 commercial beekeepers (average 1348 colonies) placed each colony in an average of 2.64 pollination sets, and accounted for 97% of all pollination rentals and 98% of reported pollination income. The average 'sideliner' beekeeper had 84 colonies and placed each in 1.81 pollination sets. Crops giving the highest total rental income were apples, followed by pears, cherries, and vegetable seed. Comparisons are made with earlier years and with 1995 figures for California. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800705 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/apples/pears/cherries/vegetabl crops/seed production/USA/Washington/Oregon/honey bees/hiring/pollination/Pacific Northwest States of USA/by honey bees/in USA/beekeeping/management/economics. Burgett, M. (1997) Pacific Northwest: pollination review. Bee Culture, 125(4), 28-30. Survey forms were returned by 38 beekeepers (total 25682 colonies) in Washington and Oregon, USA; the 19 commercial operators placed each colony in an average of 3.09 pollination sets, and accounted for 97% of all pollination rentals. The average 'sideline' beekeeper had 60 colonies and placed each in 2.17 sets. Incomes from the rentals are reported for the various crops. A total of 81843 colony rentals were made, giving a total rental income of $2571678 in 1996. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900704 Washington/Oregon/USA/honey bees/beneficial insects/pollinators. Burgett, M. (1999) 1998 Pacific Northwest colony mortality survey results reported. Speedy Bee, 28(2), 8. A survey of 42 beekeepers in the states of Oregon and Washington provided the information discussed here (they own about one-third of the commercial and semi-commercial colonies registered in these states). Between July 1997 and Mar. 1998 they lost 27-28% of their colonies. From 1989 to 1996, annual winter losses in commercial colonies ranged from 17% to 24%, but rose to 30% in [early] 1997. The increase in mortality is attributed mainly to the presence of Acarapis woodi and Varroa jacobsoni. Accession date: 23 July 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97330, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA830/99 honey bee colonies/winter death/honey bees/pests/Acarapis woodi/Varroa jacobsoni/beekeeping/USA/Pacific states. Burgett, M., Shorney, S., Cordara, J., Gardiol, G. and Sheppard, W. S. (1995) The present status of Africanized honey bees in Uruguay. American Bee Journal, 135(5), 328-330. A. G. Matheson. Samples of honey bees (Apis mellifera) were collected from 25 feral colonies (F) and 25 managed, though not requeened, colonies (M) throughout Uruguay in 1993. Analysis of morphometrics by the Fast Africanized Bee Identification System (FABIS) and of mitochondrial DNA showed that overall 17% had European morphology and genome (classed as European), 30% had African honey bee morphology and genome (Africanized), and 53% had African genome and European morphology (hybrid). The proportion of colonies Africanized was highest in the north of the country, with European and hybrid colonies more common in the central and southern regions. Overall, F and M colonies were almost equally likely to be European, but M had more hybrid and fewer Africanized colonies than F. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700616 honey bees/uruguay/races/Apis mellifera/Europe/tropical Africa/hybridization/wild honey bee colonies. Burgett, M. and Titayavan, M. (1993) Brood thermoregulation by the giant honey bee (Apis dorsata F.). Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 41, 93-98. P. Walker. The brood temperature (T) in an Apis dorsata nest and ambient temperature (T) were recorded continuously for 35 days during the hot season in northern Thailand. T averaged 28.4C (range 20-41) and T 33.2 (range 28-39). The results showed that this species can regulate T over a wide range of T, but the T range was higher than values reported for A. florea, A. cerana and A. mellifera. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA548/96 beneficial insects/honey bees/brood nest/temperature/thermoregulation/Apis dorsata. Burke, J., Dunne, R., Bennett, P. and Ri, P. M. G. (1996) Profitable honey production. Dublin, Irish Republic, Teagasc. D. G. Lowe. This brief guide to beekeeping for honey production in Ireland covers getting started, seasonal management, feeding bees, swarm control, harvesting honey, stock replacement, queen rearing, and disease diagnosis and control. Management tasks through the year are summarized in a 'calendar of events'. There are 7 appendixes dealing with equipment specifications, and compositional criteria for honey, and giving addresses and telephone numbers for Teagasc county offices. Page(s): 41 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800468 beekeeping/Irish Republic/books. Burmeister, S., Couvillon, P. A. and Bitterman, M. E. (1995) Performance of honeybees in analogues of the rodent radial maze. Animal Learning & Behavior, 23(4), 369-375. Author. The performance of individual honey bees (Apis mellifera), pre-trained to forage at a laboratory window, was studied in 3 rudimentary analogues of the radial maze designed for the study of short-term spatial memory in rats: linear or triangular arrangements of 3 targets or a rectangular arrangement of 4 targets. A reward was provided only when a target was visited for the first time. Several systematic patterns of responding were observed, with no indication that the choices made by the bees were influenced by memory of targets recently visited. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Bekesy Laboratory of Neurobiology, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801259 Apis mellifera/learning/honey bees/memory. Búrquez, A. (1997) Distributional limits of euglossine and meliponine bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in northwestern Mexico. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 73(2), 137-140. Recent collections of the relatively unknown insect fauna of NW Mexico have extended considerably the northern limits of bee species traditionally thought to be confined to more southern tropical communities. Records that stand out are those of Euglossa viridissima and Nannotrigona perilampoides that increase the known range of viable populations to areas north of 27° N in southern Sonora, Mexico. A distribution map of vegetation and bee collection localities is included. Accession date: 3 july 1998. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Ba. Language: En. . Author address: Centro de Ecología, Univ. Nacional Autónoma, Apartado Postal 1354, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA7/99 Apoidea/Euglossa/Nannotrigona/Mexico. Burr, B., Barthlott, W. and Westerkamp, C. (1996) Staheliomyces (Phallales) visited by Trigona (Apidae): melittophily in spore dispersal of an Amazonian stinkhorn? Journal of Tropical Ecology, 12(3), 441-445. D. G. Lowe. Stingless bees (tentatively identified as Trigona cf. branneri) were observed foraging on the fruiting body of S. cinctus in Amazonian rainforest in Ecuador. During each visit, portions of the greenish-brown gleba (spore mass) were removed and packed into the bee's corbiculae. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Botanisches Institut der Universitat Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801205 Trigona branneri/Apidae/Staheliomyces cinctus/Ecuador/foraging/Trigona/fungal spores. Burrell, B. D. and Smith, B. H. (1994) Age- but not caste-related regulation of abdominal mechanisms underlying the sting reflex of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 174(5), 581-592. Stinging behaviour has been extensively studied in honey bees at the level of the individual, that is, in terms of stimuli that release stinging in adult bees, and in terms of integration of individual behaviour into colony defense. Yet very little is known about the physiological basis for this behaviour. Using an isolated abdominal preparation, factors that influence peripheral control of the sting extension response were analysed. Results showed that: Electromyogram activity released by severing the ventral nerve cord changed during the first few days of adult life but not later. Abdomens from older bees (nurses, guards, foragers) showed significantly higher EMG activity than newly emerged or 24-h-old bees. The reflex 'matured'over 5-7 days after emergence as an adult. Younger bees (24 h) had a lower threshold for initiating sting extension than older bees. However, the threshold for initiating the full sting response, i.e. extension and venom pumping, did not differ due to age. Caste status was not correlated to any of the parameters of sting extension, indicating that any effect of caste on stinging behaviour must arise in more anterior ganglia and/or in the brain. Library code: 32 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, 1735 Neil Ave., Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1220, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600536 honey bees/Hymenoptera/Apidae/stings/age/reflexes/electrophysiology/social insects/defence/Apis mellifera/physiology/stinging/stinging/physiology/effects/abdomen/physiology. Burrell, B. D. and Smith, B. H. (1995) Modulation of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) sting response by octopamine. Journal of Insect Physiology, 41(8), 671-680. Author. The ability of octopamine (OA) to modulate various parameters of the honey bee sting response was observed using an isolated abdominal preparation. OA reduced the level of rhythmic neuromuscular activity (as measured by electromyogram recordings) during stimulated stinging response trials, but did not alter the activity in pre-stimulation baseline trials or post-stimulation recovery trials. However, OA also potentiated reflexive sting extension responses and this potentiation persisted for at least 3 h. The different effects of OA on this behaviour indicate that there are multiple targets for the neuromodulatory activity of OA on the sting response and that these targets may include muscular, motorneural, sensory or integrative elements responsible for generating stinging. In addition, rates of oxygen consumption by abdominal preparations were found to be unaffected by OA treatment, indicating that respiration in the abdomen is not sensitive to OA modulation. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, 1735 Neil Ave., Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800158 Apis mellifera/honey bees/stinging/octopamine/effects. Burry, H. S. (1996) Have British biologists neglected our native honey-bee? Biologist (London), 43(1), 34-37. D. G. Lowe. The characteristics and morphology of Apis mellifera mellifera are briefly described. The effects of hybridization with other (imported) subspecies, the spread of Varroa jacobsoni in the UK, the decline of British beekeeping, and future prospects and research opportunities, are discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: 395 Park Road, Loughborough, Leics. LE11 2HQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701355 breeding/hybridization/ectoparasitesvarroa jacobsoni/beekeeping/beneficial insects/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera mellifera/Apis mellifera/UK. Buschini, M. L. T. and Campos, L. A. d. O. (1996) Caste determination in Trigona spinipes (Hymenoptera; Apidae): influence of the available food and the juvenile hormone. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 55(supplement 1), 121-129. D. G. Lowe. The proportion of T. spinipes larvae developing into queens in controlled feeding experiments increased with the amount of food provided. Larvae fed with 36 l (the normal amount of food in a worker cell) or 72 l of food produced 100% workers, but when 108 l of food was provided, 92.9% of larvae developed into queens and 7.1% into workers. When JH was applied to larvae at 0.025 g/larva, larvae fed with 36 or 54 l of food developed into workers, but those fed 72 l produced 67.6% queens and 32.4% workers. When JH was applied at 0.050 g/larva to larvae fed the same amounts of food, the proportions of larvae which developed into queens were 0%, 12.5% and 100% respectively. The number and weight of ovarioles/ovary in both castes were positively correlated to the amount of food. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Vicosa 36570-000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900118 Trigona spinipes/Apidae/Trigona/caste determination/Trigona/larvae/nutrition/Trigona/juvenile hormones/effects. Bushby, A. B. (1995) Golden Jubilee bibliography 1945-1995. Benfleet, UK, Central Association of Bee-Keepers. D. G. Lowe. The bibliography lists 223 lectures in alphabetical order of author (or first author), and also 10 books published by the Association. Page(s): 11 pp. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700551 beekeeping/UK/beekeepers' associations/publications/bibliographies. Butt, T. M., Ibrahim, L., Ball, B. V. and Clark, S. J. (1994) Pathogenicity of the entomogenous fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana against crucifer pests and the honey bee. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 4(2), 207-214. D. G. Lowe. The initial results of this study showed that isolates of M. anisopliae were more pathogenic than B. bassiana, and 2 of the isolates (V208 and V245) were tested against caged honey bees (Apis mellifera). The overall mortality of bees exposed to sprays of V208 (LT = 4.4 <+-> 0.03 days) and V245 (LT = 8.5 <+-> 0.1 days) at 1 10 conidia/ml was 100% and 94% respectively. At 1 10 conidia/ml mortalities were 29% and 35%, respectively. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: IACR-AFRC, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701442 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/nontarget effects/fungal insecticides/Beauveria bassiana/honey bees/Metarhizium anisopliae/pathogenicity/toxicity/to honey bees/of fungal insecticides/entomopathogens/effects. Buttermore, R. E. (1997) Observations of successful Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies in Southern Tasmania. Australian Journal of Entomology, 36, 251-254. Early attempts to aclimatize Bombus spp. to Australia were not successful but a pre-1992 introduction of the bumble bee B. terrestris has suceeded and the species is slowly spreading in southern Tasmania. It is likely that the genetic base of the Tasmanian population is limited as only a few queens were brought from New Zealand. This may affect the rate of dispersal through the island, which presently averages 12.5 km/year. In 1995-1996 18 feral colonies found in and around Hobart were transferred to nest boxes, where colony development could be monitored. All of the colonies produced queens, and the ratio of queens to workers (1:4.71) compares favourably with the upper end of colony performance in New Zealand (1:5.19). At least two generations are produced during warmer months and there is no indication of genetic impediments to further dispersal in Tasmania or possibly even mainland Australia. External influences such as predatory habits of birds, availability of food, competition from other insects and deliberate introduction by people into new areas, make the rate of spread into new areas unpredictable. Accession date: 18 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author. Author address: Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, GPO Box 1164M, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA956/99 bumble bees/Bombus terrestris/introduction/Tasmania/Australia/colonies. Buttermore, R. E., Pomeroy, N., Hobson, W., Semmens, T. and Hart, R. (1998) Assessment of the genetic base of Tasmanian bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) for development as pollination agents. Journal of Apicultural Research, 37(1), 23-25. B. terrestris has spread over much of the island of Tasmania since it was first found there in 1992. Horticulturists in Tasmania are hoping to use local, commercially raised colonies for use as pollinators in glasshouses. In the experiment described 100 field-captured queens were confined under conditions suitable for colony establishment to check for the prevalence of diploid male production, an indication of inbreeding. The ratio of males to workers at the beginning of colony development was used as an indicator. Results showed that the Tasmanian B. terrestris population is presently very inbred. About 50% of the adult-producing colonies produced initial sex ratios consistent with male diploidy, which suggests that the entire Tasmanian population may be descended from one inseminated queen. The importation of new genetic material may be necessary to sustain commercial breeding of B. terrestris in Tasmania. Accession date: 25 June 1998. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bb. Language: En. . Author address: Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, GPO Box 1164 M, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA8/99 Bombus/males/diploidy/inbreeding/Australia/Tasmania. Butz Huryn, V. M. (1995) Use of native New Zealand plants by honey bees (Apis mellifera L.): a review. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 33(3), 497-512. Author. A review of the literature indicated that honey bees collect pollen or nectar from 224 native New Zealand plant taxa, including 188 species, 119 genera, and 67 families. However, the majority of honey bee forage sources are contained in only 12 families. Plant taxa providing surplus quantities of honey and taxa with most citations were used to indicate intensity of honey bee use and revealed that only a very small proportion is used intensively. Potential effects on animal species overlapping in resource use with honey bees in the few known specialized plant-pollinator relationships in New Zealand are discussed, as well as potential impacts on the native flora. Forage sources used by honey bees are compared with those plants known or suspected to be threatened or rare. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701382 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/nectar/pollen/honey/pollinators/honey bee forage/flora/New Zealand/biological competition. Butz Huryn, V. M. (1997) Ecological impacts of introduced honey bees. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 72(3), 275-296. Honey bees, Apis mellifera, native to Eurasia and Africa, have been introduced to most of the rest of the world. Many plant species are used by introduced honey bees, which suggests a high potential for disturbance of native plant/pollinator relationships. Few species are used intensively, however, thus decreasing the likelihood of disturbance. Pollination studies show that honey bees may vary in their effectivness as pollinators of native plants; in some cases they reduce floral resources in with little or no pollination. There is insufficient data to show whether honey bee foraging on native plants significantly alters pollen and gene flow. Honey bees do not physically damage plants; they are also unlikely to increase hybridization of native flora. Pollination by honey bees probably contributes little to the success of most weeds. Experiments have not shown competition for nesting sites between honey bees and native fauna. The presence of honey bees, however, alters the foraging behaviour and abundance of some native fauna on flowers, but no studies have shown detrimental impacts of honey bees on population abundances of any native animals or plants. Anecdotal and quantitative reports of increased honey bee abundances on flowers compared with native fauna are often confounded by man-induced habitat changes. Accession date: 19 May 1999. Call number: 638.19. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author. Author address: Dept of Applied and Environmental Sciences, 5722 Deering Hall, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469-5722, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1215/99 honey bees/Apis mellifera/non-native bees/introduced species/pollinators/pollination/ecological impact. Butz Huryn, V. M. and Moller, H. (1995) An assessment of the contribution of honey bees (Apis mellifera) to weed reproduction in New Zealand protected natural areas. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 19(2), 111-122. P. Walker. In a literature survey (79 references) it was found that 43% of weeds recorded in Protected Natural Areas in New Zealand are visited by honey bees, including half the weeds classified as 'problem'. The bees may be important in the pollination of some weeds, but not, in general, of the problem weeds which have plastic reproductive mechanisms and/or simple pollination mechanisms. Thus, honey bees probably do not contribute substantially to weed problems. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Box 56, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701507 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/foraging/pollinators/pollination/honey bees/weeds/by honey bees/of weeds/reproduction/environmental protection/nature conservation/New Zealand/reviews/hosts. Buys, B. (1990) Relationships between Argentine ants and honeybees in South Africa. Applied myrmecology: a world perspective [edited by Van der Meer, R. K.; Jaffe, K.; Cedeno, A.]. Boulder, USA, Westview Press, Inc., 519-524. P.Walker. This ant species, Iridomyrmex humilis, which was introduced into S. Africa early this century, has become a pest of honey bee colonies. Weak or small colonies are the most susceptible, but occasionally strong colonies are also lost after ant invasion. The ants enter the hive, eat honey stores and then immature brood and eventually adult bees (if they have not already abandoned the nest). Colonies are particularly prone to attack after manipulation by the beekeeper. Insecticides with a long residual activity, e.g. DDT and dieldrin, were effective against ants but have been withdrawn in S. Africa. Results with baits have been disappointing. Two early studies and some later observations suggest that the presence of the ants on flowers may inhibit honey bee foraging. This may have an adverse effect on pollination, and may also reduce the amount of nectar available to honey bees. Two important honey sources have been studied. In a survey of Eucalyptus cladocalyx, I. humilis was found foraging on 95% of 176 trees. E. sideroxylon secreted nectar mainly from midnight to sunrise, with an average yield of 25 l/flower, and a sugar concentration increasing from 12% in the morning to 24% in late afternoon. From observations on the foraging of ants (which took place mainly at night) and honey bees, it was estimated that they collected 66% and 34% of the nectar, respectively. Page(s): 519-524. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700285 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/predators/linepithema humile/nectar plants/Eucalyptus cladocalyx/Eucalyptus sideroxylon/pests/honey bees/Formicidae/of honey bees/South Africa/foraging/nectar/Eucalyptus/nectar/nectar/secretion/yield. Buys, B. (1995) First record in South Africa of the tracheal mite Acarapis woodi. South African Bee Journal, 67(3), 75-78. A. G. Matheson. Honey bees collected from an apiary in Stellenbosch, South Africa, were found to contain the tracheal mite Acarapis woodi. The mite was subsequently found in bees collected in Transvaal and Kwazulu/Natal. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Directorate Plant and Quality Control, private Bag X5015, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701004 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/parasites/Acari/pests/honey bees/Acarapis woodi/of honey bees/South Africa. Buys, B. and Pringle, K. L. (1993) Effect of semen dose on artificial insemination of queens of Apis mellifera capensis Eschscholtz (Hymenoptera: Apidae). African Entomology, 1(1), 121-122. P. Walker. The purpose of this study was to establish the semen dose needed to achieve a full spermatheca in a queen. Queens were instrumentally inseminated with 4-10 l semen and, 2 days later, the number of spermatozoa (N) in the spermatheca was counted. N increased with increasing semen dose, up to 8 l, but did not increase further with larger doses. Mean spermatozoa migration was 17.6% to 8.2% over the dosage range from 4 to 10 l semen. These migration values are higher than those reported for European queens. Average N for the A. m. capensis queens studied was 6.51 10 after insemination with 8 l semen, which is the recommended dose. N for naturally mated A. m. capensis queens averaged 6.59 10. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700255 beneficial insects/South Africa/queen honey bees/artificial insemination/spermatheca/spermatozoa/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera capensis. Buys, B., Pringle, K. L. and Giliomee, J. H. (1993) Effect of age on artificial insemination of queens of Apis mellifera capensis Eschscholtz (Hymenoptera: Apidae). African Entomology, 1(2), 270-272. P. Walker. Queens were instrumentally inseminated with 8 l semen at 2-7, 10, 14 and 21 days old; after 2 days, the number of spermatozoa (N) in the spermatheca was determined. N was higher in 4- to 5-day-old queens than in younger or older ones, and was comparable to values found in naturally mated queens. Semen lodged in the oviducts of 13% of the test queens in the age group 4-5 days; the percentage was higher in queens aged 2 days or 10-21 days when inseminated. Survival averaged 89% and was not linked with age. This study confirmed the feasibility of maintaining queens without workers until instrumental insemination. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700256 beneficial insects/south Africa/queen honey bees/artificial insemination/age/effects/spermatheca/spermatozoa/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera capensis. Byragi-Reddy, T. and Reddi, C. S. (1994) Pollination ecology of Vitex negundo (Verbenaceae). Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. Part B, Biological Sciences, 60(1), 57-65. A total of 22 insect species were seen foraging on the flowers of V. negundo, at a site in Visakhapatnam, India. The major pollinators were the bees Apis cerana, Amegilla sp. and Ceratina sp., and the wasps Sphex sp., Delta conedus and Ropalidia spaiulata. Accession date: 17 August 1998. Call number: 638.19. Library code: X. Language: En. . Author address: Dept. Environ. Sci., Andhra Univ., Waltair, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA332/99 honey bees/Amegilla/Ceratina/Apis cerana/pollination/Vitex. Cabezuelo, P., Fernandez de Cordova, J., Romero, J. and Moyana, F. P. (1996) Pesticides. Effects on hives situated in oak forest. 2. Malathion and other organophosphates. Vida Apicola(77), 45-48. Original title or source: Plaguicidas. Efecto en colmenas situadas en encinares. II. Malation y otros fosforados. P. Walker. Malathion ULV applied by air at 1 litre/ha oak [Quercus] forest was toxic to experimental honey bee colonies, and mortality increased during the week following spraying. Mortality was higher in hives with a closed flight hole than in hives left open. Dimethoate and fenthion, which are applied to olive and citrus groves, respectively, in autumn, were about as toxic as malathion to honey bees. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801049 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/oak/insecticides/nontarget effects/Spain/poisoning/honey bees/malathion/dimethoate/fenthion/of honey bees/by malathion/by dimethoate/by fenthion/Quercus/pest control/effects/beekeeping. Cabezuelo, P., Jimenez, M. J., Centeno, E. and Camara, E. (1996) Pesticides. Effect on hives situated in oak forest. 3. Synthetic pyrethrins. Vida Apicola(78), 53-55. Original title or source: Plaguicidas. Efecto en colmenas situadas en encinares. III. Piretrinas de sintesis. P. Walker. Sprays containing cypermethrin, or its alpha form, or deltamethrin, applied to oak forests did not cause appreciable damage to experimental honey bee colonies. It was not necessary to shut up the hives, unless a dust formulation was used. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801384 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/oak/insecticides/pyrethroids/nontarget effects/Spain/poisoning/honey bees/cypermethrin/alpha-cypermethrin/deltamethrin/of honey bees/by cypermethrin/by alpha-cypermethrin/by deltamethrin/Quercus/pest control/effects/beekeeping/effects/effects. Cabezuelo, P., Obama, E. and Cobo, A. (1996) Beekeeping and pesticides. 1. Study of the effect on beehives of some products used on oak. Vida Apicola(76), 46-51. Original title or source: Apicultura y plaguicidas. I. Estudio del efecto sobre las colmenas de algunos productos usados en la encina. P. Walker. Oak forests, which provide valuable forage for honey bees in parts of Spain, may be sprayed to kill defoliating caterpillars. The effects of the sprays on experimental honey bee colonies have been studied, and results are reported here for the insecticide carrier substances kaolin, gas-oil and soyabean oil. For liquid sprays containing an insecticide of low toxicity, it is not necessary to shut up the hives. However, they should be closed when dust formulations are applied. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Consejeria de Agricultura y Pesca de la Junta de Andalucia (Delegacion de Cordoba), Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801385 Apis melliferabeneficial insects/oak/insecticides/soyabean oil/kaolin/nontarget effects/Spain/poisoning/honey bees/carriers/of honey bees/by insecticides/Quercus/pest control/effects/Apis mellifera/toxicity. Cabras, P., Floris, I., Garau, V. L., Melis, M. and Prota, R. (1997) Fluvalinate content of Apistan strips during treatment and efficacy in colonies containing sealed worker brood. Apidologie, 28(2), 91-96. P. Walker. During 10 weeks of treatment of honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies infested with Varroa jacobsoni, in Sardinia, the fluvalinate content in plastic strips remained almost constant. No significant differences between initial (11.5%) and terminal (10.7%) fluvalinate concentrations were observed, indicating that removal by the bees was very small and that the active ingredient dose was more than sufficient to control the mites. Apistan application in the apiary confirmed an efficacy of over 99%. Most of the mite mortality ( 97%) occurred during the first 4 weeks of treatment. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Dipartimento di Tossicologia, Universita di Cagliari, Viale A Diez 182, 09126 Cagliari, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900631 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/sealed brood/ectoparasites/chemical control. Cabras, P., Melis, M. and Spanedda, L. (1993) Determination of cymiazole residues in honey by liquid chromatography. Journal of AOAC International, 76(1), 92-94. Author. A liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of cymiazole residues in honey. This acaricide is determined on a reversed-phase (C) column, with a CHCN-0.001N HCL-NaCL mixture (950 ml + 50 ml + 0.3 g/l) as the mobile phase, and UV detection at 265 nm. Cymiazole is extracted with n-hexane from aqueous alkalinized (pH 9) honey solutions. No further cleanup of the honey extract was required before chromatographic analysis. Recoveries on control samples fortified with 0.01, 0.10, and 1.00 ppm cymiazole ranged from 92% to 102%. The limit of determination was 0.01 ppm. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Dipartimento di Tossicologia, Viale Diaz 182, 09126 Cagliari, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600325 food contamination/honey/pesticide residues/cymiazole/analytical methods/chromatography. Cabrera Ruiz, C., Montilla Gomez, J., Guerra Hernandez, E. and Molins Marin, J. L. (1997) Physico-chemical analysis of orange honeys sold in Spain. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 24(2), 63-70. Original title or source: Analyse physico-chimique des miels d'oranger commercialises en Espagne. D. G. Lowe. The 22 samples of orange honey obtained in Spain were analysed for water content, glucose, fructose, sucrose, disaccharides, trisaccharides, oligosaccharides, proline, minerals, electrical conductivity, acidity (total, free, lactone), HMF, diastase activity, and colour and clarity. Pollen analysis showed that amounts of Citrus pollen varied from 0.1% to 62% of the total; other pollens found included Eucalyptus spp., Echium plantagineum, Olea europaea, Lavandula multifida, Raphanus raphanistrum and Quercus coccifera. The 8 honeys with 10% Citrus pollen could not be regarded as orange honey. Most samples had not been excessively heated, but the fructose:glucose ratio indicated that 8 samples were over a year old. Correlations between some parameters are described and results are compared with those obtained in previous studies. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Departamento de Nutricion y Bromatologia, Facultad de Farmacia, 18012 Granada, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901022 honey/Citrus/pollen analysis/characteristics/composition. Cacho, E. d., Marti, J. I., Josa, A., Quilez, J. and Sanchez-Acedo, C. (1996) Effect of Varroa jacobsoni parasitization in the glycoprotein expression on Apis mellifera spermatozoa. Apidologie, 27(2), 87-92. Author. Light and electron microscopy were used to determine the distinctive distribution of binding sites to biotinylated BPA (Bauhinia purpurea), Con A (Canavalia ensiformis) and PNA (Arachis hypogaea) lectins in the spermatozoa of drone A. mellifera. BPA was reactive with the plasma membrane of the entire head, Con A with the acrosomal and postacrosomal region, and PNA with the acrosomal cap. The lectin-binding patterns for the spermatozoa of non-parasitized drones and those of drones parasitized with Varroa jacobsoni showed similar staining patterns. However, the number of labelled spermatozoa was lower in parasitized than in non-parasitized drones suggesting that V. jacobsoni may alter the expression of glycoproteins on the spermatozoon surface. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Zaragoza University, Zaragoza, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701351 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/plant proteins/drone honey bees/spermatozoa/binding sites/lectins/glycoproteins/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/effects/arthropod pests/mites/natural enemies/pollinators/hosts. Cahen, Y. D., Maly, F. E. and Wuthrich, B. (1997) Cellular antigen stimulation test (CAST) practical significance in the diagnosis of insect sting allergy. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift, 127(1/2), 5-11. Original title or source: Cellular Antigen Stimulation Test (CAST) Verwendbarkeit in der Diagnostik von Insektengiftallergien. In the CAST, blood leukocytes are prestimulated with the cytokine IL-3 and exposed to allergen(s). Mainly basophils react by synthesizing sulfidoleukotrienes (sLT), namely LTC4 and its metabolites LTD4 and LTE4. They are detected by ELISA. 66 patients with suspected Hymenoptera venom allergy were evaluated. Allergic reactions comprised all severity grades (I-IV ref. H. L. Mueller). The preparation included skin tests, measurement of specific serum IgE with RAST-CAP, and CAST with 3 concentrations of Apis mellifera and Vespula sp. venom. A control group of 13 non-allergic, RAST-CAP negative individuals was established. CAST demonstrated pronounced variations of individuals s-LT synthesis in patients and controls. The use of elevated cut-offs improved the results, while the use of 3 allergen concentrations did not increase reliability. Diagnostic accuracy of CAST was evaluated by comparison with skin tests as the 'gold standard'. With bee venom and a cut-off at 3 standard deviations, a sensitivity and specificity of 73%/71% was obtained. Wasp venom showed better results at 2 standard deviations, with a sensitivity and specificity of 68%/100%. CAST results were not influenced by the severity of the allergic reaction nor by the time since the sting had occurred. In conclusion, CAST is a valuable test in insect sting allergy. However, established methods such as skin tests and RAST-CAP achieve better results. CAST should, therefore, be considered a supplementary method in cases where established methods fail. It remains to be shown whether CAST can be used as a parameter for monitoring patients who have undergone immunotherapy. Library code: 21 ref. Language: De. Author address: Allergiestation, Dermatologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitatsspital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900750 diagnosis/arthropod allergies/CAST/RAST/skin tests/venoms/accuracy/cellular antigen stimulation test/cytokines/Apis mellifera/Vespula/man/hypersensitivity/Hymenoptera. Cai, J. and Collins, M. D. (1994) Evidence for a close phylogenetic relationship between Melissococcus pluton, the causative agent of European foulbrood disease, and the genus Enterococcus. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 44(2), 365-367. Accession date: 17 August 98. Call number: 638.154. Library code: X. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA208/99 Melissococcus pluton/Enterococcus/phylogeny. Caicedo R, G., Vargas G, H. and Gaviria M, J. (1993) Evaluation of Xylocopa spp. (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) as pollinators in yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Degener). Revista Colombiana de Entomologia, 19(3), 107-110. Original title or source: Evaluacion de Xylocopa spp. (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) como polinizadores en el cultivo del maracuya (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Degener). Visits by Xylocopa spp. to yellow passion fruit flowers were monitored at 3 sites in Zarzal, Colombia. Each bee spent 2.75 h/day visiting flowers, with an average feeding time of 5.4 s/flower. Fruit set from pollinated flowers averaged 45%. Library code: 10 ref. Language: Es. Author address: Apartado Aereo 99057, Santafe de Bogota, Colombia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700044 fruit set/Passiflora edulis/beneficial insects/Apidae/Xylocopa/pollinators/passion fruits/pollination/fruits/set/of Passiflora edulis/by Xylocopa. Cajal, Y. and Jain, M. K. (1997) Synergism between melittin and phospholipase A2 from bee venom: apparent activation by intervesicle exchange of phospholipids. Biochemistry, 36(13), 3882-3893. Accession date: 3 july 1998. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bc. Language: En. photocopy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA293/99 honey bee venom/melittin/phospholipase A/phospholipids/interactions/synergy. Cakmak, I. and Wells, H. (1995) Honey bee forager individual constancy: innate or learned? Bee Science, 3(4), 165-173. P. Walker. Individual Apis mellifera foragers were recorded as they visited an artificial 'flower patch' containing flowers of 2 colours (blue vs. yellow or blue vs. white); flowers within the patch offered the same or different (in molarity) rewards of sucrose solution. In experiments with experienced foragers, and in others with naive bees, some bees visited only blue or only yellow flowers in the blue/yellow patches, regardless of reward differences. Such behaviour is predicted by the individual constancy foraging model. In contrast, bees harvested only the higher quality reward when foragers were presented with blue/white patches; this is expected by the energy maximization model. The data support the hypothesis that both individual constancy and energy maximization are innate in honey bee foragers. The results did not show that individual constancy results from previous foraging experience. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700926 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/behaviour/energy relations/foraging/honey bees/sugar/learning/senses/vision/colour. Cakmak, I. and Wells, H. (1996) Flower color, nectar reward, and the flower fidelity of the Caucasus honey bee (Apis mellifera caucasica). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 20(4), 389-396. Author. The foraging of A. m. caucasica was examined on trimorphic (blue, yellow, white) artificial flower patches. Foraging was defined by a superstructure where some bees visited only yellow flowers, and other bees limited visitation to blue and white flowers. That flower fidelity persisted in spite of reward quality, quantity, or frequency differences between flower colours (individual constancy behaviour). Blue-white constant bees foraged randomly between blue and white flowers when reward quantity and frequency differed between colour morphs. However, bees whose fidelity was to blue and white flowers limited visitation to the colour morph (blue or white) offering the higher quality reward. Thus, energy maximization represented a sub-behaviour restricted by individual constancy. Results were consistent with predictions of a model based upon environment, colony size, and bee size. The results are discussed in relation to agricultural settings when hybrid seed is (or is not) desired. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: University of Tulsa, Biological Science, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900181 Apis mellifera caucasica/Turkey/foraging/honey bees/sugars/flowers/colour. Calatayud, F., Barbera, C. and Jesus Verdu, M. (1994) Fluvalinate. Comparative efficiency of two forms of application. Vida Apicola(65), 20-24. Original title or source: Fluvalinato. Eficacia comparada de dos formas de aplicacion. The average efficiency of fluvalinate, applied as Klartan, was 96.1-98.8% control of Varroa jacobsoni after 50 days. When applied in the form of Apistan, 97.1-99.1% control was achieved. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601458 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/acaricides/chemical control/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/fluvalinate. Calatayud, F. and Verdú, J. (1998) Selection of honey bee colonies for greater tolerance to varroa infestation and fungal infection. Valencia, Spain, La Unió de Llauradors i Ramaders COAG. Tests were made on Apis mellifera colonies in 4 apiaries (100 colonies in each), located in different provinces. In each colony 50-60 sealed brood cells were punctured 4-10 d after sealing, and opening and cleaning of the cells by workers was recorded after 4h and 18-20 h. Hygienic behaviour varied considerably between colonies in the same apiary, and it is concluded that this test method is useful in selecting hygienic colonies. Colonies with chalk brood symptoms opened and cleaned cells more slowly than colonies without the disease, but infestation with Varroa jacobsoni did not have the same effect. Original collective title: Seleccion de colonias de abejas con mayor tolerancia a varroosis y micosis. Page(s): 56. Accession date: 22 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.15. Library code: Bd. Language: Es. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA801/99 honey bee colonies/hygienic behaviour/chalk brood/Varroa jacobsoni/Spain. Calatayud, F. and Verdu, M. J. (1993) Hive debris counts in honeybee colonies: a method to estimate the size of small populations and rate of growth of the mite Varroa jacobsoni Oud. (Mesostigmata: Varroidae). Experimental & Applied Acarology, 17(12), 889-894. Fifteen colonies of Apis mellifera infested with the ectoparasite Varroa jacobsoni were monitored for the number of mites falling to the bottom of the hive. Mites in the debris were counted periodically on a plastic sheet on which they were collected. Two months later, colonies were treated with an acaricide to determine the mite population. A high positive correlation was found between the number of mites collected in the hive debris over different periods and the final population size. Based on this correlation, it was possible to use hive debris counts to predict the degree of infestation. Furthermore, counting fallen mites over a period of 2 months, followed by an acaricide treatment, might be a useful method of estimating the rate of growth of V. jacobsoni in colonies of A. mellifera. Library code: 13 ref. Language: En. Author address: Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, 46113 Moncada (Valencia), Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600265 Apidae/Hymenoptera/Varroidae/Acari/mites/acaricides/pesticides/social insects/Apis mellifera/Varroa jacobsoni/hosts/ectoparasites/ecology/population dynamics/pests/honey bees/of honey bees/population dynamics. Calatayud, F. and Verdu, M. J. (1994) Survival of the mite Varroa jacobsoni Oud. (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) in broodless colonies of the honey bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Experimental & Applied Acarology, 18(10), 603-612. Author. Colonies of Apis mellifera were artificially infested with V. jacobsoni by introducing either parasitized bees or infested worker brood. Queens were kept in cages to provide broodless conditions during the experiment. Mites that fell to the bottom of the hive were monitored at 3-4 day intervals for 3 months. An acaricide treatment was used to recover mites still alive after this time period. Survival at each interval was calculated and life table functions of the phoretic mite cohorts were obtained. Trends in survival of Varroa cohorts showed maximum lifespans ranging from 80 to 100 days. Life expectancy of these phoretic cohorts at the beginning of the experiment ranged from 19 to 41 (mean 31) days. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601465 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/lifespan/survival. Calatayud, F. and Verdu, M. J. (1995) Varroa estimation from mites in hive debris. Vida Apicola(69), 41-45. Original title or source: Varroa computo de acaros en los detritus de la colmena. P. Walker. Dead Varroa jacobsoni in the hive debris were counted in 15 Apis mellifera iberica colonies for up to 65 days, and then the total mites still alive in the colony were counted. A strong correlation was shown between the final mite population and the total number of dead mites counted in the preceding period, especially after 65 days. Formulae are derived for this correlation and for estimating the rate of increase in infestation. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700692 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/population dynamics/infestation/assessment. Calatayud, F. and Verdu, M. J. (1995) Number of adult female mites Varroa jacobsoni Oud. on hive debris from honey bee colonies artificially infested to monitor mite population increase (Mesostigmata; Varroidae). Experimental & Applied Acarology, 19(3), 181-188. Author. Six honey bee colonies hived in Langstroth nuclei were each artificially infested with 100 phoretic Varroa jacobsoni. Hive debris on bottom inserts was inspected every 3-4 days. The adult mites were compared with mounted specimens and catalogued into lightly pigmented and darkly pigmented females. Afer 4 months, an acaricide treatment was used to estimate the final mite population. Based on light and dark adult counts, a balancing equation is proposed that follows the varroa population increase at 7-day intervals and allows the calculation of experimental population growth rates. The calculated varroa finite rate of increase is = 1.021. Exponential and logistic growth models fitted to the balancing equation data gave R = 0.986 and R = 0.991, respectively. To develop a more precise model it would be necessary to follow the population growth beyond the data obtained in this study. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701038 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/infestations/monitoring/population dynamics. Calatayud, F. and Verdu, M. J. (1995) Life expectancy of the mite Varroa jacobsoni Oud. (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) in colonies of the honey bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) during brood rearing periods. Investigacion Agraria, Produccion y Sanidad Animales, 10(2), 153-161. Original title or source: Expectativa de vida del acaro ectoparasito Varroa jacobsoni Oud. (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) en colonias de abejas meliferas Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) durante periodos reproductivos. D. G. Lowe. Each of 6 Varroa-free honey bee colonies were artificially infested with 100 V. jacobsoni in the phoretic stage. Afterwards, darkly pigmented female mites which fell to the bottom of the hive (collected on plastic sheets) were monitored at 3-4 day intervals over 4 months. The results indicated an average life expectancy for the phoretic mites at the start of the experiment of 27 days. Over half the mites survived 20 days, but after 60, 90 and 120 days, 14%, 3% and 0 mites survived. Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Author address: Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900266 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites. Calder, P. C. (1998) The anti-inflammatory effect of propolis and its components. Uk, Central Association of Bee-Keepers. Page(s): 14. Accession date: 7 July 98. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Ba. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA294/99 propolis/antiinflammatory agents/macrophages/eicosanoids. Calderon, R., Arce, H. and Veen, J. v. (1998) Detection, distribution and control of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans in Costa Rica. Ciencias Veterinarias (Heredia), 21(1), 29-38. Original title: Deteccion, distribucion y control de Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans en Costa Rica. Similar to AA 977/98. Accession date: 31 August 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: X. Language: Es, en. . Author address: Centro de Investigaciones Apicolas Tropicales, Universidad Nacional, Apdo. 475-300, Heredia, Costa Rica. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA831/99 Varroa jacobsoni/Costa Rica/control methods/formic acid. Calderone, N. W. (1993) Genotypic effects on the response of worker honey bees, Apis mellifera, to the colony environment. Animal Behaviour, 46(2), 403-404. P. Walker. Pollen hoarding was recorded in small colonies of 2 strains of honey bees which had been selected over 5 generations for high (H) and low (L) pollen hoarding behaviour. Each colony was given either an empty comb (control colony) or a comb containing 500 eggs less than 24 h old. During the pre-capping period H stored significantly more pollen than H control and than L, but L stored less than L control. During the post-capping period, results were similar (except in one H trial). The results were not due to greater pollen use in L. Brood survival was better in H: in one trial H reared 272 cells and L 101. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, Building 476 BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601008 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollen/storage/honey bees/by honey bees/brood rearing/genetic variation. Calderone, N. W. (1995) Temporal division of labor in the honey bee, Apis mellifera: a developmental process or the result of environmental influences? Canadian Journal of Zoology, 73(8), 1410-1416. Author. The association between the age of a worker honey bee and her behaviour is generally believed to be the result of an innate developmental process, but questions have been raised about the developmental-process model because previous studies have relied on sequential observations of workers from one age group, thereby confounding age and environmental effects, which also affect behaviour. Environmental effects in the present study were controlled by making concurrent observations of workers from 4 age groups introduced to a colony at 6-day intervals. These groups behaved differently from one another, even though they were present in the same environment, thereby demonstrating age effects independent of environmental effects. An alternative (foraging-for-work) model was evaluated by comparing workers from 3 age groups introduced to the colony on the same day. These groups also behaved differently, showing that the association between age and behaviour is not simply an epiphenomenon resulting from old and young workers having been in the nest for different lengths of time. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bee Research Laboratory, Building 476 BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800957 apis mellifera/honey bee colonies/division of labour/foraging/honey bees/worker honey bees/age/effects. Calderone, N. W. (1998) Proximate mechanisms of age polyethism in the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. Apidologie, 29(1/2), 127-158. Research on age polyethism is reviewed, with 152 references. Various evolutionary explanations for the existence of age polyethism in social insects are examined, but none fits all species. Two proximate models are then evaluated: the innate developmental program model and the foraging-for-work model. The latter is not suitable as a general model but its conceptual basis is useful. A conservative interpretation of existing data is that behavioural ontogeny is characterized by a nest phase followed by a foraging phase. The timing of the transition between these phases is determined more by the environment and physiological processes than by age. Whether nest tasks also follow a necessary sequence is less certain and requires further study. Accession date: 9 july 1998. Call number: 638.124. Library code: Bj. Language: En, fr, de. . Author address: Dept. Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA140/99 honey bee colonies/division of labour/worker honey bees/age. Calderone, N. W. (1998) Sub-sampling algorithms for estimating varroa counts on sticky-boards. American Bee Journal, 138(4), 291-292. A method for estimating the number of mites on a sticky board was developed, based on stratified random sampling. The sticky board is divided into a grid of 204 equal-sized squares, and mites are counted in 108 squares distributed in strata over the board. The number of mites then estimated for the whole board was compared with the actual number counted for all squares, in a large number of tests. The method was shown to be unbiased. Stratified random sampling can halve the amount of time required to determine mite numbers. Accession date: 18 September 98. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: Dept. Entomology, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA221/99 honey bees/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/ sampling/techniques. Calderone, N. W. and Page, R. E., Jr. (1996) Temporal polyethism and behavioural canalization in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Animal Behaviour, 51(3), 631-643. P. Walker. Two models of temporal polyethism in the honey bee were evaluated experimentally: (A) the developmental-programme model which proposes a causal relationship between age and task performance and (B) the foraging-for-work model which describes the relationship as an epiphenomenon associated with a self-organizing system. Groups of workers of different ages, strains and pre-introduction treatment were added to colonies and then observed. Their behaviours supported model A, and also suggested that a forager's task selection is primarily determined by her genotype and immediate environment. Bees from a strain selected for high pollen collection collected pollen more often than bees from a low-collection strain, regardless of their pre-foraging environments. Differences were rare between groups that were either deprived on not deprived before introduction. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: USDA-ARS, Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800956 Apis mellifera/honey bee colonies/division of labour/foraging/honey bees/pollen/worker honey bees/age/effects/genotypes. Calderone, N. W. and Shimanuki, H. (1992) Evaluation of sampling methods for determining infestation rates of the tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi R.) in colonies of the honey bee (Apis mellifera): spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal effects. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 15(4), 285-298. Assumptions made by current sampling methods for estimating infestation rates of Acarapis woodi in colonies of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, that infested bees are randomly distributed and that temporal fluctuations in infestation rates occur homogeneously throughout the colony, were examined. Samples of bees from each of 8 colonies in Maryland, USA, were collected from up to 5 locations within the colonies, and colonies were sampled several times throughout the year (1990). Estimates of infestation rates varied, depending on the location in the colony from which a sample was obtained. Temporal fluctuations in infestation rates did not always occur homogeneously with respect to sampling location. The results demonstrated that assumptions of current sampling protocols for estimating infestation rates of A. woodi are often violated. Consequently, estimates derived using these methods may not be accurate, and conclusions based on such estimates may not be valid. Library code: 34 ref. Language: En. Author address: USDA-ARS, Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600246 beneficial insects/pollinators/arthropod pests/natural enemies/Apidae/Hymenoptera/techniques/Acarapidae/mites/Acari/spatial distribution/Acarapis woodi/Apis mellifera/USA/Maryland/ectoparasites/hosts/sampling/bee diseases/pests/honey bees/of honey bees/infestations. Calderone, N. W. and Shimanuki, H. (1995) Evaluation of four seed-derived oils as controls for Acarapis woodi (Acari: Tarsonemidae) in colonies of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 88(4), 805-809. Four seed-derived oils were evaluated in field trials in Pennsylvania as control agents for the parasitic tracheal mite Acarapis woodi in colonies of Apis mellifera of 4 treatment groups or to a control group. Treatments were groundnut, soyabean, sunflower or canola [rapeseed] oil, delivered as patties after blending with confectioner sugar (2 parts sugar/1 part oil (wt:wt)). All 5 groups had similar mite prevalence values (proportion of infested bees) and parasite load scores (a measure of the number of mites per bee) before initiating treatment. Each colony received five 500-g patties delivered approximately every 14 days starting on 16 September 1992 and continuing until 1 December 1992. Mite prevalence values, parasite load scores and colony weight gains (an indicator of honey production) were measured the following spring. Average prevalence values obtained on 4 and 5 May 1993 in the treated groups ranged from 0.015 to 0.027, compared with 0.094 in the control group. The mite prevalence value in each treatment group was less than the mite prevalence value in the control group. Similar differences were observed for parasite load scores. Differences in colony weight gains among the 5 groups were not significant. Library code: 31 ref. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, Building 476 BARC East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701010 pest control/mites/arthropod pests/insects/beneficial insects/pollinators/Apis mellifera/Acarapis woodi/hosts/ectoparasites/groundnut oil/soyabean oil/sunflower oil/rapeseed oil/toxicity/plant oils/pests/honey bees/of honey bees/control methods/acaricides/plant oils. Calderone, N. W., Shimanuki, H. and Allen-Wardell, G. (1994) An in vitro evaluation of botanical compounds for the control of the honeybee pathogens Bacillus larvae and Ascosphaera apis, and the secondary invader B. alvei. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 6(3), 279-287. Bactericidal and fungicidal effects of 8 plant extracts on the growth of 2 honeybee (Apis mellifera) pathogens, Bacillus larvae (causative agent of American foulbrood) and Ascosphaera apis (causative agent of chalkbrood), and Bacillus alvei (a secondary invader in European foulbrood), were evaluated. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) oil completely inhibited the growth of B. larvae at 10 p.p.m. for 72 h. Camphor and citronellal inhibited all growth at 100 p.p.m. for 72 h. Bay (Pimenta racemosa) oil, clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil, Spanish origanum (Thymus capitatus) oil, and thymol inhibited all growth at 1000 p.p.m. for 72 h, and -terpinene inhibited all growth at 10000 p.p.m. for 72 h. Cinnamon oil completely inhibited the growth of Ascosphaera apis at 100 p.p.m. for 168 h. Bay oil, citronellal, clove oil, origanum oil and thymol inhibited all growth at 1000 p.p.m. for 168 h. Camphor inhibited all growth at 10000 p.p.m. for 168 h, and -terpinene inhibited all growth for 72 h at 10000 p.p.m. Cinnamon oil and thymol completely inhibited the growth of B. alvei at 10 p.p.m. for 72 h. Bay oil, camphor and Spanish origanum oil inhibited all growth at 100 p.p.m. for 72 h. Clove oil and citronellal inhibited all growth at 1000 p.p.m. for 72 h, and -terpinene inhibited growth at 10000 p.p.m. for 72 h. Several compounds reduced growth in a dose dependent manner at levels below their threshold values. These results suggest that plant extracts might play a significant role in the management of honeybee diseases. Library code: 35 ref. Language: En. Author address: USDA, ARS, Bee Research Laboratory, Building 476, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600001 Apidae/Hymenoptera/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/bee diseases/Cinnamomum/Lauraceae/Pimenta racemosa/Myrtaceae/Syzygium aromaticum/Thymus capitatus/Lamiaceae/camphor/thymol/medicinal plants/antifungal properties/antibacterial properties/essential oils/monoterpenoids/essential oil plants/Bacillus larvae/Bacillus alvei/Ascosphaera apis/inhibition/Ascosphaera apis/of Bacillus larvae/of Bacillus alvei/of Ascosphaera apis/by essential oils. Calderone, N. W. and Spivak, M. (1995) Plant extracts for control of the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) in colonies of the western honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 88(5), 1211-1215. Two natural product treatments were evaluated in field trials in Maryland as control agents for Varroa jacobsoni in colonies of Apis mellifera. Eight colonies were treated with a blend of thymol, eucalyptus oil, menthol and camphor. Eight colonies were treated with linalool. Each treatment was delivered using 4 pieces of florist block material, each 25 by 25 by 5 mm, saturated with test material and placed on the top bars of the upper hive body of each colony. Control colonies received the carrier without test material. Two applications of test materials were made to each colony during a treatment period that ran from 1 November 1993 to 19 November 1993. The 1st application was made on 1 November 1993. The 2nd application was made on 12 November and removed on 19 November. Each application consisted of a total of 18 g of test material. Mites killed during the treatment period were collected and counted. Mites remaining in each colony after the treatment period were killed with fluvalinate strips placed in each colony from 19 November to 17 December 1993 (the treatment-evaluation period), collected, and counted. Mite mortality during the treatment period was calculated by dividing the number of mites collected during the treatment period by the total number of mites collected during both the treatment and treatment-evaluation periods. Average mite mortality, expressed as a percent, was 96.7% in the colonies receiving the thymol-based blend, 27.5% in the colonies receiving linalool, and 4.4% in the control colonies. Library code: 30 ref. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Building 476 Beltsville Agricultural Research Center East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701032 plant extracts/control/acari/varroidae/colonies/honey/hymenoptera/apidae/plant extracts/plant oils/insects/beneficial insects/pollinators/mites/arthropod pests/USA/Maryland/Varroa jacobsoni/Apis mellifera/ectoparasites/hosts/thymol/eucalyptus/oils/menthol/camphor/chemical control/monoterpenoids/Myrtaceae/natural products/acaricidal properties/pests/honey bees/of honey bees/control methods/essential oils/acaricides/eucalyptus oil. Calderone, N. W. and Spivak, M. (1996) Plant extracts for control of varroa mite in the honey bee. Wisconsin Badger Bee(March), 1-3. D. G. Lowe. In field trials in Maryland, USA, 8 honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies infected with Varroa jacobsoni were treated with a blend of thymol (75%), eucalyptus oil (18%), menthol (3.5%) and camphor (3.5%). Eight other colonies were treated with linalool. Each treatment was delivered by placing florist block material saturated with the test substance on the top-bars of the upper hive body. Controls received the carrier, without test material. Two treatments, each of 17 g of test material, were applied to the colonies in November. Average mite mortality was 96.7% in the colonies receiving the blend of plant extracts, 27.5% in the colonies receiving linalool, and 4.4% in control colonies. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Building 476 BARC East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800236 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/Acari/essential oils/thymol/eucalyptus/menthol/camphor/linalool/USA/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/plant oils/hosts/Maryland/control. Calderone, N. W., Wilson, W. T. and Spivak, M. (1997) Plant extracts used for control of the parasitic mites Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) and Acarapis woodi (Acari: Tarsonidae) in colonies of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 90(5), 1080-1086. Natural products were evaluated as control agents for Acarapis woodi and Varroa jacobsoni in colonies of Apis mellifera. Test materials consisted of 1:1 (wt:wt) blends of thymol and cineole, citronellal, or linalool. Two, 25.0 g applications (rate 1) of each blend were applied to the colonies infested with Varroa. A 2nd group of varroa infested colonies received 2 x 12.5 g applications (rate 2). Each application was left in place for 14 d, during which time varroa were collected on sticky boards placed on the floorboards of the colonies. At the end of the 28-day treatment period, remaining mites were killed with fluvalinate and collected on sticky boards. Mite mortality in colonies receiving thymol and cineole was 56.4% and 49.1% for rates 1 and 2, respectively, compared with a natural mite fall of 28.0% in control colonies. Two applications of each blend (rate 1) were applied to colonies infested with A. woodi in September. Mite prevalence values increased 28.3% in control colonies by the following May, but decreased 22.4% in colonies receiving thymol and citronellal. The results suggest that the presence of brood seriously limits the efficacy of thymol-based treatments when they are applied as fumigants against varroa. However, these products may be useful against A. woodi. Accession date: 19 May 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Bldg 476 BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1122/99 Apis mellifera/Acarapis woodi/Varroa jacobsoni/thymol/essential oils/parasitic mites/control methods. Calis, J., Beetsma, J., Boot, W. J., Eijnde, J. v. d. and Ruijter, A. d. (1993) Control of the varroa mite by treatment of sealed honeybee brood with formic acid. Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society, No. 4, 217-225. Formic acid was tested for the control of Varroa jacobsoni infesting Apis mellifera. The percentage of mites falling to the bottom of the hive out of the treated brood cells was 73.5-80.6% of mites recovered from the colonies. The effect of the control method could be predicted for a group of colonies of known size and number of capped brood cells. This paper was presented at the 4th meeting of experimental and applied entomologists in the Netherlands, held at Ede, Netherlands, on 18 December 1992. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Pure and Applied Ecology, Section Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 302, 1098 Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600266 acaricides/Varroidae/Acari/mites/arthropod pests/Apidae/Hymenoptera/pollinators/beneficial insects/conferences/Experimental and Applied Entomologists in the Netherlands/Apis mellifera/Varroa jacobsoni/hosts/ectoparasites/formic acid/control/chemical control/pests/honey bees/of honey bees/control methods/sealed brood/pupae. Calis, J., Boot, W. J. and Beetsma, J. (1996) Reproductive success of the Varroa mite in honeybee worker brood with differential development times. Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society, 7, 89-94. The reproductive success of Varroa jacobsoni was studied in naturally-invaded worker brood cells that differed with respect to development time. Apis mellifera capensis workers emerged 261 h after capping of the brood cell, A. m. capensis-hybrid workers after 281 h and A. m. carnica workers after 284 h. The number of female offspring found 9-10 days after capping of the brood cells was not significantly different between the 3 strains. This indicates that until 9-10 days after capping juvenile mortality is similar. The number of emerging mites per invading mite was: 1.6 for A. m. capensis, 2.1 for the A. m. capensis-hybrid and 2.6 for A. m. carnica. Only 0.51 living mites/invading mite were recovered from emerged A. m. capensis workers, 0.85 with the A. m. capensis-hybrid and 1.31 with A. m. carnica. In worker brood with a relatively short development time, such as A. m. capensis and the A. m. capensis-hybrid, 3rd daughters did not reach the adult stage. This may be enough to obtain a negative population growth of mites parasitizing worker brood. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Agricultural University of Wageningen, PO Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900601 development/arthropod pests/natural enemies/honey bees/Apis mellifera capensis/Apis mellifera carnica/ectoparasites/Varroa jacobsoni/hosts/Apis mellifera/biology/reproduction/conferences/Meeting of Experimental and Applied Entomologists in the Netherlands/Meeting of Experimental and Applied Entomologists in the Netherlands/pests/of honey bees/infestation/honey bee brood/worker honey bees/races. Calis, J. N. M., Boot, W. J. and Beetsma, J. (1994) Evaluation of varroa control methods based on trapping mites in honey bee brood. New perspectives on varroa [edited by Matheson, A. (Editor)]. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 106-108. A. G. Matheson. Using the rates of Varroa jacobsoni invasion in honey bee (Apis mellifera) brood, combined with data on reproduction and mortality, both the effectiveness of the trapping comb treatment combined with formic acid and the purely biotechnical method of trapping mites in drone comb can be predicted accurately. Page(s): 106-108. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Agricultural University of Wageningen, P.O. Box 8031, 67600 EH Wageningen, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600281 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/conferences/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/trapping/honey bee brood/formic acid. Calis, J. N. M., Boot, W. J. and Beetsma, J. (1999) Model evaluation of methods for Varroa jacobsoni mite control based on trapping in honey bee brood. Apidologie, 30(2-3), 197-207. A validated trap-comb model based on work on invasion rates of mites into Apis mellifera brood cells is used to estimate and compare effectiveness of different trap-comb methods. An appendix gives a detailed description of the trap-comb model. There are 38 references. See also J. Apic Res 38(1-2): 49-61. Accession date: 4 August 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En, de, fr. P Walker. Author address: Dept Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural Univ., POB 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA832/99 Varroa jacobsoni/Apis mellifera/control methods/trapping/honey bee brood/reviews. Calis, J. N. M., Boot, W. J., Beetsma, J., Eijende, J. H. P. M. v. d., Ruijter, A. d. and Steen, J. J. M. v. d. (1999) Effective biotechnical control of varroa: applying knowledge on brood cell invasion to trap honey bee parasites in drone brood. Journal of Apicultural Research, 38(1/2), 49-61. Two methods of Varroa jacobsoni control using trap-combs with Apis mellifera drone brood were designed and tested. In the first experiment, effectiveness of the method varied considerably (from 67% to 96%), but the observed effectiveness of each separate colony was similar to the prediction based on knowledge of behaviour of mites invading brood cells. Effectiveness depended on the number of drone cells that had been available for mite trapping. In the second experiment, the production of trap-combs with drone brood was improved, since this appeared to be crucial for trapping efficiency. The observed effectiveness was 93.4%. The use of knowledge on invasion behaviour of mites for evaluating trap-comb methods and modelling varroa population dynamics is discussed. Accession date: 6 September 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author. Author address: Dept of Entomology, Wageningen.Agricultural Univ., PO Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1123/99 honey bees/Apis mellifera/Varroa jacobsoni/trapping combs/drone brood/brood cell invasion/capped brood cells/control methods/population dynamics. Calis, J. N. M., Boot, W. J., Beetsma, J., Eijnde, J. H. P. M. v. d., Ruijter, A. d. and Steen, J. J. M. v. d. (1996) Trapping Varroa jacobsoni in drone brood combs of Apis mellifera in broodless colonies. Apidologie, 27(4), 295-296. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. Boot et al. [Apidologie (1995) 26 (2) 109-118] showed that trapping mites in drone brood comb was very effective if no other brood was present. This was used as a basis of a method for trapping mites in pairs of infested colonies. Brood was removed from one of the two colonies and given to the other one, which was then split into two: a broodless part (with the queen) and a part with brood. The part with brood reared a new queen and became broodless as soon as all brood had emerged. Mites could be trapped in drone brood in each of the 3 colonies, and in tests with 5 pairs the overall efficiency of the method was 93%. Library code: Bj. Language: En\Fr\De. Author address: Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801025 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/trapping/drone honey bees/honey bee brood. Calis, J. N. M., Boot, W. J., Beetsma, J., Eijnde, J. H. P. M. v. d., Ruijter, A. d. and Steen, J. J. M. v. d. (1998) Control of varroa by combining trapping in honey bee worker brood with formic acid treatment of the capped brood outside the colony: putting knowledge on brood cell invasion into practice. Journal of Apicultural Research, 37(3), 205-215. Biotechnical control methods for varroa are based on the principle that mites inside brood cells are trapped and then removed from the colony. In these experiments, mites were killed with formic acid. Worker brood used for trapping was retained and returned to the colonies. The observed percentage of mites trapped and killed by formic acid treatment was 87% and 89% in 2 experiments. The effectiveness could be predicted using prior knowledge on brood cell invasion behaviour, which thus proved to be valid for the design and improvement of trap-comb methods for varroa control. Accession date: 17 May 1998. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author. Author address: Dept. Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, PO Box 8031, 6700 EH Wagenigen, The Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA536/99 Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/trapping comb/worker brood/formic acid/brood cell invasion. Calis, J. N. M., Fries, I. and Ryrie, S. C. (1999) Population modelling of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. Apidologie, 30(2-3), 111-124. I. Fries, S. Camazine and J. Sneyd, Bee World 75: 5-28 (1994) [see AA 632/94] described a mite population model based on data for Apis mellifera; this is now updated and extended by incorporating recent data, in particular on mite invasion from bees into brood cells. The model is useful in evaluating the effects of changes in model parameters on the mite population; it predicts that a longer brood rearing period dramatically increases the mite population and that a relatively larger number of drone brood cells leads to an increased population growth. The model can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness and timing of mite control treatments that affect mites only on adult bees or in brood cells. Accession date: 3 August 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En, de, fr. P Walker. Author address: Dept Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural Univ., POB 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA833/99 Varroa jacobsoni/Apis mellifera/parasites/reproduction/mathematical models/computer simulation/population dynamics. Calis, J. N. M., Schmidt-Bailey, J., Beetsma, J., Boot, W. J., Eijnde, J. H. P. M. v. d., Fuchs, S., Ruijter, A. d. and Steen, J. J. M. v. d. (1997) Successful trapping of Varroa jacobsoni with drone brood in broodless Apis mellifera colonies. Apiacta, 32(3), 65-71. D. G. Lowe. Methods for the trapping of V. jacobsoni with combs of drone brood are described and discussed. The main methods are the 1-colony method, used when colonies are divided to avoid swarming, and the 2-colonies method, when mites are trapped in the broodless parts of a pair of colonies. Although trapping-comb methods are much more labour-intensive than acaricide treatments they can give over 90% control of mites. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900615 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites. Çalmasur, Ö. and Özbek, H. (1999) Pollinator bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and their effects on seed setting in the Erzurum region [Turkey]. Turkish Journal of Biology, 23, 73-89. Original title: Erzurum'da ayçiçegi (Helianthus annuus L.)'ni ziyaret eden ari (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) türlerinin tesbiti ve bunlarin tohum baglamaya etkileri. In 1995-96 a total of 42 bee species from 5 families were recorded visiting sunflowers. Apis mellifera constituted 80-88% of the total visitors. From 12% to 20% of flower visits were made by wild bees; the most abundant species are listed. Percentage seed set was 86.8% on open-pollinated flowers, 67.8% on flowers in cages with some bees and 31.5% in cages with no bees. Open-pollinated flowers had an average of 1151 filled seeds/flower head (wt 67.2 g) compared with 373/head (16.4 g) in caged plots without bees; the oil content of seeds was 39.2% and 32.4%, respectively. Accession date: 2 November 1999. Call number: 638.19. Library code: Ba. Language: Tr, en. Author. Author address: Atatürk Üniv., Ziraat Fakültesi, Bitki Koruma Bölümü, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1216/99 Apis mellifera/pollination/Helianthus annuus/Apoidea/Turkey. Calzoni, G. L. and Speranza, A. (1998) Insect controlled pollination in Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.). Scientia Horticulturae, 72, 227-237. Trials were performed in a commercial orchard of self-incompatible plum (cv. Black Diamond), whose pollination and fruit yield often are a real problem in this early flowering crop. For this reason, honey bees, mason bees and bumble bees were introduced into the orchard . The efficiency of pollinating insects was evaluated in the open field by counting (3 h a day in 5 sampling areas of the orchard) the number of visitors to the flowers of the main cultivar. No bumble bees were detected visiting the flowers of the main cultivar. The other two pollinators showed a foraging activity which decreased with increasing distance from their respective starting points. In each sampling area the total number of visits was strongly related to fruit number and total yield. No significant differences were detected regarding fruit quality. Fruit yield of the most visited areas was very close to that obtained after mechanical pollination by pollen spray. Pollination was also performed on caged trees, using different insects separately in order to evaluate their respective efficiency. Accession date: 19 May 1999. Call number: 638.13. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author. Author address: Department of Biology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1067/99 Apis mellifera./Bombus terrestris/Osmia cornuta/pollination/fruit yield/Prunus salicina. Camacho Vallejo, C., Chavez Hernandez, E., Garcia Castanos, C. and Gutierrez Morales, F. (1993) Varroosis. Canarias Agraria(21), 41-45. Original title or source: La varroasis. D. G. Lowe. This article gives a general description of the disease varroosis and the biology of the mite Varroa jacobsoni. The authors report the date of discovery of the mite in 3 of the Canary Islands and the control measures taken. Library code: Bc. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601448 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/control methods/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/Spain/Canary Islands. Camargo, J. M. F. and Moure, J. S. (1994) Neotropical Meliponinae of the genera Paratrigona Scwharz, 1938 and Aparatrigona Moure, 1951 (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, 32(2), 33-109. Original title or source: Meliponinae neotropicais: os generos Paratrigona Schwarz, 1938 e Aparatrigona Moure, 1951 (Hymenoptera, Apidae). D. G. Lowe. A taxonomic revision of these 2 genera of stingless bees is presented, with descriptions of 11 new species and one new subspecies. Keys for workers of all species, drawings of the characteristic features of some males, and a cladistic analysis, are included. Library code: Bd. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 14.040-901 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800097 Meliponinae/Apidae/neotropical region/new species/new subspecies/Paratrigona/Aparatrigona/taxonomy/morphology. Camargo, J. M. F. and Moure, J. S. (1996) Neotropical Meliponini: the genus Geotrigona Moure, 1943 (Apinae, Apidae, Hymenoptera) with special reference to phylogeny and biogeography. Arquivos de Zoologia, 33(2/3), 95-161. Original title or source: Meliponini neotropicais: o genero Geotrigona Moure, 1943 (Apinae, Apidae, Hymenoptera), com especial referencia a filogenia e biogeografia. D. G. Lowe. The genus Geotrigona is revised and 5 new species and 4 new subspecies are described. The phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the 16 recognized species are discussed, and an identification key and drawings of the main characters are given. Library code: Bb. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, USP, 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900080 Apidae/America/ identification/ keys. Camargo, J. M. F. d. (1996) Neotropical Meliponini: the genus Camargoia Moure, 1989 (Apinae, Apidae, Hymenoptera). Arquivos de Zoologia, 33(2/3), 71-92. Original title or source: Meliponini neotropicais: o genero Camargoia Moure, 1989 (Apinae, Apidae, Hymenoptera). D. G. Lowe. A new species, C. nordestina, is described and compared with C. camargoi and C. pilicornis. The nest of C. nordestina is described in detail and phylogenetic relationships are discussed. Library code: Bb. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, USP, 14040-901 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900072 Apidae/Brazil. Camargo, J. M. F. d., Garcia, M. V. B., Junior, E. R. Q. and Castrillon, A. (1992) Preliminary notes on the bionomics of Ptilotrigona lurida: association of yeasts with stored pollen. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. Nova Serie, Zoologie, 8(2), 391-395. Original title or source: Notas previas sobre a bionomia de Ptilotrigona lurida (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae): associacao de leveduras em polen estocado. The yeast Candida sp. was found in stored pollen provisions in nests of P. lurida at various sites in Brazil. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, CEP.14.4040-901 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601297 Ptilotrigona lurida/Apidae/Brazil/Ptilotrigona/nests/pollen/Candida/yeasts/Ptilotrigona. Camazine, S. (1993) The regulation of pollen foraging by honey bees: how foragers assess the colony's need for pollen. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 32(4), 265-272. D. G. Lowe. The experiments described were carried out in 1991, in New York, USA, using 2 Apis mellifera ligustica colonies kept in observation hives. Colony populations and amounts of brood and pollen and honey stores were equalized. The 4 experiments, which involved manipulations with frames of brood, pollen and empty frames, sometimes separated by 1 or 2 layers of screening, were designed to answer questions about how individual bees acquire information about the colony's need for pollen and about how the colony regulates pollen foraging. The results indicate that: (1) pollen foragers quickly acquire new information about the colony's need for pollen; (2) when colony pollen stores are supplemented, many pollen foragers respond by switching to nectar foraging or by remaining in the hive and ceasing to forage at all; (3) pollen foragers do not need direct contact with pollen to sense the colony's change of state, nor do they use the odour of pollen as a cue to assess the colony's need for pollen; (4) pollen foragers appear to obtain their information about colony pollen need indirectly from other bees in the hive; (5) the information takes the form of an inhibitory cue. It is suggested that the mechanism by which the colony regulates pollen foraging involves a hierarchical system of information acquisition and a negative feedback loop. Although individual workers rely on only limited local information, the colony as a whole achieves a finely-tuned response to changing conditions. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, Mudd Hall, Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900526 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects. Camazine, S., Crailsheim, K., Hrassnigg, N., Robinson, G. E., Leonhard, B. and Kropiunigg, H. (1998) Protein trophallaxis and the regulation of pollen foraging by honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Apidologie, 29(1/2), 113-126. The experiments described involved setting up pairs of colonies, matched for adult population (6800–8500 bees), depriving them of pollen for several days, then supplementing one colony with pollen while keeping the other deprived. Analyses were made of the behaviour of pollen foragers, trophallactic interactions, and physiological changes in pollen-processing workers. Individual bees were marked with paint and some were injected with 14C-labelled phenylalanine. The results showed that pollen foragers quickly sensed increases in colony pollen stores and modified their foraging activity accordingly. In association with these changes in behaviour, nurse bees transferred a larger portion of newly synthesized 14C-labelled protein to the foragers, indicating that trophallactic interactions between nurse bees and foragers may serve as a cue informing pollen foragers of the colony's need for pollen. Accession date: 9 july 1998. Call number: 638.121.24. Library code: Bj. Language: En, fr, de. . Author address: Dept. Entomology, Penn State Univ., 501 ASI Building, Univ. Park, PA 16802, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA115/99 pollen/stores/foraging/honey bees/nurse honey bees/trophallaxis. Cameron, S. A. (1993) Multiple origins of advanced eusociality in bees inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 90(18), 8687-8691. Author. There is controversy over whether honey bees and stingless bees (Apidae) independently evolved advanced eusocial behaviour or inherited it from a common ancestor. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence information from the mitochondrial genome (large-subunit ribosomal RNA gene) of 14 species of bee from the 4 apid tribes (Apini, Bombini, Meliponini, Euglossini) suggest that advanced eusocial behaviour evolved twice independently within this assemblage. These results depart from previous hypotheses of apid relationships by indicating a close phylogenetic relationship between the primitively eusocial bumble bees and the stingless bees. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601223 Apidae/phylogeny/social behaviour/evolution/mitochondria/DNA. Cameron, S. A. and Jost, M. C. (1998) Mediators of dominance and reproductive success among queens in the cyclically polygynous Neotropical bumble bee Bombus atratus Franklin. Insectes Sociaux, 45, 135-149. Bombus atratus, a bumble bee found throughout much of South America, undergoes periods of polygyny during its colony cycle, which is often perennial. This temporary polygynous phase persists as multiple queens compete fiercely to become the sole reproductive. The outcome of these battles is death or expulsion from the nest of all but one of the queens, representing an extreme form of conflict of reproductive interests. Various factors which may influence survival and succession of rival B. atratus queens during a polygynous phase of a colony found in southern Brazil were examined. Queens exhibiting greater ovarian development and a higher frequency of inter-queen aggression in the early period of polygyny survived significantly longer. Body size did not appear to contribute to the outcome of queen survival. Accession date: 19 May 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR72701, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA957/99 Bombus atratus/polygyny/dominance/queens/conflict/queen bumble bees. Cameron, S. A., Whitfield, J. B., Hulslander, C. L., Cresko, W. A., Isenberg, S. B. and King, R. W. (1996) Nesting biology and foraging patterns of the solitary bee Melissodes rustica (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in northwest Arkansas. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 69(4, supplement), 260-273. Author. Observations of nesting behaviour and foraging activity of M. rustica were made at a nesting site in NW Arkansas. The nesting phenology was unusually late in the year for bees, with females emerging in mid- to late September and provisioning burrows until the first hard frost in late October or early November. More than 200 females constructed and provisioned individual burrows at the aggregation. Daily activity patterns were closely correlated with surface soil temperature and wind speed. Females made 6-7 foraging trips per day, all of which included pollen provisions except the last. Pollen was apparently gathered from the genera Aster and Erigeron (Asteraceae). Trip duration increased later in the day, as did the time spent in the burrow between trips. Hence, females spent more time collecting pollen and took longer to dispose of the pollen as the day wore on. On the last trip of the day, females returned without pollen. There was little variance among the continuously observed females for any of these patterns. Females continued to enter a single burrow for more than 10 days, and provisioned more than one cell per burrow. No communal nests were observed and no nest parasites were collected from the aggregation. Possible causes of the late nesting phenology of this bee, are suggested. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entmology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900094 Melissodes rustica/Apidae/Melissodes/nests/phenology/Melissodes/USA/Arkansas/foraging/Melissodes/pollen. Camillo, E., Garofalo, C. A. and Serrano, J. C. (1993) Nesting habits of Melitoma segmentaria, Centris collaris, Centris fuscata and Paratetrapedia gigantea. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 37(1), 145-156. Original title or source: Habitos de nidificacao de Melitoma segmentaria, Centris collaris, Centris fuscata e Paratetrapedia gigantea (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Author. The nesting habits of M. segmentaria, C. collaris, C. fuscata and P. gigantea are presented including information on the dimensions and number of nest burrows and cells, descriptions of cells and cocoons, and field activities of M. segmentaria females. Nests of the first 3 species were located in flat and hard soil and those of P. gigantea in dead, dry, rotting wood. The number of cells in M. segmentaria nests varied from 1 to 5, in C. collaris from 1 to 2, in C. fuscata from 1 to 3 and in P. gigantea from 2 to 8. The cocoons of C. collaris and C. fuscata were constructed similarly but the last did not apply a cellophane-like sheet on the cell bottom. Nests of M. segmentaria were parasitized by Leiopodus lacertinus and those of P. gigantea by Osiris sp. (Anthophoridae). Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Biologia, Faculadade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600102 Melitoma segmentaria/Centris collaris/Centris fuscata/Paratetrapedia gigantea/Leiopodus lacertinus/Osiris/Apidae/Melitoma/Centris/Paratetrapedia/nests. Camillo, E., Garofalo, C. A. and Serrano, J. C. (1994) Nesting activities and nest reuse of Lithurge huberi (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 54(2), 183-194. Author. Nesting occurred from February to May, mostly in stems of Spathodea campanulata (Bignoniaceae). The number of nest foundations varied from 3 (1984) to 22 (1986). A nest was always reused by a single female, who built a new set of galleries without utilizing those used by the previous generation. No difference was observed between the length and number of galleries, or in the number of individuals produced in founded or reused nests. The start of field activities was related to temperature. Females collected pollen from Ipomoea cairica (Convolvulaceae) and Sida sp. (Malvaceae). These families, together with Compositae, characterize the host plants for the Lithurge subgenus. Robbing of pollen from nests seems to be common in the species and occurred in unguarded nests while the resident female was foraging. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, USP, 14040-901 Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700502 Lithurge huberi/Apidae/nesting/Spathodea campanulata/Ipomoea cairica/Sida/Lithurge/nests/foraging/Lithurge/pollen. Camillo, E., Garofalo, C. A., Serrano, J. C. and Muccillo, G. (1995) Diversity and seasonal abundance of solitary bees and wasps in trap-nests (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 39(2), 459-470. Original title or source: Diversidade e abundancia sazonal de abelhas e vespas solitarias em ninhos armadilhas (Hymenoptera, Apocrita, Aculeata). Author. Observations on species of solitary bees and wasps nesting in trap-nests in 3 habitats in a nature reserve in Cajuru, Brazil, are reported. The data were collected during 1988-1991 by inspecting the trap-nests every 3 weeks. A total of 1844 nests of bees and 804 nests of wasps were obtained. These represented 32 species of bees (11 genera and 4 families) and 20 species of wasps (11 genera and 3 families). The two predominant families in number of nests and number of individuals produced were the Anthophoridae, among the bees, and Sphecidae, among the wasps. In all 3 habitats, bee diversity was higher than that of wasps. The highest nesting frequencies of both bees and wasps occurred during the hot and wet season (September-April). The bee fauna was more similar than the wasp fauna among the 3 habitats. Comparisons with results from other localities showed that neighbouring habitats with different physiographies had more similar fauna than those geographically widely separated but physiographically similar. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900385 Apidae. Campos, L. A. d. O. and Coelho, C. D. P. (1993) Sex determination in bees. XXX. Influence of the quantity of food and juvenile hormone in caste determination in Partamona cupira helleri (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 10(3), 449-452. Original title or source: Determinacao de sexo em abelhas. XXX. Influencia da quantidade de alimento e do hormonio juvenil na determinacao das castas em Partamona cupira helleri (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Author. Studies of P. cupira colonies in Vicosa, Brazil, showed that caste determination in this species follows the general patterns of Trigonini. The effects of juvenile hormone and the amount of food on the process were studied. The frequency of queens increased with the quantity of food ingested by the larvae and with the amount of juvenile hormone topically applied. Queens emerged earlier than workers. Intercastes were not found. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, 36570-000 Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700860 Apidae/queens/Partamona/caste determination/nutrition/juvenile hormones/effects. Campos, M., Markham, K. R. and Cunha, A. P. (1996) Quality assessment of bee-pollens using flavonoid/phenolic profiles. Polyphenols Communications 96. 18th International Conference on Polyphenols, Bordeaux, France, July 15-18, 1996. J. Vercauteren, C. Chéze, M. C. Dumon and J. F. Weber, 53-54. A method is proposed whereby bee pollens can be characterized in terms of floral origin, using flavonoid/phenolics profiles obtained by using HPLC/diode array detection. Flavonoid/phenolic profiles appeared species-specific for all the pollens sampled and the pollen of different species present in bee pollen mixes could be identified. This is a convenient means of identifying pollens. Editor(s): Vercauteren, J; Chéze, C; Dumon, M C; Weber, J F. Page(s): 53-54. Accession date: 19 May 1999. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bc. Language: En . Author. Author address: Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1196/99 pollen/quality/flavonoids/phenols/high pressure liquid chromatograpy/Portugal/New Zealand/floral origin. Campos, M., Markham, K. R., Mitchell, K. A. and Cunha, A. P. d. (1997) An approach to the characterization of bee pollens via their flavonoid/phenolic profiles. Phytochemical Analysis, 8(3), 181-185. Author. Bee-collected pollen varies widely in composition. A systematic method for characterizing bee pollen in terms of its constituent pollens is needed in view of the growing interest in bee pollen products. Studies involving 3 bee pollen samples collected from Portugal and New Zealand are reported. An approach based on flavonoid/phenolics profiles derived from HPLC was shown to be more precise and informative than traditional microscopy. This method provides a convenient means for identifying the contributing pollens, and for characterizing bee pollens in terms of their predominant constituent pollens. The flavonoid/phenolics profiles obtained also showed that bees are highly selective pollen gatherers. Bee pollens comprised pollen from only a few of the available species and pollen from only one floral source was found in each pollen pellet. Flavonoids are normally found as glycosides in pollens but were shown to occur naturally as aglycones in Eucalyptus globulus pollen. Two of these aglycones, tricetin and 3-O-methylquercetin, are reported as pollen constituents for the first time. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901417 Apis mellifera/foraging. Campos, M. G. (1994) Quality control and characterization of honeys. Apicultor, 2(6), 19-24. Original title or source: Controle de qualidade e tipificacao de meis. Library code: Bj. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601481 honey/composition/characteristics/quality. Campos, M. G., Cunha, A. and Markham, K. R. (1997) Bee-pollen: composition, properties, and applications. Bee products: properties, applications, and apitherapy [edited by Mizrahi, A.; Lensky, Y.]. New York, USA, Plenum Publishing Corporation, 93-100. Page(s): 93-100. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Laboratorio de Farmacognosia da Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801451 bee-collected pollen/pollen/hive products/as hive products/pollen/composition/uses. Campos, M. G., Cunha, A. P., Navarro, M. C. and Utrilla, M. P. (1995) Free radical scavenger activity of bee-pollen. Les Colloques(69), 415-416. Free radical scavenger activity of Portugese bee pollens were assessed. Ethanolic extracts were fractionated on a reverse phase C18 column in water (A) and acetonitril (B). Isolation of the compounds was carried out by liquid and thin layer chromatography. Eucalyptus sp., Acacia sp., Cistus ladaniferus, Erica sp., Echium vulgare, Helianthus annus and Ulex minor pollens were analysed; each produced a different flavonoid profile. Flavonoids are thought to influence antioxidant activity. Editor(s): INRA. Book title: Polyphenol 94, Palma de Mallorca (Spain), May 23-27, 1994. Editor: INRA. Accession date: 19 May 1999. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bc. Language: En. P A Munn. Author address: Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1195/99 pollen/free radicals/antioxidant activity/flavonoids. Campos, M. G., Lourenco, C., Cunha, A. and Rauter, A. (1994) Portuguese bee-pollen as a source of flavonoids. Acta Horticulturae(381), 429-432. Bee-pollen is used in traditional medicine and in recent years has been the object of much research. Pollen contains diverse flavonoids which can contribute to the quality of this product, and may also be concerned in its pharmacological activity. Thirty-three pollen samples from the main producing areas in Portugal were analysed to determine their floral origins and flavonoid contents. There was a close relationship between the pollen taxons and the total flavonoid content. No differences for the same pollen taxa were observed with geographic origin of the samples. The plants visited by the honeybees were the same in all regions, and the majority of the samples (about 75%) contained one predominant pollen. The species found were Cistus ladanifer, Eucalyptus globulus, Quercus spp., Echium spp. and Ulex spp. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900694 conferences/International symposium on natural phenols in plant resistance/Cistus ladanifer/Eucalyptus globulus/Quercus/Echium/Ulex/pollen plants/flavonoids/chemical composition/botanical composition/hive products/traditional medicines/honey bees/pollen/as hive products/pollen/Portugal. Campos, M. J. d. O. (1993) Structure of pollinator guild in the cerrado vegetation. Pollination in tropics: Proceedings of the International Symposium on pollination in tropics, August 8-13, 1993, Bangalore, India [edited by Veeresh, G. K.; Shaanker, R. U.; Ganeshaiah, K. N. (Editors)]. Bangalore, India, International Union for the Study of Social Insects, Indian Chapter, 139-142. J. M. Gedye. Observations in cerrado vegetation in Brazil over 3 years revealed 117 species of bees (from 47 genera and 7 families) with most species coming from the Anthophoridae, Halictidae, Apidae and Megachilidae. Only 28 species were represented by more than 6 individuals, with Epicharis species being the most numerous. Nearly 79% of bees examined carried only one pollen type. Indices of similarity between bee species were drawn up on the basis of the number of plant species visited and the months and times of day when the bees were active. Page(s): 139-142. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociencias, UNESP, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600040 Apidae/pollinators/beneficial insects/conferences/Apoidea/cerrado/Brazil. Canas, S. (1996) Uruguay. Research: the cornerstone of beekeeping development. Vida Apicola(79), 28-31. Original title or source: Uruguay. La investigacion, pilar basico para el desarrollo de la apicultura. P. Walker. Some research and other work being carried out by various departments and institutes in Uruguay is summarized. Most beekeepers use Langstroth hives. A typical apiary in south-east Uruguay is described; colonies forage in winter on Eucalyptus globulus. Different eucalypts flower at other seasons. At this apiary, the average honey yield is 50 kg/colony, which is about double the national average. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801240 beekeeping/research institutes/Uruguay. Cañas, S. (1999) Beekeeping in La Palma. Vida apícola(94), 26-31, 34-35. Original title: Apicultura en La Palma. Canary Islands. Accession date: 23 July 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bj. Language: Es. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA719/99 beekeeping/Canary Islands. Cane, J. H. (1993) Reproductive role of sterile pollen in Saurauia (Actinidaceae), a cryptically dioecious neotropical tree. Biotropica, 25(4), 493-495. Trees of Saurauia (probably an undescribed species) at Monteverde, Costa Rica, consistently produce either staminate or perfect flowers. Pollen from staminate trees initiated fruits and seeds, but pollen from perfect flowers resulted in only a few small fruits with incompletely seeded locules in both geitonogamous (same tree) and between tree crosses. Male and female trees differed in both flower and pollen production. Proteins of pollen from both tree types were similar in amino acid composition. Female bees were the only floral visitors to Saurauia at the study site. All bees audibly sonicated the porose anthers to release pollen. Honeybees were never present on Saurauia. It was concluded that anthers of the nectarless pistillate flowers produce fodder pollen which serves to engage female bees as requisite pollinators. Library code: 17 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology and Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, AL 36849-5413, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600408 forest trees/cross pollination/flowers/sex differentiation/Apidae/beneficial insects/Actinidiaceae/chemical composition/amino acids/Saurauia/reproductive behaviour/pollen/foraging/Apoidea/pollen/pollen. Cane, J. H. (1994) Nesting biology and mating behavior of the southeastern blueberry bee, Habropoda laboriosa (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 67(3), 236-241. Author. The solitary vernal bee Habropoda laboriosa nests in deep, well-drained sandy soils of the southeastern USA. Females may nest gregariously or singly beneath hardwood forest litter, in open sand, or in the walls of large earthen holes. Their persistent nesting aggregations serve as encounter sites for non-territorial males seeking emerging virgin females. Except for its multiple-celled nests, the nest architecture of H. laboriosa resembles that of H. pallida. Future nesting management needs are discussed for situations where H. laboriosa is desired as a pollinator of commercial blueberries. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology and Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700847 Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/ Habropoda laboriosa/USA/Habropoda/nests/mating. Cane, J. H. (1995) Notes on the nesting biology of Svastra atripes atrimitra (La Berge)(Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 68(2), 238-240. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology and Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900456 Apidae/nesting. Cane, J. H. (1996) Nesting resins obtained from Larrea pollen host by an oligolectic bee, Trachusa larreae (Cockerell) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 69(1), 99-102. Author. A nesting aggregation of T. larreae is described from the Sonoran desert near Tucson, Arizona. The bees' shallow subterranean nest cells were lined and capped with a thick layer of hardened resin. Females were observed collecting the resin from new shoots of creosote bush, Larrea tridentata (Zygophyllaceae), which is this bee's sole pollen and nectar host. This extreme obligatory host association of T. larreae is rare among bees, and yet has apparently arisen in relatively recent evolutionary time. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology and Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801209 Trachusa lareae/Apidae/larea tridentata/Zygophyllaceae/Trachusa/nests/resins/Larrea. Cane, J. H. (1997) Ground-nesting bees: the neglected pollination resource for agriculture. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Pollination, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, 23-28 June 1996 [edited by Richards, K. W.]. Leiden, Netherlands, International Society for Horticultural Science, 309-324. D. G. Lowe. The characteristics of ground-nesting Apoidea and their possible use for the pollination of agricultural crops are reviewed, with 115 references. Aspects discussed include: pollination contexts that do not favour honey bees; currently managed non-Apis bee species; impediments to managing more pollinator species; causes and cues for gregarious nesting in bees; nest orientation and nest site manipulation. Future studies are suggested. Page(s): 309-324. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900401 Apidae/nesting/beneficial insects/pollinators/International symposium on pollination. Cane, J. H., Buchmann, S. L. and LaBerge, W. E. (1992) The solitary bee Melissodes thelypodii thelypodii Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) collects pollen from wind-pollinated Amaranthus palmeri Watson. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 68(2), 97-99. Author. M. thelypodii was observed to harvest pollen from panicles of the anemophilous plant Amaranthus palmeri in southeastern Arizona, USA. Pure Amaranthus pollen loads were removed by females foraging at this plant, suggesting floral fidelity and this bee's potential value for commercial pollination of the related grain amaranths. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology and Alabama Agricultural Research Station, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600100 beneficial insects/Melissodes thelypodii/Apidae/pollinators/foraging/Melissodes/pollen/Amaranthus/Melissodes. Cane, J. H. and Payne, J. A. (1993) Regional, annual, and seasonal variation in pollinator guilds: intrinsic traits of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) underlie their patterns of abundance at Vaccinium ashei (Ericaceae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 86(5), 577-588. P. Walker. Bee behaviour and activity on V. ashei were observed during a 7-yr study in Alabama, USA. Among the 27 species recorded, the following were often abundant: Apis mellifera workers, queens of 4 Bombus species, and female Habropoda laboriosa. The last is a Vaccinium specialist. Regional, annual and seasonal variations in numbers of the common species on cultivated V. ashei are reported and analysed. The temporal abundance of honey bees fluctuated markedly, perhaps reflecting their changing preferences among competing flora in the area. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601152 Apis mellifera/Bombus/Habropoda laboriosa/Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/foraging/blueberries/pollination/honey bees/Apoidea/of Vaccinium ashei/by honey bees/by Apoidea/Vaccinium ashei. Cane, J. H., Schiffhauer, D. and Kervin, L. J. (1996) Pollination, foraging, and nesting ecology of the leaf-cutting bee Megachile (Delomegachile) addenda (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) on cranberry beds. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 89(3), 361-367. Author. M. addenda is an effective and potentially manageable pollinator of cranberries, Vaccinium macrocarpon. This facultatively gregarious, univoltine bee excavates shallow subterranean nests in the dikes and periodically flooded sand beds of commercial cranberries in southern New Jersey. Females provisioned 1-2 leaf-lined nest cells per day, each containing 3.9-5.4 million pollen tetrads (1992 and 1993 means, respectively) collected from a calculated minimum of 1076-1207 cranberry flowers. Using their middle and hind legs, pollen-foraging females repeatedly stroked the 8 poricidal anthers of a virgin cranberry flower, removing 71% of the pollen while leaving an average stigmatic load of 28 tetrads (0.6% of pollen harvested). It is estimated that 1291-1440 berries should result from the daily foraging activity of a female, and that 1114 nesting females/ha would suffice to produce a commercial fruit set. Management of M. addenda must include control of its cleptoparasite Coelioxys immaculata, which can parasitize 90% of nest cells when abundant. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology and Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900413 Megachile addenda/beneficial insects/Apidae/pollinators/cranberies/Vaccinium macrocarpon/USA/New Jersey/parasites/Coelioxys immaculata. Cane, J. H., Snelling, R. R. and Kervin, L. J. (1996) A new monolectic coastal bee, Hesperapis oraria Snelling and Stage (Hymenoptera: Melittidae), with a review of desert and neotropical disjunctives in the southeastern U.S. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 69(4, supplement), 238-247. Author. This new species of bee is the only species of Hesperapis known to occur in eastern North America; known populations of H. oraria are restricted to the dune fields of barrier islands and coastal margins of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Throughout its range, females of this oligolectic species visit only flowers of Balduina angustifolia (Asteraceae) for pollen and nectar. Males visit these flowers for nectar and possibly to search for potential mates. Additional bee genera of desert or neotropical origin are also represented by one or several species whose ranges are confined to the coastal plain of the southeastern USA. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology and Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900083 Hesperapis oraria/Apidae/new species/Hesperapis/taxonomy/foraging/Hesperapis/morphology. Cano, C. B., Zamboni, C. Q., Alves, H. I., Spiteri, N., Atui, M. B., Santos, M. C. d., Jorge, L. I. F., Pereira, U. and Rodrigues, R. M. M. (1992) Honey: adulteration and sanitary conditions. Revista do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 52(1/2), 1-4. Original title or source: Mel: fraudes e condicoes sanitarias. A total of 173 samples of commercially available honey was obtained from the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and examined by microscopy and chemical analysis. The results showed that 12 samples (6.8%) had been adulterated with cane sugar syrup and 122 samples (70.51%) contained extraneous material such as dead insects, insect fragments, mould, nematodes, mites and plant fragments, especially sugar cane. In all, 58 samples (33.5%) failed to reach the standard set by Brazilian legislation. Library code: 10 ref. Language: Pt. Author address: Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 335, Caixa Postal 7027, 01246-902 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700723 honey/contaminants/Brazil/cane syrup/insects/moulds/sugarcane/food hygiene/adulteration/contamination. Cano, R. J., Borucki, M. K., Higby-Schweitzer, M., Poinar, H. N., Poinar, G. O., Jr. and Pollard, K. J. (1994) Bacillus DNA in fossil bees: an ancient symbiosis? Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60(6), 2164-2167. P. Walker. Eleven pieces of amber with inclusions of the extinct stingless bee Proplebeia dominicana were obtained from the Dominican Republic and analysed. DNA was isolated from abdominal tissue of 4 samples, and nucleotide sequencing indicated 16S rRNA sequences from Bacillus spp. They showed close phylogenetic relationships with B. pumilus, B. firmus, B. subtilis and B. circulans; these species are commonly isolated from abdominal tissue of present-day stingless bees. It appears that a similar bee-Bacillus association existed in P. dominicana 23-40 million years ago. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State Universtity, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700074 Proplebeia dominicana/amber/Dominican Republic/Meliponinae/palaeontology/microbial flora/Bacillus/DNA. Cano, R. J., Poinar, H. N., Roubik, D. W. and Poinar, G. O., Jr. (1992) Enzymatic amplification and nucleotide sequencing of portions of the 18s rRNA gene of the bee Proplebeia dominicana (Apidae: Hymenoptera) isolated from 25-40 million year old Dominican amber. Medical Science Research, 20(14), 619-622. See AA 96/94\0BP. Walker. Preliminary results of DNA hybridization studies on this fossil bee were reported by Cano et al. (1992) [Medical Science Research 20 (7): 249-251]. The present paper reports on the enzymatic amplification, by polymerase chain reaction, of segments of the 18s rRNA gene using primers derived from conserved ribosomal sequences, and the subsequent nucleotide sequencing of the amplified 18s rRNA gene products. When nucleotide sequence data for the fossil bee were compared with those for the extant species Plebeia jatiformis and P. frontalis it indicated that c. 7% base pair substitutions have taken place over a period of 25-40 million years. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600097 Apidae/Proplebeia dominicana/Plebeia jatiformis/Plebeia frontalis/genes/nucleotide sequences/Meliponinae/palaeontology/RNA/evolution. Canovai, R., Loi, G. and Nannelli, R. (1999) Study of the mites found in samples of Tuscan honey. L'Ape, 21(1), 6-11. Original title: Indagine su acari rinvenuti in campioni di mieli toscani. A modified filth test, which is described, was used to examine 114 honey samples; 36 of them (32%) contained one or more mites. Acaridae were the most common (28% of all mites), followed by Glyphagidae. Mites were found in over half of the 29 Robinia honeys examined, and in 5 of the 11 other unifloral honeys. When mites were present in a sample, they were not distributed regularly throughout the honey. Accession date: 23 July 1999. Call number: 638.163/166. Library code: Bj. Language: It. P Walker. Author address: Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, Via Lanciola, Cascine del Riccio, 50125 Florence, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA898/99 Acari/honey contamination/Italy. Capaldi, E. A. and Dyer, F. C. (1995) Landmarks and dance orientation in the honeybee Apis mellifera. Naturwissenschaften, 82(5), 245-247. D. G. Lowe. Marked honey bees from a 2-frame observation hive were trained to a feeder 540 m from the hive. When they returned to the hive and performed waggle dances they were presented with a situation in which they could learn the association between their celestial compass and a conspicuous landmark which remained visible after celestial cues were blocked from view. The hive was placed on its side and levelled to the horizontal in order to prevent bees using gravity to discriminate different orientations on the comb. A round opening in the Plexiglas covering the hive formed an arena in which bees could see visual features outside the hive. A rectangular piece of painted aluminium formed a landmark at one side of the arena. During an initial 5-day training period, bees danced with a view of the sky and the landmark. The view to the sky was then blocked and the landmark was moved to various positions in the arena. Dancing bees remained orientated when denied celestial cues and shifted their orientation when the position of the landmark changed, indicating that A. mellifera workers can, like those of A. florea, orientate their dances to an artificial landmark seen during the dance. The origins of dance communication and possible interpretations of landmarks by bees are discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701367 Apis mellifera/Apis florea/vision/learning/evolution/honey bees/communication/dances/by dances/orientation. Capolongo, F., Baggio, A., Piro, R., Schivo, A., Mutinelli, F., Sabatini, A. G., Colombo, R., Marcazzan, G. L., Massi, S. and Nanetti, A. (1996) Treatment of varroa with formic acid: accumulation in honey and effect on its characteristics. Ape Nostra Amica, 18(6), 4-11. Original title or source: Trattamento della varroasi con acido formico: accumulo nel miele e influenza sulle sue caratteristiche. Author. Honey samples from the brood nest and from the honey super in hives treated with formic acid, using various protocols, to control Varroa jacobsoni, were analysed by an enzymatic method. Honeys which had been spiked with known amounts of formic acid were also analysed; pH and acidity were determined. After treatment, residues of formic acid always accumulated in both brood nest and super honey and these tended to persist at the concentration detected after treatment. However, super honey examined in the following spring had a formic acid content similar to that present before treatment. Free acidity, pH and honey flavour could all be affected by formic acid. It is concluded that the use of formic acid in varroa control is safe, provided that no supers are present. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801069 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/food contamination/honey/pesticide residues/formic acid/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods. Cappas e Sousa, J. P. (1991) New types of behaviour observed in laying workers. Revista Brasileira de Apicultura, 1(3), 23-27. Original title or source: Novos tipos de comportamento observados em operarias poedeiras. The occurrence and behaviour of laying workers in Apis mellifera and in other species of Apidae are discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901261 Apis mellifera/laying worker honey bees/Apidae/females/oviposition. Cappas e Sousa, J. P. (1996) Stingless bees. Normal workers, worker-queens and special worker queens. Apicultor, 4(11;12), 2-3;2-5. Original title or source: Abelhas-sem-ferrao. Obreiras normais, obreiras-rainhas e as obreiras-rainhas-especiais. Library code: Bj. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800094 Apidae/beneficial insects/Meliponinae/females. Cappas e Sousa, J. P. (1996) The Maya and their beekeeping with stingless bees. Apicultor, 4(11), 17-19. Original title or source: A meliponicultura Maia (o jaguar abelha e os deuses Maias). E. Crane. Codex Tro-Cortesianus is one of the few manuscripts of the Maya people in Mesoamerica which survived the Spanish conquest in the early 1500s. Pages 61 and 103-111 include pictorial representations related to stingless bees and Maya beekeeping with them. The author has redrawn 59 items which are believed to represent, for instance, hives and wax combs inside them, also bees and bee gods. The second part deals especially with the possible use of the bees batumen and/or cerumen in incense offered to the gods, and to representations of a bee god with the head of a jaguar. Library code: Bj. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800343 Meliponinae/beekeeping/America/history. Cappas e Sousa, J. P. (1999) Stingless bees: the incredible versatility of meliponins. O Apicultor, 7(23), 31-35. Original title: Abelhas sem ferrão: a incrível versatilidade dos Meliponíneos. The keeping of Melipona quadrifasciata in hives is described. Also, one of the photographs shows a hive that may contain a colony of Plebeia emerina. Some information on the biology of stingless bees is included. Accession date: 15 april 99. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bj. Language: Pt. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA370/99 Meliponinae/Melipona/Plebeia/beekeeping. Carbajal, D., Molina, V., Valdes, S., Arruzazabala, L. and Mas, R. (1995) Anti-ulcer activity of higher primary alcohols of beeswax. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 47(9), 731-733. The anti-ulcer effects of a natural mixture of higher aliphatic primary alcohols, designated D-002, isolated from beeswax, were compared with those of cimetidine on indomethacin-, ethanol- and water-immersion-induced ulcers and on gastric secretion in rats. D-002 (25-50 mg kg1)> p.o.) was similar to cimetidine in dose-dependently reducing the duration of indomethacin-induced ulcers while also being effective in preventing ethanol-induced ulcers, which are not affected by cimetidine. On the other hand, D-002 (100 mg kg1)>) moderately decreased the volume of gastric basal secretion in pylorus-ligated rats, but not the acidity. Nevertheless, it inhibited gastric ulcer induced by pylorus-ligation at doses (50 mg kg1)>) that were ineffective in decreasing the volume. In addition, 100 mg kg1)> of D-002 prevented the formation of acute gastric ulcers induced in rats by water-immersion stress. The results demonstrate the anti-ulcer activity of the preparation in different experimental models, suggesting its potential value for ulcer therapy. Library code: 16 ref. Language: En. Author address: National Center for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800288 stomach ulcers/laboratory animals/pharmacology/stress/beeswax/alcohols/therapy/ulcers/ulcers/rats/ulcers/effects. Carbajal, D., Molina, V., Valdes, S., Arruzazabala, L., Rodeiro, I., Mas, R. and Magraner, J. (1996) Possible cytoprotective mechanism in rats of D-002, an anti-ulcerogenic product isolated from beeswax. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 48(8), 858-860. Author. D-002 is an anti-ulcerogenic product, isolated from beeswax, which consists of a well-defined mixture of higher primary aliphatic alcohols. It is highly effective against ethanol-induced ulcers. This study was designed to determine if D-002 shows cytoprotective properties on gastric mucosa in ethanol-induced ulcers. The involvement of endogenous prostaglandins in the protective effect of D-002 was also investigated. When a subulcerogenic dose of indomethacin (10 mg/kg) was injected simultaneously with oral administration of ethanol, oral pre-treatment with D-002 (5-100 mg/kg) partially inhibited the gastric protection. D-002 (5 and 25 mg/kg) administered to normal rats significantly increased the soluble mucus content and also prevented its reduction in rats with ethanol-induced ulcers. In addition, D-002 administered at 5 and 25 mg/kg prevented the increase of vascular permeability induced by ethanol (60%) and reduced the concentration of thromboxane B (TXB) in gastric mucosa of rats with ethanol-induced ulcers. The results support the hypothesis that the anti-ulcerogenic properties of D-002 could be related to a cytoprotective mechanism. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Pharmacology, Center of Natural Products, National Center for Scientific Research, Ciudad Habana, Cuba. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901401 hive products/ulcers/prophylaxis/prostaglandins. Carballido, J. M., Carballido-Perrig, N., Oberli-Schrammli, A., Heusser, C. H. and Blaser, K. (1994) Regulation of IgE and IgG responses by allergen specific T-cell clones to bee venom phospholipase A in vitro. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 93(4), 758-767. An in vitro antibody response to bee venom phospholipase A (PLA) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of bee sting-sensitized individuals was achieved after stimulation with PLA and pokeweed mitogen. This stimulation resulted in a secretion of T-associated cytokines and induced PLA-specific and nonspecific IgG antibody production but not IgE production. The addition of interleukin-4 (IL-4) to this system decreased the secretion of IgG antibodies, whereas secretion of polyspecific IgE was induced. The mitogen was not required if PBMCs were enriched with autologous, PLA-specific, resting T-cell clones in the presence of the antigen. The cytokine profile of the particular clone determined the antibody class generated. Low ratios of IL-4 to interferon-, induced by the antigen alone or obtained by neutralizing anti-IL-4 antibodies, enhanced IgG antibody formation, whereas IgE levels increased at high ratios of IL-4 to interferon-. These results suggest a complementary regulation of the main isotypes, IgE and IgG, implicated in allergic and protective hyperimmune responses. Library code: 42 ref. Language: En. Author address: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701334 T lymphocytes/clones/interleukins/cytokines/IgG/IgE/immunoglobulins/immune response/phospholipase A2/honey bee venom/venoms/interferon/Apis mellifera/man/stings/hypersensitivity/honey bees/allergies/antibodies/phospholipase A/phospholipase A. Carballido, J. M., Carballido-Perrig, N., Terres, G., Heusser, C. H. and Blaser, K. (1992) Bee venom phospholipase A2-specific T cell clones from human allergic and non-allergic individuals: cytokine patterns change in response to the antigen concentration. European Journal of Immunology, 22(6), 1357-1363. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Obere Str. 22, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601522 arthropod allergies/allergens/Hymenoptera/antigens/honey bee venom/phospholipase A/allergies/lymphocytes/man/T lymphocytes. Cardetti, M. (1997) Functional role of honey in savory snacks. Cereal Foods World, 42(9), 746-748. The use of honey in cereal snack foods is reviewed, with 9 references. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: National Honey Board, Longmont, CO, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901032 honey/uses/cereal products/snacks. Cardinali, S., Biasiolo, A., Piva, R. and Locci, R. (1994) The Ascosphaera apis (Maassen ex Claussen) Spiltoir and Olive (1955) Apis mellifera L. complex. Micologia Italiana, 23(1), 61-69. Original title or source: Il complesso Ascosphaera apis (Maassen ex Claussen) Spiltoir et Olive (1955) Apis mellifera L. The pathology and control of chalk brood disease are reviewed, with 50 references. Library code: Bb. Language: It. Author address: Centro di Ecologia Teorica ed Applicata, Gorizia, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701419 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/mycoses/Ascosphaera apis/chemical control/honey bee brood/chalk brood/control methods. Cardinaud, B., Coles, J. A., Perrottet, P., Spencer, A. J., Osborne, M. P. and Tsacopoulos, M. (1994) The composition of the interstitial fluid in the retina of the honeybee drone: implications for the supply of substrates of energy metabolism from blood to neurons. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 257(1348), 49-58. Author. Ion-selective microelectrodes were used to measure extracellular free ion concentrations in the retina of the drone honey bee, Apis mellifera. Mean values were (in millimoles per litre): Na, 196; K, 10.2; Ca, 2.0; pH 6.9. The elemental composition of fluid that rose into a micropipette inserted in the retina was obtained by electron microprobe X-ray analysis: from the concentrations of Na and K it was estimated that this fluid was 91% interstitial fluid. Amino acids and carbohydrates were analysed by chromatography. Four amino acids had concentrations 20 mM: proline (109 mM), glutamine (38 mM), alanine (31 mM) and -alanine (24 mM). These concentrations were higher than in the blood. Other amino acids had concentrations of less than 3 mM. The identified carbohydrates were trehalose, glucose, pyruvate and fructose. All of these were less concentrated than in the blood. These results: (1) show that the ion concentrations of previously used Ringer solutions were reasonably correct; (2) demonstrate properties of the blood-retina barrier; (3) suggest that the extracellular concentration of alanine is ample for it to serve as a major substrate of neuronal energy metabolism in this tissue. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut Alfred Fessard, CNRS-UPR 2212, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700201 apis mellifera/beneficial insects/drone honey bees/compound eyes/ions/amino acids/carbohydrates/blood/neurons/energy metabolism. Cardinaux, M. (1995) Man and the honey bee. Lausanne, Switzerland, Editions L'Age d'Homme. Original title or source: Les hommes et l'abeille. D. G. Lowe. This is an essay on the relationship between honey bees and mankind through history. Each of the 5 chapters contains many quotations, notes and references, but as the chapters are untitled and there are no illustrations or indexes, the book is difficult to use as a source of reference. Page(s): 207 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601317 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/beekeeping/history/books. Carlson, C. N. and Ottow, S. S. (1995) Zoology media catalogue 1995. Gottingen, Germany, Institut fur den Wissenschaftlichen Film. Original title or source: Zoologie Medienkatalog 1995. This catalogue contains details of 15 films on various aspects of honey bee biology and 17 films on other Apoidea (including 8 on Bombus spp.). Page(s): 769 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900498 Apidae/Apis mellifera. Carman, G. M. and Packer, L. (1996) A cryptic species allied to Halictus ligatus Say (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) detected by allozyme electrophoresis. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 69(4, supplement), 168-176. Author. In southern Florida H. ligatus seems to be multivoltine and continuously brooded unlike in more northerly areas where it has a more typical annual colony cycle with a moderately well established reproductive division of labour. In order to investigate the possibility of genetic differentiation between southern and northern behavioural types, samples of this species were collected along a transect from Toronto, Ontario in the north, to the Florida Keys in the south; additional samples were available from New Mexico and California. Two distinct species were found but surprisingly, their geographical ranges abut far to the north of the behavioural disjunction. The 2 species are differentiated by no fewer than 7 fixed differences out of 34 loci surveyed using standard gel electrophoretic techniques. It is probable that the true H. ligatus is the northern form and that the southeastern species should be called either H. poeyi Lepeletier or H. capitosus Smith. The 2 species are sympatric along a narrow stretch around the southern end of the Appalachian Mountains. Several biogeographic hypothesis are suggested which may account for the distribution of these 2 taxa. Further studies on samples from the southern USA, Central America, the Caribbean and the area of sympatry are suggested. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele St., N. York, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900082 Halictus ligatus/Apidae/USA/Canada/Halictus/life cycle/taxonomy/Halictus/America/North America/biogeography/Halictus/enzyme polymorphism/genetic variation. Caron, D. M. (1999) IPM for beekeepers. American Bee Journal, 139(5), 363-365. The control of Varroa jacobsoni using an integrated pest management programme is considered.It involves careful monitoring of mite population, an informed decision of when to start treatment, and the use of one or more biological and/or chemical control methods; the use of mite-resistant honey bees is another option. Accession date: 27 July 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Dept Entomology & Applied Ecology, Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA834/99 acaricides/acaricide resistance/Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/integrated pest management. Caron, D. M. (1999) Delaware bee mite survey. American Bee Journal, 139(8), 631-633. Results from 25 questionnaires completed in 1998 are reported, probably representing 10% of all beekeepers and 40% of all colonies in the state. Fifteen of the beekeepers suffered heavier winter colony losses after the introduction of Varroa jacobsoni to the state in 1992, with the worst losses in the two winters 1994-96. All beekeepers treated their colonies with Apistan and over half sampled their bees for the presence of varroa mites. Only 4 of the beekeepers had examined bees for Acarapis woodi; they found light infestations. In the previous year 9 beekeepers had treated their colonies with menthol and 20 commonly used grease patties. Accession date: 26 October 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Univ. of Delaware, Dept of Entomology and Applied Ecology, Newark, DE, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1124/99 Varroa jacobsoni/Acarapis woodi/Delaware/USA/surveys/control methods/honey bee colonies/winter. Caron, D. M. and Camargo, J. A. (1995) Rebuilding beekeeping in Panama. American Bee Journal, 135(4), 243-245. P. Walker. Before the arrival of Africanized honey bees in 1982, there were 338 beekeepers managing over 18000 colonies of European bees. Within 2 years, all colonies had become Africanized. By the early 1990s, the number of beekeepers had decreased by over 50% and the number of managed colonies by 75%. Various projects have been undertaken to assist the beekeepers, and the activities of 2 current USA-Panama programmes are described. Colonies are still extremely aggressive and there is no regular requeening with European queens; however, some beekeepers are receiving help and training, and the industry is expanding slowly. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: University of Delaware, DE, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700569 beekeeping/Panama/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa. Carpana, E., Cremasco, S., Baggio, A., Capolongo, F. and Mutinelli, F. (1996) Prophylaxis and control of American foul brood in some parts of Italy. Apicoltore Moderno, 87(1), 11-16. Original title or source: Profilassi e controllo della peste americana in alcune regioni italiane. P. Walker. Analysis of 111 samples of honey produced in the Veneto region showed that 47% contained Bacillus larvae spores (average 46 cfu/g). Results for 48 samples from Emilia Romagno were 79% positive (average 1108 cfu/g). Of 3 essential oils tested on B. larvae, the most effective in inhibiting growth was oil of Cinnamomum burmanii. Six honey bee colonies with AFB were given food containing cinnamon oil (2 g/kg candy) and preliminary results indicated that the method may be suitable for treating colonies with a slight AFB infection. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Istituto Nazionale di Apicoltura, Bologna, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800225 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/bee diseases/Italy/Cinnamomum burmanii/honey bee brood/American foul brood/control methods/essential oils/treatment/honey/contamination/Bacillus larvae. Carpana, E., Marocchi, L. and Gelmini, L. (1995) Evaluation of the API 50CHB system for the identification and biochemical characterization of Bacillus larvae. Apidologie, 26(1), 11-16. D. G. Lowe. The API 50 CHB system involves determining the metabolism of 49 carbohydrates and derivatives using a commercially available system of inoculation medium and microtubes containing substrates [see Logan & Berkeley (1984), Journal of General Microbiology 130: 1871-1882]. Using this system, 29 strains of B. larvae, isolated from outbreaks of AFB in several geographical areas, were assayed. All strains showed a positive reaction (acid production) with ribose, D-glucose, D-mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, trehalose and D-tagatose. All but one showed a positive reaction with glycerol; variable results were observed with salicine and 5-ketogluconate. Only one strain acidified D-fructose and galactose. It is concluded that the biochemical profile found for B. larvae using the API 50 CHB system is sufficiently discriminatory when compared with other species in the genus. The substrates of most value for identifying B. larvae are fructose (almost always negative), aesculin (negative) and D-tagatose (positive). Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Istituto Nazionale di Apicoltura, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601440 Apis mellifera/bee diseases/ribose/glucose/mannose/acetylglucosamine/trehalose/tagatose/aesculin/glycerol/Bacillus larvae/identification/carbohydrate metabolism/honey bee brood/American foul brood/diagnosis. Carpana, E., Massi, S., Bigliardi, M., Cremasco, S., Capolongo, F. and Mutinelli, F. (1996) Evaluation of the incidence of American foulbrood through the detection of Bacillus larvae spores in honey. Selezione Veterinaria(11), 887-892. Original title: Valutazione dell'incidenza della peste Americana mediante la ricerca delle spore Bacillus larvae nel miele. The procedure involves the direct inoculation of honey, diluted 1:2 in saline water, into Petri dishes containing Michael medium; cultures are evaluated after 9 days' incubation at 34 in air containing 5% carbon dioxide. Of 107 honey samples from northern Italy, 61% contained B. larvae [now called Paenibacillus larvae] spores. Incidence varied widely from one area to another. The method is simple and reliable, and can be used for determining and monitoring the incidence of AFB. Accession date: 2 June 1999. Call number: 638.15. Library code: Bj. Language: It, en. P Walker. Author address: Istituto Nazionale di Apicoltura, Bologna, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA511/99 American foulbrood/Italy/Paenibacillus larvae/culture media. Carrasquer, G. and Schwartz, M. (1996) Effect of acetazolamide and melittin on polarization of the frog gastric mucosa proton pump. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 213(3), 258-261. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901066 Rena pipiens/acetazolamide/electrophysiology/frogs/stomach/melittin/effects/honey bee venom. Carrasquer, G., Yang, S., Schwartz, M. and Dinno, M. A. (1996) Effect of melittin on electrophysiological parameters in the frog cornea epithelium. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 211(2), 205-209. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Medicine, Univesity of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801457 frogs/cornea/melittin/effects/honey bee venom. Carrasquer, G., Yang, S., Schwartz, M. and Dinno, M. A. (1997) Effect of melittin on the apical membrane Na and Cl)> conductances of frog cornea epithelium. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 75(3), 199-204. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901063 Rana catesbeiana/cornea/epithelium/electrophysiology/honey bee venom/melittin/effects/frogs/eyes/melittin. Carre, S., Badenhausser, I., Tasei, J. N., Guen, J. l. and Mesquida, J. (1994) Pollen deposition by Bombus terrestris L., between male-fertile and male-sterile plants in Vicia faba L. Apidologie, 25(3), 338-349. P. Walker. Average pollen production on the male-fertile plants was determined to be 24200 grains/flower, but a B. terrestris worker carried only 1620-6300 grains on its head and thorax after visiting 10 of the flowers. Of 21 workers, only 11 foraged on nearby male-sterile flowers. On average, a worker deposited a total of 55 grains on stigmas during a single run (test), and 67% of all visited flowers received none on the stigma. Visitation sequence length and pollen deposition patterns varied. Statistical analysis by Monte Carlo tests was found to be a good method for studying sequences. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: INRA, Laboratoire de Zoologie, 86600 Lusignan, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600066 Bombus terrestris/beneficial insects/pollinators/pollen/stigma/Monte Carlo method/pollination/Bombus/of Vicia faba/by Bombus/Vicia faba/Bombus/foraging. Carreck, N. (1997) Changing countryside changing forage for bees. Bee Craft, 79(6;7), 180-185;215-216. P. Walker. Changes in agriculture and land use in the UK since 1945 are discussed, and in particular the results of surveys (1984-86 and 1994) of pollination practice and nectar sources. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900917 honey bee forage. Carreck, N. and Williams, I. (1998) The economic value of bees in the UK. Bee World, 79(3), 115-123. An attempt is made to assess the value of (A) bees as pollinators and (B) as honey and wax producers. A is based on information available for arable, fruit tree, soft fruit and seed crops to which beekeepers are known to move honey bee colonies for pollination and crops on which commercially reared bumble bee colonies are used for pollination. Some high-value crops have had to be excluded because statistics are lacking. The total value of pollination by insects, mainly bees, for the selected crops is estimated to be £172.2 million for outdoor crops and £29.8 million for glasshouse crops. If 80% of pollination of outdoor crops is attributable to honey bees, the value is £137.8 million. Honey production was estimated at about 4000 t per annum in 1997, with a value of approx. £15.7 million, but this is considered to be an overestimate. Beeswax production may have a value of approx. £120 000 per annum. The value of bees thus exceeds £200 million per annum. It is therefore important to reverse the recent decline in populations of honey bees and bumble bees. Accession date: 7 October 1999. Call number: 638.19. Library code: Bj. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Entomology and Nematolgy Dept, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1217/99 honey bees/pollination/bumble bees/honey production/beeswax production/crops/agriculture/economics. Carreck, N. L. (1996) The use of harmonic radar to track flying bees. Bee Craft, 78(4), 104-107. P. Walker. Tracking of insects by normal radar has proved difficult because of 'clutter' from ground objects. This clutter is eliminated in the harmonic radar technique. A miniature device consisting of a small flexible wire antenna with a diode mounted in it, 16 mm long and weighing about 3 mg, which is fixed to an insect, absorbs a radar signal from a transmitter and re-radiates it at a different wavelength; this is picked up by a receiver. Photographs show the equipment being used to observe individual bumble bees (Bombus lapidarius and B. terrestris) on a Phacelia plot. In initial tests with honey bees (Apis mellifera), the device appeared not to affect flight or foraging behaviour, although the device's antenna was longer than a bee's body. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800178 Apis mellifera/Bombus lapidarius/Bombus terrestris/Apidae/foraging/honey bees/Bombus/flight/tracking/radar. Carreck, N. L. (1997) Current bee research at Rothamsted. Poole, UK, Central Association of Bee-Keepers. Page(s): 15 pp. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Entomology & Nematology Department, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900851 Apis mellifera/Apidae/Bombus/beneficial insects. Carreck, N. L., Williams, I. H. and Little, D. J. (1997) The movement of honey bee colonies for crop pollination and honey production by beekeepers in Great Britain. Bee World, 78(2), 67-77. D. G. Lowe. A survey by the Bee Farmers' Association (UK) of commercial beekeepers (each with 40 colonies or more) was carried out in 1994 in order to obtain information on the movement of honey bee colonies for crop pollination or honey production. The 76 beekeepers who replied had moved colonies to 30 types of field (60%), fruit (37%), seed (2.5%) and glasshouse crops (0.5%); oilseed rape, field bean and apple dominated (76% of all colonies moved). Surveys by the British Beekeepers' Association, which obtained information from 476 amateur beekeepers in 1993 and 1080 in 1994, showed that only 5% of these beekeepers moved colonies for pollination and 17% for honey production. They named 63 plants as important sources of nectar, of which 23 were not amongst 70 reported in a 1985 survey [see Williams,I. H.; Carreck, N.; Little, D. J. Bee World (1993) 74 (4) 160-175]. Oilseed rape was the dominant nectar source in 6 of 9 regions, whereas heather was dominant only in the north. Blackberry was dominant in one region. Changes in nectar sources since the 1985 survey are discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Entomology & Nematology Department, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801328 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/rape/field crops/glasshouse crops/fruit crops/seed crops/honey bee forage/nectar plants/UK/migratory beekeeping/beekeeping/management/honey/production/honey/beekeeping/pollination/by honey bees/in UK/horticultural crops/Apidae. Carreira, L. M. M. and Jardim, M. A. G. (1994) Pollen analysis of honeys from some municipalities of Para State: 2. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. Serie Botanica, 10(1), 83-89. Original title or source: Analise polinica dos meis de alguns municipios do estado do Para II. D. G. Lowe. Pollen analyses are presented for honeys from 4 municipalities of Para State in northern Brazil. Mimosa pudica pollen was dominant in 2 of the honeys; a total of 24 pollen types were identified. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Botanica, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Caixa Postal 399, CEP 66040-170, Belem, Para, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901016 honey/pollen analysis/honey bee forage/Mimosa pudica. Carroll, T. (1994) Mau Forest beekeeping review April 1993-April 1994. Nairobi, Kenya, KIFCON (Kenya Indigenous Forest Conservation Programme). D. G. Lowe. The main objectives of the 2-year project which is described in this report were to minimize damage to the Mau Forest in Kenya caused by current beekeeping practices and to maximize beekeeping incomes through the sustainable use of forest nectar resources. A number of hive designs were tested, including the Kenya top-bar hive (KTBH), African long hive and a mud-bamboo hive. A number of improvements to the traditional log-hives were also tested, including hanging on-farm using wires and using tin coverings instead of bark. The education of beekeepers and the role of the Ministry of Livestock are discussed, and the beekeeping situation in April 1994 is summarized. Problems in getting bees to occupy KTBH are described (at this time only 40-50% of the 130 hives in the project were occupied). Constraints to the continuation of the project include lack of funding/support and instability of the situation within the Mau Forest. Page(s): 15 pp. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701300 forest management/developing countries/beekeeping/development projects/Kenya/forests/fixed-comb hives. Carroll, T. (1997) Beekeeping: a beginner's guide. Nairobi, Kenya, Association for Better Land Husbandry, Report no. 30. Written for small-scale beekeepers in Kenya, and includes top-bar hives. Page(s): 37. Accession date: 2 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bdo. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA720/99 beekeeping, Kenya/hives, long. Carroll, T. (1997) Sheikh district, north west Somalia and its potential for beekeeping development (Report submitted to EU Special Envoy to Somalia). Page(s): 21. Accession date: 2 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bc. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA721/99 beekeeping development projects/Somalia. Carroll, T. J. (1993) Studies on the racial identity and racial purity of Irish honeybees Apis mellifera L. Irish Beekeeper, 48(11), 259-261. P. Walker. A total of 110 samples of bees (most from Co. Laois, with some from 3 other counties) were analysed by simple morphometric methods. Over 96% of samples were predominantly 'native' bees, i.e. A. m. mellifera; only 4 of the 110 samples were significantly hybridized. These results are supported by similar evidence from other parts of Ireland. It is suggested that, while this situation still exists, a national scheme should be set up, to evaluate the native bees and to improve them by selection and breeding. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600209 hybridization/selective breeding/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera mellifera/morphology/Apis mellifera/Irish Republic. Cartar, R. V. (1992) Adjustment of foraging effort and task switching in energy-manipulated wild bumblebee colonies. Animal Behavior, 44(1), 75-87. P. Walker. The behaviour of marked bumble bees was observed in colonies of Bombus flavifrons, B. melanopygus and B. occidentalis whose energy stores (nectar and honey) had been experimentally manipulated. Overall, colonies responded to changes in their energy stores, both by adjusting the relative sizes of their foraging and within-nest work forces, and by changing the behaviour of individual foragers. Task-switching behaviour was generally consistent with that expected for learning-constrained task specialization. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A1S6, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600429 foraging/division of labour/Bombus. Cartar, R. V. and Abrahams, M. V. (1996) Risk-sensitive foraging in a patch departure context: a test with worker bumble bees. American Zoologist, 36(4), 447-458. Author. Worker bumble bees (Bombus occidentalis) were observed foraging in an array of artificial 2-flower inflorescences. After visiting the bottom flower in an inflorescence and obtaining a reward (sugar solution), a bee had to decide whether to visit the top flower or to move to a new inflorescence (a patch departure). Risk-sensitive behaviour was expressed as the forager's choice of patch departure threshold (PDT) of reward obtained in the bottom flower. The PDTs of bees whose colony energy stores (and therefore energy requirements) had been manipulated (enhanced or depleted) were measured. Simulations predicted that shortfall-minimizing bees should decrease their PDTs when their colony energy reserves were depleted, relative to when the reserves were enhanced. Bees did not use a strict patch departure threshold, but instead the probability of departure varied with sugar solution volume in the bottom flower. Colony energy stores affected patch departure behaviour, but this effect was confounded by the order in which manipulation of colony reserves was applied. Further, simulations of observed bee patch departure decisions did not produce behaviour expected if the decisions were based on shortfall-minimization. It is concluded that a bee's decision of when to leave an inflorescence is not predicted by a static shortfall-minimizing model. The results also suggest an important interaction between learning and foraging requirements. Risk sensitivity in bees is reviewed. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901134 Bombus occidentalis/Apidae. Carter, K. (1999) More effective crop pollination by stingless bees. Aussie Bee(10), 10-11. Includes some results for water melons. Accession date: 26 July 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA657/99 Meliponinae/beekeeping/Australia/pollination/Citrullus lanata. Carter, T. K. (1998) Boxing the stingless bee Austroplebeia symei — a groundbreaking report. Aussie Bee(5;6), 14-15;8-9. Colonies of A. symei were housed in 'Carterbuilt Native Bee Hives', each comprising one brood box and one super (each box 280 x 210 x 130 mm). The shapes and sizes of the brood combs built by the bees are described. Observations on brood insulation, pollen and honey stores, and handling the bees are given, and possible hive modifications are described. Accession date: 13 August 98. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA9/99 Austroplebeia/rearing techniques. Carthew, S. M. and Goldingay, R. L. (1997) Non-flying mammals as pollinators. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 12(3), 104-108. Non-flying mammals such as marsupials, primates and rodents have long been reported to visit flowers, but, until recently, evidence confirming their role in pollination was lacking. Three types of data have been sought in order to establish pollinator effectiveness: (1) evidence of regular visitation to flowers; (2) evidence that mammals carry significant loads of pollen; and (3) experimental evidence for pollination. Here, recent studies that provide these data are reviewed. It is now clear that many species of marsupials and primates are involved in pollination in Australia, Africa and South and Central America. Earlier contentions that some plants exhibit traits that have co-evolved with non-flying mammal pollinators are also examined. Much more research is still required to understand the importance of these animals in pollination. Library code: 31 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Environmental Science and Management, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900735 mammals/pollinators/plants/pollination. Carvajal, A. J. and Nates-Parra, G. (1996) Chaos in the chromosome number of Apis mellifera? Tacaya(5), 5-6. Original title or source: Caos en el numero cromosomico de Apis mellifera L.?. This is a short literature survey, with 10 references, and discussion. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Laboratorio de Abejas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, A.A. 14490, Santafe de Bogota, Colombia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900146 honey bees/Apis mellifera/chromosome number. Carvajal Murcia, J., Nates-Parra, G. and Montenegro, C. B. (1995) Carnoy fixative, a technique for examining chromosomes in Hymenoptera. Bol. Mus. Ent. Univ. Valle, 3(2), 15-20. Original title or source: Fijacion Carnoy, una tecnica para obtencion de cromosomas en Hymenoptera. D. G. Lowe. Satisfactory results were obtained by using a modification of Imai's technique [Acta Hymenopterologica (1966) 2:119-131] on honey bees (Apis mellifera). Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Author address: Depto. Biologia, Universidad Nacional, A.A. 14490 Bogota, Colombia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900494 Apis mellifera. Carvalho, A. M. C. and Bego, L. R. (1995) Seasonality of dominant species of bees in the Panga Ecological Reserve, cerrado, Uberlandia, MG. Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 24(2), 329-337. D. G. Lowe. This study was carried out in an area of cerrado (neotropical savanna) vegetation in Minas Gerais in 1988-89, using sweep-netting every 13-17 days (26 samples in all). Of the 128 species found, 34 were classed as dominant (7 Apidae, 15 Anthophoridae, 8 Halictidae, 4 Megachilidae). The most abundant species were the stingless bees Trigona spinipes and Tetragonisca angustula, and the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Phenological data are presented. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biociencia, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, 38400-000, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800379 Apidae/Anthophoridae/Halictidae/Megachilidae/Apis mellifera/Trigona spinipes/Tetragonisca angustula/Apoidea/cerrado/phenology/Brazil. Carvalho, A. M. C. and Bego, L. R. (1996) Studies on Apoidea fauna of cerrado vegetation at the Panga Ecological Reserve, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 40(2), 147-156. D. G. Lowe. The 1226 individual bees sampled at this site from April 1988 to April 1989 belonged to 128 species (39 genera, 6 families). Apidae were the most numerous in terms of individuals (634), and Anthophoridae in terms of species (60). Phenological details are given and seasonal variations are discussed in relation to climatic factors. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biociencias, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Campus Umuarama, Bloco D, 38400-902 Uberlandia MG, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900769 Apidae. Carvalho, A. M. C. and Bego, L. R. (1997) Exploitation of available resources by bee fauna (Apoidea-Hymenoptera) in the Reserva Ecologica do Panga, Uberlandia, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 41(1), 101-107. D. G. Lowe. The 128 species of bees identified in the reserve over the period April 1988-April 1989 foraged on 75 plant species. In general, the dominant species of Apoidea were polylectic, particularly Megachilidae, followed by Halictidae, Anthophoridae and Apidae. The most attractive plant species were Matayba guianensis, Byrsonima crassa, Byrsonima coccolobifolia and Vochysia cinnamomea, on which were captured 90, 73, 72 and 71 bees, respectively. The best represented family was Asteraceae (13 species), followed by Malpighiaceae (9 species), Vochysiaceae and Fabaceae (6 species each). Most of the plant species were nectar sources, with Caryocar brasiliensis an outstanding pollen source, Rourea induta, Licania humilis, Merremia tomentosa and Roupala montana good sources of both pollen and nectar, and Byrsonima crassa and B. basiloba, sources of oil and pollen. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departmento de Biociencias, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, 38400-902 Uberlandia MG, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900768 Apidae. Carvalho, G. A., Kerr, W. E. and Nascimento, V. A. (1995) Sex determination in bees. XXXIII. Decrease of xo heteroalleles in a finite population of Melipona scutellaris (Apidae, Meliponini). Revista Brasileira de Genetica, 18(1), 13-16. Author. The descendants of a sample of 22 colonies of M. scutellaris from the forest of Lencois, Bahia Brazil, kept in Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, where they do not naturally occur, were monitored yearly for the number of xo alleles remaining in this finite population. Altogether, 32 daughter colonies were artificially produced (15 in 1991 and 17 in 1992): 5 of these colonies produced diploid drones. The estimated number of xo alleles for 1991 is 15 and for 1992 it is 7.5. Usually, wild populations of Hymenoptera have around 20 xo alleles. The results suggest a decline in the number of xo sex alleles resulting from the reduction in the size of the population. Recommendations for avoiding the loss of sex alleles in stingless bee populations are: encourage beekeepers to keep more than 44 colonies, maintain larger contiguous areas of forest, teach honey hunters to transfer colonies to wooden boxes instead of destroying them, and exchange queens with other beekeepers. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Laboratorio de Genetica, Departamento de Biociencias, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601286 Melipona scutellaris/Apidae/beneficial insects/beekeeping/breeding/Melipona/males/diploidy/Melipona/sex determination/genes. Carvalho, J. P. d. and Branco, M. R. (1995) The honey bee external morphology and behaviour. Lisbon, Portugal, Universitaria Editora, Lda. Original title or source: A abelha morfologia externa e comportamento. D. G. Lowe. The first part of this book deals with bees and mankind (beekeeping), the social life of the colony and the roles of the queen, drones and workers, and communication between bees. The second and largest part of the book describes honey bee morphology, including the compound eyes, ocelli, antennae, mouthparts, integument, wings, legs, abdomen and sting apparatus. The book is profusely illustrated, although the quality of the photographs is variable. There is a 9-page bibliography, but no subject index. Page(s): 317 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800497 Apis/Apidae/behaviour/honey bees/morphology/books. Casanova Ostos, R. (1994) Venezuela. The new apiculture. Vida Apicola(67), 26-31. Original title or source: Venezuela. La nueva apicultura. This account of Venezuelan beekeeping includes a description of the work of the Nucleo de Investigaciones Apicolas at the University of Tachira (NIAUNET). Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601330 beekeeping/Venezuela/research institutes. Casanova Ostos, R. A. (1994) New design of pollen trap for continuous use. Vida Apicola(68), 44-47. Original title or source: Neuvo diseno de trampa de polen de uso continuo. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601521 pollen trapping. Casanueva, M. E. (1992) Mites associated with Apis mellifera: I. Varroa jacobsoni and Melittiphis alvearius, new records for Chile. Boletin da Sociedad de Biologia, Concepcion, 63, 51-53. Original title or source: Acarofauna asociada con Apis mellifera L.: I. Primeros registros para Chile de Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans y Melittiphis alvearius (Berlese) (Acari, Mesostigmata). Library code: Bb. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Zoologia, Universidad de Concepcion, Casilla 2407-10, Concepcion, Chile. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600259 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/Melittiphis/Chile. Casanueva, M. E. (1992) Mites associated with Apis mellifera L.: I. Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans and Melittiphis alvearius (Berlese) (Acari, Mesostigmata), new records for Chile. Boletin da Sociedad de Biologia, Concepcion, 63, 51-53. Original title or source: Acarofauna asociada con Apis mellifera L.: I. Primeros registros para Chile de Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans y Melittiphis alvearius (Berlese) (Acari, Mesostigmata). D. G. Lowe. M. alvearius was identified in apiaries in Concepcion in August 1989, and in Bio-Bio in May 1992. V. jacobsoni was found in San Fernando and Requinoa in March 1992. Library code: Bb. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Zoologia, Universidad de Concepcion, Casilla 2407-10, Concepcion, Chile. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900264 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/Melittiphis alvearius/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Chile. Casilda, A., Munoz, F. and Gomez, P. (1994) Pollination of Japanese plum. Vida Apicola(65), 30-37. Original title or source: Polinizacion del ciruelo japones. D. G. Lowe. Figures are given for the nectar yields and sugar concentrations of 8 varieties of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina). Various floral parameters are also given. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) formed 86.45% of the insect visitors to the flowers. Fruit set was 6.53, 6.78 and 1.98% on flowers 25, 125 and 300 m from a hive, respectively. Fruit set on flowers where insect visits were prevented was 0.27-0.99%. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601541 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/plums/pollination/honey bees/of Prunus salicina/by honey bees/Prunus salicina/Prunus salicina/nectar. Cassier, P. and Lensky, Y. (1992) Structure and social function of some pheromone-secreting exocrine glands of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. 1. Tarsal glands, tergal glands and Koschewnikow glands. 2. Mandibular glands. Annee Biologique, 31, 63-95. Original title or source: Structure et role social de quelques glandes exocrines a secretion pheromonale chez l'abeille domestique, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). I. Glandes tarsales, glandes tergales et glandes de Koschewnikow. II. Glandes mandibulaires. D. G. Lowe. This review, with 146 references, deals with the pheromone-secreting exocrine glands of A. mellifera that are associated with mouthparts (mandibular glands), sting apparatus (Koschewnikow glands) and legs (tarsal glands). Aspects discussed include: structure; chemical composition of secretion; role in colony behaviour e.g. defence, swarming, foraging, mating. Library code: Ba. Language: Fr. Author address: Universite P.-et-M.-Curie, Laboratoire d'Evolution des Etres organises, 105, Boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601347 Apis mellifera/honey bee colonies/secretions/mandibular glands/tarsal glands/social behaviour/reviews/honey bees/glands/glands/pheromones. Cassier, P. and Lensky, Y. (1994) The Nassanov gland of the workers of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.): ultrastructure and behavioural function of the terpenoid and protein components. Journal of Insect Physiology, 40(7), 577-584. D. G. Lowe. The fine structure of the Nassanov [Nasonov] gland of the worker honey bee was investigated using electron microscopy and cytochemical techniques. The gland secretes both volatile (terpenoid) and protein compounds; bioassays using these components indicated that the protein fraction enhances the attractiveness of the volatile fraction to workers. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Laboratoire d'Evolution des Etres organises, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 105 boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601359 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/proteins/terpenoids/worker honey bees/Nasonov gland/ultrastructure/secretions. Cassier, P. and Lensky, Y. (1995) Ultrastructure of the wax gland complex and secretion of beeswax in the worker honey bee Apis mellifera L. Apidologie, 26(1), 17-26. Author. The wax gland complex of the worker honey bee consists of 3 cell types (epithelial cells, oenocytes and adipocytes) which act synergistically to secrete wax, a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, fatty acids and proteins (lipophorins). The structure of the wax mirrors and the different types of cells were studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The hydrocarbons which come from the oenocytes and the proteins from the haemolymph are transported across the epithelium via the large cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the epidermis and through the mirror plate along a well-developed extracellular and pore-canal filamentous system connected to wax canal filaments of the epicuticle. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Universite Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Laboratoire d'evolution des Etres Organises, 105, Boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601357 Apis mellifera ligustica/ultrastructure/protein/apis mellifera/secretion/beeswax/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/hydrocarbons/fatty acids/proteins/worker honey bees/wax glands/epithelium. Cassier, P. and Lensky, Y. (1997) The exocrine glands of the honey bees: their structure and secretory products. Bee products: properties, applications, and apitherapy [edited by Mizrahi, A.; Lensky, Y.]. New York, USA, Plenum Publishing Corporation, 137-150. P. Walker. This review, with 41 references, describes and illustrates the various secretory exocrine glands in Apis mellifera, and gives the chemical composition of each secretion. Although the glandular structures are relatively uniform, the secretions exhibit wide chemical diversity. The functions of some of these compounds, and their variation with caste and physiological state of the bees, are mentioned. Page(s): 137-150. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Laboratoire d'Evolution des Etres organises, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 105 boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801264 Apis mellifera/honey bees/glands/secretions. Cassier, P., Tel-Zur, D. and Lensky, Y. (1994) The sting sheaths of honey bee workers (Apis mellifera L.): structure and alarm pheromone secretion. Journal of Insect Physiology, 40(1), 23-32. To evaluate the contribution of the sting sheaths of the worker to the defensive behaviour of a bee colony, their fine structure and the effect of their secretions on the reaction of guards were studied. (1) The structure of the proximal part of the sting sheath integument has all the characteristics of a primitive exocrine gland: porous cuticle with enlarged pore canals and epicuticular pores, and hypertrophied epithelial cells secreting an electron dense material. The non-volatile part of the secretory product embedded the setae of the sheaths. (2) Individual recipient guards in the laboratory and as a group at hive entrances in a beeyard displayed defence behaviour only when stimulated with either sting sheaths or with setaceous membrane, but not with any other gland or organ. Enhanced defensive reaction of guards has been observed when a venom gland or Koschewnikow's glands, are added to either sting sheaths or to setaceous membrane. (3) It was demonstrated for the first time that the sting sheaths have the structure of an exocrine gland and that their secretions induce defensive behaviour in guards. Library code: 28 ref. Language: En. Author address: Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire d'Evolution des Etres Organises, 105, Boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600972 Hymenoptera/Apidae/honey bees/venom glands/electron microscopy/Apis mellifera/pheromones/alarm pheromones/behaviour/defence/ultrastructure/sting apparatus/worker honey bees/guards/colony defence/sting apparatus. Cassina, G. (1999) The compulsory distance between apiaries: something to be changed. L'Ape, 21(1), 30-34. Original title: Le distanze obbligatorie tra gli apiari: qualcose sta cambiando. Discussion of the regulations in Italy and their effects. Accession date: 23 July 1999. Call number: 638.14. Library code: Bj. Language: It. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA788/99 apiaries/beekeeping legislation/Italy. Casteels, P., Ampe, C., Jacobs, F. and Tempst, P. (1993) Functional and chemical characterization of hymenoptaecin, an antibacterial polypeptide that is infection-inducible in the honeybee (Apis mellifera). Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268(10), 7044-7054. P. Walker. Five polypeptides have already been isolated from honey bees artificially infected with bacteria. The isolation and characterization of a sixth induced polypeptide are now described. It inhibited viability of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; it is 93 amino acids in length and structurally different from the 5 other polypeptides. The name hymenoptaecin is proposed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600938 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bees/blood/peptides/antibacterial properties. Casteels, P., Romagnolo, J., Castle, M., Casteels-Josson, K., Erdjument-Bromage, H. and Tempst, P. (1994) Biodiversity of apidaecin-type peptide antibiotics. Prospects of manipulating the antibacterial spectrum and combating acquired resistance. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269(42), 26107-26115. D. G. Lowe. Apidaecin, a small peptide isolated from honey bees, inhibits viability of Gram-negative bacteria; lethal activity is near immediate and involves stereoselective recognition of target molecules. This paper reports the structural analysis of 14 naturally occurring apidaecin-type peptides (isolated from 12 species of Hymenoptera, including Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris), and the existence of evolutionarily conserved ('constant') regions. Detailed analysis of activities against clinically relevant bacteria demonstrated that the diversity of the intervening ('variable') regions confers specificity to the antibacterial spectrum of each homologue. The delineation in a short peptide of constant and variable regions, responsible for, respectively, general antibacterial capacity and specificity of the antibacterial spectrum, is unprecedented. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Cornell University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10021, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601184 Apis mellifera/Bombus terrestris/beneficial insects/Hymenoptera/peptides/antibacterial properties. Casteels, P. and Tempst, P. (1994) Apidaecin-type peptide antibiotics function through a non-poreforming mechanism involving stereospecificity. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 199(1), 339-345. Author. Tests on apidaecin (an antibacterial peptide from honey bees [Apis mellifera]) involving bacterial membrane permeabilization, inhibition zone assay and growth inhibition in liquid culture, indicated that its mode of action does not involve a conventional lytic mechanism. There was a complete lack of membrane permeabilization at concentrations that exceeded lethal doses by 4 orders of magnitude, and undiminished sensitivity of apidaecin-resistant mutants to pore-forming peptides. In addition, the D-enantiomer of apidaecin was completely devoid of antibacterial activities. It is suggested that the antagonistic effects of apidaecin involve stereoselective recognition of a chiral cellular target, thus establishing this peptide as functionally unique among insect antibacterial substances. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and Cornell University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601342 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bees/peptides/antibacterial properties. Casteels-Josson, K., Capaci, T., Casteels, P. and Tempst, P. (1993) Apidaecin multipeptide precursor structure: a putative mechanism for amplification of the insect antibacterial response. EMBO Journal, 12(4), 1569-1578. P. Walker. Apidaecins are small (18 amino acids) proline-rich, antibacterial peptides known to be produced in honey bees exhibiting an 'immune' response to invading bacteria. Several apidaecin cDNA clones have now been isolated and characterized, and it was shown that multiple mature peptides are generated from single precursor molecules. The number and nature of these peptides are variable, probably because of the existence of an apidaecin gene cluster. The combination of the unique precursor structures and kinetics of induction to the immune response of the honey bee are discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Cornell University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600939 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bees/blood/peptides/antibacterial properties. Casteels-Josson, K., Zhang, W., Capaci, T., Casteels, P. and Tempst, P. (1994) Acute transcriptional response of the honeybee peptide-antibiotics gene repertoire and required post-translational conversion of the precursor structures. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269(46), 28569-28575. D. G. Lowe. The cell-free immune repertoire of Apis mellifera consists of 4 polypeptides that are induced by bacterial infection and which, through complementarity, provide broad-spectrum antibacterial defence (apidaecin, hymenoptaecin, abaecin and defensin). This paper describes analysis of the nucleotide sequences of these peptides and their precursors, and the pathways by which the genes responsible for them are triggered. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601343 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bees/peptides/antibacterial properties/genes/immune response. Castro, D., Vicente, I., Sevillano, E., Garcia Arteaga, A. and Torricella, R. (1995) Candying of pineapple with honey using continuous vacuum technology. 1. Study of syrup formulation. Alimentaria, 33(268), 81-83. Original title or source: Confitado de pina con miel de abejas por la tecnologia continua al vacio: I. Estudio de la formulacion de los jarabes. Author. A pilot study on the use of syrup containing sucrose and honey for pineapple candying by continuous vacuum technology was performed. Two recipes for the syrup were studied with different ratios of sucrose:honey (80:20 and 75:25). The candied pineapple obtained and remaining syrup were characterized by physicochemical and sensorial analyses. After selection of the best recipe (75:25) for syrup in candying, 3 levels of potassium sorbate (200, 400 and 800 ppm) were studied. Fermentation signs were found in candied fruits with potassium sorbate levels of 400 ppm or below. Library code: Bc. Language: Es. Author address: Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Alimentaria, Carretera a Guatao, km 3.5 la Lisa, La Habana 19200, Cuba. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801434 syrups/sucrose/fruit products/honey/uses/food preservation/pineapples/utilization/fruits. Castro, D., Vicente, I., Sevillano, E., Garcia Arteaga, A., Torricella, R. and Garcia Roche, M. O. (1995) Candying of pineapple with honey using continuous vacuum technology. 2. Study of preservation. Alimentaria, 33(268), 85-88. Original title or source: Confitado de pina con miel de abejas por la tecnologia continua al vacio: II. Estudio de conservacion. D. G. Lowe. The physicochemical, sensory and microbiological characteristics of pineapple that had been candied using a sucrose and honey syrup (75:25) were studied during 7.5 months' storage. Potassium sorbate was used as an antifungal agent. Data are given for free reducing sugars, soluble solids, pH, free acids, water content, electrical conductivity, HMF, and organoleptic properties; microbiological analyses were also carried out. During storage, contents of HMF and reducing sugars increased but the pineapple flavour decreased and various non-characteristic flavours appeared. There was also an increase in the growth of osmophilic yeasts. The acceptable shelf-life was judged to be 6 months. Library code: Bc. Language: Es. Author address: Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Alimentaria, Carretera a Guatao, km 3.5 la Lisa, La Habana 19200, Cuba. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801433 syrups/sucrose/fruit products/honey/uses/food preservation/pineapples/utilization/fruits. Castro, F. F. M., Palma, M. S., Brochetto-Braga, M. R., Malaspina, O., Lazaretti, J., Baldo, M. A. B., Antila, M. A., Zuppi, L. J., Croce, J. and Cossermelli, W. (1994) Biochemical properties and study of antigenic cross-reactivity between Africanized honey bee and wasp venom. Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology, 4(1), 37-41. Venom was extracted from Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera) and the wasp Polistes versicolor, and biochemically characterized. The antigenic cross-reactivity was investigated by Western blot analysis and specific IgE determination by ELISA in the sera of subjects allergic to each venom. The honey bee venom presented higher phospholipase A and hyaluronidase activities than P. versicolor venom, which in turn presented higher lipase, acid phosphatase and esterase activities. A high incidence of false-negatives was observed during determination of specific IgE for P. versicolor venom when the kits with venoms from wasps of temperate climates were used, suggesting that the diagnosis of allergy to neotropical wasp venom must take into consideration the clinical history and skin tests. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: School of Medicine, Sao Paulo University (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700755 man/toxinology/phospholipase A/hyaluronidase/phosphoric monoester hydrolases/triacylglycerol lipase/esterases/Africanized honey bees/Polistes/Apis mellifera/Polistes versicolor/venoms/cross reaction/Hymenoptera/honey bee venom/allergies/antigens. Castro, L. (1993) The Bombinae of the Sierra de Albarracin [Spain]. 1. Zapateri, 3, 5-13. Original title or source: Sobre los Bombinae (Hymenoptera, Apidae) de la Sierra de Albarracin (I). Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Author address: Sanz Gadea 9, 44002 Tervel, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600073 Apidae/Bombus/Psithyrus/Spain. Castro, L. (1994) The Bombinae (Hymenoptera, Apidae) of the Sierra de Albarracin [Spain]. Zapateri, 4, 137-144. Original title or source: Sobre los Bombinae (Hymenoptera, Apidae) de la Sierra de Albarracin (II). Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Author address: Sanz Gadea 9, 44002 Teruel, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701235 Apidae/Bombus/taxonomy/Spain. Castro, M. S. d. and Viana, B. F. (1997) Bees visiting coconut inflorescences in Bahia, northeast Brazil. Journal of Apicultural Research, 36(3/4), 180-181. D. G. Lowe. Bee visitors to Cocos nucifera growing in NE Brazil were observed in January-November 1993. A total of 683 bees (519 Apis mellifera, 156 Augochlora sp., 8 Dialictus sp.) were recorded. The bees visited inflorescences throughout the year and were most active during the morning; A. mellifera had a longer daily period of foraging activity (08.00-14.00 h) than Augochlora (08.00-11.00 h). Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Empresa Baiana de Desenvolvimento Agricola & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900899 Apidae/Brazil/coconuts/pollinators. Castro, S. L. d. and Higashi, K. O. (1995) Effect of different formulations of propolis on mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 46(1), 55-58. Different formulations of propolis were administered to mice experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and the parasitaemia and survival rates were monitored. Oral administration of ethanolic extracts up to 1.2 g propolis/kg/day or propolis offered ad libitum in the drinking water (up to 4 g/kg/day) or added to the food (up to 5 g/kg/day) did not interfere with either parameter. Differences between in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activities of propolis are discussed. Library code: 16 ref. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Ultra-estrutura e Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, CEP 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700746 Sarcomastigophora/Trypanosomatidae/rodents/Muridae/laboratory animals/experimental infections/antiprotozoal agents/trypanocides/Trypanosoma cruzi/mice/drug therapy/propolis/propolis/hive products/as hive products/infections/propolis/effects. Cavazzoni, L. and Marshall, G. (1998) Frauds in the honey sector. Abeilles & Cie(63), 19-28. Original title: Les fraudes dans le secteur du miel. Accession date: 3 july 1998. Call number: 638.163/166. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA277/99 honey/adulteration/types/labelling. Ceci, R. F. (1997) Economic analysis [honey production]. Gestion Apicola, 1(1), 38-40. Original title or source: Analisis economico. D. G. Lowe. Costs of honey production for a 150-hive beekeeping operation in Buenos Aires, Argentina, are tabulated, based on prices at April 1997. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900938 beekeeping/management/economics/Argentina/honey/production. Ceci, R. F. (1999) Profitable models. Gestión Apícola, 2(13), 41-45. Original title: Modelos productivos. This is a very detailed economic analysis of an undertaking with 250 colonies and 125 nuclei in the Humid Pampa in Argentina. Annual honey production averages 40 kg/colony. Comparison of 10 models shows the effects of increasing honey yield and honey price. Accession date: 3 August 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bj. Language: Es. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA722/99 beekeeping/Argentina/economic evaluation/colony performance/honey price. Ceci, R. F. (1999) Partial estimates. Extraction by the beekeeper or by a middleman? Gestion Apícola, 3(14), 10-13. Original title: Presupuestos parciales ¿Extracción propia o por el servicio de terceros?. Extraction costs for different amounts of honey (1000-10 000 kg), are calculated for a beekeeper (A) using his own equipment, and (B) paying a honey processor to do it. If the amounts involved are small, A costs more than B; the level at which A becomes economic depends on the honey price. Various figures are tabulated and discussed. Accession date: 15 September 1999. Call number: 638.163/166. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1181/99 honey extraction/honey price/economics. Ceci, R. F. (1999) Productive models. Gestion Apícola, 3(14), 27-31. Original title: Modelos productivos. This is a very detailed economic analysis of an undertaking with 200 colonies in Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Annual production averages 35 kg honey and 1.5 kg pollen/colony. Comparison of 10 models shows the effects of increasing honey yield and honey price. Accession date: 15 September 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bj. Language: Es. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1006/99 beekeeping/Argentina/economic evaluation/colony performance/honey price. Ceksteryte, V., Boguslauskiene, R., Balzekas, J., Smilgis, J. and Racys, J. (1996) Dependence of the quality of bee venom on its extraction technology and storage. Tarptautines konferencijos Aplinkos veiksniai ir biciu produktyvumas bei sveikatingumas pranesimai, Dotnuva-Akademija, 1996 m. rugpjucio 1-4 d. Z. Dabkevicius, M. Apanaviciene, V. Ceksteryte and J. Racys, 14-20. Original title: Biciu nuodu kokybes priklausomumas nuo ju gavybos technologijos ir laikymo. Phospholipase A2 activity (P) and haemolytic activity (H) in venom were determined at intervals during the collection period (end June to mid-Aug.). P varied considerably, with maxima in mid-July (263.2 TV) and mid-Aug. (328.6 TV). In venom stored for 3.5 years, P did not change significantly. H decreased during the collection period. Editor(s): Dabkevicius, Z; Apanaviciene, M; Ceksteryte, V; Racys, J. Page(s): 14-20. Accession date: 23 March 1999. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bd. Language: Li, en. P Walker. Author address: Lietuvos zemdirbystes institutas, Dotnuva-Akademija, Lietuva, Lithuania. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA612/99 honey bee venom/phospholipase A. Celary, W. (1995) Megachile nigriventris Schenck, 1868 and its nest parasite Coelioxys lanceolata Nylander, 1852 (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae) in Poland. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia. Series Zoologia, 38(2), 195-199. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sawkowska 17, 31-016 Krakow, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900099 Megachile nigriventris/Coelioxys lanceolata/Apidae/Megachile/Coelioxys/Poland/Megachile/Coelioxys/morphology/parasitism/by Coelioxys/Megachile/of Megachile/Coelioxys/parasites. Celary, W. (1995) Redescription of male of Stelis odontopyga Noskiewicz, 1925 (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae). Acta Biologica Cracoviensia. Series Zoologia, 38(2), 201-203. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sawkowska 17, 31-016, Krakow, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900114 Stelis odontopyga/Apidae/Stelis/males/morphology. Celis, M. and Diez, M. J. (1995) Pollen analysis of honeys from La Cabrera Baja (Montes de Leon, Spain). Acta Botanica Malacitana, 20, 91-96. Original title or source: Analisis polinico de mieles en La Cabrera Baja (Montes de Leon, Espana). Author. Seven honey samples were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy, from 7 localities of the Montes de Leon region, Spain. Thirty-four pollen types were identified; the results showed that 3 honeys were unifloral (from chestnut and from mint) and 4 were multifloral. The main types were Mentha, Castanea sativa, Erica australis, E. arborea, Campanula spp., Reseda spp., Rubus spp., and Salix spp., which are the most important plants supplying nectar for Apis mellifera. All these taxa, but mainly different species of Genisteae, are the principal pollen sources in the region. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Depto. de Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia (Botanica), Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo. 1095, 41080 Seville, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701466 nectar plants/pollen plants/honey bees/Apis mellifera/honey/pollen analysis/Spain/honey bee forage. Celli, G., Maccagnani, B., Bazzocchi, G. and Gambetta, T. (1996) Perception and usefulness of honeyguides in Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera Apidae). Proceedings of the Italian Section of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects (IUSSI), Pavia, June 8-10, 1995. F. Le Moli, A. Mori and D. A. Grasso, 199-205. At an experimental feeder, 50% sucrose solution was offered in an array of 16 yellow 'flowers'. The 'petals' of 4 flowers had no markings; the others were marked with honey guides: lines, dots or a circle. In a series of tests, bumble bees spent the same time observing each type of flower before landing, but preferred to land on a flower with markings. Bees landed more often on the petals of these flowers (i.e. ready to feed) than at the edge or in the middle. Average feeding time on marked flowers was longer than on unmarked flowers. Editor(s): Le Moli, F; Mori, A; Grasso, D A. Page(s): 199-205. Accession date: 2 June 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bd. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Istituto di Entomologia 'G. Grandi', Universita degli Studi, Via Re 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA371/99 Bombus, foraging/flowers, characteristics. Celli, G. and Porrini, C. (1991) The honey bee, a good indicator of pesticide pollution. Scienze(274), 42-54. Original title or source: L'ape, un efficace bioindicatore dei pesticidi. D. G. Lowe. The use of honey bees (Apis mellifera) for monitoring environmental pollution is discussed, and a study of pesticide residues in honey bees of Ferrara province, Italy, in 1987-88, is described. Maps are presented to show 'risk areas' for the most frequently used crop protection chemicals. Library code: Bc. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700291 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollution/poisoning/honey bees/pesticides/of honey bees/by pesticides/Italy/pesticide residues/monitoring. Celli, G., Porrini, C., Radeghieri, P., Sabatini, A. G., Marcazzan, G. L., Colombo, R., Barbattini, R., Greatti, M. and D'Agaro, M. (1996) Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) as bioindicators for the presence of pesticides in the agroecosystem. Field tests. Insect Social Life, 1, 207-212. During 1989-93, field tests were carried out in Italy, to determine the effect on honeybees of dimethoate, acephate, quinalphos, methidathion, carbaryl and heptenophos and the level of reliability of the method of measurement. Various variables were taken into consideration, such as mortality, nectar contamination, honeybees, pollen, honey, wax and larvae and flight and foraging. Honeybees were found to be the most suitable research material, while pollen and honey can be considered as secondary indicators. The influence of some important factors was also noted, such as the strength of the colony, the presence of competitive flora, the meteorological situation, the variation in the secretion of nectar, and possible repulsion by active ingredients. Library code: 6 ref. Language: En. Author address: Istituto di Entomologia 'G. Grandi', Universita degli Studi, Via Re 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900869 nectar/pollen/honey/Honey bees/nontarget effects/Apis mellifera/dimethoate/acephate/quinalphos/methidathion/carbaryl/heptenophos/effects/insecticides/conferences/Italian Section of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects. Celli, G., Porrini, C., Radeghieri, P., Sabatini, A. G., Marcazzan, G. L., Colombo, R., Barbattini, R., Greatti, M. and D'Agaro, M. (1996) Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) as bioindicators for the presence of pesticides in the agroecosystem. Field tests. Proceedings of the Italian Section of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects (IUSSI), Pavia, June 8-10, 1995. F. Le Moli, A. Mori and D. A. Grasso, 207-212. In a 5-year study, residues of various pesticides (a.i. dimethoate, acephate, quinalphos, methidathion, carbaryl, heptenophos) were determined in samples of nectar, honey bees, pollen and honey for 7 days after pesticide treatment of different crops. Changes in foraging activity of bees were also recorded. Honey bees were found to be the most sensitive indicators, followed by pollen and honey. Editor(s): Le Moli, F; Mori, A; Grasso, D A. Page(s): 207-212. Accession date: 2 June 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bd. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Istituto di Entomologia 'G. Grandi', Universita degli Studi, Via Re 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA537/99 honey bees/pesticides/monitoring/Italy. Celli, G., Porrini, C. and Tiraferri, S. (1994) Pesticide monitoring in the greater Venice area using Apis mellifera L. as a biological indicator. Atti XVII Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia, Udine, Italy, 13-18 Giugno, 1994. Udine, Italy, Accademia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia and Societa Entomologica Italinana, 835-838. Original title or source: Monitoraggio dei pesticidi nel territorio del commune di Venezia tramite l'impiego dell'ape (Apis mellifera L.) come indicatore biologico. Author. Two areas of greater Venice were monitored: the Cavallino peninsula, marked by intensive horticultural farming and small vineyard and orchard holdings; and Tessera, the area around the airport marked by more extensive crop farming, small vineyards and orchards. Eight monitoring stations, each consisting of 2 hives with Gary cages to collect dead bees, were deployed in the former and 4 in the latter area; a single station on the San Francesco islet in the lagoon acted as control. Pesticide impact proved to be higher in the Tessera area in 1992 and in Cavallino in 1993. The active ingredients detected were dithiocarbamates (33.3%), dimethoate (22.2%), azinphos-methyl, quinalphos, chlorpyrifos-methyl and malathion (11%) in 1992 and dimethoate (33.3%), parathion and ethiofencarb (20%), methyl-parathion (13.3%), and monocrotophos and omethoate (6.7%) in 1993 almost all harmful and toxic to human health as well as highly dangerous to honey bees. The possibility of improper use of pesticides, particularly in the airport area, is discussed. Page(s): 835-838. Library code: Bd. Language: It. Author address: Istituto di Entomologia 'Guido Grandi', via Filippo Re 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601475 Apis melllifera/beneficial insects/nontarget effects/chemical control/dithiocarbamates/dimethoate/azinphos-methyl/quinalphos/chlorpyrifos-methyl/malathion/parathion/ethiofencarb/methyl-parathion/monocrotophos/omethoate/conferences/poisoning/honey bees/pesticides/of honey bees/by pesticides/Italy/honey bee colonies/pollution/monitoring. Centorbi, O. P. d., Alcaraz, L. E. and Centorbi, H. J. (1994) Bacteriological analysis and investigation of Clostridium botulinum spores in honey. Revista Argentina de Microbiologia, 26(2), 96-100. Original title or source: Analisis bacteriologico e investigacion de esporas de Clostridium botulinum en mieles. The bacteriological analysis and detection of C. botulinum spores in 42 samples of honey collected from apiaries in the province of San Luis and the neighbouring areas of La Pampa, Cordoba and Mendoza in Argentina are described. C. botulinum was detected in 14 (33.3%) of the samples. All the samples contained Bacillus spp. No anaerobic bacteria were isolated. A working model for the bacteriological analysis of honey is proposed. Library code: 9 ref. Language: Es. Author address: Area de Microbiologia, Facultad de Quimica, Bioquimica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, 5700 San Luis, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700724 contaminants/bacteria/Bacillus/detection/spores/food hygiene/honey/Clostridium botulinum/Argentina/contamination/Argentina. Cervancia, C. R. (1997) Trends in apiculture and pollination biology in the Philippines. Honeybee Science, 18(1), 29-35. P. Walker. beekeeping activities and advances from 1913 to the present, are outlined. Attempts are being made to improve beekeeping with the native bee, Apis cerana, which has several advantages aver the introduced A. mellifera. Bee research is well supported. Library code: Bj. Language: Ja. Author address: Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801225 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/Apis cerana/beekeeping/Philippines. Cervancia, C. R. and Alviar, E. N. (1990) Topical toxicity of five insecticides to adult honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). Philippine Journal of Science, 119(3), 287-291. When 5 insecticides were applied topically to adults of Apis mellifera, the toxicity of malathion was found to be less than that of monocrotophos, cypermethrin, alphamethrin [alpha-cypermethrin] or diazinon. Library code: 11 ref. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna, Philippines. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600694 insects/Hymenoptera/Apidae/Apis mellifera/insecticides/nontarget effects /monocrotophos/cypermethrin/diazinon/malathion/toxicity/alpha-Cypermethrin/honey bees/alphamethrin/to honey bees/of monocrotophos/of cypermethrin/of diazinon/of malathion/of alphamethrin. Cervancia, C. R. and Barile, G. E. (1993) Foraging behaviour of Trigona biroi Friese (Apidae: Hymenoptera). Pollination in tropics: Proceedings of the International Symposium on pollination in tropics, August 8-13, 1993, Bangalore, India [edited by Veeresh, G. K.; Shaanker, R. U.; Ganeshaiah, K. N. (Editors)]. Bangalore, India, International Union for the Study of Social Insects, Indian Chapter, 78-80. J. M. Gedge. The numbers of bees leaving and returning to 2 Trigona biroi nests increased to a peak at 09.15 h then decreased until a second period of activity between 13.15 h and 14.15 h. Foraging numbers were highest in August, either because of increased brood size or because the low relative humidity increased the sugar concentration in nectar making it more attractive. Most pollen was collected from species of Arecaceae and Cucurbitaceae. Plants in the family Mimosaceae were a minor source. Bees tended to forage in groups although there were instances of individuals foraging on certain species. Flower visits lasted from a few seconds to 2 minutes. Page(s): 78-80. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Philippines. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600120 nectar/pollen/Trigona biroi/Arecaceae/Cucurbitaceae/Mimosaceae/beneficial insects/conferences/foraging/Trigona/circadian rhythm/Trigona. Cervancia, C. R. and Forbes, M. F. (1993) Density of bees (Apis mellifera L.) needed for effective pollination of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Philippine Journal of Science, 122(2), 129-131. J. M. Gedye. Honey bee colonies were placed at varying densities (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 or 0 hives/2000 plants) in cages of pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. Cu.6). Fruit set and number of filled seeds were significantly higher in plots with 0.5 colony per 2000 plants. Overpopulation caused competition for flowers, thus reducing pollination efficiency. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700390 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ pollinators/cucumbers/pollination/honey bees/of Cucumis sativus/by honey bees/Cucumis sativus. Cesco, S., Barbattini, R. and Agabiti, M. F. (1994) Honey bees and bee products as possible indicators of cadmium and lead environmental pollution: an experience of biological monitoring in Portogruaro city (Venice, Italy). Apicoltura(9), 103-118. P. Walker. Twelve Apis mellifera colonies were situated near a busy road in this city during summer 1991, and cadmium and lead levels were determined in samples of pollen loads (from pollen traps), dead bees (collected in Gary traps), live larvae and foragers, honey, stored pollen, royal jelly and propolis, collected weekly for 9 weeks. Samples of clover (Trifolium pratense) and rainwater were also analysed. For both metals, their contents in clover showed a correlation with their contents in dead bees and in honey. Live bees, pollen, propolis and royal jelly were less useful indicators of the build-up of lead and cadmium. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale e Tecnologie Agrarie, Universita degli Studi, viale delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700130 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/Trifolium pratense/rain/heavy metals/honey/hive products/honey bees/impurities/cadmium/lead/pollution/monitoring/honey bee colonies/Italy. Cesco, S., Barbattini, R. and Agabiti, M. F. (1994) The honey bee: a test insect for environmental pollution by cadmium and lead? Ape Nostra Amica, 16(4), 34-38. Original title or source: L'ape: insetto test dell'inquinamento ambientale da cadmio e piombo?. Cadmium and lead contents in bee products (royal jelly, propolis, pollen and honey) from 12 hives in the city of Portogruaro, N. Italy, are reported. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Facolta di Agraria, Universita di Udine, Udine, Italy,. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601118 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/royal jelly/propolis/pollen/cadmium/lead/honey/impurities/honey bee colonies/pollution/monitoring/Italy. Cevc, E. and Gnilsak, I. (1992) Narratives from beehives. Radovljica, Slovenia, Cebelarski Muzej. Original title or source: Pripovedi s panjev. D. G. Lowe. The fronts of traditional long hives in Slovenia were often painted with scenes from the Bible, folk lore, and local or historical events. This book contains colour illustrations of 28 of these hive fronts kept at the Beekeeping Museum in Radovljica. Page(s): 55 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Sn. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800471 fixed-comb hives/beekeeping/museums/Slovenia/graphic arts/books/hives. Cha, Y. H. and Bang, K. S. (1997) Characteristics of propolis collected in Korea. Korean Journal of Apiculture, 12(2), 93-96. Author. UV absorbance spectra of ethanolic extracts (30-100% ethanol) of crude propolis (EEP) were determined; peak values were at 292-296 nm, with lowest values at 254-256 nm. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of EEP against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were around 100, 1000 and 500 g/ml respectively. Library code: Bj. Language: Ko. Author address: Dept. of Animal Science, Sangju National Polytechnic University, Sangju 742-170, Korea Republic. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901415 propolis/hive products/ultraviolet absorbance spectrometry/inhibition/microorganisms/ethanol/Staphylococcus aureus/Escherichia coli/Candida albicans. Chagnon, M., Gingras, J. and Oliveira, D. d. (1993) Complementary aspects of strawberry pollination by honey and indigenous bees (Hymenoptera). Journal of Economic Entomology, 86(2), 416-420. Author. The relative efficiency of two groups of insects that pollinate strawberries was established by comparing the relative influence of the number and length of their visits to flowers, their foraging behaviour, and the fertilization rates of the achenes during these visits. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) were more efficient than indigenous bees (Andrenidae, Halictidae, and Megachilidae) when the frequency of visits was low. Average-sized bees such as honey bees pivot at the top of the receptacle and pollinate the apical stigmas, whereas small bees circle on the stamens and around the receptacle, pollinating mainly the basal stigmas. Data collected revealed that these two groups of pollinators play a complementary role in strawberry pollination. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Departement des Sciences Biologiques, C.P. 8888, Succ.'A', Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8A, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600369 beneficial insects/pollinators/Apidae/foraging/fertilization/pollination/honey bees/Apoidea/of Fragaria/by honey bees/by Apoidea/Fragaria. Chakravarthy, A. K. (1999) Role of Starthene 75 SP in integrated pest management. Insect Environment, 4(4), 137-139. In trials in southern India, Starthene (acephate) successfully controlled pests on sunflower (Helianthus annuus), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and castor (Ricinus communis) crops. The results also showed that Starthene could be safely applied when bees and other pollinators were present on the crops. Accession date: 26 August 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: X. Language: En. . Author address: Univ. Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560 065, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA835/99 pesticides, effects/nontarget organisms/honey bees/Apoidea/acephate/India/oilseed crops. Chalvet-Monfray, K. (1996) Synergism between deltamethrin and prochloraz in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). Hypotheses on the mechanisms of this action tested by modelling, These Doctorat, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France. Original title or source: Synergie entre la deltamethrine et le prochloraze chez l'abeille (Apis mellifera L.). Hypotheses de mecanismes d'action testees par modelisation. Author. It is known that there is a synergistic action between the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin and the fungicide prochloraz which results in a cumulative, much-increased toxicity to honey bees. One hypothesis suggests that prochloraz inhibits cytochrome P-450 which is involved in the metabolic detoxification of pyrethroids. The study described in this thesis sought to verify this hypothesis by investigating the kinetics of honey bee mortality at different doses of deltamethrin, in the presence or absence of prochloraz, and by describing the simulated pharmaco-kinetics of deltamethrin. This simulation was achieved by a compartmental model described by a system of differential equations. The mechanisms involved in the metabolism of deltamethrin and in its penetration are enlarged upon. The time, after application, during which the mortality from a treatment with deltamethrin in the presence of prochloraz is greater than that resulting from a higher dose of deltamethrin alone suggests that the synergy which occurs does not result from the mechanism proposed. Other explanations are considered. Page(s): 336 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: Fr. Author address: Laboratoire de Biometrie-Genetique et Biologie des Populations, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801388 honey bees/Apis mellifera/nontarget effects/beneficial insects/synergism/pesticides/toxicity/deltamethrin/prochloraz/to honey bees/of deltamethrin/of prochloraz/metabolic detoxification/mathematical models/theses. Chalvet-Monfray, K., Auger, P., Belzunces, L. P., Fleche, C. and Sabatier, P. (1996) Modelling based method for pharmacokinetic hypothesis test. Acta Biotheoretica, 44(3/4), 335-348. See AA 610/97.\0BD. G. Lowe. A model to test the hypothesis that prochloraz modifies the penetration or metabolism of deltamethrin in honey bees is presented. The synergism between the 2 pesticides causes greater mortality than when honey bees are sprayed with deltamethrin alone. [See also Chalvet-Monfray et al. Journal of Biological Systems (1995) 3 (1) 253-263]. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Lyon, Unite BioInformatique, 1, avenue Bourgelat, BP 83, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901359 honey bees/Apis mellifera/prochloraz/deltamethrin. Chalvet-Monfray, K., Belzunces, L. P., Colin, M. E., Fleche, C. and Sabatier, P. (1995) Modelling synergistic effects of two toxic agents in the honeybee. Journal of Biological Systems, 3(1), 253-263. See AA 289, 291/95.\P. Walker. An attempt was made to explain the synergistic lethal effects reported for deltamethrin and prochloraz in Apis mellifera [see Pesticide Science (1992) 36 (2) 115-119 and Phytoma (1993) No. 446, 20-24]. A mathematical model was used to test the hypothesis that the persistence of deltamethrin is due to prochloraz inhibiting its oxidative metabolism. It was found that the hypothesis was compatible with experimental data only if the half-life of deltamethrin is short. The model did not match experimental data obtained when deltamethrin was administered before prochloraz. It is concluded that the synergy mechanism is more complex than expected. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Lyon, Unite BioInformatique, 1 avenue Bourgelat BP 83, 69280 Marcy l'etoile, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800610 honey bees/Apis mellifera/nontarget effects/beneficial insects/synergism/pesticides/toxicity/deltamethrin/prochloraz/to honey bees/of deltamethrin/of prochloraz/mathematical models. Chalvet-Monfray, K., Belzunces, L. P., Colin, M. E., Fleche, C. and Sabatier, P. (1996) Synergy between deltamethrin and prochloraz in bees: modeling approach. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 15(4), 525-534. P. Walker. A metabolic hypothesis proposes that the fungicide prochloraz (P) acts synergistically on the insecticide deltamethrin (D) by inhibiting oxidative metabolism of D. The limits of validity of this hypothesis were tested using a pharmacokinetic box model. Experiments showed that honey bee (Apis mellifera) mortalities were higher after 2 h in groups sprayed with D at 0.25 g/ha in the presence of P (25 g/ha) than in those sprayed at 1 g/ha with D alone. For the proposed hypothesis to be correct, t (time at which internal concentration of D is the same for both treatments) must be less than 2 h. Given t 2 h, the model was used to study values of pharmacokinetic parameters. Published values were inconsistent with simulation results because t was always greater than 2 h. Therefore the synergy between P and D cannot be explained by the inhibition of oxidative metabolism. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Lyon, Unite BioInformatique, 1 avenue Bourgelat, BP 83, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801383 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/nontarget effects/deltamethrin/prochloraz/synergism/pesticides/honey bees/metabolic detoxification/poisoning/of honey bees/by deltamethrin/by prochloraz/toxicity/to honey bees/of deltamethrin/of prochloraz/mathematical models. Chand, H. and Singh, R. (1995) Evaluation of sugar concentration in the nectar of four flowering plants for honeybees. Journal of Entomological Research, 19(2), 123-126. P. Walker. The following maximum sugar concentrations in nectar were determined in 4 plant species in Bihar, India: Eupatorium sp. 9.2%, Lycopersicon esculentum 8.8%, Capsicum chinensis 6.7%, Portulaca sp. 4.2%. Generally, values were different on different dates, probably because of temperature variations; values were not significantly correlated with dates of flowering. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology & Agricultural Zoology, Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar, Pusa, Samastipur 848124, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801330 nectar/sugars/Eupatorium/Lycopersicon/Capsicum/Portulaca/nectar plants/India/Bihar. Chand, H. and Singh, R. (1995) Effect of pollination by Apis cerana Fabr. on yield of mustard, Brassica juncea Linn. Indian Bee Journal, 57(4), 173-174. P. Walker. On an experimental plot in Bihar, India, some B. juncea plants were caged with an A. cerana colony, and others were caged to exclude insects. Mean yields (kg/ha) were 11.6 and 9.7, respectively, compared with 16.2 on open-pollinated plants. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur) 848 125, Bihar, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900470 honey bees/beneficial insects/pollinators/Indian mustard/India/Bihar. Chand, H., Singh, R. and Hameed, S. F. (1994) Population dynamics of honeybees and insect pollinators on Indian mustard, Brassica juncea L. Journal of Entomological Research, 18(3), 233-239. Foraging activity of the insect pollinators Apis cerana indica, A. mellifera, A. dorsata, A. florea and other hymenopterous, lepidopterous and dipterous insects was studied on Indian mustard from December 2, 1990 to January 14, 1991 at weekly intervals, from 09.00 to 16.00 h at Pusa, Bihar, India. A. c. indica was the dominant pollinator of Indian mustard, followed by A. dorsata, A. mellifera and A. florea. The maximum number of visits was recorded with A. c. indica (34 to 43%), followed by A. dorsata (20 to 26%). The average activities of A. mellifera, A. florea and insects of the t3 orders were below 13% throughout. Activity of A. c. indica was positively correlated with temperature, while humidity had no significant effect. A. florea had a significant negative correlation with minimum temperature. Library code: 9 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology & Agricultural Zoology, Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar, Pusa, Samastipur-848125, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700866 honey bees/beneficial insects/insects/Hymenoptera/Diptera/Lepidoptera/Indian mustard/Apis cerana indica/Apis mellifera/Apis dorsata/Apis florea/pollination/Apidae/Bihar/India/pollinators/foraging/insects/Brassica juncea/insects/Apis/species. Chand, H., Singh, R. and Hameed, S. F. (1994) Studies on the flowering period, density of Indian mustard and competing flora for honeybees in and around Pusa, Bihar, India. Journal of Entomological Research, 18(4), 361-367. A survey of Indian mustard, Brassica juncea, and important competing flora as sources of nectar, pollen, or both, for honey bees in and around Pusa, Bihar, India, was undertaken from November 1990 to March 1991. Mustard was sown in 1708.08 ha over a total cropped area of 9799.76 ha; mustard constituted 17.43% of the flowering density. The crop did not come into flower in all villages at the same time but the majority of crops were in flower in the first fortnight of January. Citrus and Moringa provided additional sources of nectar and pollen besides mustard. Litchi trees came into flower abundantly by March, but the honey flow lasted for a very short duration (10.15 days). Accession date: 17 August 98. Call number: 638.13. Library code: X. Language: En. . Author address: Dept. Entomol. Agric. Zool., Rajendra Agric. Univ. Bihar, Pusa, Smastipur 848125, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA153/99 honey bee forage/Brassica juncea/Citrus/Moringa/Litchi/India/Bihar. Chandran, K., Rao, G. M., Rao, K. S. and Singh, T. S. M. S. (1995) Prospects for Apis mellifera beekeeping in Cumbum Valley, Tamilnadu, India. Indian Bee Journal, 57(4), 165-170. P. Walker. After the death of A. cerana colonies from Thai sacbrood disease, 50 A. mellifera colonies were introduced in 1993, and they developed well during the next 2 years. Brood rearing was maximal in May-June (which was the best time for dividing colonies) and in September. Colonies drew comb from foundation throughout the year. Feeding with sugar syrup was necessary from July to December. In February colonies were taken to rubber estates in Kerala for honey production. Honey was also obtained during the flowering of tamarind (April-June), sesame (June-July) and sunflower (July and December-January). A table lists other pollen and nectar sources in the area. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Central Bee Research and Training Institute, Khadi and Village Industries Commission, 1153 Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411 016, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900484 beekeeping/Apis mellifera/India/Tamil Nadu. Chang, C. (1995) Effect of meteorological factors on nectar flow and honey in longan (Euphoria longana Lam.). Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2(3), 103-108. The longan [Dimocarpus longan] is the most important honey plant in Taiwan. Nectar flow was studied in 6- and 7-year-old trees, at 2 sites (Chung-Liao and Min-Chen, Nantou county), over 3 seasons (1992-94). Analysis of meteorological data showed that rainfall was the main cause of reduced yield and quality of honey. Nectar flow was greatest between 10.00 and 14.00 h, and the peak nectar flow occurred during full bloom. The yield of honey was higher in areas where longans grew and a strong bee colony produced more honey than a weak one. Library code: 11 ref. Language: Ch. Author address: Taiwan Apicultural and Sericultural Experiment Station, Miaoli, Taiwan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800194 longans/honey/rain/quality/climate/environmental factors/diurnal variation/seasonal variation/honey bees/yields/nectar flows/nectar plants/Dimocarpus longan/nectar/productivity/weather/effects/Taiwan. Chang, C., Hsieh, F. and Hsu, L. (1993) Studies on the effects of several diets on production of royal jelly by honey bees. Chinese Journal of Entomology, 13(2), 151-159. Author. Feeding honey bee colonies with a Chinese formula of pollen substitute or natural tea pollen increased food consumption and production of royal jelly. Feeding fructose had no effect on royal jelly production. Results are also given for the effects of pollen trapping. Library code: Bb. Language: Ch. Author address: Taiwan Apicultural and Sericultural Experiment Station, 261 Kuannan, KungKuan, Miaoli, Taiwan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700744 hive products/honey bees/beneficial insects/Taiwan/pollen trapping/beekeeping/management/royal jelly/production/feeding/pollen substitutes. Chang, C., Hsieh, F. and Hsu, L. (1993) Factors influencing 10-hydroxy--2-decenoic acid and other major components of royal jelly in the honey bee. Chinese Journal of Entomology, 13(2), 161-175. Author. Royal jelly provides the major income from apiaries in Taiwan. In order to study the factors which affect the contents of major components in royal jelly, samples of royal jelly were analysed for their contents of crude protein, crude fat, moisture and 10-hydroxydecenoic acid (10-HDA). Feeding honey bees with a Chinese formula of pollen substitute (soyabean powder, yeast, pollen, skimmed milk powder, honey and sucrose in the ratio 1:1:2:2:3:9) seemed to increase 10-HDA content more than other diets. 10-HDA content in royal jelly decreased when pollen traps were fitted to hives, but increased when pollen traps were not used and the Chinese pollen substitute was fed. Larval age and collecting time also affected royal jelly quality. One-day-old larvae yielded more 10-HDA in royal jelly in a collecting period over 1-2 days than those of other ages. Feeding fructose to honey bees influenced the carbohydrate content in royal jelly. 10-HDA in royal jelly was not affected significantly by filtration. Library code: Bb. Language: Ch. Author address: Taiwan Apicultural and Sericultural Experiment Station, 261 Kuannan, KungKuan, Miaoli, Taiwan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700745 hive products/honey bees/beneficial insects/pollen trapping/Taiwan/royal jelly/as hive products/10-hydroxydecenoic acid/feeding/pollen substitutes/production/beekeeping/management. Chang, C. H. and Song, D. L. (1993) Melittin potentiates guanylate cyclase activation stimulated by atrial natriueretic factor and ATP. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268(7), 4908-4911. Language: En. Author address: Department of Medicine, Case Western University School of Medicine, W 165, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700352 rats/lungs/membranes/honey bee venom/melittin/effects/guanylate cyclase. Chang, C. P. and Hsieh, F. K. (1992) Morphology and bionomics of Galleria mellonella L. Chinese Journal of Entomology, 12(2), 121-129. Author. Details of the life cycle and body measurements for all stages are given for G. mellonella, which is one of the most important pests in apiaries in Taiwan. The frenulum is composed of 3 spines in the female and 1 in the male. Studies in Taiwan showed that the moth lives year-round, and has 5 overlapping generations a year. Females begin to oviposit on the day of emergence. Eggs laid by unfertilized females do not hatch. Development time is shortest in mid-summer. Larvae of the fifth generation overwinter, pupating in the spring. Newly hatched larvae penetrate into the comb. Mature larvae always pupate in a tunnel inside the damaged comb. The tolerable temperature range, and high and low lethal temperatures are 16-44, 48 and 6C, respectively for mature larvae. Female and male adults are active at 14-41 and 15-41 and the high and low lethal temperatures for both sexes are 46 and 5, respectively. Library code: Bb. Language: Ch. Author address: Taiwan Agricultural and Sericultural Experiment Station, 261 Kuannan, Kungkuan, Miaoli, Taiwan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700282 honey bees/pests/Galleria mellonella/of honey bees/Taiwan/life cycle/development/temperature/effects. Chang, C. P., Hsieh, F. K. and Hsu, L. R. (1993) Primary investigation on morphology and bionomics of the lesser wax moth, Achroia grisella. Chinese Journal of Entomology, 13(3), 219-227. The pyralid Achroia grisella is an important insect pest in apiaries in Taiwan. The frenulum is composed of 1 or 3 spines in the male or female, resp. Observations showed that the pest completed 7 overlapping generations per year. Females began to oviposit on the day of emergence. Eggs laid by unfertilized females did not hatch. The shortest developmental period was observed at midsummer. Larvae of the 5th generation overwintered and completed pupation in the spring. Newly-hatched larvae soon penetrated into the honeycomb. Mature larvae invariably pupated in a tunnel inside the damaged comb. Suitable temperature ranges and the high and low lethal temperatures were found to be 20-39, 39 and 15C, resp., for mature larvae, 20-40, 41 and 14C for the middle-aged larvae, and 17-35, 37 and 11C for young larvae, resp. A range of 10-42C was suitable for adult females and 11-43C was suitable for adult males, and the high and low lethal temperatures for both sexes were found to be 45C and 8C, resp. The adults died after 60, 30 or 15 min exposure to 14\, 18 or 21C, resp. The larvae died after 45 min exposure to 21C. Library code: 6 ref., En captions and tables. Language: Ch. Author address: Taiwan Apicultural and Sericultural Experiment Station, 261 Kuannan, KungKuan, Miaoli, Taiwan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700668 insect pests/temperature/mortality/morphology/apiaries/Achroia grisella/life cycle/Taiwan/pests/honey bees/of honey bees/Taiwan. Chang, M. C., Cerezal, P., Castro, D., Falco, A. S. and Marrero, M. (1995) The utilization of propolis in the mango semipreparation stabilized by means of combined methods. Preliminary study. Apiacta, 30(2), 46-50. P. Walker. The possible use of propolis as an antimicrobial agent in fruit pulps for use in the food industry was investigated. Preparations of mango pulp preserve with sugar and water, an alcoholic extract of propolis, were inoculated with Aspergillus niger. Fungal development occurred in all samples; after 6 days the number of microorganisms in those with propolis was half that of the others, but after 12 days the number increased rapidly. It is concluded that propolis can delay fungal growth in mango pulp, but not prevent it. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: I. I. I. A. Carretera del Guato km 31/2, Punta Brava, La Lisa, Ciudad de la Habana 19200, Cuba. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701128 food spoilage/Aspergillus niger/propolis/hive products/antifungal properties/as hive products/inhibition/of Aspergillus niger/by propolis/mango pulp/biodeterioration/prevention. Chapleau, J. P. (1996) Requeening of colonies. Risks of requeening. A viable method of introduction. Abeille, 17(2;3), 7-10;8-12. Original title: Le remérage des colonies. Les aléas du remérage. Une méthode d'introduction fiable. In the first part of this article, factors which can affect the success of queen introduction are discussed. An introduction is likely to fail if the colony is disturbed within 8 days. Signs of abnormal queens are described. In the second part, a reliable method of introduction is described. A small temporary colony consisting mainly of young workers is made from the colony to be requeened, and the queen is introduced to this small colony. After 8-14 days, if the queen has been accepted, the two colonies are reunited. The best time of year for this procedure is at the end of July or early Aug., after honey has been harvested. In the author's experience, over 90% of queens are accepted. Accession date: 14 August 98. Call number: 638.145. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA193/99 queen honey bees/introduction. Chapleau, J. P. (1998) The treatment of wooden beekeeping equipment with hot paraffin. L'Abeille (Quebec), 19(3), 14-17. Original title: Le traitement du matériel apicole de bois à la paraffine chaude. In New Zealand, beekeepers regularly treat hive parts by immersing them in paraffin at 160° , in order to kill micro-organisms and to preserve the wood. Submersion for 10-15 minutes kills AFB spores. The equipment required and the method are described, and costs are analysed. The method is recommended for beekeepers in Quebec. Accession date: 23 July 1999. Call number: 638.142. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. P Walker. Author address: Saint-Adrien, Quebec, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA793/99 hive parts/sterilization/preservation/paraffin. Charlton, J. and Newdick, J. (1996) Honey. Beauty, health and enjoyment: tips, recipes and traditions. Munich, Germany, Hugendubel Heinrich GmbH & Co Verlags KG. Original title or source: Honig: Schonheit, Gesundheit und Genuss; Tips, Rezepte und Geschichten. Page(s): 128 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900278 honey/books. Charpin, D., Birnbaum, J., Lanteaume, A. and Vervloet, D. (1992) Prevalence of allergy to Hymenoptera stings in different samples of the general population. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 90(3, Part 1), 331-334. To obtain figures of prevalence of systemic reactions (SRs) to Hymenoptera sting in adults between the ages of 18 to 65 years, in France, 3 different surveys were performed using the same questionnaire from 1984 to 1988. The first one was a door-to-door survey in south-east France, which included 8271 adults and used a questionnaire. The second one, which included 2067 adults, was performed in a health care centre and comprised the same questionnaire and venom skin tests in subjects reporting a history of SRs. The third survey was a national poll performed through a home-based national computer network. The percentage of SRs ranged from 0.66% in the second survey including skin tests to 3.3% in the poll survey. The higher prevalence figure in this latter survey may be related to a false-positive history. There was no urban-rural difference in prevalence of SR. Library code: 9 ref. Language: En. Author address: Departement des Maladies Respiratoires, Hopital Sainte-Marguerite, BP 29, 13277 Marseille Cedex 9, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600405 Apidae/Vespidae/arthropod allergies/questionnaires/surveys/anaphylaxis/epidemiology/Apis mellifera/Vespula/Dolichovespula/man/stings/France/Hymenoptera/hypersensitivity/allergies/allergies. Charpin, D., Birnbaum, J. and Vervloet, D. (1994) Epidemiology of Hymenoptera allergy. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 24(11), 1010-1015. In this review, an attempt is made to summarize available data on Hymenoptera allergy as a public health hazard, discuss possible risk factors, and describe the natural history of anaphylactic reaction. 3 types of allergic reactions can be observed following bee or wasp stings, i.e. extensive local swelling (10 cm in diameter) lasting at least 24 h, immediate systemic IgE-mediated systemic reactions (urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm and anaphylactic shock), and delayed systemic reactions (vasculitis, polyradiculitis, glomerulonephritis, etc.). Library code: 51 ref. Language: En. Author address: Allergy Division, Departement of Chest Diseases, Hopital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700024 reviews/Apidae/Vespidae/arthropod allergies/risk factors/Hymenoptera/man/stings/hypersensitivity/allergies. Charrière, J. D. and Imdorf, A. (1999) Protection of honey combs from wax moth damage. American Bee Journal, 139(8), 627-630. Accession date: I November 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: Swiss Federal Dairy Research Station, Bee Dept, Liebefeld, 3003 Bern, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1126/99 Galleria mellonella/control methods/life cycle/honey bees/pests/honey/beeswax/pesticide residues. Charrière, J. D., Imdorf, A., Bachofen, B. and Tschan, A. (1998) The removal of sealed drone brood; an effective method for reducing varroa infestation in colonies. Revue Suisse d'Apiculture, 95(3), 71-79. Original title: Le retrait du couvain de mâles operculé: une mesure efficace pour diminuer l'infestation de varroas dans les colonies. At the end of March, each of 10 test colonies was given a brood frame from which the lower half of the comb had been removed; the bees used this for rearing drone brood. This frame was taken out at intervals throughout the brood-rearing period, whenever the minimum area of sealed drone brood exceeded 1 dm2, and drone brood was removed. Over 3000 cells/colony were removed in each of the 2 years of the study; in 1993 these contained an average of 788 V. jacobsoni/colony (range 35–2090) and, in 1994, 434/colony (149–1229). In test colonies, natural mite-fall remained low until July, whereas in control colonies it increased sharply in May, indicating an increase in the mite population. When colonies were treated with formic acid in Aug.-Sept., average populations were 3.5 and 2 times higher in control colonies than in test colonies. In 1993 average honey yield in test colonies was lower than in controls, but the difference was not significant. Honey yields are not reported for 1994. Accession date: 1 July 98. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. . Author address: Section Apiculture, Stn Recherches Laitières Liebefeld (FAM), 3003 Bern, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA222/99 honey bees/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/drone honey bees/honey bee brood/sealed brood. Charriere, J. D., Imdorf, A. and Fluri, P. (1997) The use of the formic acid dispenser 'FAM Liebefeld' against Varroa. Schweizerische Bienen-Zeitung, 120(6), 330-333. Original title or source: Die Anwendung des Ameisensaure-dispensers 'FAM Liebefeld'gegen die Varroa. P. Walker. The polystyrene dispenser, which is 25 cm square and 16 mm high, contains absorbent material soaked in 70% formic acid; an adjustable grid in the lid is opened or closed according to the ambient temperature. The dispenser is placed at the top of the hive for 1 week in August and then for 2 weeks at the end of September (efficiency of control of Varroa jacobsoni, about 96%). If the second treatment is with oxalic acid, the efficiency increases to over 99%. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Author address: Sektion Bienen, FAM, Liebefeld, 3003 Bern, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900633 honey bees/Apis mellifera/benefical insects/ectoparasites/chemical control. Charrière, J. D. I. A. (1999) New research results on drip treatment with oxalic acid. Schweizerische Bienen-Zeitung, 122(10), 565-570. Original title: Neue Versuchsergebnisse zur Träufelbehandlung mit Oxalsäure. Solutions of different concentrations were applied to varroa-infested colonies by trickling 5 ml of solution into each bee space between frames covered with bees; colonies were treated on 7 Nov. and 14 Dec. The strongest solution contained 60 g oxalic acid dihydrate in 1 litre of 1:1 sucrose-water (so-called Italian solution). The results of the study showed that, although this solution was very effective against Varroa jacobsoni, treated colonies became weak during the winter. In central European conditions, a weaker solution (45 g/litre) or, preferably, a proven oxalic acid spray method is therefore recommended. Accession date: 27 October 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: De. P Walker. Author address: FAM, Sektion Bienen, 3097 Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1125/99 Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/oxalic acid/honey bee colonies/winter. Chatterji, R. S. and Roy, N. D. (1994) Disseminated intravascular coagulation following multiple bee stings (a case report). Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 50(1), 67-68. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) as a toxic effect of multiple bee stings has not been described. A 28-year-old man was stung by a swarm of bees [? Apis mellifera] and was hospitalized 12 h later with generalized bleeding manifestations. He died within 3 h of hospitalization due to uncontrolled bleeding, in spite of blood transfusions and supportive therapy. Detailed laboratory investigations and postmortem histopathological examination showed diagnostic evidence of DIC. Library code: 3 ref. Language: En. Author address: Graded Specialist (Medicine) Command Hospital, Pune - 411 040, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700924 honey bees/case reports/disseminated intravascular coagulation/haemorrhage/Apis mellifera/man/stings/India/envenomation/Maharashtra/pathology/death/blood. Chattopadhyay, A. and Rukmini, R. (1993) Restricted mobility of the sole tryptophan in membrane-bound melittin. FEBS Letters, 335(3), 341-344. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700769 tryptophan/honey bee venom/melittin/structure. Chau, M. H. and Nelson, J. W. (1992) Cooperative disulfide bond formation in apamin. Biochemistry (Washington), 31(18), 4445-4450. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biochemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70903, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700359 honey bee venom/apamin/structure. Chaudhary, D. K. and Mattu, V. K. (1997) Incidence of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. on Apis mellifera and Apis cerana in Himachal Pradesh, India. American Bee Journal, 137(8), 597-598. P. Walker. Samples of bees were collected from wild and managed colonies of both species in two different areas. Varroa jacobsoni was found in only one of the 11 A. cerana samples and in 2 of the 33 A. mellifera samples. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Sociobiology & Behavioral Ecology Res. Lab., Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla-171005, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900973 Apis mellifera/honey bees/ectoparasites. Chauhan, S. K. (1995) Production, marketing and export potential of honey. Bihar Journal of Agricultural Marketing, 3(1), 65-70. Library code: ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Agricultural Economics, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701088 marketing/honey/production possibilities/exports/India/trade/India/production/India/India/production. Chavarria, G. (1994) Phoresy on a Neotropical bumblebee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) by Antherophagus (Coleoptera: Cryptophagidae). Psyche (Cambridge, Mass), 101(1-2), 109-111. A species of Antherophagus was found attached to the leg of a queen of Bombus pullatus in Costa Rica on 22 January 1994. Library code: 31 ref. Language: En. Author address: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700842 pollinators/beneficial insects/Coleoptera/Antherophagus/Costa Rica/Bombus pullatus/phoresy/Bombus/phoresy/phoresy/Bombus. Chavarria, G. (1996) Notes on a combined nest of Bombus pullatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Acromyrmex octospinosus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 69(4, supplement), 403-405. Author. An active nest of B. pullatus in Costa Rica contained a colony of leafcutter ants, A. octospinosus, that built a fungus garden in old abandoned bee cells. Associations between bumble bee and ant nests have not been reported previously. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900058 Bombus pullatus/Apidae/Costa Rica/Bombus/Formicidae/nests/Bombus/relationships. Chen, C. (1996) Effects of honey bees on pollination and fruit set of cantaloupe. Chinese Journal of Entomology, 16(1), 25-33. Author. Four honey bee colonies, each consisting of roughly 13000 bees, were placed along the edge of a 1-ha cantaloupe field. A total of 83.0% of tagged hermaphrodite flowers set fruit in open plots, while only 3.1% did so in plots caged with 8-mesh mosquito net. Observations revealed that 67% of foraging bees visited flowers between 09.00-11.00 h, reaching a maximum at 10.00 h. Each bee visited an average of 6.1 staminate and 2.3 hermaphrodite flowers per minute between 09.00 and 10.00 h. The numbers of hermaphrodite and staminate flowers present did not differ significantly between open and net-caged plots over an 8-day period. However, the number of melons per plant in the caged plots (range, 0.2-1.4) was significantly less than that in the open plots (range, 3.0-3.4). After the caged plots were opened to honey bee pollination, the number of melons per plant did not differ significantly from that in the open plots. Fruit set of hermaphrodite flowers with 1, 2 or 3 bee visits was 45%, 69%, and 59%, respectively. No differences between parameters of melon quality were found for hermaphrodite flowers with 1 and 2 visits. Library code: Bb. Language: Ch. Author address: Taiwan Apicultural and Sericultural Experiment Station, 250 Kuannan, Kungkuan, Mialoi, Taiwan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901079 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/melons/flowers/Taiwan/fruit set/fruits/quality/Cucumis melo/pollination. Chen, C. and Chen, S. (1995) Changes in protein components and storage stability of royal jelly under various conditions. Food Chemistry, 54(2), 195-200. P. Walker. Samples of royal jelly were stored at different temperatures for up to 7 months. At room temperature, samples became much more viscous and darkened in colour (in both light and dark conditions); chemical composition also changed. At + 4C, changes were much less marked and at 20 they were slight. At room temperature the protein composition of two major water-soluble protein fractions changed during storage; the contents in royal jelly of glucose and fructose increased rapidly during the first 2 months of storage, probably because of the hydrolysis of sucrose. The results indicate that the deterioration of royal jelly during storage was due to the Maillard browning reaction. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Food Science, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800653 royal jelly/hive products/as hive products/proteins/glucose/fructose/temperature/effects/storage/deterioration/temperature. Chen, C. and Chen, S. (1996) Changes in UV-VIS spectroscopic spectra and quality stability of royal jelly under various storage conditions. Journal of the Chinese Agricultural Chemical Society, 34(3), 257-265. Author. The relationship between the quality change of royal jelly (RJ) products and their respective ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) light absorption spectra under various storage conditions (20C, 4 and room temperature in the dark and in bright places) for up to 7 months was investigated. Colour intensity increased with storage time and was enhanced by temperature. Moreover, UV-VIS spectroscopic analysis indicated that the chemistry of certain components in RJ changed during storage. Two major patterns of spectral change were found in RJ products: one (360 and 420 nm) reflected the development of browning reaction while the other (200 and 260 nm) could accompany alterations in certain components such as fatty acids or nucleic acids in RJ products. The changes in these patterns were different and depended upon the type of product, storage temperature and period of storage. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Food Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900313 hive products/royal jelly/quality/storage/temperature/effects/spectroscopy/as hive products. Chen, C. and Hsieh, F. (1996) Evaluation of pollination efficiency of the bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L.) on greenhouse tomatoes. Chinese Journal of Entomology, 16(3), 167-175. The pollination efficiency of B. terrestris, was studied in a plastic-topped greenhouse in Taiwan during 1993 and 1994, and was evaluated in terms of percentage fruit set, number of tomatoes produced, and their size, sugar content, and weight. The temperature inside the greenhouse increased to 40C in mid-April, dramatically reducing the pollination activity and colony longevity of bumblebees. The pollination efficiency of a colony lasted only 30-40 days in April, while during the cool season (December-February) it lasted for 2 months with better effectiveness; over 60 % of flowers were visited at 25-40 days after delivery of bees to the greenhouse. Although sugar contents and fruit weights of bumblebee-pollinated tomatoes were not significantly higher than those produced using growth regulator (Tomatotone [4-DPA]) treatment or mechanical vibration, the rate of increase of fruit diameter in the bumblebee-pollinated treatment was faster than that of fruits following growth regulator treatment. In a 50 50 m greenhouse, the percentages of visited flowers at distances up to 40 m of the bee colony were not significantly different. The use of 2 colonies of bumblebees in a 50 50 m greenhouse for tomato pollination during the cool season could completely replace other more laborious pollination methods for 2 months. Library code: Bb. Language: Ch. Author address: Taiwan Apicultural and Sericultural Experiment Station, 250 Kuannan, Kungkuan 317, Miaoli County, Taiwan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900046 Lycopersicon esculentum/fruit set/size/sugars/vibration/tomatoes/pollination/pollinators/Bombus terrestris/protected cultivation/fruits/set/quality/plant growth regulators/4-CPA/responses/Bombus/of Lycopersicon/by Bombus/Lycopersicon/greenhouse culture. Chen, C. and Tsai, M. (1994) Effect of honeybee pollination on production of buckwheat, var. Fengtan (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Chinese Journal of Entomology, 14(3), 411-415. Buckwheat cv. Fengtan was grown in the field in 24-mesh nylon mesh cages with or without honey bees [Apis spp.], or in 8-mesh nylon mesh cages without honey bees (but with other insects), or in the open field with introduced honey bees. The presence of honey bees in cages increased buckwheat grain yield by 81 and 52% compared with no-insect and no-honey bee treatments, respectively, while the highest yield was given by introduction of honey bees to the open field. Library code: Bb. Language: Ch. Author address: Taiwan Apicultural and Sericultural Experiment Station, 261 Kuannan Rd., Kungkuan, Miaoli, Taiwan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800697 apis/buckwheat/pollination/honey bees/honey bees/of Fagopyrum/by honey bees/Fagopyrum. Chen, H. M., Li, S. N., Chen, H., Chang, Y. Z. and Qi, R. S. (1992) Bionomics of Megachile tranquilla Cockerell. Insect Knowledge, 29(1), 26-29. M. tranquilla produces 3-4 generations annually with the full-grown larvae overwintering in cocoon. In late spring it pupates. The adult emergence of the overwintered generation peaks in the middle of May. At room temperature (22-25C) the egg stage lasts for 3-4 days, larval stage 20-22 days, and pupal stage 13-15 days. The adults of the first generation occur in mid-late June; of the second generation, in late July and early August; of the third generation in early-mid September. Coelioxys elongata, encyrtids and tachinid flies are its natural enemies. Language: Ch. Author address: Beijing Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700072 Megachile tranquilla/pollinators/China/Megachile/life cycle/development. Chen, J. T. (1998) [Socio-medical significance of royal jelly]. Honeybee Science, 19(1), 23-26. Accession date: 3 aug 1998. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bj. Language: Ja, en. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA295/99 royal jelly/medicinal properties. Chen, P. and Shih ChainIng, T. (1995) Population density, infestation rate and distribution of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. in Apis mellifera L. colony. Chinese Journal of Entomology, 15(4), 305-319. Populations of Varroa jacobsoni in honeybee colonies showed seasonal high densities in the spring and autumn of 1992. The occurrences of the high densities of mites were related to the presence of pollen sources, honey flow and brood cells. The density of maternal mites in capped worker cells was significantly correlated with the density of adult bees (r=0.75, p=0.01). Infestation rates and densities of Varroa mites in capped drone cells were higher than those in capped worker cells. Numbers of maternal mites and/or their progeny in drone cells were higher than in worker cells. Food suitability and amount of resources, e.g., food and space, were higher in drone cells than in worker cells. The number of Varroa progeny produced per female in worker cells was higher than that produced in drone cells. However, the number of progeny produced by each female was significantly correlated with their densities of maternal mites in cells (worker cells: r=0.96, p=0.01; drone cells: r=0.80, p=0.05). The frequency of Varroa mites parasitizing the abdominal sternum of honeybees was highest among the 4 body parts compared. The difference of the distribution pattern on beehives in the same colony was not significant. The fact that mites concentrated on the 'brood nests'located in the mid-low portion of the comb was consistent with the egg-laying pattern of the queen. Library code: 40 ref. Language: En. Author address: Taiwan Apicultural and Sericultural Experiment Station, 261 Kuan-Nan, Kung-Kuan, Miaoli, Taiwan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800242 arthropod pests/natural enemies/honey bees/beneficial insects/insects/Apis mellifera/Varroa jacobsoni/hosts/ectoparasites/biology/behaviour/pests/of honey bees/seasonal cycle/reproduction/population dynamics. Chen, P. P. (1995) Bees in the mountains of Tibet. Bienenwelt, 37(4), 107-111. Original title or source: Bienen im tibetanischen Bergland. This is an account of the Nakhi beekeepers in Yunnan province, China, who originally came from Tibet. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700121 Tibet/honey bees/beekeeping/China. Chen, P. P., Wongsiri, S., Jamyanya, T., Rinderer, T. E., Vongsamanode, S., Matsuka, M., Sylvester, H. A. and Oldroyd, B. P. (1998) Honey bees and other edible insects used as human food in Thailand. American Entomologist, 44(1), 25-29. Literature on the subject is reviewed and is supplemented with examples from different parts of Thailand. In areas of increasing urbanization and education, fewer insects are eaten. Four recipes using bee brood are included. A table compares the nutritional analyses and RDAs for 100 g each of honey bees and of 2 other insects, and of pork, chicken and shrimp. Accession date: 26 July 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bc. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Natural History Museum Vienna, 2te Abteilung - Entomologie, Vienna, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA658/99 Apis species/Thailand/honey bee brood/insects as food. Chen, Y., Chen, P., Hsu, E. and Ho, K. (1994) The effect of coumaphos on Varroa jacobsoni and its influence on honeybee colony. Chinese Journal of Entomology, 14(3), 353-360. Coumaphos (as Gubitol) was dusted at intervals of 6-7 days at 0.3 and 1.0 g on the back windows of honeybee [Apis mellifera] hives in Taiwan to control the mite Varroa jacobsoni; infestation was reduced by 76.6 and 82.4% for the 2 application rates, resp. Control was greatest 0-2 days after treatment, and declined rapidly in 5-7 days. Neither dosage had a significant effect on the sealed worker cells, and the area of such cells of treated and untreated colonies increased 2.43- to 2.92-fold, as the experiment ended. The effects on production of royal jelly were not significant. Library code: 17 ref. Language: Ch. Author address: Department of Plant Pathology & Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701034 natural enemies/Hymenoptera/Apidae/Acari/Varroidae/acaricides/beneficial insects/mites/pollinators/arthropod pests/Taiwan/Apis mellifera/Varroa jacobsoni/arthropods/coumaphos/control/chemical control/hosts/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/of honey bees/control methods. Chen, Y., Horng, I. and Ho, K. (1995) The effect of formic acid on Varroa jacobsoni and the honeybee colony. Chinese Journal of Entomology, 15(4), 287-294. The mite Varroa jacobsoni is the most serious pest of honeybees in Taiwan. This study evaluates the possibility of utilizing a formic acid board to control this mite. Placing the formic acid board on the top of the comb frames produced the most effective results. There were no significant differences in mite control between application of 6 ml/day and 8 ml/day of formic acid. Both dosages gave more than an 80% control rate of Varroa mites. There were no significant differences in the survival rates of adult bees among different dosage treatments of formic acid from 2 ml/day to 8 ml/day. But treatments of 6 ml/day and 8 ml/day decreased capped worker cells an average of 15% and 58.5%, respectively. These treatments also influenced the amount of feeding by the bees on sugar syrup and pollen cake, but the influence of the 6 ml/day treatment was less than the 8 ml/day treatment. Application of 6 ml/day of formic acid to control Varroa jacobsoni in a colony is recommended, and at this dosage adverse effects can be neglected. Library code: 14 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Plant Pathology and Entomology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosvelt Road, Sec. IV, Taipei, Taiwan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800241 mites/Acari/beneficial insects/honey bees/insects/arthropod pests/Varroa jacobsoni/formic acid/effects/Apis mellifera/hosts/ectoparasites/pests/of honey bees/Taiwan/control methods. Cheng, P. C. and Wong, G. (1996) Honey bee propolis: prospects in medicine. Bee World, 77(1), 8-15. D. G. Lowe. The antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anti-tumour effects of propolis and its components, especially flavonoids and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), are reviewed, with 22 references. It is emphasized that the composition of propolis varies depending on the season and the botanical sources from which the bees have collected resins, and that only by identifying individual components and their mode of action can progress be made in the use of propolis in scientific medicine. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701127 hive products/flavonoids/caffeic acid/antibacterial properties/antifungal properties/antiviral properties/propolis/medicinal properties/reviews. Cherbuliez, T. (1997) Bee venom in treatment of chronic diseases. Bee products: properties, applications, and apitherapy [edited by Mizrahi, A.; Lensky, Y.]. New York, USA, Plenum Publishing Corporation, 213-220. Page(s): 213-220. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: 1209 Post Road, Scarsdale, NY 10583, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801460 Apis mellifera/honey bee venom/medicinal properties. Cherchi, A., Porcu, M., Spanedda, L., Tuberoso, C. I. G., Cosentino, S. and Palmas, F. (1995) Identification of parameters useful for the characterization and evaluation of typical Sardinian honeys: asphodel, thistle, and strawberry-tree. Rivista di Scienza dell'Alimentazione, 24(4), 523-534. Original title or source: Individuazione di parametri utili per la caratterizzazione e la valorizzazione di mieli tipici della Sardegna: asfodela, cardo e corbezzolo. D. G. Lowe. Physicochemical, microbiological, organoleptic and pollen analyses were carried out on 14 asphodel (Asphodelus microcarpus), 12 strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) and 11 thistle (Carduus and other species) honeys obtained in Sardinia in 1991-1993. The value of different parameters in assessing the authenticity and quality of the honeys, and in characterizing them, is discussed. Other publications on Sardinian honeys are reviewed, with 51 references. Library code: Ba. Language: It. Author address: Dipartimento di Economia dell'Impresa, della Tecnologia, dell'Ambiente, Universita di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801052 honey/Italy/Sardinia/composition/characteristics/Asphodelus/Arbutus/Carduus. Cherchi, A., Spanedda, L., Tuberoso, C. and Cabras, P. (1994) Solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of organic acids in honey. Journal of Chromatography. A., 669(1/2), 59-64. Author. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is reported that allows the determination of organic acids in honey after sample purification by solid-phase extraction. The chromatographic separation was achieved with two Spherisorb ODS-1 S5 columns connected in series and sulphuric acid (pH 2.45) as the mobile phase. The average recoveries of the acids ranged from 89% to 104% and the detection limits from 0.002 to 3 ppm (wt/wt). Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Dipartimento di Economia dell'Impresa, della Tecnologia e dell'Ambiente, Cattedra di Merceologia, Viale Fra' Ignazio 74, 09123 Cagliari, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701458 honey/composition/organic acids/acids/analytical methods/chromatography/determination/analysis/HPLC. Chevet, R. (1995) Structures for honey bees. Revue Francaise d'Apiculture(548;550;551;552;553), 71-75;171-174;213-218;265-267;317-319. Original title or source: Batir pour les abeilles. P. Walker. This series of 5 articles describes various types of protective structures used in the past for honey bees in traditional hives; many surviving examples have been recorded in France and NE Spain. These include: enclosures with high stone walls (probably to protect against bears); recesses in walls (like the bee boles found in UK); bee shelters, which are found throughout Europe; and, in Spain, bee walls. The articles are illustrated with the author's own photographs. [The structures are recorded in the International Bee Research Association Register of Bee Boles and other Beekeeping Structures.]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700555 apiaries/France/Spain. Chevet, R. (1995) Structures for honey bees: wall hives. Revue Francaise d'Apiculture(554), 359-361. Original title or source: Batir pour les abeilles: les ruches-placards. Examples from Morocco and Galicia, Spain, are illustrated. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701397 beekeeping/hives/Spain/Morocco/wall apiaries. Chevet, R. (1995) Structures for honey bees. Belgique Apicole, 59(8), 231-238. Original title or source: Batir pour les abeilles. See AA 555/96.\0BP. Walker. This article defines the various types of protective structures used in the past for honey bees in traditional hives. Some large stone enclosures in Spain and Provence are described. [See also a series of articles in Revue Francaise d'Apiculture (1995) No. 548-No. 553.]. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701292 honey bees/Apis mellifera/hives/apiaries/France/Spain. Chhuneja, P. K., Brar, H. S. and Goyal, N. P. (1993) Studies on some pollen substitutes fed as moist-patty to Apis mellifera L. colonies. 2. Effect on colony development. Indian Bee Journal, 55(3/4), 17-25. P. Walker. Compared with 7 other diets, two types of patty containing soyabean resulted in significantly higher mortality of unsealed and sealed brood. Brood mortality was lowest in colonies fed with pollen or with a diet of brewer's yeast + guar meal; mean populations in these colonies were 11650 and 9700 bees, respectively (compared with less than 7670 bees in colonies on other diets), and mean weights of individual nurse bees and foragers were significantly higher. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Processing and Agricultural Structures, College of Agricultural Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801341 Apis mellifera/yeasts/guar meal/soyabean oilmeal/India/feeding/honey bees/pollen substitutes/honey bee colonies/development/brood rearing. Chhuneja, P. K., Brar, H. S. and Goyal, N. P. (1993) Studies on some pollen substitutes fed as moist-patty to Apis mellifera L. colonies. 3. Effect on honey storage, pollen load and wax production. Indian Bee Journal, 55(3/4), 26-30. P. Walker. Average wax production from colonies fed on a diet of brewer's yeast + guar meal (B) for 6.5 months was 1.325 kg/colony and from pollen-fed (P) colonies 2.455 kg/colony. Colonies fed on other diets yielded significantly less wax. Honey yields were also higher in colonies fed with B or P. Feeding pollen substitutes resulted in a significant decrease in the average weight of pollen loads, indicating a fall in pollen foraging. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Processing & Agricultural Structures, College of Agricultural Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801342 Apis mellifera/yeasts/guar meal/India/pollen loads/feeding/honey bees/pollen substitutes/beeswax/secretion/honey bee colonies/honey-getting capacity/foraging/pollen. Chiappa, E. and Toro, H. (1994) Reproductive behaviour of Centris mixta tamarugalis (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Part 2. Nesting and immature stages. Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 21, 99-115. Original title or source: Comportamiento reproductivo de Centris mixta tamarugalis (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). II Parte: nidificacion y estados inmaduros. Author. The nesting habits of C. mixta, a species found in desert areas of northern Chile, are described and compared with those of other species of Centris. Descriptions of the immature stages are included. Library code: Bb. Language: Es. Author address: Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Casilla 34-V, Valparaiso, Chile. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700473 Centris mixta/Apidae/development/Chile/Centris/nests/larvae/pupae. Chiappa T, E. (1994) Behavioural precursors of social life in Apoidea (Hymenoptera). Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 21, 165-170. Original title or source: Comportamientos precursores de vida social en Apoidea (Hymenoptera). D. G. Lowe. This is a short review, with 21 references, of work relating to behaviour in primitively social bees, especially the genus Ceratina. Library code: Bb. Language: Es. Author address: Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Education, Casilla 34-V, Valparaiso, Chile. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700429 Apidea/evolution/Apoidea/Ceratina/social behaviour. Chiasson, H., Vincent, C. and Oliveira, D. d. (1997) Effect of an insect vacuum device on strawberry pollinators. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Pollination, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, 23-28 June 1996 [edited by Richards, K. W.]. Leiden, Netherlands, International Society for Horticultural Science, 373-377. Author. The Biovac is a self-propelled vacuum device designed to control insect pests of strawberry. Biovac passages significantly reduced pollinator populations, especially that of honey bees, in a field in Quebec, Canada. When the Biovac approached, only 19% of pollinators present on flowers flew away. Of those that remained, 61% were aspirated and 39% remained clinging to the plants. The active period for most pollinators was between 08.00 and 18.00 h. It is recommended that the Biovac be passed before or after this period. Page(s): 373-377. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Departement des Sciences Biologiques, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, C. P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900644 honey bees/Apis mellifera/strawberries/Canada/vacuum/International symposium on pollination/beneficial insects/pollinators/nontarget effects. Chiesa, F., Barbattini, R., Greatti, M., D'Agaro, M. and Porrini, C. (1992) Comparison of the effectiveness of different types of cages for the collection of dead bees. Atti del Convegno 'L'ape come insetto test dell'inquinamento agricola', Firenze, 28 Marzo 1992 [edited by D'Ambrosio, M. T.; Accorti, M.]. Florence, Italy, Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, 101-110. Original title or source: Confronto sull'efficacia di raccolta di api morte in gabbie di tipo diverso. Author. In 1989 and 1990 trials were carried out in an apiary to test the effectiveness, for collecting dead bees, of 2 types of cage Gary and the so-called 'underbasket'. For a brief period during the summer of 1989, varying numbers of labelled dead bees were placed in experimental hives in order to simulate 5 mortality rates. Statistical analysis indicated, for certain quantities, a significant difference in favour of the 'underbasket' cage; in addition the latter, in comparison with the Gary cages, had a higher percentage of recovery for all amounts of inserted dead bees. Over the long summer-autumn period of 1990, a fixed number of labelled dead bees was introduced twice a week. The number collected in 'underbasket' cages was more consistently near the number placed in the hives. None of the climatic parameters considered (air temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind) significantly influenced the efficiency of recovery. Page(s): 101-110. Library code: Ba. Language: It. Author address: Dipartimento di Biologia applicata alla Difesa delle Piante - Universita degli Studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700132 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/death/cages/honey bees/monitoring/movable-comb hives/equipment. Chinniah, C. and Mohanasundaram, M. (1995) Record of new ascid mites (Ascidae: Acari) infesting insects in Tamil Nadu, India. Entomon, 20(3/4), 233-236. The authors record 3 ascid mites, associated with insects in Tamil Nadu, 2 of which are new to science. The mites reported are Blattisocius apisassociae sp. nov. phoretic on Apis cerana indica, B. othreisae sp. nov. on Othreis sp. and Lasioseius lindquisti on a pentatomid. Library code: 7 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore, 641 003, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900465 blattisocius/ascidae/natural enemies/ecology/eudocima/ectoparasites/Blattisocius othreisae/hosts/Blattisocius apisassociae/Apis cerana indica/phoresy/Apis cerana/Lasioseius lindquisti/Pentatomidae/taxonomy/new species/India/Tamil Nadu/Apis cerana/Acari/honey bees/relationships. Chinniah, C. and Mohanasundaram, M. (1996) Three new species of mites associated with insects from Tamil Nadu, India. Entomon, 21(2), 157-163. Descriptions and illustrations are presented of three species of mites new to science, including Lepidoglyphus combus sp. nov. and Tyrophagus debrivorus sp. nov. associated with stored comb materials of Apis florea. Library code: 9 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900844 mites/Apis florea/Lepidoglyphus combus/Tyrophagus debrivorus/interactions/Acari/taxonomy/new species/India/Tamil Nadu/Acaridae/Glycyphagidae. Chittka, Williams, N. M., Rasmussen, H. and Thomson, J. D. (1999) Navigation without vision: bumblebee orientation in complete darkness. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 266, 45-50. In a laboratory experiment using infrared equipment Bombus terrestris workers (which had never left the nest before) were observed leaving the nestbox in darkness and exploring, apparently in search of food. Without visual cues, even experienced foragers walked for distances up to 150 cm to reach a feeder at 40 cm from the nest. The bees laid some odour marks which had rather a weak effect. When these were experimentally removed, bees continued to walk in the correct direction, suggesting the use of a magnetic compass. They also appeared to be able to judge distances correctly. Accession date: 23 March 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bc. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Ecology and Evolution, State Univ. New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA372/99 Bombus/orientation/magnetic compass/navigation/foraging. Chittka, L. (1992) The colour hexagon: a chromaticity diagram based on photoreceptor excitations as a generalized representation of colour opponency. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 170(5), 533-543. D. G. Lowe. The model described is used to compare behavioural colour discrimination data of 3 bee species Apis mellifera, Melipona quadrifasciata and Osmia rufa. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Konigin-Luise-Str. 28-30, 1000 Berlin 33, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700151 Apis mellifera/Melipona quadrifasciata/Osmia rufa/Apidae/senses/honey bees/Melipona/Osmia/vision/colours/Melipona/Osmia/mathematical models. Chittka, L. (1997) Bee color vision is optimal for coding flower color, but flower colors are not optimal for being codedwhy? Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 45(2/3), 115-127. Author. This review, with 51 references, focuses on floral colours as seen through bees' eyes. Model calculations are used to determine an optical colour coding system for identifying flower colours, and to see whether flower colours are well suited for being encoded. It is shown that the trichromatic colour vision of bees comprises UV, blue, and green receptors whose wavelength positions are optimal for identifying flower colours, but a phylogenetic analysis reveals that UV, blue, and green receptors were probably present in the ancestors of crustaceans and insects 570 million years ago, and thus predate the evolution of flower colour by at least 400 million years. In what ways did flower colours adapt to insect vision? The variability of flower colour is subject to constraint. Flowers are clustered in the bee colour space (probably because of biochemical constraints), and different plant families differ strongly in their variation of colour (which points to phylogenetic constraint). However, flower colours occupy areas of colour space that are significantly different from those occupied by common background materials, such as green foliage. Finally, models are developed to test whether the colours of flowers of sympatric and simultaneously flowering species diverge or converge to a higher degree than expected by chance. Such effects are indeed found in some habitats. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900730 Flowers/characteristics/colour/variation/evolution/Apoidea/compound eyes/senses. Chittka, L., Beier, W., Hertel, H., Steinmann, E. and Menzel, R. (1992) Opponent colour coding is a universal strategy to evaluate the photoreceptor inputs in Hymenoptera. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 170(5), 545-563. D. G. Lowe. Behavioural tests were carried out with 9 hymenopteran species (including the bees Apis mellifera, Melipona quadrifasciata, Osmia rufa and Heriades truncorum), which ranked certain sets of coloured stimuli according to their subjective similarity to a previously memorized stimulus. The correlations between these similarity rankings and the colour distance rankings predicted by various models of neural colour computation were then analysed, and used as a measure of the likelihood of the existence of a colour coding system. The results indicate that it is possible to employ a standard measure of perceptual colour distance (colour hexagon distance) to predict the capacities of colour discrimination adequately in all the tested insects. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Fachbereich Biologie, Institut fur Neurobiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Konigin-Luise-Str. 28-30, 1000 Berlin 33, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700144 Melipona quadrifasciata/Osmia rufa/heriades truncorum/Apis mellifera/Apidae/senses/honey bees/Melipona/Osmia/Heriades/Hymenoptera/vision/colours/Melipona/Osmia/Heriades/mathematical models. Chittka, L. and Geiger, K. (1995) Can honey bees count landmarks? Animal Behaviour, 49(1), 159-164. Author. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) were trained to fly along a row of 4 identical landmarks (tetrahedral tents 3.46 m high) which were equally spaced in a set-up 300 m long, the feeder being placed between the third and fourth landmarks. In tests, the number of tents between hive and feeder was altered. Even though many bees continued to search for food at the correct distance, the distance estimation of the bees as a group depended notably on the number of landmarks. If they encountered more landmarks on their way from the hive to the feeder than they had during training, significantly more bees landed at a shorter distance than during control tests with the training landmark set-up. If they encountered fewer landmarks, they flew significantly further. This behaviour meets the basic criteria in most definitions of true counting. Since, however, a transfer of the counting performance on different objects is unlikely to occur, the observed behaviour should be referred to as protocounting. Landmark (proto-) counting is considered here a special application of a sequential memory for landmarks. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Konigin-Luise-Str. 28-30, 14195 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701347 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/flying honey bees/orientation/counting/behaviour. Chittka, L. and Geiger, K. (1995) Honeybee long-distance orientation in a controlled environment. Ethology, 99(2), 117-126. Author. The integration of artificial movable landmarks (tetrahedral tents of 3.46 m height) into the course followed by bees (Apis mellifera) was investigated in an environment that provided a minimum of natural orientation cues. Bees were trained along a row of 4 landmarks which were equally spaced along a length of 300 m. The bees were then tested in situations where the position of the landmark line indicated a direction of the feeding site other than the (originally trained) sun-compass direction. This discrepancy was systematically varied. The results showed that the sun compass was dominant over the landmarks. This preference was negligible if the deviation between the two indicated directions was small, but it increased as the angle of deviation became larger. In contrast, if the entire sky was overcast by clouds, more bees followed the direction indicated by the artificial landmarks than under sunny conditions. However, as the deviation between the trained direction and the landmark direction increased, more individuals landed at the training site. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701349 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/sun/flying honey bees/orientation. Chittka, L., Geiger, K. and Kunze, J. (1995) The influences of landmarks on distance estimation of honey bees. Animal Behaviour, 50(1), 23-31. Author. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) were trained to fly from their hive to a feeding site along a flight path marked by visually discriminable landmarks 3.46 m high. The landmarks were placed at regular intervals of 90 m. During training, the feeder was located directly in front of the third (target) landmark. In the tests, bees were given the choice of landing at the trained distance or at the target landmark which had been displaced to a different distance. Bees preferred to land at the target landmark when the discrepancy between the 2 indicated distances was small, but landed mostly at the trained distance if the discrepancy was large. Furthermore, distance estimation depended on landmarks encountered during flight. When the target landmark was placed at a distance from the hive closer than the trained distance, the bees' readiness to respond to this landmark could be increased only if bees had already passed the landmark that preceded the target landmark during training. Thus, a given flight goal is defined in the bees' memory by its distance from the hive, landmarks that mark the goal, and landmarks that precede the goal during flight. At the same time, the bees, as a group, exhibited considerable flexibility to land in places that were defined by only 1 or 2 of these cues. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Konigin-Luise-Str. 28-30, 14195 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701348 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/foraging/flying honey bees/honey bees/learning/memory. Chittka, L., Kunze, J., Shipman, C. and Buchmann, S. L. (1995) The significance of landmarks for path integration in homing honeybee foragers. Naturwissenschaften, 82(7), 341-343. P. Walker. It is known that dancing honey bee foragers indicate the actual compass direction of a food source, regardless of any deviations that may have been necessary in their return flight, e.g. because of an obstacle in the direct flight path. Tests were devised to establish if path integration is used by bees during the actual flights. The results suggest that bees use path integration mainly when exploring novel routes but, when flying in familiar territory, they employ a sequence memory for flight-vector instructions and landmark memory retrievals. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie der Freien Universitat, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900185 Apis mellifera. Chittka, L. and Menzel, R. (1992) The evolutionary adaptation of flower colours and the insect pollinators' colour vision. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 171(2), 171-181. Author. The evolutionary tuning between floral coloration and the colour vision of flower-visiting Hymenoptera was quantified by evaluating the informational transfer from the signalling flower to the perceiving pollinator. The analysis of 180 spectral reflection spectra of angiosperm blossoms showed that sharp steps occur precisely at those wavelengths where pollinators are most sensitive to spectral differences. Straightforward model calculations determined the optimal set of 3 spectral photoreceptor types for discrimination of floral colour signals on the basis of perceptual difference values. The results show good agreement with the sets of photoreceptors characterized electrophysiologically in 40 species of Hymenoptera. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Konigin-Luise-Str. 28-30, 1000 Berlin 33, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600020 senses/Hymenoptera/vision/colour/flowers/spectral analysis. Chittka, L., Vorobyev, M., Shmida, A. and Menzel, R. (1993) Bee colour vision the optimal system for the discrimination of flower colours with three spectral photoreceptor types? Sensory systems of arthropods [edited by Wiese, K.; Gribakin, F. G.; Popov, A. V.; Renninger, G.]. Basel, Switzerland, Birkhauser Verlag AG, 211-218. Author. Two approaches for measuring the quality of trichromatic colour vision of Hymenoptera are presented. Templates of photoreceptor spectral sensitivity curves were shifted along the wavelength scale to search for the optimal set of 3 shifted along the wavelength scale to search for the optimal set of 3 spectral receptor types. The criteria for optimality were (1) maximal perceptual differences between all flower colours and (2) a maximal number of distinguishable flower colours. The results showed that the set of 3 photoreceptor colour types as measured in a large number of Hymenoptera, including bees, is optimally suited to the task of discriminating floral colours. Page(s): 211-218. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Konigin-Luise-Str.28-30, 1000 Berlin 33, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701186 Apidae/flowers/senses/Hymenoptera/vision/colour/Apoidea. Chittka, L. and Waser, N. M. (1997) Why red flowers are not invisible to bees. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 45(2/3), 169-183. Author. Recent empirical and theoretical evidence that red flowers are visible to bees is reviewed, with 75 references. The visual spectrum of all bee species studied to date extends enough into long wavelengths to provide sensitivity to red light. Such sensitivity differs from the ability to discriminate different monochromatic lights, and it is argued that bees will be unable to discriminate such lights above 550 nm. However, flowers do not reflect monochromatic lights; many of them, particularly those that appear red, orange, yellow, and white to humans, have reflectance patterns that are essentially step functions. Bees should be able to discriminate such reflectance patterns over a range of 550-650 nm, since reflectance functions with steps at such wavelengths will occupy different loci in bee colour space and thus be distinguishable. In this sense, bees should be able to distinguish between green-, yellow-, orange-, and red-reflecting objects, even if these do not reflect in shorter wavelengths (including UV). A behavioural experiment has shown that bumble bees (Bombus spp.) can do this and field observations of bee visits to typical red flowers are described. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Konigin-Luise-Strasse 28-30, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900770 Apidae/foraging. Chiu, C. S. and Chu, L. K. (1990) Dissipation of oxytetracycline residue in royal jelly. Journal of Agricultural Research of China, 39(4), 339-346. P. Walker. Oxytetracycline (OTC) can be extracted from royal jelly using organic solvents and Amberlite XAD-2 resin column chromatography; the average recovery is 65%. After treating Apis mellifera colonies with different doses of OTC to control foul brood, OTC residues were monitored in samples of royal jelly collected at intervals over the next 4 weeks. After extraction of OTC, it was assayed by the cylinder-plate method with Bacillus cereus var. mycoides. OTC level decreased to about 10% of the initial residual level within 13 days and then gradually became undetectable. In colonies treated with 0.125 g OTC twice, 0.063 g twice and 0.031 g once, the OTC level fell below 0.05 ppm after 45, 35 and 24 days, respectively. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Applied Zoology, TARI, Wufeng, Taichung Hsien, Taiwan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601124 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/bee diseases/royal jelly/hive products/as hive products/drug residues/oxytetracycline/honey bee brood/foul brood/control methods. Chlebo, R. (1997) Beekeeping in the centre of Europe: the current status of beekeeping in the Slovak Republic. Bee Biz(5), 5-6. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801237 beekeeping/Slovakia. Chmielewski, W. (1992) Varroa jacobsoni and other mites (Acari) as a component of organic honey pollution. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skodowska. Sectio DD, Medicina Veterinaria, 47(12), 65-67. Original title or source: Varroa jacobsoni Oud. i inne roztocze (Acari) jako element organicznego zanieczyszczenia miodu pszczelego. D. G. Lowe. Acarological analysis showed that 50% of 570 raw honey samples (obtained from beekeepers) contained dead mites. Varroa jacobsoni was found in 7.4% of samples. The other mites found most frequently were stored products mites Carpoglyphus lactis (25.2% of samples), Glycyphagus domesticus (9.5%), Tyrophagus longior (2.0%) and Acarus silo (1.6%). Library code: Ba. Language: Pl. Author address: Oddzia Pszczelnictwa, Instytut Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa, Puawy, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700325 honey/contamination/Acari/Varroa jacobsoni. Chmielewski, W. (1992) Attempt to characterize damage on the bodies of mites, Varroa jacobsoni, collected from winter hive debris. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skodowska. Sectio DD, Medicina Veterinaria, 47(4), 19-23. Original title or source: Proba scharakteryzowania uszkodzen ciaa Varroa jacobsoni Oud. spotykanego w osypie naturalnym zimujacych pszczo. Author. Dead mites were picked from hive debris collected from 103 honey bee [Apis mellifera] colonies in spring. On examination of the 3248 mites, it was found that 84% were damaged; of these 61.6% had leg damage, 31.6% idiosoma damage and 6.8% gnathosoma damage. In a second study, 1333 mites, killed by treating 10 infested honey bee colonies with acaricide, were examined; 16.7% were damaged, also apparently as a result of being bitten by bees. Again, the majority had damaged legs. Library code: Ba. Language: Pl. Author address: Oddzia Pszczelnictwa, Instytut Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa, Puawy, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601067 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/resistance/injuries. Chmielewski, W. (1993) Biology of Chaetodactylus osmiae a pollen-eating mite which is phoretic on solitary bees. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 37, 133-143. Original title or source: Biologia Chaetodactylus osmiae (Duf., 1866) (Acarida, Chaetodactylidae) pykozernego rozkruszka foretycznie zwiazanego z pszczoami samotnymi (Apoidea). Author. Adult mites of this species were reared from phoretic hypopi associated with Osmia rufa and Anthophora sp., collected for the first time in nature in Poland. They were used as initial material for laboratory cultures. Cultures and investigations were conducted under controlled conditions: temperature 20 <+-> 2C, about 85% RH, using pollen loads obtained by means of pollen traps, as a medium and nutrient. One-day-old males and females were paired and placed in rearing cages. Behaviour, lifespan and oviposition were examined every 2-3 days. Ontogenesis, viability of juvenile stages and sex of newly emerged adults were recorded. All stages of life history were observed. The complete development cycle (egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult) took on average 19.7 (12-35) days; embryonic development took 5.5 (3-10) days. In laboratory conditions the hypopus stage may be present and during this study was observed often. In nature hypopi are very common and may prolong the life cycle due to a winter diapause. Female mites lived on average for 47.1 (28-154) days producing 270.7 (137-515) eggs. Library code: Bj. Language: Pl. Author address: Oddzia Pszczelnictwa, Instytut Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa, ul. Kazimierska 2, 24-100 Puawy, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600423 Chaetodactylus osmiae/phoresy/Osmia rufa/Anthophora/Apidae/pests/Apoidea/Chaetodactylus/of Apoidea/Chaetodactylus/life cycle. Chmielewski, W. (1994) Egg productivity and development of acarids (Acaroidea) on bee-collected pollen. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 38, 131-142. Original title or source: Skadanie jaj i rozwoj rozkruszkow (Acaroidea) na pyku zbieranym przez pszczoy. D. G. Lowe. Of the 9 mite species investigated, 7 (Acarus farris, Acarus siro, Horstia longa, Thyreophagus entomophagus, Tyrophagus longior, Tyrophagus casei, Tyrophagus putrescentiae) were isolated from samples of food products, house dust and hive debris (Apis mellifera) infested with them; the remaining 2 were collected from other bees, i.e. Chaetodactylus osmiae from Osmia rufa and Kuzinia laevis from Bombus terrestris. The mites were kept on bee-collected pollen in rearing cages kept at 20 <+-> 2C, RH 85%. Data on lifespan, life cycle, oviposition, development and behaviour are presented for all species. The average lifespan (up to 113 days), egg production (up to 636 eggs) and rate of development (12.7-19.7 days) indicate that these species of mites should be considered as potential pests of stored pollen. Library code: Bj. Language: Pl. Author address: Instytut Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa, Oddzia Pszczelnictwa, ul. Kazimierska 2, 24-100 Puawy, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601519 hive products/pollen/as hive products/bee-collected pollen/storage/pests/Acari. Chmielewski, W. (1995) Acarological analysis of honey and effectiveness of straining the mites off it. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 39(1), 157-168. P. Walker. The study concentrated on Carpoglyphus lactis, a mite commonly found in honey, and also included Varroa jacobsoni and several other mite species. A known number of mites of known sex and developmental stage was added to 50 g of mite-free honey which was then dissolved in 200 ml distilled water; the resulting solution was filtered under reduced pressure. Mites in the material on the filter paper were counted. The capture rate depended on the species (high for larger species), development stage and sex. A comparison of body sizes determined for C. lactis with mesh sizes of strainers normally used for honey showed that the straining process may be effective in removing adults, but does not remove all juveniles, or any body parts, or faeces. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Bee Division, Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, Kazimierska 2, 24-100 Puawy, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701112 honey/contamination/Acari/Varroa jacobsoni/Carpoglyphus lactis/removing/filtration. Chmielewski, W. (1995) Pollen loads as a food of stored product mites (Acaroidea). Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 39(1), 169-176. P. Walker. The mites Acarus siro and Tyrophagus putrescentiae are often found in hive debris. In a laboratory study they were successfully reared on bee-collected pollen; their reproduction, development and lifespans are reported. This method of rearing mites could be useful for mass production of mite material for acarological studies. The results also suggest that these species may be pests of pollen stores in the hive. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Bee Division, Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, Kazimierska 2, 24-100 Puawy, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701136 Acari/stored products pests/hive products/laboratory methods/bee-collected pollen/pollen/as hive products/Acarus siro/Tyrophagus putrescentiae/rearing techniques. Chmielewski, W. (1995) Contamination of honey with mites (Acari). Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 39(2), 119-128. Original title or source: Zanieczyszczenie miodu roztoczami (Acarina). D. G. Lowe. Investigations were carried out in 1989-1993, using samples of honey originating from beekeepers in SE Poland. In total, 1023 samples were collected from about 165 t of honey; contamination by mites varied from 30.2% of samples (1990) to 65.2% (1991). Contamination of samples of honey at various stages of processing differed considerably. The highest contamination was in samples collected from sedimentation containers (81.3%) and from barrels containing raw honey delivered by beekeepers (50.5%). Honey, as a final product, was contaminated to a lesser degree (26.9%) and samples contained only a few or single mites more often than the other samples. Most of the species infesting honey were common stored products mites (e.g. Carpoglyphus lactis, Glycyphagus domesticus). Library code: Bj. Language: Pl. Author address: Oddzia Pszczelnictwa, Instytut Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa, ul. Kazimierska 2, 24-100 Puawy, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800280 Carpoglyphus lactis/Glycyphagus domesticus/stored products pests/processing/honey/contamination/Acari/Poland. Chmielewski, W. (1995) Biology of Horstia (H). longa Fain et Chmielewski, 1987 (Acari, Acaridae) on bee-collected pollen. The Acari. Physiological and ecological aspects of Acari-host relationships [edited by Kropczynska, D.; Boczek, J.; Tomczyk, A.]. Warsaw, Poland, Oficyna DABOR, 365-369. D. G. Lowe. Mites of this species were collected from house dust but it is thought that their true habitat is in the nests of bees and/or wasps. Details are given for the life cycle of H. longa when kept in laboratory culture and fed on bee-collected pollen. Page(s): 365-369. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Division of Apiculture, Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, Kazimierska 2, 24-100 Puawy, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801116 Horstia longa/Apidae/bee-collected pollen/Acari/life cycle/Apoidea/relationships/nests. Chmielewski, W. (1996) Body injuries of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. females (Acarina, Varroidae) collected from hive debris of wintering bee colonies (Apis mellifera L.). Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 40(1), 141-153. Original title or source: Uszkodzenia ciaa samic Varroa jacobsoni Oud. (Acarina, Varroideae) wybranych z osypu zimujacych rodzin pszczelich (Apis mellifera L.). P. Walker. Analysis of hive debris from a total of 471 colonies during 4 winters (1991-1994) showed that 85.8% of samples contained dead V. jacobsoni females. The percentage of mites with injuries was 90% in A. m. carnica colonies, 86% in A. m. caucasica, 85% in A. m. ligustica and 84% in hybrids. The most common injury was to mite's legs, especially pair I and, on many (44%) dead mites, the gnathosoma was damaged or completely severed. Library code: Bj. Language: Pl. Author address: Oddzia Pszczelnictwa, Instytut Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa, ul. Kazimierska 2, 24-100 Puawy, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900261 beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/resistance/grooming/races/Apis mellifera/Europe. Chmielewski, W. (1996) Development and fecundity of Carpoglyphus lactis (L.) (Acari, Carpoglyphidae) on nectar-honeydew honey. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 40(2), 213-217. P. Walker. Live C. lactis were collected from hive debris, and stored food products, for laboratory rearing on honey from nectar and honeydew sources. Results were as follows: developmental cycle 22.9 days, mortality of developing instars 15.7%, frequency of females 52.2%, lifespan of adults 53.8 days, female fecundity 46.8 eggs. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Bee Products, Division of Apiculture, Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, Kazimierska 2, 24-100 Puawy, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900369 Carpoglyphus lactis/storage mites. Chmielewski, W. (1996) Species composition of acaro-entomofauna of honey. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 40(2), 205-212. P. Walker. During 5 seasons (1989-93) various types of honey were sampled at cooperatives supplied by beekeepers in SE Poland. Samples were taken on delivery and at various stages of processing, and a total of 1023 were examined. About 50% contained various arthropods, mainly mites (over 40 species) and insects ( over 24 species). The most common species was Carpoglyphus lactis (present in 78% of samples), followed by Glycyphagus domesticus (29%), Acarus siro (17/5%), Varroa jacobsoni (15.7%) and Tyrophagus longior (11%). Other species were less frequent and fewer in numbers. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Bee Products, Division of Apiculture, Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, Kazimierska 2, 24-100 Puawy, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900670 honey/contamination/Acari/insects/Poland. Chmielewski, W. (1997) Relationships between mites (Acarina) and bumble bees (Bombinae) in the wild and in artificial culture. Postepy apidologii w Polsce [edited by Cierzniak, T.]. Bydgoszcz, Poland, Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Wyzszej Szkoy Pedagogicznej, 199-208. Original title or source: Powiazania miedzy roztoczami (Acarina) i trzmielami (Bombinae) w naturze i w warunkach sztucznej hodowli. P. Walker. During a study over many years, samples of live and dead adult bees (Bombus lapidarius, B. lucorum, B. pascuorum and B. terrestris) and nest debris, etc., were examined for the presence of mites. Mites were found in both natural and managed populations, and over 20 species were identified. Several hundred mites were found on the body surfaces of some bees, and several thousand in some nests. Most mites in nests were commensals; some were necrophagous and some were phoretic on adult bees (especially Kuzinia laevis, Parasitellus ficorum and Scutacarus acarorum). If mite populations are high, they may be harmful to their hosts. Such infestations hinder laboratory rearing. Page(s): 199-208. Library code: Bd. Language: Pl. Author address: Oddzia Pszczelnictwa, Instytut Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa, ul. Kazimierska 2, 24-100 Puawy, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900795 Apidae/pests/phoresy. Chmielewski, W. (1997) Biological data of driedfruit mite, Carpoglyphus lactis (L.) (Carpoglyphidae, Acari) feeding on several kinds of honey. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 41, 177-182. Original title: Dane biologiczne roztoczka suszowego, Carpoglyphus lactis (L.) (Carpoglyphidae, Acari) zerujacego na kilku odmianach miodu. Development of C. lactis, a common pest in hive products, was compared when the mite was reared in the laboratory on one of 8 types (various floral and honeydew) of honey. The mites feeding on rape, buckwheat and lime honeys consumed slightly more and developed more rapidly. Accession date: 17 july 1998. Call number: 638.16. Library code: Bj. Language: Pl, en. . Author address: Oddzial Pszczelnictwa, Inst. Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa, ul. Kazimierska 2, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA263/99 Carpoglyphus/development/life cycle/fertility/feeding/honey/contamination. Chmielewski, W. (1997) The effectiveness of the detection of pests in pollen loads by sieving with the use of laboratory screens. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 41, 183-188. Original title: Skutecznosc wykrywania szkodników w obnózach pylkowych metoda przesiewania przy uzyciu sit laboratoryjnych. Different developmental stages of 4 mite species (Acarus siro, Carpoglyphus lactis, Glycyphagus domesticus and Varroa jacobsoni) were mixed with pollen and the samples were sieved using mesh sizes of 0.6–2.0 mm. The method was most suitable (51–97% efficiency) for large and well-sclerotized individuals (nymphs and imagines); eggs and larvae were least well detected (7–24%). The method is recommended for the detection of pests in pollen loads. Accession date: 17 july 1998. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bj. Language: Pl, en. . Author address: Oddzial Pszczelnictwa, Inst. Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa, ul. Kazimierska 2, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA296/99 pollen/contamination/Acari/laboratory methods/sieves. Cho, D., Kim, J., Yoon, J. and Choi, B. (1996) Effects of Osmia cornifrons on fruit setting in Fuji apple trees. RDA Journal of Agricultural Science, Crop Protection, 38(2), 382-386. D. G. Lowe. In orchards where O. cornifrons was used a pollinator, overall fruit-set was 74%, and that of central fruits (in a cluster) was 64.5%. For orchards without Osmia (controls) the figures were 29.8% and 22.9% respectively, and in these orchards 26.4% of fruits were malformed, compared with 15.8% in orchards with Osmia. Fruits within 50 m of an O. cornifrons hive contained an average of 7.8 seeds, whereas fruits in controls had 4.8. Average fruit weights were 252 g in controls, 300 g in Osmia-pollinated orchards. Library code: Bc. Language: Ko. Author address: Gyungbuk Provincial RDA, Taegu 702-320, Korea Republic. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901123 apples/pollinators/Apidae/Fuji/Korea Republic/fruit set/pollination/Osmia/Malus pumila. Cho, E. H. and Kwak, K. H. (1993) Analysis of management status and optimum sales scale for beekeeping concerns in Korea. Journal of Korean Forestry Society, 82(4), 311-318. D. G. Lowe. An analysis of costs and profits, and beekeepers' age and experience, for 50 apiaries in Korea, showed that the main source of labour came from the family group (6.4 months/year). Only 38% of beekeepers regarded beekeeping as a major job. Migratory beekeeping was carried out in 44% of the beekeeping concerns investigated. Most of the beekeepers were over 40, well educated and experienced. In 1991, the major costs were due to acquiring colonies, feeding colonies, depreciation and labour costs. The average costs per apiary were 5.544 10 won and the average revenues (mainly due to sales of honey) 7.853 10 won. The break-even point for honey sales was about 3 10 won. Library code: Bb. Language: Ko. Author address: Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture, Chungnam National University, Taejon, Korea Republic. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700241 beekeeping/management/economics/Korea Republic/beekeepers. Cho, N. (1994) Purification and characterization of honey sucrase. Korean Biochemical Journal, 27(6), 509-513. P. Walker. Invertase (= sucrase = -fructofuranosidase) was purified from honey by cation exchange chromatography and HPLC-SP column chromatography. Its MW was determined as 76 kDa. V and K values for invertase against sucrose were 100 U/mg protein and 91.2 mM, respectively, and against maltose 31.25 U/mg protein and 60 mM, respectively; the optimum pH was 5.0-6.0 and optimum temperature was 40-50C. The enzyme was inhibited by metal ions and certain chemical modifiers, but not by D-fructose. Invertase did not catalyse the hydrolysis of several glycosides tested, including lactose, raffinose and melezitose. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongshin Junior College, Kwangju 500-714, Korea Republic. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801056 honey/-fructofuranosidase/purification/kinetics/properties. Cho, S. K., Choi, S. H., Cui, X. S., Kang, S. S. and Kwon, Y. B. (1999) [The therapeutic effect on pigs with arthritis of natural honey bee (Apis mellifera) venom]. Korean Journal of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, 16(1), 145-149. In a test group, 51 pigs were stung by honey bees at 3 acupuncture points, once daily for 5 d; in the control group, 46 pigs were injected intramuscularly with penicillin for 5 d. On day 5, 86.2% of test pigs and 73.9% of controls had recovered from arthritis. Venom acupuncture treatment did not cause side effects such as allergic reaction, haemorrhage or infection. Accession date: 2 November 1999. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bb. Language: Ko, en. Author. Author address: College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National Univ., 361-763, Korea. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1197/99 honey bee venom/uses/Apis mellifera/therapeutic effects/pigs/arthritis/acupuncture. Choi, K. and Kang, B. (1995) Estimation of honey yield from laboratory data. Korean Journal of Apiculture, 10(2), 135-141. Author. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between honey production and some biological traits of worker bees which could be measured in the laboratory such as hoarding behaviour, lifespan and pupal weight. Three cages, each with 50 workers, from each of 20 colonies of Apis mellifera, were used for laboratory tests, and honey yield was measured from the same colonies in the field during the main nectar flow of black locust, Robinia pseudoacacia in 1995. The time required for 50 caged bees to remove 20 ml sugar syrup from a feeder averaged 10.03 <+-> 2.06 days, and the time to 50% survival of the caged bees averaged 18.34 <+-> 3.62 days. Mean pink-eyed pupal weight was 129.2 <+-> 5.02mg, and the amount of honey production per colony averaged 22.75 <+-> 6.30 kg. No significant correlations were observed between honey production and the laboratory data (r = 0.03 between honey production and hoarding behaviour, r = 0.21 between honey production and length of life and r = 0.43 between honey production and pink-eyed pupal weight). Library code: Bj. Language: Ko. Author address: Coll. of Agric., Kyungpook Natl. Univ., Taegu, Korea Republic. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701373 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/Robinia pseudoacacia/nectar flows/honey bee colonies/honey-getting capacity/honey bees/cages/lifespan/pupae/weight/syrup/storage. Choi, K. S. (1994) Improvement of honey production of Apis mellifera by queen selection in Korea. Korean Journal of Apiculture, 9(1), 21-32. Author. During the period 1984-1988, the average honey yield in Korea was 13.9 kg/colony, which is considered low. This low productivity, and damage to colonies which was caused by abnormally bad weather in 1990, brought about the importation of 69365 colonies in 1991-1993. Methods for testing the performance of queen honey bees and selecting for honey yield are reviewed and discussed, and some results of queen selection experiments in Korea are presented. It is concluded that a breeding programme for selecting superior queens should be carried out in Korea in order to lessen the need for further imports. Library code: Bj. Language: Ko. Author address: College of Agriculture, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701, Korea Republic. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600637 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/queen honey bees/testing/selection/honey bees/breeding/Korea Republic/honey bee colonies/honey-getting capacity/honey bees/imports. Choi, S. H., Cho, S. K., Cui, X. S., Kang, S. S. and Kwon, Y. B. (1999) [The therapeutic effect on piglets with bacterial diarrhoea of natural honey bee (Apis mellifera) venom]. Korean Journal of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, 16(1), 150-154. Bacteria isolated from the animals included Escherichia coli, Streptococcus spp., Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. In the test group, 47 piglets were stung by bees at 2 acupuncture points, once daily on 3 consecutive days; in a control group 44 piglets were injected intramuscularly with colistin sulphate and berberine. In the test group, 93.6% of piglets recovered and in the control group 90.9%. The venom acupuncture treatment did not cause side effects such as allergic reaction, haemorrhage or infection. Accession date: 2 November 1999. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bb. Language: Ko, en. P Walker. Author address: College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National Univ., 361-763, Korea. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1198/99 honey bee venom/uses/Apis mellifera/pigs/Escherichia coli/Streptococcus/Salmonella/Staphylococcus/antibacterial properties/bacterial diseases/animals/acupuncture. Choi, S. H. and Kang, S. S. (1998) [Bee venom therapy of tail-docked dog]. Korean Journal of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, 15(2), 247-250. After caudectomy some dogs were treated subcutaneously with whole honey bee (Apis mellifera) venom and others were injected intramuscularly with penicillin G. Changes in leucocyte, erythrocyte, haematocrit, platelet and fibrinogen in blood samples taken 3 and 6 d after the operation did not differ significantly between the groups. No differences in wound healing were observed. The venom had an antiinflammatory effect. It is concluded that it is effective for treatment of dogs after caudectomy. Accession date: 2 November 1999. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bb. Language: Ko, en. Author. Author address: College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National Univ., 361-763, Korea. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1199/99 honey bee venom/Apis mellifera/uses/therapeutic effects/antiinflammatory properties/dogs/wound treatment. Choi, Y. S., Kim, M. K. and Lee, K. H. (1994) Quality variation of non-processed fresh royal jelly in different storage temperatures and periods. Korean Journal of Apiculture, 9(1), 1-4. D. G. Lowe. Royal jelly samples were stored at 25, 4, 22 and 32C, and for periods of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days. Results are given for changes in colour, taste, flavour and physical state, and also for contents of water, protein and 10-HDA, and levels of acidity. The 2 higher temperatures caused a pronounced deterioration in quality, but cold storage for 60 days caused no significant changes in water, protein and 10-HDA contents, although total acidity increased steadily over this period. Library code: Bj. Language: Ko. Author address: Korea Beekeeping Association, 301 Sambo Building, 173 Chongro 6-Ga, Chongro-Ku, Seoul 110-126, Korea Republic. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600754 hive products/proteins/water/10-hydroxydecenoic acid/acidity/quality/flavour/royal jelly/as hive products/storage/temperature/effects. Chorbinski, P. (1993) Preliminary examinations on the effects of Apitol (Ciba-Geigy AG) and Apistan (Sandoz AG) on activity of chosen enzymes of the midgut epithelium of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 49(3), 125-127. Original title or source: Wstepne badania nad wpywem preparatow Apitol (Ciba-Geigy AG) oraz Apistan (Sandoz AG) na aktywnosc wybranych enzymow jelita srodkowego pszcoy miodnej (Apis mellifera L.). Author. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) were kept in 3 experimental groups (50 bees in each) in cages for 10 days. One group was fed twice, with an 8-day interval, with 2.5 ml of sugar syrup plus 0.1 ml Apitol (2% cymiazole), one was exposed for 10 days to half of a strip of Apistan (a.i. fluvalinate), and the third (control) was fed sugar syrup only. The activities of non-specific esterase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase in the midgut of bees in the 3 groups were then determined by histochemical methods. Differences between the groups in enzyme activities and bee mortality were not significant. Library code: Bc. Language: Pl. Author address: Katedra Epizootiologii i Klinika Chorob Zakaznych Wydziau Medycycny Weterynaryjnej AR, Pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wrocaw, Poland,. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700150 Apis mellifera/toxicity/acaricides/esterases/alkaline phosphatase/acid phosphatase/honey bees/midgut/enzymes/fluvalinate/effects/cymiazole. Chorbinski, P. and Tomaszewska, B. (1994) The activity of selected enzymes in the epithelial cells of the honey bee midgut after application of Warrosekt. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 38, 5-15. Original title or source: Aktywnosc wybranych enzymow w komorkach nabonkowych jelita srodkowego pszczoy po zastosowaniu Warrosektu. D. G. Lowe. The effects of Warrosekt [a smoke preparation, a.i. malathion, used to control Varroa jacobsoni infestations of honey bee colonies] on the activity of non-specific esterase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in the midgut epithelial cells of the honey bee [Apis mellifera] were studied under field and laboratory conditions in spring and autumn. Under all conditions, Warrosekt affected the activity of the studied enzymes, with the effects being most noticeable in the laboratory studies. Doubling the dose of Warrosekt in the laboratory studies greatly increased honey bee mortality (up to 32%) compared with untreated controls ( 5%). In the field, a decrease in enzyme activity, particularly of non-specific esterase, was recorded in spring. Library code: Bj. Language: Pl. Author address: AR Katedra Epizootiologii, Wydzia Medycyny Weterynaryjnej, Pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wrocaw, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601471 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/varroa jacobsoni/chemical control/nontarget effects/esterases/phosphoric monoester hydrolases/poisoning/honey bees/malathion/of honey bees/by malathion/midgut/enzymes/effects. Chorbinski, P. and Tomaszewska, B. (1995) Toxicity of mineral fertilizers to honey bees under laboratory conditions. Part I. Toxicity of urea and ammonium sulphate. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 39(2), 79-86. Original title or source: Toksycznosc nawozow mineralnych dla pszczo w warunkach laboratoryjnych. Cz. I. Toksycznosc mocznika i saletry amonowej. Author. The oral toxicity of two ammonium fertilizers, urea and ammonium sulfate, was determined in laboratory tests. The experimental and control groups were each composed of 50 bees. The test bees were treated once with 6% or 12% urea solution and 1% or 2% ammonium sulfate solution in 50% sugar syrup. Bee mortality and the intake of food and water were determined for 10 days after treatment. The intake of 1.7 mg urea/bee caused bee mortality as early as on the 4th day of the experiment. The intake of 0.056 mg ammonium sulfate/bee caused a significant increase in bee mortality. Histological tests showed changes in the midgut of the bees 12 h after ammonium sulfate application. In the case of urea, no such changes were observed. Library code: Bj. Language: Pl. Author address: Wydzia Weterynaryjny AR, Katedra Epizootiologii i Klinika Chorob Zakaznych, Pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wrocaw, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800245 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bees/urea/ammonium sulfate/nontarget effects/nitrogen fertilizers/toxicity/to honey bees/of urea/of ammonium sulfate. Chorbinski, P. and Tomaszewska, B. (1996) Preliminary studies on the effect of Baycox on Nosema apis Z. in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) under laboratory conditions. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 40(2), 155-164. P. Walker. Healthy bees were fed with sugar syrup containing the anti-protozoal agent toltrazuril (Baycox) at doses of 25-1600 ppm a.i.; up to 400 ppm, bee mortality was not significantly higher than in controls, but at higher doses mortality increased. For bees that had been experimentally infected with N. apis, mortality was higher in bees fed with 25 or 50 ppm a.i. than in controls fed on syrup only; for 50 ppm the difference was significant. These doses did not inhibit the development of N. apis in the midgut epithelial cells. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wrocaw, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900592 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/bee diseases/Nosema apis. Chou, T., Wu, A. and Chen, C. (1994) Sugar content of honey from wild and kept honeybees. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 2(2), 97-102. The purpose of this study was to analyse major sugar components of honey by HPLC method. Results, compared with data obtained from similar studies in Poland, the USA and Canada, showed no obvious discrepancies. Results indicated that the fructose content in honey collected from kept honeybees was 38%; in winter honey, 36% and from wild honeybees, 45%. The glucose content in winter honey was 27%; in kept honey, 33%; and wild honey, 31%. Thus, the fructose-to-glucose ratios are between 1.1-1.2 in kept honey and 1.4-1.6 in wild honey. Only a small amount of sucrose was detectable in some samples, while the content of maltose in all samples was around 4.2%. The total sugar content in winter honey was 67%; honey produced in other seasons contained 75%, with wild honey up to 80%. Library code: 20 ref. Language: En. Author address: Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taipei Medical College, Taipei, 105 Taiwan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701092 HPLC/honey/sugars/estimation/composition/analytical methods/chromatography. Choudhuri, M. S. and Agarwala, B. K. (1990) Rearing Micraspis discolor (Coccinellidae) by feeding drone honey bee powder. Journal of Aphidology, 4(1-2), 98-102. Drone honey bee powder was used successfully as an artifical diet for rearing Micraspis discolor, a coccinellid that preys on aphids for part of its life cycle and then feeds on the stamens of plants. Library code: 4 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Life Science, Tripura University, Agartala-799 004, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600342 synthetic diets/insects/Hemiptera/Coleoptera/Coccinellidae/natural enemies/Aphididae/Micraspis discolor/prey /predators/rearing techniques/prey/drone honey bees/hive products/as hive products. Chouliara-Raios, H. (1989) The honey bee and honey in Egypt according to the Greek papyri. Jannina, Greece, University of Jannina. Original title or source: L'abeille et le miel en Egypte d'apres les papyrus Grecs. P. Walker. Part 1 of this book deals with honey in Egypt during Pharaonic times, and collects together available information about beekeeping then. Part 2 (Beekeeping in Graeco-Roman and Byzantine Egypt) includes chapters on: the importance of beekeeping and its organization; harvesting and uses of honey; and beeswax. The sources of information are set out in several detailed indexes, and in addition there is a 22-page bibliography. Page(s): 257 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800883 books/beekeeping/Greece/history/honey. Christensen, F. (1999) Bee plant calendar 1999. Tidsskrift for Biavl, 133(4), insert (8 ). Original title: Biplantekalender 1999. A table with 256 plants, arranged by Danish common name, showing the flowering period and value of each as a pollen and/or nectar source. There is an index of Latin names. Accession date: 26 July 1999. Call number: 638.13. Library code: Bj. Language: Da. . Author address: Dyrhøjvej 23, 5620 Glamsbjerg, Denmark. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA799/99 honey bee forage/Denmark. Christensen, H. A., Vasquez, A. M. d. and Petersen, J. L. (1999) Epidemiologic studies on cutaneous leishmaniasis in eastern Panama. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 60(1), 54-57. A study in eastern Panama (1984-85) found that some people with leishmaniasis had successfully treated their skin lesions with honey or other remedies that had been thought to be ineffective. Accession date: 31 August 1999. Call number: 638.167. Library code: X. Language: En. . Author address: Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, Panama City, Panama. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA902/99 honey/uses/medicinal properties/skin lesions/Panama. Christov, R. and Bankova, V. (1992) Gas chromatographic analysis of underivatized phenolic constituents from propolis using an electron-capture detector. Journal of Chromatography, 623(1), 182-185. Author. Underivatized phenolic constituents from propolis (flavonoid aglycones, phenolic acids and their esters) were analysed by capillary gas chromatography using an electron-capture detector. The analysis was possible because of the good electron-capture response of these compounds, which belong to the so-called conjugated electrophoresis. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str. bl. 9, 113 Sofia, Bulgaria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600346 propolis/phenolic compounds/analytical methods/gas chromatography. Chu, L. K., Liu, T. M. and Ho, K. K. (1992) Growth inhibition of Ascosphaera apis by royal jelly and 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, 31(2), 73-79. Author. In vitro tests showed that Saboraud dextrose agar + yeast extract (SDA+Y) and pollen agar provided the best medium for the growth and sporulation of Ascosphaera apis. Honey agar alone did not inhibit the growth of A. apis; however, more than 5% (w/v) of royal jelly agar inhibited the vegetative growth of A. apis. More than 2.5% (w/v) of royal jelly in the SDA+Y medium was sufficient to delay or even inhibit the growth of A. apis, whereas a concentration of 1% (w/v) royal jelly in the SDA+Y medium promoted both hyphal growth and sporulation of A. apis. More than 500 g/ml of 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA) in the SDA+Y medium was also sufficient to delay or inhibit mycelial growth. However, 100 g/ml of 10-HDA in the SDA+Y medium appeared to promote sporulation. The results indicate that the presence of 10-HDA in honey bee larval food plays an important role in inhibiting mycelial growth or promoting sporulation of A. apis. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Plant Pathology and Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10765, Taiwan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600343 chalk brood/honey bee brood/beneficial insects/Ascosphaera apis/culture media/inhibition/10-hydroxydecenoic acid/of Ascosphaera apis/by 10-hydroxydecenoic acid/royal jelly/by royal jelly. Chuah, G., Law, E., Chan, W. K. and Ang, C. L. (1996) Case reports and mini review of bee stings of the cornea. Singapore Medical Journal, 37(4), 389-391. The cases of a 26-year-old Indian man and a 47-year-old Chinese man both of whom were stung on the cornea by 'bees' in Singapore are reported. The clinical features, acute measures and long term management of this condition are briefly reviewed. Library code: 12 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900886 envenomation/eyes/case reports/cornea/Hymenoptera/man/stings/eye diseases/Singapore. Chuda-Mickiewicz, B., Kostrzewa, Z. and Prabucki, J. (1992) An attempt to measure the biological condition of a honey bee colony by analysing its acoustic spectrum. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej w Szczecinie, Zootechnika, 28, 13-20. Original title or source: Proba okreslenia stanu biologicznego rodziny pszczelej poprzez analize jej widma akustycznego. D. G. Lowe. Continuous measurement of sounds emitted by 30 small colonies showed that a normal, queenright colony, with an egg-laying queen, emitted sounds at about 80 or 170 Hz. Sounds at higher frequencies than 170 Hz indicated that the colony was not in equilibrium. In a queenless colony rearing a new queen, the sounds emitted were at frequencies up to 650 Hz. Library code: Bc. Language: Pl. Author address: Katedra Hodowli Drobiu i Pszczelnictwa, Akademia Rolnicza, ul. Doktora Judyma 20, 71-466 Szczecin, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601395 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bee colonies/sound production/queenlessness/queenrightness. Chuda-Mickiewicz, B. and Prabucki, J. (1993) An attempt to determine the effect of drone rearing time on the quality of inseminated queen honey bees. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 37, 41-49. Original title or source: Proba okreslenia wpywu pory wychowu trutni na wartosc inseminowanych matek pszczelich. D. G. Lowe. The study described was carried out in an apiary in Szczecin, Poland, in 1991 and 1992, using a total of 2770 drones and 150 queens. The results indicated that drones reared in June and used for instrumental insemination in the middle of July were the most valuable, while those reared in July and used in August were the least valuable. However, the filling of the spermatheca and the time taken for queens to start laying seemed to be affected more by environmental factors than by the time of drone rearing. Library code: Bj. Language: Pl. Author address: Zakad Pszczelnictwa AR, ul. Dra Judyma 20, 71-466 Szczecin, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600634 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/quality/queen honey bees/artificial insemination/beekeeping/management/drone honey bees/production. Chuda-Mickiewicz, B. and Prabucki, J. (1993) Time to start of egg laying by queen honey bees [Apis mellifera carnica] kept in cages attended by free-flying workers. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 37, 23-31. Original title or source: Podejmowanie czerwienia przez matki pszczele przetrzymywane w skrzynkach w asyscie swobodnie oblatujacych sie pszczo. D. G. Lowe. The tests were performed on 77 Carniolan queens kept in an apiary in cages (171 125 65 mm) attended by 250 free-flying workers. The queens were inseminated twice, the first insemination taking place on the 6th, 7th, 8th, 10th or 11th day of the queen's life. Caged queens which were inseminated on the 11th, 10th or 7th day of their life started oviposition, on average, 7.9, 10.1 and 10.4 days after the first insemination. Queens which were first inseminated on the 6th day of life took significantly longer to start oviposition; on average, 15.9 days. Queens inseminated on the 7th day of their life began oviposition at the earliest age (17.3 days), whereas queens inseminated on the 6th day were the oldest to start oviposition (21.9 days). The use of cages is recommended. Library code: Bj. Language: Pl. Author address: Zakad Pszczelnictwa AR, ul. Dra Judyma 20, 71-466 Szczecin, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600639 Apis mellifera carnica/beneficial insects. Chuda-Mickiewicz, B. and Prabucki, J. (1995) Nest temperature of a queen rearing honey bee colony. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 39(1), 87-97. Original title or source: Temperatura gniazda rodziny wychowujacej matki pszczele. P. Walker. Thermistor sensors were installed at various positions in a queen rearing colony (Apis mellifera carnica) and in the bases of introduced queen cells. Temperatures were recorded automatically before and after the introduction of a frame containing 30 grafted larvae (warm-way arrangement of frames). In the queenless colony, before the introduction of queen cells, the average temperature in the whole nest was above 34C. When queens were being reared, the temperature gradually decreased to about 28; the decrease was greater at the front of the hive than at the back. Higher average temperatures were maintained inside the cells: growing coiled larva, 33.6, stretched larva 33.7, prepupa 34, pupa 32.5. Library code: Bj. Language: Pl. Author address: Wydzia Zootechniczny AR, Zakad Pszczelnictwa, ul. Dr. Judyma 20, 71-466 Szczecin, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700951 Apis mellifera carnica/beneficial insects/queens/larvae/pupae/prepupae/honey bees/queen rearing/queen cells/temperature/hives. Chuda-Mickiewicz, B. and Prabucki, J. (1996) Temperature in winter cluster bee colony wintering in a hive of cold comb arrangement. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 40(2), 71-79. P. Walker. The position of an Apis mellifera winter cluster and its temperature distribution were recorded by thermistors placed at 96 positions in the single-box hive. The position of the thermal centre within the cluster did not vary, although some slight vertical movements occurred when the external temperature was above 0C. At the end of winter the thermal centre moved up towards the top of the hive. Cluster temperature showed a highly significant negative correlation with hive ambient temperature; each decrease of the latter by 1 resulted in an increase of 0.39 in cluster temperature (in the range from 8.2 to 9.1). Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Apiculture, Agricultural University, Ul. Doktora Judyma 20, 61-466 Szczecin, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900542 Apis mellifera/winter. Chuda-Mickiewicz, B., Prabucki, J. and Kostrzewa, Z. (1993) Response of a honey bee colony [Apis mellifera] to environmental temperature variation. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 37, 51-63. Original title or source: Reakcja rodziny pszczelej na zmiany temperatury otoczenia. Author. Observations of the dependence of nest temperature on environmental temperature were conducted in November 1988. A colony in a thermally isolated hive with a 360 260 mm frame, without brood, was supplied with 84 thermal sensors connected to a computer measuring system. The tests were conducted during 2 short periods of temperature decrease: in the first one from +6.2 to 7.4C and in the second one from +6.8 to +1.2. In these periods vertical and horizontal nest temperature variations were analysed on the basis of graphed isotherms with the use of the computerized system. The results show that the environmental temperature modifies the thermal conditions of the nest and affects the contraction of bees in the winter cluster. The arrangement of temperature zones in the wintering cluster forms the shape of a bell with wider, colder layers at the top part and thinner, warmer ones at the bottom. Negative environmental temperatures decreased the volume, while an increase by 1 caused an increase of the nest's temperature by 0.43. Positive temperatures affected the cluster's structure to a smaller extent, nevertheless causing it to split up at +6.8. The increase of environmental temperature by 1C in the positive temperature period (up to +6.8) caused an increase of the temperature of the nest by 0.31. Library code: Bj. Language: Pl. Author address: Zakad Pszczelnictwa AR, ul. Dra Judyma 20, 71-466 Szczecin, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600581 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/cold/temperature profile/honey bee colonies/winter cluster/temperature/effects/hives/temperature. Chuiko, V. A., Roshal, A. D., Mamontov, V. V. and Aleksyeyeva, L. A. (1994) Preservation of royal jelly by low temperatures. Bdzhil'nitstvo, 21, 53-55. Library code: Bj. Language: Uk. Author address: Institut Problem Kriobiologii ta Kriomeditsini AN Ukraini, Kiev, Ukraine. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700340 hive products/preservation/royal jelly/as hive products/storage/cold storage. Cichon, J. and Wilde, J. (1996) Competitiveness of the Polish beekeeping industry in the European market. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 40(2), 7-15. P. Walker. From an analysis of production costs for apiaries of 50, 100, 200 and 300 colonies, break-even costs were calculated for 3 different honey prices; profits at different levels of productivity were also calculated. It is concluded that, in order to compete successfully in the European market, some changes are needed. At present the average apiary in Poland contains 20 colonies. It is recommended that large apiaries of 200-300 colonies should be established; these should be competitive even at an average yield of 30 kg/colony. Apiaries with 100 colonies could also be profitable. Smaller apiaries (50-100) can compete with beekeeping in other European countries only if the apiary is home-based and/or it produces a range of specialist honeys. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Marketing and Market Analyses, University of Agriculture and Technology, Olsztyn, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900566 beekeeping/management/honey/production/Poland/economics/apiaries/size. Cichon, J. and Wilde, J. (1997) Profitability of pollen trapping in Poland. Postepy apidologii w Polsce [edited by Cierzniak, T.]. Bydgoszcz, Poland, Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Wyzszej Szkoy Pedagogicznej, 97-106. Original title or source: Opacalnosc pozyskiwania obnozy pykowych w Polsce. P. Walker. Costs of pollen trapping were analysed for apiaries with 30, 50 and 100 colonies, at home apiaries or 25-50 km away, using 3 types of pollen traps. It is shown that beekeepers can make a profit even in small apiaries (at least 30 colonies), provided that they are near home. Hives fitted with top-traps perform best, followed by those with bottom traps. If honey production is 15-20 kg/colony, a beekeeper in Poland can break even by producing 0.9-2.6 kg pollen in an apiary with 50 hives fitted with bottom traps. Page(s): 97-106. Library code: Bd. Language: Pl. Author address: Katedra Marketingu i Analiz Rynkowych, ART Olsztyn, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901055 pollen trapping/beekeeping/management/economics/Poland. Cienfuegos, E., Casar, I. and Morales, P. (1997) Carbon isotopic composition of Mexican honey. Journal of Apicultural Research, 36(3/4), 169-179. D. G. Lowe. Samples of Mexican honey from the main production regions were characterized, using the internal stable carbon isotope ratio (ISIRA) of the honey and its protein. The average C value for Mexican honey was very close to published values for North American honey, even though there is clear evidence that in Mexico some nectar may be collected from plants having C and CAM photosynthetic pathways. The results indicated that some commercial Mexican honeys were adulterated. Two pyrolysis methods ('quartz' and 'pyrex') were tested in order to optimize the accuracy of the carbon isotope ratio analysis. The quartz method showed less variation in the results due to a complete combustion of the honey. Using honey adulterated with sucrose, it was shown that a direct precipitation method (AOAC 991.41) for honey protein isolation and purification was not suitable for samples adulterated by more than 50%; the AOAC dialysis-precipitation procedure was therefore used in this study. It is suggested that the ISIRA method should be included in the Mexican Quality Standards for honey. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Laboratorio de Espectrometria de Masas de Isotopos Estables, Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 20-364, 01000 Mexico. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901017 analytical methods/pyrolysis/dialysis. Cierzniak, T. (1994) The effect of a differentiation of agricultural landscape on Apoidea communities. Zeszyty Naukowe Wyzszej Szkoly Pedagogicznej w Bydgoszczy, Studia Przyrodnicze, 11, 13-50. D. G. Lowe. Studies on the ecology of Apoidea in 2 agricultural areas, each of 875 ha, near Poznan, Poland, were carried out in 1987-1990. One area (Turew) was complex, with many types of habitat, including forested areas, meadows, woodlots, shelterbelts, roadsides, buildings and ruderal habitats. The other (Szodry), simplified, area had many large, arable fields and fewer refuge areas. Comparisons are made between the 2 areas and data are presented on the population density and diversity of Apoidea, flowers visited by Apoidea and the effects of area and number of refuge habitats. The population of Apoidea at Turew was more diverse and with 3.6 times as many bees as the area at Szodry, where agricultural operations have destroyed more food plants and nesting sites. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Katedra Biologii i Ochrony Srodowiska WSP, ul. Chodkiewicza 51, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800380 Apidae/Apoidea/agricultural land/biodiversity/Poland/agriculture/ecology. Cierzniak, T. (1996) Preliminary evaluation of Zuawy Gdanskie afforestations as pollinating insect biotopes. Zeszyty Naukowe Wyzszej Szkoly Pedagogicznej w Bydgoszczy, Studia Przyrodnicze, 12, 75-86. Original title or source: Wstepna ocena zadrzewien Zuaw Gdanskich jako biotopu owadow zapylajacych. D. G. Lowe. Studies of bee (Apoidea) populations in afforested areas of this Vistula river delta in Poland were carried out in August 1993. The outer margins of the afforested areas provided forage and nesting sites for bees, which occurred at a mean population density of 1400/ha; 33 species were identified, foraging on 30 plant species. Inside afforested areas bee forage was scarce and the mean bee population was only 16.7/ha. Library code: Bb. Language: Pl. Author address: Katedra Biologii i Ochrony Srodowiska, WSP, ul. Chodkiewicza 51, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800763 Apidae/Apoidea/forests/Poland/insects. Cierzniak, T. (1997) Thirty years of Professor Dr. Jozef Banaszak's scientific activity. Postepy apidologii w Polsce [edited by Cierzniak, T.]. Bydgoszcz, Poland, Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Wyzszej Szkoy Pedagogicznej, 13-34. Original title or source: 30 lat pracy naukowej Profesora Jozefa Banaszaka. P. Walker. Prof. Banaszak's 10 books and 194 papers are listed in chronological order. Most of his studies have been on the ecology and protection of pollinating insects, especially bees and the assessment of their resources. In the 1970s he started to record the bee fauna in various parts of Poland. Page(s): 13-34. Library code: Bd. Language: Pl. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900771 bibliographies/Banaszak/Apoidea. Cierzniak, T. (1997) Bee communities of small gardens. Postepy apidologii w Polsce [edited by Cierzniak, T.]. Bydgoszcz, Poland, Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Wyzszej Szkoy Pedagogicznej, 177-198. Original title or source: Zgrupowania pszczo (Apoidea, Hymenoptera) ogrodow przydomowych. P. Walker. Bees were counted, collected and identified at 4 sampling plots in gardens with vegetables, fruit and recreational areas. In an area of 0.65 ha, 81 species belonging to 6 families were identified. Mean density was 771.4 specimens/ha. Apis mellifera constituted 21% of the total, Andrena haemorrhoa and Andrena fulva each about 12%, and Osmia rufa 8%. Five Bombus species each constituted less than 2% of the total. Comparisons between these bee populations and bees present in different forest habitats show the changes likely to occur when forest areas are destroyed. If such areas are replaced by gardens, some bee species decline, others increase and others are unaffected. Page(s): 177-198. Library code: Bd. Language: Pl. Author address: Katedra Biologii i Ochrony Srodowiska, WSP Bydgoszcz, ul. Chodkiewicza 51, 85-667 Bydogszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900772 Apidae. Cierzniak, T. (1997) Advances in apidology in Poland. Bydgoszcz, Poland, Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Wyzszej Szkoy Pedagogicznej. Original title or source: Postepy apidologii w Polsce. Individual papers are abstracted individually in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. This book is based on contributions to the 4th national conference on apidology, held at Bydgoszcz, on 8-9 April 1997, in celebration of Dr. Jozef Banaszak's 50th birthday and his 30 years of scientific research, mainly on the ecology and protection of pollinating insects, especially bees. There are 7 papers on beekeeping and honey bee biology, 6 papers on the biology and ecology of Apoidea, and 5 papers on the food plants of Apoidea. Cierzniak, T. (Editor). Page(s): 282 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Pl. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900854 Apidae. Cierzniak, T. and Ratynska, H. (1997) Preliminary study of importance of railway verges for the wild bee fauna (Apoidea). Zeszyty Naukowe Wyzszej Szkoly Pedagogicznej w Bydgoszczy, Studia Przyrodnicze, 13, 63-88. Original title or source: Wstepne wyniki badan nad znaczeniem przytorzy dla fauny pszczo (Apoidea). D. G. Lowe. Several plant associations were identified during studies of railway verges in agricultural and suburban environments in Poland. The 68 species of bees (in 7 families) which were identified are listed, together with their food plants. The high density of bee species, compared with some other habitats, is discussed, and it is concluded that railway verges form an important reservoir for many species of plants and bees. Library code: Ba. Language: Pl. Author address: Katedra Biologii i Ochrony Srodowiska WSP, ul. Chodkiewicza 51, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901103 Apidae/plant ecology/biodiversity/railways/Poland. Cifuentes, A. M. and García A, G. L. (1999) Evaluation of honey bee honey from the coffee zone of south-east Antioqueño [Colombia]. Carta Apícola, 11(1), 2-12. Original title: Evaluación de la miel de abejas procedente de la zona cafetera del suroeste Antioqueño. The results of a thesis are summarized. Honey samples collected from different areas in Jan.-June and July-Sept. 1986 were analysed. Average values include the following: content of reducing sugars 65.3%, 63.4%; sucrose 0.73%, 1.25%; water 14.5%, 17.6%; total acids 42.6, 44.1 meq/kg; amylase 56, 49; HMF 29, 17 ppm. The results are discussed in relation to honey standards. Accession date: 22 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.16. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. P Walker. Author address: Lab. de Investigaciones Melitológicas y Apícolas (LIMA), AA 3840 Medellín, Colombia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA878/99 honey, composition/Colombia/theses. Ciolini, P., del Hoyo, M., Eguaras, M. and Rodriguez, E. M. (1999) Evaluation of two organic methods for the control of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans in hives of Apis mellifera. Gestion apícola, 2(March), 13-18. Original title: Evaluación de dos metodos orgánicos para el control de Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans en colmenas de Apis mellifera. A gel formulation (beeVar) containing 70% formic acid was applied twice, with a 14-day interval, to Apis mellifera colonies infested with Varroa jacobsoni; over 95% of mites were killed. This treatment was as efficient as two treatments with 70% aqueous formic acid in a small applicator. Fewer mites were killed when 85% formic acid was used or when beeVar was applied only once. The gel gave a controlled evaporation of the acid, and did not increase bee mortality. Accession date: 23 July 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. P Walker. Author address: Fac. de Cs. Veterinarias UNCPBA, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA836/99 Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/formic acid. Clark, A. (1994) Control of varroa mites in British Columbia with either formic acid or Apistan. American Bee Journal, 134(12), 829. Original title or source: [Abstract]. P. Walker. Groups of 8 colonies infested with Varroa jacobsoni (first found in British Columbia in September 1992) were treated in mid-August by one of 4 methods, and a control group was not treated. One month later, mite populations had increased 5-fold in control colonies and in those treated with dust; but mite infestation was reduced by about 90% in colonies treated with formic acid (liquid or gel) or Apistan [a.i. fluvalinate] strips. The latter were the simplest to use, but formic acid killed tracheal mites [Acarapis woodi] as well as varroa. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: British Columbia Ministry of Agric. & Fisheries, Dawson Creek, BC, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601074 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/Canada/British Columbia/fluvalinate/formic acid. Clark, B. (1997) Essential oils tested in Devon. Beekeeping, 63(5), 108-110. P. Walker. Apilife VAR pads (a.i. essential oils) were used to treat varroa-infested honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in autumn 1995 (35 colonies) and 1996 (36). Average efficiency was 80% and 82%, respectively, but values ranged from 16% to almost 100%. The variation may have been partly due to different strengths of a.i. in the pads; the type of hive also seemed to affect results. Apilife VAR had no apparent harmful effects on the bees. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900988 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/UK. Clark, C. J. and Lintas, C. (1992) Chemical composition of pollen from kiwifruit vines. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 20(3), 337-344. The chemical composition of kiwifruit pollen was examined using hand-collected samples from 9 staminate clones (cv. Matura and the 8 selections M51-M58) and one pistillate cultivar (Hayward). Components measured included ash, minerals, ether-extractable lipid, total dietary fibre, extractable carbohydrates, protein amino acids, and free amino acids. There were no major compositional differences amongst the staminate clones. The ash, lipid and fibre contents of the sterile pistillate pollen, on the other hand, were greater and the protein content was lower than those of the male clone. N (67.6), K (10.6) and P (10.0 g/kg DW) were the elements present in greatest concentrations in staminate pollen, and N (24.3) and Ca (12.0 g/kg DW) in pistillate pollen. Zn and Fe were the principal trace elements in both instances. Fructose accounted for as much as 76% of the extractable carbohydrate, followed by glucose and minor amounts of sucrose. The predominant amino acids in acid hydrolysates of staminate clones were glutamate (12.6), aspartate (12.2), lysine (7.2), and arginine (7.1 g amino acids per 100 g of protein). By contrast, asparagine was the major free amino acid. Comparison of the distribution of amino acids between free and proteinaceous forms indicated that aspartate-asparagine and proline were preferentially concentrated in the free fraction, but that most of the essential amino acids required for the nutrition of the honeybee (threonine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine and histidine) were present as protein. With regard to the dietary adequacy of kiwifruit pollen protein for honeybees, staminate pollen represents a rich source of crude protein (37.2%) and contains adequate amounts of all the essential amino acids required, with the exception of isoleucine. Library code: 28 ref. Language: En. Author address: MAF Technology, Ruakura Agricultural Centre, Private Bag, Hamilton, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600240 Apidae/pollinators/cultivars/plant composition/Hymenoptera/clones/kiwifruits/pollen/composition/lipids/fibre/carbohydrates/amino acids/proteins/nitrogen/potassium/phosphorus/calcium/zinc/iron/composition/Actinidia deliciosa/Actinidia deliciosa/composition/pollen plants/Actinidia deliciosa/evaluation. Clark, K. (1995) Field trials for recommendations to control Varroa mites. Canadian Honey Council Research Symposium Proceedings 1995. Nipawin, Canada, Canadian Honey Council, 9-12. D. G. Lowe. Some results of field trials carried out in 1993 and 1994, in the Fraser Valley area of Canada (about 250 colonies/year), are summarized. It is recommended that Varroa jacobsoni populations should be monitored by measuring a 24-hour mite-fall on to sticky boards after treatment with Apistan (fluvalinate); finding 10 mites/board indicates that treatment is necessary. This should be applied to all hives in an area during the same period (spring and/or autumn) in order to minimize reinfestation. Apistan is recommended as being effective and easy to use, but formic acid can also be effective, is cheaper, and is also effective against tracheal mites [Acarapis woodi]. Page(s): 9-12. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: BC Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1201 103rd Avenue, Dawson Creek, BC V1G 4J2, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701076 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/conferences/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/Canada/control methods/fluvalinate/formic acid. Clarke, G. M. and Oldroyd, B. P. (1996) The genetic basis of developmental stability in Apis mellifera. II. Relationships between character size, asymmetry and single-locus heterozygosity. Genetica, 97(2), 211-224. D. G. Lowe. Drones and workers from two honey bee colonies, headed by open-mated queens of mixed racial origin, in Bundoora, Australia, were examined for 6 characters on their forewings and hindwings. Their malate dehydrogenase (MDH) genotypes were also determined. Foraging workers, probably from many unrelated colonies, were collected from several plant species in Bundoora, and measurements of the same morphological characters and MDH genotype determinations were also made for these bees. There were significant differences among MDH genotypes for mean character size within colonies, but these effects were inconsistent between colonies. There were no significant relationships between MDH genotype or heterozygosity and morphological asymmetry, indicating that genetic variation at this locus has no impact on developmental stability in A. mellifera. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: CSIRO Division of Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800918 apis mellifera/beneficial insects/Australia/honey bees/genotypes/genetic variation/development/malate dehydrogenase/morphology. Clarke, J. and Clarke, P. M. (1995) Choughs feeding on mining bee Colletes succinctus larvae on Colonsay. Bird Study, 42(3), 253-254. D. G. Lowe. C. succinctus cells were found at a density of 933/m in sand dunes on the island of Colonsay, Scotland, in November 1993. In December, choughs (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) were seen excavating an area of dune and large numbers of empty cells were later found on the surface. It is suggested that bee larvae are an important part of the chough's diet on Colonsay, and that the birds are able to identify potential feeding sites some months in advance as there are no winter visual cues to the bees' nesting sites. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Ivy Cottage, Lower Kemerton, Tewkesbury, Glos GL20 7HY, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800419 Apidae/Colletes succinctus/nesting/larvae/Colletes/predation/birds/Colletes/by birds/on Colletes. Clarke, J. and Raw, K. (1994) Encouraging bee forage: what can be done in practice ? Forage for bees in an agricultural landscape [edited by Matheson, A. (Editor)]. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 67-74. D. G. Lowe. The opportunities for improving bee forage in the UK are discussed. Forage can be improved by enhancing existing arable land by introducing favourable crops or by more favourable management of existing crops, using set-aside land specifically for the benefit of bees, and by considering bees in the general management of agricultural land. The dissemination of information on the value of bees and their requirements is considered to be an important factor in the possible future improvement of bee forage. Page(s): 67-74. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: ADAS Boxworth Research Centre, Boxworth, Cambs., CB38NN, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600238 Apidae/land management/conferences/beneficial insects/pollinators/agriculture/ecology/honey bee forage/planting/UK/agricultural land/fallow. Clauss, B. (1994) Cleptoparasitic drone flies. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Trinidad and Tobago, 7-12 September 1992. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 113-115. D. G. Lowe. Two species of Syrphidae, Eristalis plumipes and Simioides pachymera, were observed hovering near hives in Zambia. Individual flies were seen to land and enter a hive without interference from the bees, then to reappear a few minutes later and fly off. Flies in observation hives were seen to feed from open honey and pollen storage cells. Worker honey bees which took notice of a feeding syrphid sometimes licked its thorax, wings or abdomen, and sometimes surrounded it like a queen, but never molested it. Other observations suggested that the flies may use pheromones and vibrations in order to deceive the bees. Page(s): 113-115. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Schesbuschweg 20, D-2050 Hamburg, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600683 honey bees/Apis mellifera/Eristalis plumipes/Simioides pachymera/feeding/honey/pollen/conferences/pests/Syrphidae/of honey bees/Zambia. Clauss, B. (1996) Varroasis the German experience. Kings Lynn, UK, Central Association of Bee-Keepers. Page(s): 7 pp. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Schlebuschweg 20, 21029 Hamburg, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801364 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/Germany. Clay, H. (1994) Cost effective inspection. Bee Culture, 122(11), 626-628. A. G. Matheson. Since 1979 the New Brunswick Beekeepers' Association (NBBA) in Canada has operated a bee disease inspection programme on behalf of the provincial government, a change which reduced costs for the government and increased industry control. This article outlines management of the programme by the NBBA, emphasizing extension acitivities, training of beekeepers in disease diagnosis and apiary inspection. Disadvantages of the system include reliance on volunteers, uncertainty over funding, lack of representation within government and potential conflicts of interest. Advantages include involvement of the industry, flexibility in decision making and decreased costs. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601040 bee diseases/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bees/diseases/Canada/New Brunswick/inspection. Clément, M. C. (1999) Robinia or acacia: pollen spectrum of honeys. La Santé de l'Abeille(173), 305-308. Original title: Robinia ou acacia: spectre pollinique des miels. Pollen grain analysis can be used to distinguish Robinia pseudoacacia honeys produced in France, China and Hungary. Accession date: 27 October 1999. Call number: 638.16. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. . Author address: AFSSA Sophia Antipolis. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1168/99 honey/Robinia pseudoacacia/pollen analysis/pollen morphology/France/Hungary/China. Cnaani, J., Borst, D. W., Huang, Z. Y., Robinson, G. E. and Hefetz, A. (1997) Caste determination of Bombus terrestris: differences in development and rates of JH biosynthesis between queen and worker larvae. Journal of Insect Physiology, 43(4), 373-381. Author. Development and rates of juvenile hormone biosynthesis were measured in B. terrestris larvae destined to develop into either workers or queens. Larvae of both castes developed through 4 instars and had the same growth rates, but the duration of the instars was longer for queen larvae, and their head width at the third and fourth instars was significantly larger. The corpora allata of worker larvae exhibited a constant and low rate of JH biosynthesis, never more than 5 pmol JH/h. Queen larvae, in contrast, had 2 peaks of JH biosynthesis: a small one during the first instar, which has previously been correlated with caste determination; and a large peak, previously undetected, above 40 pmol/h, during the second and third instars. It is suggested that caste determination in this species is mediated by JH and that the duration of larval instars is a key factor. The possibility that the queen influences caste determination via an effect on instar duration is also discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: G. S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900429 Bombus terrestris/Apidae/queens. Cnaani, J. and Hefetz, A. (1994) The effect of workers size frequency distribution on colony development in Bombus terrestris. Insectes Sociaux, 41(3), 301-307. P. Walker. Experimental colonies were manipulated so that they had nursing workers which were small (S) or large (L) or a mixture of the 2 sizes. The size frequency distribution of the nursing workers did not affect the average size of newly emerged workers or their size frequency distribution. However, in colonies with L, the number of emerging workers and number of egg cells constructed by the queen were higher than in colonies with S. The results are discussed in relation to division of labour and nursing efficiency. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701231 Bombus terrestris/Apidae/division of labour/reproduction/Bombus/size/brood care/Bombus/colonies/development. Cobey, S. (1995) Instrumental insemination equipment: sophistication and simplification in designs. American Bee Journal, 135(10), 697-701. P. Walker. The different types of equipment developed for instrumental insemination of queen honey bees are described and discussed. Advice is given on choosing equipment now available, with a guide to some prices. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700989 queen honey bees/artificial insemination. Cobey, S. (1997) Honey bee tracheal mite resistance: are resistant stocks developing and can they be maintained? American Bee Journal, 137(10), 738-741. P. Walker. The New World Carniolan Closed Population Breeding Program in Ohio aims to develop tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) resistance/tolerance in the New World Carniolan population. The foundation breeding population was selected for spring build-up, honey production and overwintering; it was not treated for tracheal mites. Subsequent selection included tracheal mite resistance, although the resistance mechanism was not known. The infestation level decreased as the program progressed; in 1991 the level was nearly 50%, by 1992 it was below 20% and since 1994 it has been under 4%. Factors that may be involved in resistance to A. woodi are discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Dept. of Entomology, Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900953 Apis mellifera/parasites/pests/honey bees/Acarapis woodi/resistance/breeding/races/Apis mellifera carnica. Cobey, S. (1998) A comparison of colony performance of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated honey bee queens. American Bee Journal, 138(4), 292. Performance was compared in colonies headed by (A) 12 sister queens that had mated naturally with drones from a similar genetic background, and (B) 14 more sister queens instrumentally inseminated with semen from similar drones. In July, 2 months after the colonies were established, the average brood area was 8.6 frames in A and 8.8 in B; in the following April, brood areas were 10.4 and 10.7 frames respectively. Average colony weight before the autumn honey harvest was 251.7 lbs (114.3 kg) in A and 241.5 lbs (109.6 kg) in B; a year later, values were 314.2 lbs (142.6 kg) and 282.0 lbs (128.0 kg), respectively. No differences were significant. The rate of supersedure of queens was very low in the first year but high in the second year. Accession date: 18 September 98. Call number: 638.145. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: Dept. Entomology, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA194/99 queen honey bees/mating/artificial insemination/honey bee colonies/performance/honey/production/brood rearing. Cobey, S. (1999) The African bee, Apis mellifera scutellata, threatened in her South African homeland by the Cape bee, Apis mellifera capensis. American Bee Journal, 139(6), 462-467. A report on the situation when the author visited South Africa in Nov. 1997. Accession date: 14 September 1999. Call number: 638.123. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: Ohio State Univ., 1735 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1054/99 honey bees as pests/Apis mellifera scutellata/Apis mellifera capensis/beekeeping/South Africa. Cobey, S. and Smith, B. H. (1994) Analysis of tracheal mite infestation levels of Buckfast and Carniolan honey bees and their reciprocal hybrids. American Bee Journal, 134(12), 829-830. Original title or source: [Abstract]. P. Walker. Levels of Acarapis woodi, which were determined monthly, remained low throughout the study, but some significant differences were found between colonies. Buckfast colonies had 0-1% infestation; in Carniolans it was below 0.5% until spring when it reached a median of 1% (max. 9.5%). Hybrids showed intermediate infestation levels, with greater variability between colonies. Significant differences in mite population levels and population build-up were observed between the various crosses in the spring. Buckfast colonies had the lowest spring build-up. Carniolan colonies overwintered better than Buckfast colonies. It is concluded that an effective programme to select for resistance to A. woodi must also take into account other colony characteristics. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Dept. of Entomology, Ohio State Univ., 1735 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601046 beneficial insects/parasites/pests/honey bees/Acarapis woodi/of honey bees/infestation/hybrids/races/Apis mellifera/Europe. Coco, F. L., Valentini, C., Novelli, V. and Ceccon, L. (1996) High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of 2-furaldehyde and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde in honey. Journal of Chromatography, A, 749(1/2), 95-102. Author. The HPLC method described is based on the formation of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of carbonyl compounds and subsequent reversed-phase separation of these derivatives. Derivatization is carried out with an acidic solution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in acetonitrile. Precipitation of the derivatives of carbonyl compounds is thus avoided and direct injection of the sample into the HPLC system is allowed. The procedure offers a high specificity, since the derivatives of the title compounds are well separated from other components of the mixture under examination. Recoveries of 95-99% were obtained from honey spiked at different levels with both compounds. The detection limit is of the order of 10 g/kg of honey and reproducibility (mean of 6 determinations) is <+-> 3% for 2-furaldehyde and <+-> 2% for HMF. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Universita di Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901374 analytical methods/chromatography/honey/composition/HMF. Cocucci, A. A. (1991) Pollination biology of Nierembergia (Solanaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 174(1/2), 17-35. Author. A morphological and anatomical description of the floral syndrome of Nierembergia is given, including a survey of the presence of elaiophores in most of its species, chromatography of the floral oils and observations on pollinator behaviour. The principal pollinators are Tapinotaspis spp. (Exomalopsini) including T. chalybaea which is endowed with oil collectors on the middle legs. Other exomalopsines (Lanthanomelissa and Paratetrapedia) and centridines (Centris) also visit Nierembergia for pollen and oil. Based on these observations and on a morphological study of the fertile parts, different pollination modes are recognized and the biogeography and evolution of the genus is discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600047 Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/Tapinotaspis/exomalopsis/Paraterapedia/biogeograpy/evolution/flowers/pollination/Anthophoridae/of Nierembergia/by Anthophoridae/Nierembergia/foraging/pollen/plant oils. Coelho, J. R. (1996) The flight characteristics of drones in relation to mating. Bee Science, 4(1), 21-25. P. Walker. Data published by the author and others are used to compare the flight performance of Apis mellifera drones with that of workers. Drones have lower flight duration and range, but their maximum flight speed and manoeuvrability are similar to those of workers; this is especially important in the drone's ability to catch a queen for mating. Drones have higher kinetic energy and much greater total force production, which may enable a drone to carry a queen during mating. These characteristics are related to size, and may explain why drones have evolved as larger bees. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800535 Apis mellifera/size/drone honey bees/flight/mating. Coelho, J. R. and Hoagland, J. (1995) Load-lifting capacities of three species of yellowjackets (Vespula) foraging on honey-bee corpses. Functional Ecology, 9(2), 171-174. P. Walker. Body mass and thorax mass were measured in samples of workers collected from 3 Vespula species. Body mass of V. germanica was highest, followed by V. squamosa, than V. maculifrons. Calculated values of flight muscle mass and M (the maximum load a wasp could carry) followed the same order. Three V. germanica were observed flying off with whole honey bees (weighing from 0.065 to 0.076 g), but other wasps chewed off body parts until they could fly with a head, thorax or abdomen. V. germanica and V. squamosa carried weights approaching, but no exceeding, predicted M values. V. maculifrons did not forage on the dead bees provided in the experiment. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800229 Vespula germanica/Vespula maculifrons/Vespula squamosa/Apis mellifera/honey bees/pests/Vespula/of honey bees/Vespula/foraging/loads/Vespula/body weight/flight. Coelho, J. R. and Sullivan, J. B. (1994) Colonization of wildlife nest boxes by honey bee swarms. American Bee Journal, 134(10), 697-699. A. G. Matheson. Nest boxes with a volume of 89 litres deployed in a mixed hardwood forest in Illinois, USA, for use by vertebrates, were often colonized by honey bees: occupation rate increased significantly (to 30%) after the entrance was blocked and only 12.5 mm ventilation holes left. Nest box height (mean 5.3 m), tree diameter (DBH, mean 45.7 cm), orientation of ventilation holes and tree species had no significant effect on occupation rate. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600996 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/boxes/nesting/wild honey bee colonies/honey bees/nests/selection. Coffey, M. F. and Breen, J. (1997) Seasonal variation in pollen and nectar sources of honey bees in Ireland. Journal of Apicultural Research, 36(2), 63-76. Author. Sources of pollen and nectar used by honey bees were studied during 1991-1994 by regular 2-weekly sampling of pollen pellets from 3 colonies at a single site, and pollen and honey (or unripened nectar) samples from 4 individual colonies at different sites in mid-western Ireland. At the single site, 76 pollen types were identified and a seasonal variation in the dominance of species was apparent. The diversity of species being foraged reached a maximum during June and July. Native nectariferous species were the most important pollen sources, while pollen was also gathered from introduced and entomophilous/anemophilous species especially during spring and early summer. Trees and shrubs were important pollen sources early in the year while herbs and shrubs increased in importance during summer and autumn. A total of 92 pollen types were identified in the pollen and nectar samples at the 4 different sites, indicating the diversity of plant species foraged by honey bees and the importance of different species as pollen sources, nectar sources or pollen and nectar sources. Honey bee preferences for certain species and individual colony preferences are discussed. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Life Sciences, Schrodinger Building, University of Limerick, Limerick, Irish Republic. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900209 Apis mellifera/nectar plants/pollen plants/honey bee forage/Irish Republic/seasonal cycle/pollen loads/honey/pollen analysis. Cohen, S. G. and Bianchine, P. J. (1995) Hymenoptera, hypersensitivity, and history: a prologue to current day concepts and practices in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of insect sting allergy. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology, 74(3), 198-221. D. G. Lowe. This review, with 147 references, deals with the evolution of the sting and the history of investigations into the nature of sting allergy and how it could be treated. There are also short sections on honey and the therapeutic uses of Hymenoptera (including honey bee) venom. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Solar Bldg., Rm 2C 37, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700420 arthropod allergies/diagnosis/treatment/history/stings/Hymenoptera/pathogenesis/allergies. Colas, D. (1994) Burkina [Faso] honey: commercial structures to be put in place. Revue Francaise d'Apiculture(540), 231-233. Original title or source: Le Miel au Burkina: des structures commerciales a mettre en place. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800898 beekeeping/Burkina Faso/honey/trade. Coleman, C. J. (1997) Pollination techniques for seed and fruit in Zimbabwe, Central Africa. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Pollination, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, 23-28 June 1996 [edited by Richards, K. W.]. Leiden, Netherlands, International Society for Horticultural Science, 165-168. D. G. Lowe. In Zimbabwe, managed pollination of crops is a relatively new concept as it has been considered that the indigenous bees are sufficient to effect natural pollination. Use of honey bees [Apis mellifera] to pollinate crops (sunflowers, runner beans [Phaseolus], apples, pears, plums, nectarines, peaches, raspberries, blueberries [Vaccinium], citrus, litchis, passion fruits, kiwifruits, Cineraria [Senecio] and paprika [Capsicum annuum]) and the management and stocking rates for hives are described. Page(s): 165-168. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Honey Processors Ltd., Box CH 248, Chisipite, Harare, Zimbabwe. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900708 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/International symposium on pollination. Coles, J. A., Marcaggi, P., Vega, C. and Cotillon, N. (1996) Effects of photoreceptor metabolism on interstitial and glial cell pH in bee retina: evidence of a role for NH. Journal of Physiology, 495(2), 305-318. Author. Measurements were made with pH microelectrodes in superfused slices of the retina of the drone honey bee. In the dark, the mean pH values in the 3 compartments of the tissues were: neurons (photoreceptors), 6.99; glial cells (outer pigment cells), 7.31; extracellular space, 6.60. Stimulation of the photoreceptors with light caused transient pH changes: a decrease in the photoreceptors and in the glial cells and an increase in the interstitial clefts. The effects of inhibition and activation of aerobic metabolism showed that part, perhaps all, of the light-induced changes resulted from the increased aerobic metabolism in the photoreceptors. Addition of 2 mM NH to the superfusate produced changes in pH of similar amplitude to those caused by light stimulation. Measurements with NH-sensitive microelectrodes showed that stimulation of aerobic metabolism in the photoreceptors increased NH and also that exogenous NH/NH was taken up by cells, presumably the glial cells. It is concluded that within seconds of an increase in the aerobic metabolism in the photoreceptors, they release an increased amount of NH/NH which affects pH in the extracellular spaces and which enters glial cells. Other evidence suggests that in the drone retina the glial cells supply the neurons with amino acids as substrates of energy metabolism; the results suggest that fixed nitrogen is returned to the glial cells as NH/NH. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: INSERM U394, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saens, F-33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900188 Apis mellifera. Colin, M. E. (1999) Toxicity and repellent effect of contirtuents of essential oils on Varroa jacobsoni. La Santé de l'Abeille(172), 235-239. Original title: Toxicité et répulsion de composants d'huiles essentielles sur Varroa jacobsoni. Mites were sprayed with emulsions of eucalyptol, thymol, menthol or camphor at different concentrations. At 1%, mite mortality was not significantly different from that of controls, but at 4% concentrations the emulsions caused increased mortality; thymol had the most significant and persistent effect, followed by menthol and then eucalyptol. In repellency tests 1% emulsions had little effect, but at 4% all the emulsions repelled mites, especially menthol; eucalyptol was the least effective. In tests where mites were repelled from honey bee larvae, the effect continued for more than 24 h, thus reducing feeding and causing mortality; in the tests with menthol, more than 90% of mites died through lack of nutrition. Accession date: 8 October 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. P Walker. Author address: INRA, Unité de Zoologie et Apidologie, Avignon, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1127/99 Varroa jacobsoni/eucalyptol/thymol/menthol/camphor/control methods/repellency. Colin, M. E. and Belzunces, L. P. (1992) Evidence of synergy between prochloraz and deltamethrin in Apis mellifera L.: a convenient biological approach. Pesticide Science, 36(2), 115-119. P. Walker. In laboratory experiments, honey bees were treated with the fungicide prochloraz and the insecticide deltamethrin at doses equivalent to field rates. When used alone, deltamethrin at 0.125 g/ha and prochloraz at 25 g/ha did not significantly increase mortality above that of untreated controls during 96 h of observation. When applied as a mixture, they caused 67.5% mortality (corrected) within 24 h and 74.1% within 50 h. Sequential treatment at intervals of 0.8 days reduced the synergistic effect; at 50 h, corrected mortality was 27.5% when deltamethrin was applied first and 23.8% when prochloraz was first. The results are discussed in terms of mode of action and sublethal effects. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: INRA-CNEVA, Domaine Saint Paul, Station de Zoologie, BP 91, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600291 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/chemical control/nontarget effects/synergism/deltamethrin/prochloraz/poisoning/honey bees/of honey bees/by deltamethrin/by prochloraz/toxicity/to honey bees/of deltamethrin/of prochloraz. Colin, M. E. and Belzunces, L. P. (1992) Impact of the synergism of pesticides on bees: biological effect of a combination of an insecticide with a fungicide. Bees for pollination. Proceedings of an EC workshop, Brussels, Belgium, 2-3 March 1992 [edited by Bruneau, E.]. Brussels, Belgium, Commission of the European Communities, Division for the Coordination of Agricultural Research, 167-170. D. G. Lowe. When honey bees [Apis mellifera] were sprayed separately with sublethal doses of either deltamethrin (application rate 0.125 g/ha) or prochloraz (25 g/ha), the mortality rate was not significantly different from that of controls, over a 96-h period, but a combined spray using the same rates gave 73.2% mortality in 24 h. The sublethal dose of deltamethrin received was 0.001 g/bee, which could not easily be detected by gas chromatography. Cases where 2 pesticides produce bee poisoning because of their synergism may therefore be difficult to detect. Page(s): 167-170. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Centre de Recherches Agronomiques d'Avignon, INRA, Domaine Saint-Paul, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601474 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/nontarget effects/ insecticides/fungicides/deltamethrin/prochloraz/conferences/poisoning/of honey bees/by deltamethrin/by prochloraz/toxicity/to honey bees/of deltamethrin/of prochloraz/synergism/pesticides. Colin, M. E., Ciavarella, F., Otero-Colina, G. and Belzunces, L. P. (1994) A method for characterizing the biological activity of essential oils against Varroa jacobsoni. New perspectives on varroa [edited by Matheson, A. (Editor)]. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 109-114. A. G. Matheson. Essential oils from Thymus vulgaris, Salvia officinalis, Chenopodium spp. and Anona spp. were tested for toxicity to Varroa jacobsoni by direct application to adult females and for repellency to V. jacobsoni by application to honey bee (Apis mellifera) pupae, with control pupae either available (with-choice tests) or not available (without choice). The oils from Thymus, Salvia and Chenopodium are acutely toxic to Varroa and prevent parasitization of pupae. Aerosol application of Thymus and Salvia oils to honey bee colonies killed 95.4% of mites, with residues in honey at the detection limit of headspace gas chromatography. Page(s): 109-114. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: INRA, Centre de Recherche d'Avignon, Station de Phytopharmacie, 84143 Montfavet, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600282 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/conferences/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/essential oils/Thymus vulgaris/Salvia officinalis/Chenopodium/Anona/honey/impurities. Colin, M. E., Richard, D. and Chauzy, S. (1991) Measurement of electric charges carried by bees: evidence of biological variations. Journal of Bioelectricity, 10(1/2), 17-32. P. Walker. A sensor designed to determine the electric charges of raindrops was adapted for the direct measurement of charges on individual honey bees. Values for 691 bees ranged from 387 pC to +537 pC; the median value was 50 pC. Only 5 bees had a charge of zero or less than 2 pC (limit of detection); 9.7% of foraging bees were negatively charged, whereas only 4.3% of winter bees were. Differences between and within the two groups of bees are discussed, and the significance of the presence of electric charges throughout the annual cycle is considered. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National d'Etudes Veterinaires et Alimentaires, Station de Zoologie-Apidologie, Domaine Saint-Paul, 83143 Montfavet Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600158 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bees/electrical properties/charges/seasonal variation/foraging. Colin, M. E., Vandame, R., Jourdan, P. and Pasquale, S. d. (1997) Fluvalinate resistance of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans (Acari: Varroidae) in Mediterranean apiaries of France. Apidologie, 28(6), 375-384. P. Walker. Mites collected from 6 apiaries in Mediterranean France were exposed to deposits of Klartan on Petri dishes; the dishes had been treated with different dilutions of the emulsifiable concentrate formulation containing 240 g/l fluvalinate. The results showed 3 categories of mite population: (A) susceptible, with an LC less than 2 ng/cm, (B) an LC of 2-20 ng/cm (some resistant mites), and (C) resistant, with an LC above 20 ng/cm. For field surveys of resistance, a threshold of 10 ng fluvalinate/cm would allow early detection. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Station de Zoologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901339 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control. Collett, T. S. (1994) Bees learn how to look. Current Biology, 4(8), 717-719. Some recent research on vision in honey bees (Apis mellifera), including the involvement of learning and flight behaviour, is discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, School of Biology, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800140 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/flight/behaviour/learning/senses/honey bees/vision. Collett, T. S. (1996) Insect navigation en route to the goal: multiple strategies for the use of landmarks. Journal of Experimental Biology, 199(1), 227-235. D. G. Lowe. This review, with 34 references, discusses how hymenopterous insects (bees, ants and wasps) use familiar landmarks in several distinct ways recognizing scenes, biased detours, aiming at beacons and image matching in order to navigate over long distances between nest and foraging site. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800749 Apidae/Apis mellifera/Vespidae/Formicidae/Hymenoptera/learning/foraging/orientation/senses/vision. Collett, T. S. and Baron, J. (1994) Biological compasses and the coordinate frame of landmark memories in honeybees. Nature (London), 368(6467), 137-140. P. Walker. Results from previous studies of landmark memory in honey bees [Apis mellifera] suggest that bees place retinotopically localized memories in Earth-based co-ordinates. The training experiments now described demonstrated that honey bees accomplish this very simply: when learning about or searching for a goal, they face consistently in one compass direction as they approach the goal, aided by the Earth's magnetic field. It is suggested that the main benefit of inspecting the world from one favoured direction is to simplify the storage and retrieval of retino-topic memories. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600959 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/senses/worker honey bees/magnetism/orientation/memory. Collett, T. S. and Baron, J. (1995) Learnt sensori-motor mappings in honeybees: interpolation and its possible relevance to navigation. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 177(3), 287-298. P. Walker. Individual honey bees were trained to fly through a series of compartments in some of which the back wall was covered with black and white stripes; one stripe orientation signalled that the bee should fly left and the other, right. When tested after training, bees successfully followed the signalled route. Tests with stripes at angles between the two training orientations showed that bees can interpolate, and this suggests that flight direction is a motor parameter encoded explicitly within the brain. A simple neural network is described that interpolates in a way similar to that of bees. The possible contribution of interpolation to the ability of bees to navigate flexibly within a familiar environment is discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800907 Apis mellifera/behaviour/neural networks/honey bees/learning/flight/orientation. Collett, T. S., Baron, J. and Sellen, K. (1996) On the encoding of movement vectors by honeybees. Are distance and direction represented independently? Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 179(3), 395-406. Author. Honey bees flying repeatedly over the same trajectory link it to an associated visual stimulus such that on viewing the stimulus they perform a trajectory in the habitual direction. To test if trajectory length can also be linked to a visual stimulus, bees were trained to fly through a multi-compartmented maze. In one compartment a short trajectory could be linked to a stripe pattern oriented at 45 to the horizontal. In another compartment a longer trajectory could be linked to 135 stripes. Bees made both associations: their trajectories were short when viewing 45 stripes and longer when viewing 135 stripes; 90 stripes evoked trajectories of intermediate length. To test if distance and direction are linked independently to stripe orientation, a bee's trajectory was linked to 135 stripes in one compartment and to 45 stripes in another. These trajectories were the same length but differed in their horizontal direction by 60 or by 120; 90 stripes evoked trajectories of intermediate direction which were shorter than those elicited by either training pattern. Bees were also trained to generate one long and one short trajectory with directions 120 apart. The trajectories elicited by 90 stripes were then biased towards the direction of the long training vector. Length and direction were not treated separately. The rules for combining trajectories resembled those of vector averaging. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, University of Sussex, School of Biological Sciences, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900180 Apis mellifera/honey bees/flight/behaviour. Collett, T. S., Fry, S. N. and Wehner, R. (1993) Sequence learning by honeybees. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 172(6), 693-706. P. Walker. Bees of several genera are known to make foraging trips on which they visit a series of plants in a fixed order. In order to understand how honey bees might acquire such routes, a series of experiments was carried out with groups of bees (Apis mellifera) flying in large boxes (base area 2.5 2.5 m). It was demonstrated that: (A) bees learn motor sequences, i.e. they perform a series of motor instructions; (B) they can link these intructions to visual stimuli; (C) their visual memories are triggered by contextual cues associated with the bee's position in a sequence. It is suggested that each of the 'path-segments'(the elements linked together to form a route) takes a bee a given distance in a given direction. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 180, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600978 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/flying honey bees/learning/memory. Collett, T. S. and Rees, J. A. (1997) View-based navigation in Hymenoptera: multiple strategies of landmark guidance in the approach to a feeder. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 181(1), 47-58. In order to analyse how landmarks guide the last stages of an insect's approach to a goal, flights of individual Hymenoptera (wasps and honey bees) as they flew towards an inconspicuous feeder on the ground which was marked by one or two nearby landmarks were recorded. Individuals tended to approach the feeder from a constant direction, flying close to the ground. The body was oriented in roughly the same horizontal direction during the approach so that the feeder and landmarks were viewed over a narrow range of directions. Consequently, when the insect arrived at the feeder, the landmarks took up a standard position on the retina. Three navigational strategies governed the final approach. The insect first aimed at a landmark, treating it as a beacon. Secondly, honeybees learnt the appearance of a landmark with frontal retina and they associated with this stored view a motor trajectory which brings them from the landmark sufficiently close to the goal that it can be reached by image matching. Insects then moved so as to put the landmark in its standard retinal position. Image matching is shown to be accomplished by a control system which has as set points the standard retinal position of the landmark and some parameter related to its retinal size. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900756 vespidae/honey bees/Hymenoptera/behaviour/flight/flight. Collett, T. S. and Zeil, J. (1996) Flights of learning. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 5(5), 149-155. The mechanisms of landmark navigation in wasps and bees are discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900759 Vespidae/Apidae/vision. Collins, A. M. and Mbaya, J. S. K. (1994) Drone flight times in south Texas: AHB and EHB. American Bee Journal, 134(12), 830. Original title or source: [Abstract]. P. Walker. An apiary with European (E) and hybrid honey bee colonies and another with Africanized (A) and hybrid colonies were established in Texas, USA. In March (av. afternoon temperature 82.3-79.5F) and July (106.5-94.5F), numbers of drones leaving the colonies were counted at regular intervals during the afternoon. No differences in flight times of A and E drones were observed (although differences have been found in some previous studies in the tropics). Manipulation of queens to restrict mating flights to a certain time of day could not, therefore, be used in Texas to improve E to E mating success. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Honey Bee Research, ARS, USDA, 2413 E. Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600981 drone honey bees/mating/flight/time/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/Europe/honey bees/tropical Africa/USA/Texas. Collins, A. M., Rubink, W. L., Aguilar, J. I. C. and Hellmich, R. L., II (1996) Use of insect repellents for dispersing defending honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 89(3), 608-613. Author. Three mosquito repellents (diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), 2-ethyl-1,3-hexandiol, and dimethyl phthlate) and 2 odoriferous compounds known to be repellent to honey bees (benzaldehyde and menthol) were tested in European (Texas) and Africanized (Mexico) apiaries by persons in protective clothing. When sprayed as an aerosol at defending worker bees, all the compounds significantly reduced the number of bees around the person and the number of stings in a patch of suede exposed during the test. DEET was consistently the most effective repellent. The results indicate that some materials, with proper development and labelling, could be made available as personal safety devices for individuals at risk of encountering highly defensive honey bee colonies in the course of their daily activities. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Honey Bee Research Unit, USDA, ARS, 2413 East Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801243 Apis mellifera/diethyltoluamide/honey bees/repellents/honey bee colonies/colony defence. Collins, A. M., Rubink, W. L., Cuadriello-Aguilar, J. I. and Hellmich, R. L., III (1994) use of insect repellents to disperse defending honey bees. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Trinidad and Tobago, 7-12 September 1992. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 17-22. D. G. Lowe. Tests of insect repellents were carried out in an apiary in Mexico, with 24 colonies of Africanized honey bees. The compounds tested were diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), 2-ethyl-1,3-hexandiol, dimethyl phthalate, benzaldehyde and menthol. All compounds were diluted to 15% by volume with mineral oil and applied using aerosol spray containers. Tests were carried out by experimenters surrounded by a large number of defending bees from a test colony, who sprayed themselves around the head and shoulders for 10 s. Approx. 5 s after spraying ceased, a suede leather target was waved in front of the experimenter's face for 15 s. Photographs were taken and the number of stings in the target counted. The number of defending bees was reduced by all the compounds, with DEET and benzaldehyde the most effective, followed by menthol, dimethyl phthalate and ethyl hexandiol. The compounds also significantly reduced the number of stings received, with DEET again the most effective compound. Page(s): 17-22. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Honey Bee Research Unit, Subtropical Agricultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 2413 East Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600596 Apis mellifera/stinging/insect repellents/conferences/honey bee colonies/colony defence/honey bees/repellents. Collins, A. M., Wilson, W. T., Baxter, J. and Maldonado, J. (1993) Management techniques for defensive colonies. American Bee Journal, 133(12), 863-864. Original title or source: [Abstract]. P. Walker. The defensive behaviour of European and Africanized honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera) was assessed when, on hives being opened, they were given one of 8 test treatments, or were smoked, or not treated at all. Spraying with 50% sugar syrup or 15% deet [diethyltoluamide] was as effective as smoke; addition of citral/geraniol to the syrup did not enhance its effect. A similar rating was given to a treatment using entrance blocks and covers (so that only one frame was exposed at a time). A Bee Go fume board worked well but was smelly and cumbersome. Treatments with CO or with a menthol fume board were less effective than smoke. Ammonium nitrate smoke anaesthetized most bees in a colony within 5 s, and they did not recover for 1 h, so this method was disruptive. In one apiary which became very defensive, all entrances were sprayed with sugar syrup and deet was sprayed in the air before the assessors left. Within 10 min, few bees were still defensive. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Honey Bee Research, USDA, ARS, 2413 E. Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600640 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bee colonies/subduing/colony defence. Collins, M. (1995) The varroa mite: pesticides a path through the jungle. Donkerbroek, Netherlands, Bijen Producten Centrum. D. G. Lowe. This booklet contains a list of 84 trade names of products used to control Varroa jacobsoni, with their equivalent chemical names. The 22 active substances are then listed in alphabetical order, with details of chemical formula, LD, uses, and notes of chemical properties that are of relevance to the product's beekeeping usage. Page(s): 41 pp. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800230 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/pests/honey bees/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/acaricides/books. Colombo, R. and Tiraferri, S. (1997) Method of column extraction for coumaphos residue determination in honey. Industrie Alimentari, 36(October), 1151-1153. Original title: Metodo di estrazione su colonna per la determinazione di residui di coumaphos nel miele. Extraction involves sample dispersion on diatomaceous earth (Extrelut) followed by elution with dichloromethane. In trials with honey solutions spiked with coumaphos, average recovery was 95%. The method can be used for samples containing 2-200 g coumaphos/kg. Accession date: 1 November 1999. Call number: 638.163/166. Library code: Bc. Language: It, en. P Walker. Author address: Istituto Nazionale di Apicoltura, Via di Saliceto 80, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1182/99 honey/analytical methods/pesticide residues/coumaphos. Colotto, A., Kharakoz, D. P., Lohner, K. and Laggner, P. (1993) Ultrasonic study of melittin effects on phospholipid model membranes. Biophysical Journal, 65(6), 2360-2367. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Biophysics and X-Ray Structure Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700770 membranes/ultrasonics/honey bee venom/melittin/effects/phospholipids/interactions. Colotto, A., Lohner, K. and Laggner, P. (1992) Low-dose effects of melittin on phospholipid structure. Differences between diester and diether phospholipids. Progress in Colloid & Polymer Science, 89, 334. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Biophysics and X-Ray Structure Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701146 honey bee venom/melittin/effects/phospholipids/interactions. Comba, L. (1992) [First estimation of the distribution of Bombini in Lazio (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)]. Bollettino dell'Associazione Romana di Entomologia, 47(1-4), 109-119. Accession date: 17 August 98. Call number: 595.799. Library code: X. Language: It, en. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA11/99 Bombinae/Italy. Comba, L. and Comba, M. (1991) Catalogue of the Apoidea of Lazio (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Fragmenta Entomologica, 22(Supplement), 169. Original title or source: Catalogo degli Apoidei Laziali (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). D. G. Lowe. Details, including taxonomy, synonymies and Italian distribution, are given for 455 species of Apoidea which have been found in this region of central Italy. Library code: Bd. Language: It. Author address: Via Olanda 18, 00040 Cecchina di Albano Laziale, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800756 Apidae/Apoidea/Italy. Commission internationale du, m. (1999) Quality of honey and international standards. Report of the International Commission on Honey. Revue Suisse d'Apiculture, 96(6), 202-212. Original title: Qualité du miel et normes internationales relatives au miel. A table shows the similarities and differences between the 1998 draft of the Codex Alimentarius standard for honey and the draft USA standard, 96/0114 (CNS). These are discussed. The introduction of new worldwide standards for electrical conductivity and for sugar and sucrose contents of honey is urged. Invertase activity is also regarded as important in measuring honey quality: fresh, unheated honeys should have a value below 10; for honeys with a high enzyme activity, a value above 4 is recommended. Labelling of Swiss honey is discussed. Accession date: 27 July 1999. Call number: 638.16. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA879/99 honey standards/honey composition/USA/Switzerland/electrical conductivity/sugars/sucrose/labelling/international organizations. Conde, M. d. M. S., Silva, I. M., Somner, G. V. and Silva, D. d. (1995) Survey of plants visited by bees in the area surrounding the Ribeirao das Lajes Dam Rio de Janeiro. Revista Universidade Rural. Serie Ciencias da Vida, 17(2), 41-48. Original title or source: Flora apicola da area em torno da represa de Ribeirao das Lajes Rio de Janeiro. The vegetation around the River Lajes dam is part of the Atlantic Coast forest of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Of the 417 plant species in the inventory of the area, 74 are considered attractive to bees (mainly of the genera Melipona and Trigona). A table shows the flowering period and food resources (pollen and/or) nectar for these species. Plant families with most representatives were Compositae, Leguminosae and Myrtaceae. Library code: 14 ref. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Botanica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, km 47 Antiga Estrada Rio-Sao Paulo, Seropedica, RJ, 23851-970, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900815 forage/forests/Melipona/Trigona/food plants/Asteraceae/Fabaceae/Myrtaceae. Congresso Brasileiro de, A. (1998) Proceedings of the XII Brazilian beekeeping congress, 10-13 November, 1998, Salvador, Bahia. Salvador, Brazil, Cba + Faaba. The texts of the papers presented at the various meetings are published here, together with many other summaries. Two papers in English, by H. Horn, are on the international honey market and on honey standards. Original collective title: Anais do XII congresso Brasileiro de apicultura, 10 a 13 Novembro de 1998, Salvador - Bahia. Page(s): 270. Accession date: 22 sept 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bdo. Language: Pt. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA723/99 beekeeping/Brazil/honey trade/honey bees, diseases/pollination by honey bees. Conner, J. K., Davis, R. and Rush, S. (1995) The effect of wild radish floral morphology on pollination efficiency by four taxa of pollinators. Oecologia, 104(2), 234-245. The effects of floral morphology on rates of pollen removal and deposition by different pollinators in generalist plant species are not well known. Pollination dynamics were studied in wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum, a plant visited by four groups of pollinators: honey bees, small native bees, butterflies (mainly Pieris rapae) and syrphid flies. The effects of anther position and other factors on pollen removal during single visits by all four pollinator taxa were measured. Flowers with high anther exsertion (i.e., anthers placed higher above the opening of the corolla tube) tended to have the highest numbers of pollen grains removed, but this effect was strongest for honey bees and butterflies. For all pollinator taxa, pollen removal increased with the number of pollen grains available on a flower and showed a positive, decelerating relationship with the duration of the visit. The effects of stigma position and other factors on pollen deposition during single visits by honey bees and butterflies were also studied. The nectar-feeding butterflies had a higher pollination efficiency (percentage of pollen grains removed from anthers that were subsequently deposited on a stigma) than the nectar- and pollen-feeding honey bees. Flowers with intermediate stigma exsertion had the highest numbers of pollen grains deposited on their stigmas by butterflies, but stigma exsertion had no effect on deposition by honey bees. For both butterflies and honey bees, pollen deposition on the recipient flower increased with the amount of pollen removed from the donor flower, and there was a positive, decelerating relationship between deposition and time spent at the flower; these results are analogous to those for pollen removal. The effects of anther and stigma exsertion on pollen removal and deposition did not fit predictions based on patterns of floral correlations, but results for morphology, pollen availability, time spent per visit, and pollinator efficiency are in broad agreement with previous studies, suggesting the possible emergence of some general rules of pollen transfer. Library code: 35 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Ecology, Ethology, and Evolution, University of Illinois, Shelford Vivarium, 606 E. Healey St., Champaign, IL 61820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800022 radishes/wild plants/morphology/pollination/efficiency/taxa/pollinators/anthers/corolla/pollen/honey bees/flowers/wild relatives/cross pollination/Apis mellifera/Pieris rapae/Lepidoptera/Syrphidae/Raphanus raphanistrum/insects/insects/of Raphanus/by honey bees/by insects/Raphanus/Raphanus/characteristics. Conner, J. K. and Neumeier, R. (1995) Effects of black mustard population size on the taxonomic composition of pollinators. Oecologia, 104(2), 218-224. In plant species that are pollinated by a variety of animal species, spatial and temporal variability in the taxonomic composition of those pollinators may cause spatial and temporal variability in selection on floral traits. While temporal variation in pollinator composition has been widely reported, spatial variability, particularly on a local scale, has been studied less frequently; nevertheless, available evidence suggests that local spatial variability may be a widespread feature of plant-pollinator interactions. In addition, the causes of this spatial variability are poorly known. This study was undertaken to quantify variability in the taxonomic composition of pollinators visiting local populations of black mustard, Brassica nigra, and to determine some of the causes of this variability. Simultaneous observations were conducted in seven pairs of black mustard populations. The members of each pair were in close spatial proximity but differed in number of plants. Larger plant populations were visited by significantly greater numbers of honey bees and significantly few small bees than small populations on a per-plant basis. There was also a trend toward greater syrphid fly visitation in small populations. The increased numbers of honey bees at large plant populations is probably due to their ability to recruit long distances to the most rewarding plant populations. The lower number of small bees at large plant populations may be due to competition from honey bees and/or spreading a constant number of small bees over the larger number of plants in large populations. Library code: 42 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Ecology, Ethology, and Evolution, University of Illinois, Shelford Vivarium, 606 E. Healey St. Champaign, IL 61820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700925 brassica nigra/effects/size/composition/pollinators/populations/maps/insects/honey bees/Syrphidae/Apis mellifera/pollination/foraging/Apoidea. Conner, J. K. and Rush, S. (1996) Effects of flower size and number on pollinator visitation to wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum. Oecologia, 105(4), 509-516. Author. The effects of flower number and size on visitation to wild radish by two taxa of pollinators over 3 years were examined by using a combination of multiple regression and experimental reductions in both traits. There was strong, consistent evidence that increases in both flower number and size cause increased visitation by syrphid flies. The results for small bees (mainly 7 Dialictus spp.) were harder to interpret, because the multiple regression and experimental manipulation results did not agree. It is likely that increased flower size causes a weak increase in small bee visitation, but strong relationships between flower number and small bee visitation seen in 2 years of observational studies were not corroborated by experimental manipulation of this trait. Small bees may actually have responded to an unmeasured trait correlated with flower number, or lower small bee abundances when the flower number manipulation was conducted may have reduced the likelihood of detecting a causal relationship. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Ecology, Ethology, and Evolution, University of Illinois, 606 E. Healey Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801143 Raphanus raphanistrum/pollinators/Dialictus/Apidae/Syrphidae/Raphanus/flowers/size/Raphanus/pollination/Apoidea/Diptera/of Raphanus/by Apoidea/by Diptera. Conner, J. K., Rush, S. and Jennetten, P. (1996) Measurements of natural selection on floral traits in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). I. Selection through lifetime female fitness. Evolution, 50(3), 1127-1136. D. G. Lowe. This 3-year study showed that there was strong directional selection for increased flower production in all 3 years, weaker selection for increased ovule number per flower in 2 years, and selection for increased flower size in one year. The experimental populations of R. raphanistrum received high levels of pollinator visitation (from 20.4 to 58.4 visitors per plant per hour), with honey bees (Apis mellifera) and small bees (mainly Ceratina and Dialictus) dominant in 1991, and small bees and syrphid flies in 1992 and 1993. The large proportion of honey bees in 1991 may have been due to a scarcity of other bee forage. The results indicated that variability in pollinator visitation had little effect on variation in female fitness of R. raphanistrum. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Ecology, Ethology, and Evolution, University of Illinois, 606 E. Healey St., Champaign, IL 61820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801111 Raphanus raphanistrum/selection/morphology/pollinators/Ceratina/Dialictus/Apis mellifera/Syrphidae/Raphanus/flowers/characteristics/natural selection/pollination/Apoidea/Diptera/of Raphanus/by Apoidea/by Diptera/Raphanus. Connor, L. J., Rinderer, T., Sylvester, H. A. and Wongsiri, S. (1993) Asian apiculture. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Asian honey bees and bee mites. Cheshire, USA, Wicwas Press. See AA 1197/92.\0BD. G. Lowe. This book contains the proceedings of a conference held at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand, in February 1992. The 80 papers it contains are arranged into 8 sections. The first of these contains 2 papers on trends in Asian apiculture, particularly the current status of research on Asian honey bees and the control of parasitic mites. The second section, on bee biology, contains 28 papers divided into 3 subsections biodiversity of honey bees, biotechnology and genetic manipulation, bee biology research. Most of the papers in this section are on Apis mellifera and/or A. cerana, but some also describe research on A. florea and A. dorsata. Topics dealt with include genetics, enzyme polymorphism, geographical distribution, morphometrics, chromosomes and karyotypes, DNA, hybridization, reproduction and development. Section 3 has 5 papers on a variety of beekeeping topics information dissemination, economic aspects, foraging, pollination and pollen traps. Four papers on honey and 4 on royal jelly comprise section 4 on natural bee products, whilst the 8 papers in the bee botany section (5) deal with pollination as well as bee forage. The 18 papers in the sixth section, entitled 'Bee mites', are mainly concerned with the parasitism of A. mellifera by Varroa jacobsoni, dealing with the biology of the host-parasite relationship, the behaviour of V. jacobsoni, and methods for the control of varroa. One paper deals with Euvarroa sinhai and E. wongsiri (parasites of A. florea and A. andreniformis) and 2 deal with Tropilaelaps clareae parasitizing A. mellifera colonies in Vietnam. Bee diseases (caused by bacteria and other micro-organisms) are dealt with in section 7. The eighth section has 4 papers on pesticide risks to honey bees. A final section reproduces the bibliography on Asian honey bees 1979-1991 by E. Crane and P. Walker, previously published in the abstracts volume for this conference [1992, Bangkok, Thailand; Chulalongkorn University in co-operation with the International Bee Research Association]. There is a subject index and also an author index citing first and second authors of references cited in the individual papers and in the bibliography (section 9). Connor, L. J.; Rinderer, T.; Sylvester, H. A.; Wongsiri, S. (Editors). Page(s): 704 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600456 Apis mellifera/Apis cerana/Apis florea/Apis dorsata/Apis andreniformis/Euvarroa sinhai/Euvarroa wongsiri/Tropilaelaps clareae/beneficial insects/parasites/Acari/Thailand/honey bees/Asia/conferences/Apis/species/pests/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni. Conte, L. S., Bortolomeazzi, R., Moret, S., Sabatini, A. G. and Marcazzan, G. L. (1997) Application of solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) to the determination of phenols in honeys. La Rivista di Scienza dell'Alimentazione, 26(3-4), 97-102. Original title: Applicazione della microestrazione in fase solida (SPME) alla determinazione del fenolo nei mieli. In trials of the method using samples spiked with phenol (10-100 ppm), 3 combinations of extraction time and desorbtion time were used. In two, the correlation coefficient was above 0.99 and in the third it was almost 0.98. In analyses of 5 monofloral honeys obtained from colonies that had been treated with phenol, phenol concentrations of 8-21 ppm were found. No phenol was detected in a multifloral honey. It is concluded that this simple and cheap method is suitable for determining phenol in honey. Accession date: 1 November 1999. Call number: 638.163/166. Library code: Bc. Language: It, en. P Walker. Author address: Dipartimento di Scienze deglo Alimenti, Univ. degli Studi di Udine, Via Marangoni 97, 33100 Udine Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1183/99 honey/analytical methods/phenol. Conte, Y. l., Sreng, L. and Trouiller, J. (1994) The recognition of larvae by worker honeybees. Naturwissenschaften, 81, 462-465. P. Walker. Cuticle esters (E) were extracted from young (Y, 2-3 days) and old (D, 8-9 days) Apis mellifera worker larvae; yields were 10.6 and 387 ng/larva, respectively. YE contained 64% ethyl esters and DE contained 69% methyl esters. When dummies + DE (1, 10, 100 larval equivalents) were placed inside the rims of empty cells, workers capped 23%, 57% and 69% of the cells, respectively. When the dummies + DE were at the bottom of cells, only those with a high E concentration were capped. When the queen and frames with cells containing larvae were removed from a colony and dummies with 1, 10 or 100 YE were introduced to empty worker cells, workers enlarged and built queen cells, especially from those with 10 YE, and fewer from those with 100 YE. Dummies at the bottom of the cell were preferred to those at the rim. In this test, DE was less effective in promoting queen cell building. It is concluded that workers can discriminate between larval positions, pheromone concentrations and pheromone blends. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Station de Recherches de Zoologie et d'Apidologie, INRA, F-84143 Montfavet, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700178 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/worker honey bees/cells (honey bees)/capping/honey bees/cells/honey bees/queen cells/honey bees/larvae/pheromones/esters/honey bees/age/effects. Contessi, A. (1996) New method of preserving combs with carbon dioxide. Rivista di Apicoltura, 4(9), 16-19. Original title or source: Nuovo metodo di conservazione dei favi con l'anidride carbonica. P. Walker. As a method of controlling wax moths, combs are treated with the gas in a sealed cupboard. Treatment under polythene is not satisfactory because it is somewhat permeable to the gas. A concentration of 60% carbon dioxide is sufficient; at a temperature of 26C, combs should be exposed for 5 days. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901318 combs/sterilization/pests/honey bees/Galleria mellonella/control methods/carbon dioxide/treatment. Conway, J. R. (1994) Honey ants. American Entomologist, 40(4), 229-234. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA 18510, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700421 Formicidae/honey. Cook, J. M. (1993) Sex determination in the Hymenoptera: a review of models and evidence. Heredity, 71(4), 421-435. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Genetics & Human Variation, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700418 Hymenoptera/sex determination. Cooper, K. W. (1993) The first Holcopasites from western California, H. ruthae n. sp., and H. linsleyi, a new species from southwestern Arizona (Hymenoptera, Nomadinae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 95(1), 113-125. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600093 Holcopasites ruthae/Holcopasites linsleyi/Apidae/new species/Holcopasites/taxonomy/Holcopasites/morphology. Cooper, K. W. (1993) Description of Osmia cahuilla, n. sp., recognition of the male of O. gabrielis Sandhouse and the likely female of O. bridwelli Sandhouse (Apoidea, Megachilidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 95(4), 532-540. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600110 Osmia cahuilla/new species/Apidae/Osmia/taxonomy/Osmia/morphology. Cooper, K. W. (1996) Osmia cahuilla: its unusual galleried nest, cocoons, and larval behavior after cocooning a comparative study (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington(17), 45-58. Author. A single nest of Osmia cahuilla of 26 brood cells found in thick pine bark was architecturally very different from described nests of other megachilids. It consisted of 2 radiating clusters of 8 and 6 short galleries (of 1-3 brood cells), each cluster with its own common lateral branch (the arrangement of 4 other galleries is unknown). Complex partitions are found only in nests of O. bucephala and O. cahuilla; in the latter they are placed only between lateral burrows and cells proximate to them. Cocoons of O. bucephala and O. cahuilla are compared and found to be alike only superficially. O. cahiilla's last act as a cocooned larva is a 180 reversal within its cocoon similar to the reversals of cocoonless Xylocopa larvae (anthophorids) within their cells. These and other aspects are critically discussed. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: 4497 Picacho Drive, Riverside, CA 92507, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801190 Osmia cahuilla/Osmia bucephala/Apidae/Osmia/nests/larvae. Cooper, R. and Molan, P. (1999) The use of honey as an antiseptic in managing Pseudomonas infection. Journal of Wound Care, 8(4), 161-164. The sensitivity of pure cultures of Pseudomonas species, isolated from swabs from 20 infected wounds, to a pasture honey and a manuka honey was studied. The honeys were selected to have antibacterial activity close to the median for each type. Range of minimum inhibitory concentration (v/v) was 5.5-8.7 % (mean 6.9%) for the manuka honey and 5.8-9.0% (mean 7.1%) for the pasture honey. It is concluded that honeys with an average level of antibacterial activity could be expected to be effective in preventing the growth of pseudomonads on the surface of a wound, even if the honey were diluted more than 10-fold by exudation from the wound. Accession date: 8 September 1999. Call number: 638.167. Library code: Bc. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: School of Biomedical Sciences, Univ. of Wales Inst., Llandaff Campus, Western Ave, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA904/99 honey/antibacterial properties/Pseudomonas/uses/wound dressings/medicinal properties/manuka honey. Cooper, R. A., Molan, P. C. and Harding, K. G. (1999) Antibacterial activity of honey against strains of Staphylococcus aureus from infected wounds. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 92(June), 283-285. Strains of coagulase-positive S. aureus were isolated from infected wounds; the sensitivity of 58 strains to a multifloral honey and a manuka honey was tested. Sensitivity varied little between the isolates; minimum inhibitory honey concentrations were 2-3% (v/v) for the manuka honey and 3-4% for the other honey. Thus, these honeys would prevent growth of S. aureus if diluted by body fluids a further 7- to 14-fold beyond the point where their osmolarity ceased to be completely inhibitory. The effect of the manuka honey is partly due to the presence of a phytochemical compound, so it would probably be more effective in vivo. Accession date: 21 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.167. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: School of Biomedical Sciences, Univ. of Wales Inst., Llandaff Campus, Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA903/99 honey, antibacterial properties/Leptospermum honey/Staphylococcus, inhibition by honey. Corbet, S. A. (1992) Wild bees for pollination in the agricultural landscape. Bees for pollination. Proceedings of an EC workshop, Brussels, Belgium, 2-3 March 1992 [edited by Bruneau, E.]. Brussels, Belgium, Commission of the European Communities, Division for the Coordination of Agricultural Research, 175-188. D. G. Lowe. The importance of undisturbed perennial vegetation as a source of forage for species of Apoidea which contribute to crop pollination is discussed. Page(s): 175-188. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Zoology Department, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601211 Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/Europe/conferences/pollination/Apoidea/crops/by Apoidea/of crops/foraging/agricultural land. Corbet, S. A. (1996) Which bees do plants need? The conservation of bees [edited by Matheson, A.; Buchmann, S. L.; O'Toole, C.; Westrich, P.; Williams, I. H.]. London, UK, Academic Press for the Linnean Society of London and the International Bee Research Association, 105-113. Author. In so far as floristically diverse plant communities depend on a range of different pollinator species, it is important to conserve bee diversity. The background pollination service performed by the local assemblage of wild pollinators is rarely evaluated, for crops or wild flowers. To supplement or replace this assemblage with introduced honey bees may sometimes be counterproductive. The experimental evaluation of the role of the natural assemblage, and of particular species within that assemblage, is not straightforward. Consideration of tongue length in relation to corolla shape, energetic costs in relation to nectar supply, and temperature thresholds for flight in relation to local climate can inform predictions about one-on-one plant-pollinator relationships, but in real communities indirect interactions may alter the outcome. Pollinator limitation of seed yield is rarely sought or identified in crops or wild flowers. When it is found, a common response is to introduce managed pollinators. This has the advantage that it can be done commercially, and in a bee-free situation such as a glasshouse this may be appropriate. But in the field, it may be less expensive and more profitable to support or augment the natural pollinators. This is more likely to sustain a pollinator assemblage that will support the local wild plant community and keep open options for different crops in the future. Page(s): 105-113. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701218 Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/conferences/pollination/Apoidea/crops/wild flowers/by Apoidea/of crops/of wild flowers/biodiversity. Corbet, S. A. (1996) Why bumble bees are special. Bumble bees for pleasure and profit [edited by Matheson, A.]. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 2-11. D. G. Lowe. This chapter describes the biology of Bombus species, particularly their behaviour, physiology and ecology. The main aspects covered are the annual energy balance of the colony, heat production and regulation, foraging, reproductive behaviour, and relationships with humans. Page(s): 2-11. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Zoology Department, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701238 Apidae/behaviour/physiology/ecology/conferences/Bombus/biology. Corbet, S. A. (1997) Role of pollinators in species preservation, conservation, ecosystem stability and genetic diversity. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Pollination, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, 23-28 June 1996 [edited by Richards, K. W.]. Leiden, Netherlands, International Society for Horticultural Science, 219-229. D. G. Lowe. The following questions are considered: (1) What happens to pollination if pollinators change?; (2) What happens to plants if pollination changes?; (3) What happens to pollinators if plants change? It is concluded that conservation or management of one species of crop or wild flower may require management of members of its functional group of pollinators, and their management may involve several members of their functional group of forage plants. Management of pollination systems therefore requires an approach at habitat level rather than at species level. Page(s): 219-229. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900366 pollinators/International symposium on pollination. Corbet, S. A., Chapman, H. and Saville, N. (1988) Vibratory pollen collection and flower form: bumble-bees on Actinidia, Symphytum, Borago and Polygonatum. Functional Ecology, 2(2), 147-155. Author. Bumble bees (Bombus spp.) vibrated ('buzzed') flowers of Actinidia, Symphytum, Borago and Polygonatum when collecting pollen. In Actinidia anthers, fresh pollen becomes available repeatedly as surface pollen dries, becoming mobile and powdery. When individual anthers were vibrated at known frequencies, pollen surged out at a critical frequency and at its harmonics. In Symphytum, Polygonatum and Borago, the resonating chamber of the vibrational pollen release mechanism may be defined by the introrse, connivent anthers. In a 24-h study of Symphytum, vibration was most frequent, and bee visits peaked, at times of high temperature and vapour pressure deficit. The results indicate that the operation of the mechanism requires the pollen to be dry and powdery and suggest that some features of the 'shooting star' flower form, notably the reflexed corolla lobes and the exposed, often dark staminal cone, can be interpreted as adaptations related to floral microclimate. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Applied Biology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB23DX, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600077 foraging/Bombus/pollen/Actinidia/Symphytum/Borago/Polygonatum/flowers/characteristics. Corbet, S. A., Saville, N. M., Fussell, M., Prys-Jones, O. E. and Unwin, D. M. (1995) The competition box: a graphical aid to forecasting pollinator performance. Journal of Applied Ecology, 32(4), 707-719. Author. Three major determinants of bees' nectar foraging patterns are the maximum depth at which nectar is accessible (dependent on bee tongue length); the minimum profitable energy content per flower (dependent on foraging costs and hence on bee body mass); and the minimum threshold temperature for flight. These form the axes of a three-dimensional template, the competition box. Thresholds of depths, cost and temperature can be identified for each species of bee, delimiting domains within the box compatible with foraging by each bee species. Changes through a day in temperature and in the depth and sugar content of nectar define the nectar trajectory through the box for a flower species in relation to microclimate and bee activity. By superimposing a bee-species-specific template on a representative nectar trajectory for a given flower species in a given situation, it is possible to make reasoned guesses about the expected interactions of foraging bee species with a novel flower species and with each other in a novel situation. Use of the competition box is illustrated in relation to dawn-to-dusk studies involving measurements of nectar concentration and volume, microclimate, flower form, and the tongue lengths and foraging activity of bees of different species (Bombus spp., Apis mellifera). Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800931 Apis mellifera/Apidae/biological competition/apparatus/forecasting/performance/pollination/foraging/honey bees/Bombus/nectar/secretion/yield/proboscis/length/flowers/characteristics/temperature/effects. Corbet, S. A., Saville, N. M. and Osborne, J. L. (1994) Farmland as a habitat for bumble bees. Forage for bees in an agricultural landscape [edited by Matheson, A. (Editor)]. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 35-46. D. G. Lowe. Bumble bee (Bombus spp.) requirements for nesting places and flowers to forage on in the agricultural environment are discussed. The role of bumble bees in the pollination of crops and wild flowers in Britain is described briefly and ways of managing habitats for the benefit of bumble bees are outlined. The results of a UK survey emphasized the importance of areas of established perennial herbaceous vegetation. Other aspects considered are hedgerows, waysides and woodlands as reservoirs for wild bees, the use of land taken out of arable cultivation, the sowing of wild flower seed, sowing bee forage crops, and natural regeneration. Advice is given on how to monitor bumble bee populations and recommendations for improving bee forage are made. Page(s): 35-46. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB23EJ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600084 Apidae/land management/conferences/beneficial insects/pollinators/foraging/Bombus/nature conservation/agricultural land/UK. Cornejo, L. G. (1993) Practical beekeeping in Latin America. Rome, Italy, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Original title or source: Apicultura practica en America Latina. D. G. Lowe. This is a standard beekeeping textbook describing the anatomy, physiology and social biology of Apis mellifera, beekeeping equipment, management and colony manipulations, queen rearing, production and harvesting of hive products (honey, beeswax, royal jelly, pollen, propolis), bee diseases, bee plants, beekeeping economics and legislation. The book is illustrated with black-and-white photographs and diagrams, but some are of rather poor quality. The book also lacks an index. Page(s): vii + 167 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701302 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/beekeeping/Latin America/America/books. Cornuet, J. M. (1991) Theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of the honey bee, These Doctorat, Universite de Paris-Sud, These Doctorat, Universite de Paris-Sud, Centre d'Orsay, France. Original title or source: Bases theoriques de l'amelioration genetique de l'abeille. Author. The performance of a honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony is considered to be the sum of 3 contributions: the queen genotype, the mean worker genotype, and residual effects. This model allows the construction of indices for selection and for estimating genetic progress in various situations. A model was also constructed for assessing the long-term progress of an open population. The effects of parental influences, factors affecting brood viability and the number of sex alleles on a population subjected to a particular selection plan are considered. A plan is presented for the selective breeding of 'Provencal' bees. Also, 2 studies which deal with the progressive development of interracial hybrids between geographical races are presented. The introduction of 'foreign' genes into local populations, whilst using these hybrids, can be prevented by using 'white eyes' mutations which prevent drones, which are blind, from mating with the queens. Page(s): xi + 160 pp. Library code: Bt. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701402 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bee colonies/selection/genotypes/models/breeding/genetics/hybrids/honey bees/theses. Cornuet, J. M., Oldroyd, B. P. and Crozier, R. H. (1995) Unequal thermostability of allelic forms of malate dehydrogenase in honey bees. Journal of Apicultural Research, 34(1), 45-47. D. G. Lowe. Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity was studied in homogenates of individual worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) which had been collected while foraging on flowers in Bundoora, Australia. The 3 alleles for MDH present in these bees fast (F), medium (M) and slow (S) produced 3 homodimers and 3 heterodimers. The 70 bees studied allowed 158 comparisons of these (37 SS, 47 MM, 30 FF, 21 SM, 13 MF, 10 SF). The FF and SS homodimers retained full to intermediate activity after 3 min at 65C, whereas all MM homodimers were undetectable after the same treatment. All heterodimers were still detectable but the loss of activity of the FM and SM heterodimers appeared larger than that of the FS heterodimer, suggesting an intermediate thermostability of heterodimers compared to the corresponding homodimers. The possible effects of temperature-dependent selection on MHD allelic variation is discussed. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Genetics and Human Variation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3085, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600949 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/natural selection/oxidoreductases/honey bees/malate dehydrogenase/genetic variation/heat/effects. Correa, A. M. d. S. and Esteves, L. M. (1996) Pollen flora of the Fontes do Ipiranga State Park Reserve (Sao Paulo, Brazil): Family 144-Labiatae. Hoehnea, 23(1), 141-145. Original title or source: Flora polinica da Reserva do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (Sao Paulo, Brasil): Familia: 144-Labiatae. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Instituto de Botanica, Caixa Postal 4005, 01061-970 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900728 pollen plants/Brazil/Hyptis/Ocimum/Peltodon/Lamiaceae/pollen/morphology. Correa, A. M. d. S., Silvestre-Capelato, M. S. F. and Melhem, T. S. A. (1995) Pollen flora of the Fontes do Ipiranga State Park Reserve (Sao Paulo, Brazil): Family 148-Scrophulariaceae. Hoehnea, 22(1/2), 109-114. Original title or source: Flora polinica da Reserva do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (Sao Paulo, Brasil): Familia: 148-Scrophulariaceae. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Instituto de Botanica, Caixa Postal 4005, 01061-970 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900727 pollen plants/Brazil/Bacopa/Escobedia/Esterhazya/Scoperia/Veronica/Scrophulariaceae/pollen/morphology. Corrêa-Marques, M. H. and De Jong, D. (1998) Uncapping of worker bee brood, a component of the hygienic behavior of Africanized honey bees against the mite Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans. Apidologie, 29(3), 283-289. Prematurely uncapped worker brood cells were found in 10 honey bee colonies in Brazil; of 360 such cells, 46% contained Varroa jacobsoni, and a further 18% had faeces of Galleria mellonella larvae, but the rest had no indication of any abnormality. In the same colonies, 12% of normal capped worker brood cells also contained V. jacobsoni. The uncapped cells most often contained white-bodied pupae with lightly pigmented eyes (53% of the cells). The results suggest that bees selectively uncap cells infested with V. jacobsoni. Accession date: 24 August 98. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En, fr, de. . Author address: Entomology Section, Fac. Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Univ. São Paulo, 14.049-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA223/99 honey bees/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/resistance/honey bee brood/pupae. Cosentino, S., Tuberoso, C., Meloni, V., Cherchi, A., Mulargia, A. F., Porcu, M. and Palmas, F. (1994) Evaluation of Sardinian honeys: microbiological, melissopalynological and physicochemical aspects. Rivista della Societa Italiana di Scienza dell'Alimentazione, 23(2), 199-207. Original title or source: Valorizzazione dei mieli tipici sardi: aspetti microbiologici, botanici e fisico-chimici. D. G. Lowe. Studies were carried out on 33 Sardinian honeys in order to evaluate their melissopalynological, physicochemical and microbiological characteristics. All the investigated parameters were in line with current legislation and all samples had low bacterial counts. Moulds were isolated from 85% of samples but always in very low numbers. Library code: Bc. Language: It. Author address: Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Cattedra di Igiene, Universitadi Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700708 honey/characteristics/Italy/Sardinia/contamination/microorganisms/physicochemical properties. Costa, H., Talora, D. C., Palma, M. S. and Chaud-Netto, J. (1996) Chemical communication in Apis mellifera: temporal modulation of alarm behaviors. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins, 2(1), 39-45. Author. The effect of pheromones and their chemical analogues in honey bee alarm behaviour was studied in observation boxes. Defensive behaviour, involving attraction to the scent source, raising the wings in a V, abdomen raising, abdomen raising and pumping and raising of the forelegs occurred when the following compounds were presented: isoamyl alcohol, octyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, n-butyl acetate, n-octyl acetate, isopentyl acetate, benzyl acetate and 2-heptaone. Stinging was not completed with any compound tested, probably because there was no target (visual stimulus). In all situations the attraction to the scent source was low. The compounds that elicited the strongest responses and the greatest number of behavioural actions were isopentyl acetate, 2-heptanone, octyl acetate and n-octyl alcohol. In all situations, the first response (and the most intense one) was raising and pumping the abdomen. This suggests that the chemical message was promptly recognized and then transmitted to each worker. The results suggest that chemical alarm messages may be recognized by different mechanisms of neutral integration. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900544 Apis mellifera. Costa, M. C., Decolatti, N. and Godoy, F. (1995) Pollen analysis of honeys from the north of San Luis province (Argentina). Kurtziana, 24, 133-143. Original title or source: Analisis polinico en mieles del norte de la provincia de San Luis (Argentina). P. Walker. Honeys from 19 apiaries were analysed; 13 of the 19 samples belonged to Maurizio's Class II. Dominant pollens were from plant species belonging to the Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Zygophyllaceae and Verbenaceae families. Nine of the honeys were unifloral. Library code: Bb. Language: Es. Author address: Catedra Diversidad Vegetal II, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801058 Fabaceae/Myrtaceae/Zygophyllaceae/Verbenaceae/nectar plants/honey/pollen analysis/Argentina/honey bee forage. Costa Neto, E. M. (1996) Ethnotaxonomy and use of bees in northeastern Brazil. Food Insects Newsletter, 9(3), 1-3. P. Walker. Interviews with the Pankarare indigenous people revealed their considerable knowledge of bees and wasps. The people collect honey from wild nests of honey bees (Apis mellifera) and stingless bees (Meliponinae), and also use beeswax to make tools. Pupae and larvae of social Hymenoptera are eaten. A table shows the medicinal uses of larvae, honey, wax, and whole nests. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900240 Hymenoptera/honey hunting/wild honey bee colonies/Meliponinae/honey bee brood/insects as food/larvae/tribes/Brazil. Coulson, C. and Church, R. (1999) Propolis: a question of concentration. Beekeepers News(82), 6-8. The relationship between optical density and known concentration of three tinctures of propolis was studied. Difficulties associated with exact expression of propolis concentrations in preparations on sale are discussed. Accession date: 7 July 1999. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bj. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: 96 Marlborough Ave, Hull, HU5 3JT, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA907/99 propolis products/labelling/propolis, analytical methods. Courant, C. (1994) Entomophilous pollination and the management of pollinator populations. Annotated bibliographic list (1985-1993) of work carried out by INRA. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 21(2), 67-78. Original title or source: La pollinisation entomophile et la gestion des populations de pollinisateurs. Liste bibliographique commentee (1985-1993) des travaux realises a l 'INRA. D. G. Lowe. This bibliography lists 118 publications divided into 4 main categories: pollination (foraging, pollination efficiency, pollen, factors attracting pollinators); bee biology (mainly Bombus spp.); conservation of pollinating insect populations (including toxicity of pesticides to Apis mellifera, Megachile rotundata and Bombus spp.); knowledge of the insect fauna. There is a short index of crops. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: INRA-CNRS, Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600781 Apis mellifera/Megachile rotundata/Bombus/pollinators/benefical insects/pollination/honey bees/Apoidea/crops/by honey bees/by Apoidea/of crops/bibliographies/insects/research/France/research institutes. Couvillon, P. A. and Bitterman, M. E. (1993) Learning in honeybees as a function of amount of reward: further experiments with color. Animal Learning & Behavior, 21(1), 23-28. Author. Foraging honey bees (Apis mellifera) were trained individually with successively presented targets differing in colour, one containing 5 l and the other 20 l of 50% sucrose solution, after which preferences were measured in unrewarded choice tests. The targets were conical, designed to control for the possibility of differential delay of reward stemming from the greater detectability of the larger as compared with the smaller drops of sucrose when the drops were presented on the conventional flat targets. The new results for colour, like recent results for odour, can be understood on the assumption that the attractiveness of a stimulus increases as a function of the strength of its association with reward and that the effect of amount of reward is on asymptotic strength. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Bekesy Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Hawaii, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600947 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bees/learning. Couvillon, P. A., Mateo, E. T. and Bitterman, M. E. (1996) Reward and learning in honeybees: analysis of an overshadowing effect. Animal Learning & Behavior, 24(1), 19-27. Author. Previous experiments have shown that honey bees trained with coloured targets baited with 5- versus 20-l drops of sucrose solution fail to develop a preference for the 20-l colour when the location of the drop on each target is marked by a white dot (dot-colour overshadowing) but that discrimination is not impaired by dots when the targets differ in odour rather than in colour. In experiments, dot-colour overshadowing failed to appear with differences in concentration rather than amount of sucrose (50% vs. 20% or 0%), but it did appear in experiments with a difference in probability of reward (consistent vs. partial). An experiment with a difference in probability of reward showed no dot-odour overshadowing. The results are not generally predictable from the Rescorla-Wagner principle of shared associative strength, but point instead (in conjunction with those of earlier experiments) to competition for visual attention. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Bekesy Laboratory of Neurobiology, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800488 Apis mellifera/smell/colour/senses/honey bees/vision/learning. Couvillon, P. A., Nagrampa, J. A. and Bitterman, M. E. (1994) Learning in honeybees (Apis mellifera) as a function of sucrose concentration: analysis of the retrospective effect. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 108(3), 274-281. Author. Foraging honey bees (Apis mellifera), trained with 2 successively presented targets labelled with different odours, one target baited with a small drop of 50% sucrose solution and the other baited with a small drop of 20% sucrose solution, soon came to respond more promptly in 50% than in 20% trials (prospective effect) and more promptly after 20% than after 50% trials (retrospective effect), with a pronounced interaction between the two effects. In training with unlabelled targets, the retrospective effect was absent, which argues against post-ingestive inhibition as an explanation, but the effect appeared precipitously, along with the prospective effect and the interaction, when odour labels were introduced. Experiments provided no evidence for an associative explanation of the retrospective effect in terms of discrimination supported by adaptation-based differential reinforcement. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Bekesy Laboratory of Neurobiology, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800177 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/foraging/honey bees/sugars/learning. Cowell, C. (1992) The conservation of Macropis europaea at Pulborough Brooks. Farnborough, UK, Farnborough College of Technology. D. G. Lowe. The nesting habits, flight activity and population size of M. europaea at this lowland wet grassland site in Sussex, UK, were studied in July-August 1992. The distribution of Lysimachia vulgaris, the obligate forage plant of this bee, was found to be the limiting factor for M. europaea at this site. The mark and recapture technique used was unsuccessful and no nest aggregations were found. Alternative methods and future studies are suggested. Management to ensure continuity and homogeneity of habitat for M. europaea, involving seasonal plant protection, modified ditch management and plant translocation, is outlined. Page(s): 71 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900092 Macropis europaea/Apidae/Lysimachia vulgaris/Macropis/nature conservation/UK. Cox, B. and Huser, B. (1996) Moisture level and color of honey. American Bee Journal, 136(4), 253-257. P. Walker. Advice and instructions are given for the correct calibration and use of a refractometer to determine the water content of honey. The use of a honey colour grader is also dealt with briefly. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800261 honey/water content/refractometry/colour. Cox, R. L., Abel, C. and Gustafson, E. (1996) A novel use for bees: controlled pollination of germplasm collections. American Bee Journal, 136(10), 709-712. P. Walker. In the USA, four regional Plant Introduction Stations conserve and encourage the use of valuable collections of plant germplasm (usually seeds). Work at the Iowa station is described. Honey bees are used for pollination of small caged plots of plants being grown to produce genetically pure seed. The bees are fed continuously with syrup and pollen (or pollen substitute). Until recently, package bees were purchased every year, but costs have been reduced by overwintering breeder colonies indoors, and using them to make up small pollinating nuclei. Non-Apis bees have also been tested experimentally; the most successful was Osmia cornifrons for the pollination of canola (rape, Brassica spp.). Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Wallace State Office Bldg., Des Moines, IA 50319, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801099 Apis mellifera/Osmia cornifrons/Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/USA/Iowa/plant breeding/pollination/honey bees/Osmia/of plant collections/by honey bees/by Osmia/germplasm/plant collections/plant collections. Craig, C. L. (1994) Predator foraging behavior in response to perception and learning by its prey: interactions between orb-spinning spiders and stingless bees. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 35(1), 45-52. P. Walker. The spider Argiope argentata decorates its web with silk patterns which vary unpredictably. Stingless bees (Trigona fuscipennis) can learn to avoid webs, but avoidance-learning is inhibited by daily variations in the decorations. Also the bees seem unable to generalize the web avoidance to similar webs at other sites. It is concluded that the predatory behaviour of web-decorating spiders may be difficult for natural selection to act against. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Yale University, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 208104, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800102 Apidae/Trigona/learning/predation/Araneae/by Araneae/on Trigona/webs. Craig, C. L. (1994) Limits to learning: effects of predator pattern and colour on perception and avoidance-learning by prey. Animal Behaviour, 47(5), 1087-1099. P. Walker. In experimental situations, stingless bees (Trigona fluviventris) learned to avoid orb-webs of spiders; their rate of learning varied with web visibility and in particular with the spectral properties of the silk. Escape by bees from webs they were caught in was also important in the learning process. Other results suggest that spiders may have evolved to make webs which make use of cues associated with food rewards, thus confounding the bees' ability to learn and remember the web as dangerous. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, Osborn Memorial Laboratories, P.O. Box 6666, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800103 Apidae/Trigona/learning/predation/Araneae/by Araneae/on Trigona/webs. Craig, C. L., Weber, R. S. and Bernard, G. D. (1996) Evolution of predator-prey systems: spider foraging plasticity in response to the visual ecology of prey. American Naturalist, 147(2), 205-229. Author. Nephila clavipes, a large, orb-spinning spider, is distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics and forages in a variety of habitats. It spins silks of varying spectral properties in response to both light intensity and spectral composition. In bright light characterized by broad irradiance spectra, N. clavipes produces a complex of yellow pigments that absorb light of wavelengths less than 500 nm, making its web appear golden. In dim light and where wavelengths less than 500 nm have been eliminated, N. clavipes produces pigments that reflect light between 400 and 500 nm, making its web appear white. When stingless bees, Trigona fluviventris, which are commonly fed on by N. clavipes, were trained to forage at an artificial feeding site, the silk colour affected their response in two ways. First, yellow webs attracted and intercepted T. fluviventris more frequently than webs of any other colour. Second, even after being intercepted once, the bees had difficulty learning to avoid yellow webs. It is suggested that N. clavipes has evolved a foraging behaviour that makes use of the colour cues insects seek while foraging and that its ability to adjust the reflectance properties of its silks relative to its local light environment allows it to make use of whatever local populations of prey are most abundant. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801115 Araneae/nephila clavipes/foraging/Trigona fluviventris/Apidae/predation/Trigona/by Araneae/on Trigona. Crailsheim, K. (1992) The flow of jelly within a honeybee colony. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology, 162, 681-689. P. Walker. In the evening, 100 nurse bees (Apis mellifera) from 2 normal colonies were injected with phenylalanine labelled with C-14. A small group of these bees was kept in isolation and the rest were returned to their colonies; next day, the overnight distribution of the isotope was determined. In the isolated bees, killed after 2 h or 8 h, the isotope was found in their hypopharyngeal glands and body protein. The treated bees in colonies lost isotope as a result of trophallactic contacts. Between one-half and one-third of the distributed isotope was found in other adults, especially young ones and also foragers; 10% and 16% of all workers in the 2 colonies contained some. The rest of the distributed isotope was found in larvae. Very young worker larvae contained less than older ones. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Zoologie, Karl Franzens Universitat, Universitatsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600583 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/nurse honey bees/hypopharyngeal glands/secretion/worker honey bees/trophallaxis/brood care. Crailsheim, K. (1998) Trophallactic interactions in the adult honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Apidologie, 29(1/2), 97-112. Research on trophallactic behaviour in honey bee colonies is reviewed, with 134 references, and its role in providing information to colony members about the quantity and quality of food within the hive is discussed. Accession date: 9 july 1998. Call number: 638.124. Library code: Bj. Language: En, fr, de. . Author address: Inst. Zoologie, Karl-Franzens-Univ., Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA141/99 honey bee colonies/division of labour/worker honey bees/nutrition/communication/social behaviour/trophallaxis. Crailsheim, K., Hrassnigg, N., Gmeinbauer, R., Szolderits, M. J., Schneider, L. H. W. and Brosch, U. (1993) Pollen utilization in non-breeding honeybees in winter. Journal of Insect Physiology, 39(5), 369-373. During the broodless period in winter, the pollen content of the gastrointestinal tract, the degree of pollen digestion and the proteolytic activity in the midgut were investigated in bees from the margin and from the centre of clusters of 2 colonies of Apis mellifera in Austria. In addition, the movement of bees within the winter cluster was examined. There was no difference in pollen content and proteolytic activity between bees from the centre or margin of the cluster, nor did the 2 groups show a preference for staying at the centre or on the margin of the winter cluster. Compared to 8-9-day-old bees in summer, the amount of pollen in the midguts was smaller by a factor of 100-1000, but the degree of pollen digestion in the midgut and the rectum was significantly greater; the proteolytic activity in the midgut was approximately a quarter. The more efficient utilization in spite of lower proteolytic activity might be due to pollen staying longer in the midgut. Foragers in summer also consume only minimal amounts of pollen but have a smaller degree of utilization than winter bees. The reduced pollen consumption rate, and efficient utilization in spite of lower proteolytic activity are useful adaptations to the reduced availability of pollen and reduced protein metabolism which bees experience during the winter. Language: En. Author address: Inst. Zool., Karl-Franzens Univ. Graz, Universitatsplatz 2, Graz, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700213 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bee colonies/winter cluster/honey bees/protein metabolism/metabolism/proteins/digestion/pollen. Crailsheim, K., Hrassnigg, N. and Stabentheiner, A. (1996) Diurnal behavioural differences in forager and nurse honey bees (Apis mellifera carnica Pollm). Apidologie, 27(4), 235-244. P. Walker. Nurse bees and foragers were observed for 1.5 h around noon on days with good weather, and around the following midnight. Nurse bees spent more than half their time in the brood nest, and their average periods of activity and inactivity were similar in daytime and at night. However, they fed adults more frequently in the day. Foragers flew in the day and had shorter periods of inactivity than at night. In contrast with nurses, foragers were not seen taking food from honey stores in the hive, but they had frequent trophallactic interactions during daytime and were fed more often than nurse bees. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Zoologie an der Karl-Franzens-Universitat, Universitatsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800927 Apis mellifera/nurse honey bees/behaviour/diurnal activity/nocturnal activity/feeding/trophallaxis/worker honey bees/foraging. Crailsheim, K., Panzenbock, U., Gmeinbauer, R. and Leonhard, B. (1994) Glycogen metabolism of honey bee workers and drones (Apis mellifera carnica) during flight. Apidologie, 25(5), 467-468. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. Glycogen contents of workers and drones (determined enzymatically) were low: 0.18 and 0.31 mg/bee, respectively, thus confirming some results reported earlier. During flight to exhaustion, stored glycogen was degraded, but a small amount remained. Calculation of utilizable glycogen showed that the amount was sufficient to support less than 30 s of flight by a drone and less than 1 min by a worker. Library code: Bj. Language: En\De\Fr. Author address: Institut fur Zoologie, Karl-Franzens-Universitat, Universitatsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600552 Apis mellifera carnica/beneficial insects/flying honey bees/drone honey bees/flight/glycogen/carbohydrate metabolism/worker honey bees. Crailsheim, K., Riessberger, U., Blaschon, B., Nowogrodzki, R. and Hrassnigg, N. (1999) Short-term effects of simulated bad weather conditions upon the behaviour of food-storer honeybees during day and night (Apis mellifera carnica Pollmann). Apidologie, 30(4), 299-310. In an observation hive, bees which took food from foragers and carried it to food stores (food-storers, FS) were observed during good and rainy weather. All FS were 13-19 days old. They were very active during a nectar flow, but when no food was coming in they were inactive for 70% of the time. A pronounced day-and- night rhythm in FS behaviour was observed only during a nectar flow. Donation and reception of food (trophallaxis) was most frequent during periods of good weather, but in good or bad weather they mostly took place on the brood nest. Accession date: 16 September 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bj. Language: En, de, fr. Author. Author address: Inst. für Zoologie an der Karl-Franzens-Universität, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1047/99 Apis mellifera/worker honey bees/trophallaxis/nectar/food reception/diurnal activity/weather. Crailsheim, K., Visscher, K. and Sherman, G. (1996) Thirsty desert honey bees. Apidologie, 27(4), 310-311. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. Individual honey bees were trained to visit an experimental water source 2000 m from their hive. On arrival, their honey sacs were almost empty so each bee must have left the hive with just enough food for the outward flight. Each bee was able to collect a water load weighing about half its body weight, but its honey sac then contained less than 1 mg sugar in about 40 l water. It was shown that this sugar was not usually used on the return flight (sugars stored in the midgut, blood and glycogen would be sufficient); however, if the bee was delayed it used up to 20 l of the very dilute solution in the honey sac. Library code: Bj. Language: En\Fr\De. Author address: Institut fur Zoologie, Karl-Franzens-Universitat, Universitatspl. 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800930 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/foraging/honey bees/water/carbohydrate metabolism/honey sac. Cramb, J. (1997) Climatic influences on honey production. Australasian Beekeeper, 98(10), 406-412. P. Walker. A graph shows average annual honey production per colony in Western Australia for the period from 1950 to 1992; values vary between 30 and 120 kg/colony. The low production in some years can be explained by climatic conditions and/or bush fires. Long-term records (1910-1989) show an overall decrease in rainfall. The effect of this trend and of possible future climatic changes are discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900563 honey/production/Australia/Western Australia/climate/effects/beekeeping. Cramp, D. C. (1998) Drone congregation areas. One aspect of honey bee mating. American Bee Journal, 138(1), 29-33. Some facts and hypotheses about DCAs are considered, and many outstanding questions about them are posed. An elementary study carried out at a DCA is described, and the drone behaviour there is reported. Accession date: 3 August 98. Call number: 638.121.3. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: Molino El Bombo, 21200 Aracena, Huelva, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA128/99 drone congregation areas. Crane, E. (1994) The importance of stingless bees to man in the past. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Trinidad and Tobago, 7-12 September 1992. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 259-264. D. G. Lowe. Stingless bees were almost the only source of honey and beeswax in regions outside the Old World until European honey bees were introduced after 1600. The first of these regions reached by early man, at least 40000 years ago, was northern Australia. Aboriginal rock paintings show techniques used for locating stingless bee nests and harvesting the honey. Hive beekeeping did not develop but there is some evidence of a form of tree beekeeping. In the Americas, some 10000 to 20000 years later, the early inhabitants found many species of stingless bees in the tropical regions, but no rock paintings associated with bees are known from the Americas. From the 1500s onwards there have been several accounts of the use of stingless bees. In Central America, stingless bees have been kept in hives for over 2000 years, particularly by the Maya people, who used horizontal log hives with stone discs as end-closures. These stone discs have been found at numerous archaeological sites. In parts of South America, beeswax was important for the lost-wax method of gold casting, but there is no direct evidence that beekeeping was practised in these areas. Page(s): 259-264. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Woodside House, Woodside Hill, Gerrards Cross, SL9 9TE, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600791 Apidae/beneficial insects/conferences/beekeeping/Meliponinae/historical records/history. Crane, E. (1995) Removing water from honey. The Asiatic hive bee: apiculture, biology, and role in sustainable development in tropical and subtropical Asia [edited by Kevan, P. G.]. Cambridge, Canada, Enviroquest Ltd, 233-243. D. G. Lowe. This review, with 47 references, deals with the following aspects: options for reducing the water content of honey; reducing the water content of honey before extraction; the need to reduce the water content of honey after extraction; factors leading to the harvesting of honey with a high water content; possible intermediate and high technology methods for reducing the water content of extracted honey; evaporating water from an increased surface area of honey; evaporating water from honey under low pressure; heating honey to kill yeasts, and other methods of preventing fermentation. It is concluded that low technology methods of removing water are likely to damage the honey, high technology systems may do less damage but are very expensive, and it is preferable to concentrate on management methods which reduce the water content of honey before it is harvested. Page(s): 233-243. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: International Bee Research Association, Woodside House, Woodside Hill, Gerrards Cross SL9 9TE, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701470 honey/water/removal/heating/fermentation/prevention/water content/modification. Crane, E. (1996) The removal of water from honey. Bee World, 77(3), 120-129. See AA 1470/96.\0BD. G. Lowe. This review, with 41 references, discusses the circumstances which necessitate the removal of water from honey, and describes methods for the removal of water before and after honey extraction from the comb. A similar paper by this author was published in 1995 [pp. 233-243 in The Asiatic hive bee (edited by Kevan, P. G.). Cambridge, Canada; Enviroquest Ltd.]. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Woodside House, Woodside Hill, Gerrards Cross, Bucks SL9 9TE, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800268 honey/water/removal/heating/dewatering. Crane, E. (1997) Beekeeping with Apis florea in the Indus basin and some other areas. Bee World, 78(2), 63-66. D. G. Lowe. In this part of Pakistan a beekeeper who finds an A. florea nest built on a branch supports its single comb (at a point above the brood area, but below the honey storage area) between the 2 halves of a split stick. After brushing the bees off the honey area on to the brood area, the beekeeper cuts the comb, just above the stick, and also the original branch; the honey comb can then be removed. It is possible to move sticks holding brood nests to a convenient site where the bees will build more comb and store more honey (later harvested by the beekeeper). 'Apiaries' of such colonies are sometimes taken to work flows from sources such as Ziziphus mauritiana. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Woodside House, Woodside Hill, Gerrards Cross, Bucks SL9 9TE, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801228 beekeeping/Apis florea/Pakistan. Crane, E. (1997) The past and present importance of bee products to man. Bee products: properties, applications, and apitherapy [edited by Mizrahi, A.; Lensky, Y.]. New York, USA, Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1-13. P. Walker. Evidence for the early importance of bee products comes from rock art, tomb paintings and written records. Some of the main uses of honey and beeswax are described, as well as uses of propolis, pollen, royal jelly, venom and brood. A final section discusses how the importance of these products has changed through time. Page(s): 1-13. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Woodside House, Woodside Hill, Gerarrds Cross, Bucks SL9 9TE, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801390 Propolis/bee-collected pollen/royal jelly/honey bee venom/honey bee brood/honey/beeswax/hive products/history. Crane, E. (1997) Harvesting sweet materials from plants without the aid of honey-storing insects. Bee World, 78(3), 108-114. D. G. Lowe. There are records of the following sweet substances being collected from plants by man: nectar, from species such as Knightia excelsa, Metrosideros spp. and Protea mellifera; honeydew, e.g. from the needles of Pinus roxburghii; manna, which is crystallized honeydew on trees such as Larix decidua and Eucalyptus spp.; sap, from the sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), sugar palm (Arenga pinnata), date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and other species. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Woodside House, Woodside Hill, Gerrards Cross, Bucks SL9 9TE, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900134 nectar/manna/plant products/sugar/sap sugar. Crane, E. (1997) Introduction to outstanding problems with tropical honeys not present with temperate-zone honeys. Perspectives for honey production in the tropics: proceedings of the NECTAR symposium held in Utrecht, 18 December 1995 [edited by Sommeijer, M. J.; Beetsma, J.; Boot, W.-J.; Robberts, E.-J.; Vries, R. de]. Bennekom, Netherlands, Netherlands Expertise Centre for Tropical Apicultural Resources, 19-33. Author. Problems in tropical honey-producing countries, due to environmental factors (high temperature and humidity) or due to biological factors, as well as data on composition of honey, are discussed. High water content, a major problem of many tropical honeys and some methods for removing water are described. Information available in the literature and possible means to enlarge this are discussed and the need for a central database on honeys, publications and actual information, is expressed. Page(s): 19-33. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900999 conferences/temperature/humidity/databases/honey/tropics/climate/effects/composition. Crane, E. (1998) Wall hives and wall beekeeping. Bee World, 79(1), 11-22. D. G. Lowe. This article describes the characteristics and use of wall hives in some 20 countries, and discusses how their use relates to the use and siting of free-standing hives. A wall hive is a recess built into a wall and normally closed by a door across the opening, which the beekeeper removes to take out honey combs. A small flight entrance is made either on the same side as the beekeeper's door (front-opening) or on the opposite side (back-opening). Wall hives have been used in Europe, Africa and Asia, for both Apis mellifera and A. cerana colonies. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Woodside House, Woodside Hill, Gerrards Cross, Bucks. SL9 9TE, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900939 Apis mellifera/Apis cerana/honey bees/Europe/Africa/Asia/hives/wall apiaries/hives. Crane, E. (1998) The International Bee Research Association: 50th anniversary. Bee World, 79(4), 187-193. Accession date: 7 October 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1008/99 history/international aspects/beekeeping/research/journals/honey bees/bees/IBRA. Crane, E. (1999) The world history of beekeeping and honey hunting. London, UK, Duckworth. This is the first book to document such a broad history of man's relationships with bees. The 54 chapters are grouped under the following headings: I Setting the scene; II Opportunistic honey hunting by man; III History of collecting honey from owned or tended cavity nests; IV Honey bees that nest in the open: tending and beekeeping; V History of traditional beekeeping using fixed-comb hives; VI History of practices in both traditional and movable-frame beekeeping; VII Development of beekeeping using more advanced hives; VIII Development of beekeeping using movable-frame hives; IX History of bee products; X Bees in the human mind. There are two Appendixes: (1) China: References to bees, beekeeping, honey and beeswax, from 2000 BC to AD 1600; (2) List of some beekeeping museums. This synthesis presents a vast amount of information in a very readable text, which is supported by some 2000 references to other publications and sources. The book has nearly 500 illustrations of rock paintings, manuscript drawings, woodcuts and engravings, and photographs of activities and equipment worldwide. There are 53 tables and four detailed indexes (personal names, peoples, geographical and subject). Page(s): xxii + 682. Accession date: 1 November 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bdo. Language: En. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1009/99 beekeeping/equipment/honey hunting/history/fixed-comb hives/movable-comb hives/honey/beeswax/hive products/mead/honey bees/Apis/Apis mellifera/Apis cerana/Apis florea/Apis dorsata/religions/beekeepers' associations/protective clothing/Meliponinae. Crespi, B. J. and Yanega, D. (1995) The definition of eusociality. Behavioral Ecology, 6(1), 109-115. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701175 social insects/terminology. Cresswell, J. E. (1997) Bees as pollinators: how far does pollen go? Poole, UK, Central Association of Bee-Keepers. Experiments on the pollination of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) by honey bees (Apis mellifera) and bumble bees (Bombus spp.) are discussed. Page(s): 11 pp. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900348 Apidae/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators. Cresswell, J. E. (1997) Spatial heterogeneity, pollinator behaviour and pollinator-mediated gene flow: bumblebee movements in variously aggregated rows of oil-seed rape. Oikos, 78(3), 546-556. To investigate foraging movements of bees in relation to the spatial distribution of pollinated plants, pollinator movements among Brassica napus cv. Westar plants grown in different arrangements during 1995 was studied. Experiments consisted of long (20 m) and short (10 m) rows spaced at uniform intervals and in aggregated plant distributions. Plants were visited almost exclusively by worker caste individuals of Bombus lapidarius which were followed over successive visits within a row, and the location of each visited plant and the number of flowers probed was recorded. Within each row, the following components of bumblebee behaviour were measured: mean number of flowers probed per plant visit; mean interplant flight distance; and the mean directionality (proportion of moves in an individual's favoured direction). Collective movements of bumblebees within each row were characterized by the rate of change of the bees' mean squared distance from an original location. Spatial dispersal of pollen was estimated in each row by combining a quantitative description of bumblebee movements in terms of displacement from a paternal plant with a model of pollen deposition. Bumblebees were observed to visit many plants successively within a row and movements between rows were infrequent. With increasing plant aggregation, bumblebees exhibited a decrease in directionality and in the number of flowers probed per plant visit and they exhibited an increase in the number of plants flown past during interplant flights. Despite the effects of plant aggregation on bumblebee behaviour, the collective rate of movement away from an origin within a row was unrelated to the level of plant aggregation. This was consistent with the finding that plant aggregation did not significantly affect either the estimates of mean pollen dispersal distances or a plant's expected number of female mates. Modifications to behaviour that were caused by differential aggregation among rows apparently combined to buffer the spatial extent of pollen dispersal. Consequently, results are consistent with previous findings that showed pollinator-mediated gene flow is unrelated to plant spatial heterogeneity at this scale. However, it is concluded that the effects of plant aggregation on gene flow will depend on the spatial scale of the inter-patch distances. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Hatherly Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900793 gene flow/heterogeneity/rape/Brassica napus/pollinators/Bombus lapidarius/pollination/crop density/pollen. Cresswell, J. E., Bassom, A. P., Bell, S. A., Collins, S. J. and Kelly, T. B. (1995) Predicted pollen dispersal by honey-bees and three species of bumble-bees foraging on oil-seed rape: a comparison of three models. Functional Ecology, 9(6), 829-841. Comparisons among animal pollinators of the spatial distributions of pollen that they produce have typically been made among morphologically disparate pairs of species. In contrast, here the potential extent of pollen dispersal by honey-bees (Apis mellifera) and bumble-bees (Bombus lapidarius, B. pascuorum and B. terrestris) foraging in rows of oilseed rape (Brassica napus cv. Westar) was investigated in May 1994. The pollen carryover attributable to individual bees was estimated using particulate fluorescent dye as a pollen analogue. Most of the dye was deposited at the first few flowers probed and smaller proportions were deposited up to the 20th successively probed flower. There were no significant interspecific differences in dye carryover mediated by individuals of A. mellifera, B. lapidarius and B. terrestris with respect to either the amount deposited or the rate of decline in deposition across successively probed flowers. Evidence is presented that the dye produced a reasonably good analogue of pollen transfer. Bees typically flew from one plant to another nearby in the same row and were strongly directional in their movements. Bee species differed significantly in their movement patterns, with B. terrestris having the greatest mean move length and directionality. Three kinds of model (a numerical simulation and two different sets of diffusion-advection equations) were used to attempt to emulate bee movements. The predictions from all models were reasonably consistent with the observed bee movements, although the numerical simulation invariably made the most accurate predictions, particularly over the first few moves. Predicted bee movements were combined with least-squares models of dye deposition to estimate the spatial dispersal of pollen by each bee species. All models ranked the bees in the same order of decreasing effectiveness in dye dispersal: B. terrestris, A. mellifera, B. lapidarius, B. pascuorum, although, except for long-distance dispersal, there was only minor variation among the bee species in the predicted extents of dye dispersal (e.g. the models predicted that the median dispersal distance would be approximately two intervening plants irrespective of the species of bee). Overall, the consensus of the models' predictions is that most of the pollen from a source plant is deposited on immediate neighbours, but that long-distance pollen dispersal in this system extends over approximately 20-40 intervening plants from the originating plant, depending on the identity of the pollinator. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800340 pollen/dispersal/foraging/simulation models/honey bees/Apis mellifera/Bombus lapidarius/Bombus pascuorum/Bombus terrestris/Brassica napus var. oleifera/pollinators/mathematical models/prediction/Brassica napus/rape/pollination/pollination/Bombus/of Brassica napus var. oleifera/by honey bees/by Bombus/Bombus/pollination. Cresswell, J. E. and Robertson, A. W. (1994) Discrimination by pollen-collecting bumblebees among differentially rewarding flowers of an alpine wildflower, Campanula rotundifolia (Campanulaceae). Oikos, 69(2), 304-308. Author. Bombus wurflenii and B. sichelii were studied as they were collecting pollen from the flowers of Campanula rotundifolia in an alpine meadow in Switzerland. Flower size varied greatly among individual plants, while pollen and nectar availability varied among the flowers in association with their sexual phase. Compared to random samples, the bees significantly favoured female-phase flowers on one day, but favoured male-phase flowers on the following day and this change coincided with a decline in overall pollen availability. The bees' behaviour is consistent with a simple economic interpretation: initially, bees favoured female-phase flowers, many of which offered both pollen and nectar, but as pollen became less abundant, bees increasingly favoured the relatively pollen-rich, nectarless male-phase flowers, which implies that pollen was the more valued resource. The studies showed that bumble bees are capable of responding to pollen availability, apparently by using visual assessment of pollen before landing on a flower as the basis for discriminatory foraging. Unlike previous studies, no evidence was found for discrimination among flowers on the basis of size, which was uncorrelated with pollen availability. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601241 Bombus wurflenii/Bombus sichelii/Campanula rotundifolia/flowers/nectar/pollen plants/Switzerland/foraging/Bombus/pollen/Campanula/Bombus. Crewe, R. and Allsopp, M. (1994) Sex and the single queen: recent experiments with capensis and scutellata queens. South African Bee Journal, 66(3), 58-62. P. Walker. The report explains why this research is necessary and why permission has been obtained to transport queens and bees between Stellenbosch and Johannesburg (in both directions); it also describes precautions taken to prevent the experimental Apis mellifera capensis bees from becoming established in the northern study area. Experiments to determine the sex of offspring of virgin A. m. capensis queens showed that they can produce female (as well as the usual male) brood, but probably lay only after being treated with CO. The dosage is being studied. Cross-breeding experiments with A. m. capensis and A. m. scutellata are now being carried out to determine whether the production of female brood by A. m. capensis laying workers is under normal genetic control. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601354 virgin queen honey bees/oviposition/laying worker honey bees/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera capensis/honey bees/Apis mellifera scutellata. Crews, C., Startin, J. R. and Clarke, P. A. (1997) Determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey from selected sites by solid phase extraction and HPLC-MS. Food Additives and Contaminants, 14(5), 419-428. A method was developed for the estimation in honey of the Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) derived pyrrolizidine alkaloids jacoline, jacozine, jacobine, seneciphylline and senecionine, combining solid-phase extraction with HPLC and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric detection. The method allowed estimation of individual alkaloids and offered a considerable improvement in terms of speed, sensitivity and specificity over previous approaches, but was not suitable for estimation of jaconine, a minor alkaloid in Ragwort. Instrument calibrations were linear over the range 0.005 to 10.0 g/ml, equivalent to about 0.001 to 2.0 mg/kg in honey with the extraction method used and allowing for observed recoveries. Detection limits in honey were 0.002 mg/kg. Recoveries for most of the alkaloids were between 57 and 70%. The alkaloids were determined in a number of samples of honey selected after pollen identification and counting. The alkaloids were not detectable in samples containing 2 grains or less of Ragwort pollen/g honey. Samples collected in late July and August contained Ragwort pollen at 15-21 grains/g and total alkaloid concentrations of 0.011-0.056 mg/kg. Similar contributions to the total were made by jacozine, seneciphylline and senecionine, with jacobine making a larger and jacoline a smaller contribution. 2 samples of honey containing Ragwort pollen at 24 and 16 grains/g had total alkaloid concentrations of 0.42 and 1.48 mg/kg respectively (not corrected for recovery). The alkaloid profile in these samples was dominated by seneciphylline and senecionine which together comprised 90-95% of the total. Alkaloids were not detected in retail honeys. Library code: 22 ref. Language: En. Author address: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food CSL Food Science Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901014 honey/pyrrolizidine alkaloids/senecio jacobaea/pyrrolizidine alkaloids/determination/honey/extraction/analytical methods. Cribb, D. (1994) Using the honeybee to pollinate glasshouse tomatoes. Beekeepers' Quarterly(38), 19-21. P. Walker. In 4 glasshouse compartments, 2 late-season tomato cultivars (Criterium and Gold Star) were grown with or without honey bees and with or without pollination 3 times weekly by an electric vibrating wand. Honey bee activity was at first erratic, partly because the bees were confused by a glass wall on the south side of the compartment. When bees started to visit flowers regularly, relatively few worked each flower. They managed to collect rather little pollen, and it was necessary to give colonies additional frames with pollen stores. Bee mortality was high, and the presence of diseases at the end of the season indicated stress. However, pollination by honey bees significantly increased yield, size and quality of fruit compared with controls and the increase was generally greater than with the wand. There was little or no advantage in using both methods together. The use of honey bees or the wand was more beneficial during the first half of the season. Results for Criterium were better than those for Gold Star. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Horticulture Research International, Littlehampton, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600782 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/tomatoes/Criterium/Gold Star/pollination/honey bees/of Lycopersicon/by honey bees/Lycopersicon/greenhouse culture. Cribb, D. M., Hand, D. W. and Edmondson, R. N. (1993) A comparative study of the effects of using the honeybee as a pollinating agent of glasshouse tomato. Journal of Horticultural Science, 68(1), 79-88. Author. Four methods of pollination (natural, honey bees (Apis mellifera), vibrating wand and honey bees plus vibrating wand) were compared factorially in an experiment with two late-season cultivars (Criterium and Gold Star) of glasshouse tomatoes. Yield and quality of harvestable fruit was considerably improved by using honey bees and/or an electric vibrating wand to aid the pollination of flowers. Increases in yield due to the pollination treatments were greatest during the first half of a period of cropping from late May until early October. The highest fruit-sets and yields were obtained with honey bees. Consideration is given to the choice of pollinating agent and the commercial opportunities for growers. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Horticulture Research International, Littlehampton, West Sussex BN176LP, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600371 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/greenhouse crops/tomatoes/pollination/honey bees/man/of Lycopersicon/by honey bees/by man/Lycopersicon/greenhouse culture/Lycopersicon. Cripps, C. and Rust, R. W. (1989) Pollen foraging in a community of Osmia bees (Hym.: Megachilidae). Environmental Entomology, 18(4), 582-589. Language: En. Author address: Biology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700078 Apidae/pollen plants/foraging/Osmia/pollen. Cripps, C. and Rust, R. W. (1989) Pollen preferences of seven Osmia species (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Environmental Entomology, 18(1), 133-138. Language: En. Author address: Biotechnology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700079 Apidae/pollen plants/foraging/Osmia/pollen. Crisan, I., Petica, M. and Mutiu, A. (1996) Some morphopathological aspects of the experimental eye infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 in rabbits, followed by a treatment with aqueous flavonoids solution obtained from propolis. Apiacta, 31(3), 72-80. P. Walker. After experimental viral infection of the eyes of live rabbits, half the animals were treated by applying, to the conjunctiva, a 15% aqueous solution of flavonoids from propolis. Results of histopathological examinations of the test animals are compared with those of controls (infected and not treated). The flavonoids appeared to inhibit viral development and showed anti-inflammatory and epithelizing effects. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Institutul de Virusologie St. S. Nicolau, Sos. Mihai Bravu 285, 79650 Bucharest, Romania. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801450 rabbits/eye diseases/propolis/flavonoids/effects/herpes simplex virus 1. Criseo, G., Bolignano, M. S. and Leo, F. d. (1993) Isolation of Clostridium botulinum type B from Sicilian honey samples. Rivista della Societa Italiana di Scienza dell'Alimentazione, 22(2), 175-181. D. G. Lowe. In 1991, 30 samples of honey (produced in 1990) from 9 locations in Sicily were examined for the presence of C. botulinum. Two samples, from Messina and Giarre, contained C. botulinum type B. The general microbial profiles of these samples did not show any significant differences from those of the other samples. The results are discussed in relation to the incidence of infant botulism. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Istituto di Microbiologia, Facolta di Scienze M. F. N., Universita di Messina, Messina, Sicily, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700324 botulism/infant disorders/honey/contamination/Clostridium botulinum/Italy/Sicily. Criseo, G., Bolignano, M. S., Morabito, A. and Leo, F. d. (1994) Microbiological characterization of Sicilian honey with special reference to pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. Igiene Moderna, 102(3), 315-328. Original title or source: Caratterizzazione microbiologica di mieli di produzione siciliana con particolare riferimento a microrganismi patogeni e biodeteriogeni. D. G. Lowe. Analyses were carried out on 56 samples of honey, produced in Sicily in 1990-1991, in order to determine their contents of yeasts, moulds, total aerobes, Bacillus spp. and Clostridium spp. Most samples contained low numbers of total aerobes and moulds but 66% contained osmophilic yeasts, often in high numbers ( 1.1 10 cfu/g). All of the samples contained Bacillus spores (B. licheniformis, B. laterosporus, B. polimixa, B. coagulans, B. alvei, B. cereus) and 23% contained Clostridium spores (C. bifermentans, C. botulinum, C. perfringens). C. botulinum was found in 2 samples and included the identification of type B spores for the first time in Europe. More careful microbiological analysis of honey is proposed in order to improve consumer protection. Library code: Ba. Language: It. Author address: Istituto Policattedra di Microbiologia, Facolta di Scienze M.F.N., Universita degli Studi di Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701483 honey/Italy/Sicily/contamination/Bacillus/Clostridium/moulds/yeasts/aerobes. Crompton, C. W. and Wojtas, W. A. (1993) Pollen grains of Canadian honey plants. Ottawa, Canada, Agriculture Canada and Canada Communication Group-Publishing. D. G. Lowe. This book is intended to be a reference work for specialists working in honey laboratories and research institutes, pollination biologists, botanists and beekeepers. The introduction reviews the general importance of pollen grains and pollination, and this is followed by a description of honey bee foraging, techniques for the microscopical analysis of pollen grains in honey, a key to pollen grain classes, and an artificial key. The main part of the book contains descriptions of the pollen grains of 188 species arranged under families, in alphabetical order of scientific names. The descriptions include English and French common names and notes on distribution, flowering period and ecology. The descriptive terms used are listed in a 4-page glossary. There are 46 plates of scanning electron microscope photomicrographs and 37 plates of light microscope photomicrographs (524 photomicrographs in all). There is a bibliography of over 100 selected references, and a combined index for scientific and common names. The book should be of benefit to all those concerned with the production, packaging, marketing and analysis of honey, particularly in Canada. Page(s): v + 228 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600727 honey/Canada/pollen analysis/nectar plants/books/pollen/morphology. Cross, E. A. and Bohart, G. E. (1991) Notes on the life history of Sancassania boharti (Acari: Acaridae) and its relationship to the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 63(4), 603-610. Accession date: 1 November 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bb. Language: En. . Author address: Dept of Biology, Univ. of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA958/99 Nomia melanderi/phoresy/Acari/Sancassania. Crozier, R. H. and Crozier, Y. C. (1992) The cytochrome b and ATPase genes of honeybee mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 9(3), 474-482. Author. The gene sequences for honey bee (Apis mellifera) cytochrome b, ATPase 6 and ATPase 8 are presented, along with the inferred amino acid sequences of the proteins. These mitochondrial genes are in the same relative positions as are their counterparts in Drosophila mitochondrial mtDNA and have evolved at a significantly greater overall rate than have those of Drosophila. Comparisons using both amino acid identity and the proportion of conservative replacements between the inferred Apis and vertebrate cytochrome b sequences shows the 2 highly conserved sections reported by Howell (1989) [See Journal of Molecular Evolution 29: 157-169] but his recognition of 5 conserved regions is not well supported. A very high AT bias is reflected in very high codon biases. The best predictors of the number of occurrences of an amino acid in honey bee cytochrome b are the T and G contents of its codon familyunlike the case for vertebrate cytochrome b, in which the codon family size and AT bias are the strongest predictors; protein function, at least as judged by hydrophilicity characteristics, appears to be unaffected by these differing influences on amino acid composition. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Genetics and Human Variation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600167 mitochondrial DNA/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bees/mitochondria/DNA/cytochrome B/adenosinetriphosphatase/genes. Crozier, R. H. and Crozier, Y. C. (1993) The mitochondrial genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera: complete sequence and genome organization. Genetics, 133(1), 91-117. Author. The complete sequence of honey bee (Apis mellifera) DNA is reported, being 16343 bp long in the strain sequenced. Relative to their positions in the Drosophila map, 11 of the tRNA genes are in altered positions, but the other genes and regions are in the same relative positions. Comparisons of the predicted protein sequences indicate that the honey bee mitochondrial genetic code is the same as that for Drosophila; but the anticodons of two tRNAs differ between these two insects. The base composition shows extreme bias, being 84.9% AT (78.6% in Drosophila yakuba). Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Genetics and Human Variation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600170 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/genomes/mitochondrial DNA/restriction fragment length polymorphism/polymerase chain reaction/honey bees/mitochondria/DNA. Crozier, Y. C., Koulianos, S. and Crozier, R. H. (1991) An improved test for Africanized honeybee mitochondrial DNA. Experientia, 47(9), 968-969. Author. Mitochondrial DNA derived from Apis mellifera scutellata, the ancestor of the Africanized bees of the New World, lacks a BglII restriction site found in other types of honey bee. Primers have now been designed which allow amplification of a 485-bp section of the cytochrome b gene containing this site, using the polymerase chain reaction. Digestion of the amplified product with BglII yields contrasting patterns between Africanized and other honey bees. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Genetics & Human Variation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600210 mitochondrial DNA/restriction fragment length polymorphism/polymerase chain reaction/beneficial insects/honey bees/mitochondria/DNA/races/Apis mellifera scutellata. Cruden, R. W. (1997) Implications of evolutionary theory to applied pollination ecology. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Pollination, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, 23-28 June 1996 [edited by Richards, K. W.]. Leiden, Netherlands, International Society for Horticultural Science, 27-51. D. G. Lowe. This review, with 108 references, covers the following aspects: pollination syndromes; nectar production and composition; pollination and facilitation of sexual selection; pollination efficiency; plant mating/breeding systems; ecotypic adaptation. The importance of pollination syndromes in relation to plant breeding and crop production is emphasized. Page(s): 27-51. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Dept. Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900362 International symposium on pollination/flowers/nectar/plants/pollinators. Cruden, R. W., McClain, A. M. and Shrivastava, G. P. (1996) Pollination biology and breeding system of Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 123(4), 273-280. Alliaria petiolata was studied at 7 sites in Iowa. The plants were found to be facultatively xenogamous, and the white flowers attracted a variety of short-tongued bees and flies. High fruit and seed set by open-pollinated, emasculated flowers demonstrated that flower visitors move pollen between flowers. Cross-pollination resulted from the bees visiting only one or two flowers per plant. High fruit and seed set by bagged flowers demonstrated that flowers self-pollinate in the absence of pollinators. The nectar contained 51% fructose, 44% glucose and little sucrose, which is typical of the nectars of flowers pollinated by short-tongued bees. The nectar contained no free amino acids, but did contain numbers of peptides, which, when hydrolysed, yielded most of the amino acids present in floral nectars. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900390 alliaria petiolata/fruit set/seed set/pollination/pollinators/alliaria petiolata/pollination/biology/breeding/brassicaceae/apidae/glucose/fructose/sucrose/peptides/amino acids/USA/Iowa/weeds/weed biology/nectar/flowers/host plants/beneficial insects/Apoidea/of Alliaria/by Apoidea/Alliaria. Cruz Goitein, M. R. (1989) Morphological and morphometric studies of the fat body and oenocytes of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae) during larval development, MSc. Dissertation, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Julio de Mesquita Filho. Original title or source: Estudos morfologicos e morfometricos do corpo gorduroso e enocitos de Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae) durante o desenvolvimento larval. Author. The 5 larval stages of Apis mellifera were characterized respectively by the following mean sizes: 0.31, 0.44, 0.68, 1.06 and 1.50 mm. Under the conditions of this study moults occurred at 26, 55, 86 and 120 h after hatching. Fat body trophocytes were studied, using optical and electron microscopy. The first stages were characterized by a more rapid reserve (lipids and proteins) deposition and the last larval and prepupal stages by a heavier mobilization of these reserves. Larval weight increased, as did trophocyte diameter, during the larval stages, with a decrease beginning at the end of the 5th stage and during the prepupal stage. The oenocytes were easily identified, because they were large cells, with well-defined borders, and a homogeneous and acidophilic cytoplasm. The oenocytes' most probable function is to contribute to the synthesis of substances with lipid characteristics, probably steroids. Page(s): 91 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600523 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/development/lipids/proteins/steroids/honey bees/larvae/fat body/theses. Cruz, M. d. (1997) In the name of honey: history, gastronomy and health. Sintra, Portugal, Colares Editora. Honey is included in many recipes for savory dishes, sweets, conserves and drinks. Instructions are also given for using honey in the treatment of some medical disorders. Original collective title: Em nome do mel: história, gastronomia e saúde. Page(s): 244. Accession date: 20 Jan 1999. Call number: 638.167. Library code: Bdx. Language: Pt. D G Lowe. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA600/99 honey/uses/history/honey in diet/medicinal properties. Cruz-Landim, C. (1996) Ultrastructural evidences of the occurrence of digestion and absorption of organic solutes in bees ileum (Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioidesHymenoptera, Apidae). Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology, 28(4), 513-520. D. G. Lowe. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the epithelial structure of the ileum of M. q. anthidioides; ultrastructural aspects are shown in 14 micrographs. Features of the cells in the anterior three-fourths of the ileum suggest that absorption of organic solutes occurs in this region, whereas cells in the end part show characteristics typical of ion transportation. The lumen contents showed an extensive bacterial flora and pollen grains sunk in a fibrillar material intercalated with oil-like deposits and cellular fragments. The bacteria (all bacilliform) tended to be arranged perpendicularly, close to the ileal wall, around the food material; it is suggested that they may contribute to the digestive degradation of pollen grains. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901166 Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides/Apidae/bacteria/pollen/Melipona/hindgut/ultrastructure/digestion/microbial flora. Cruz-Landim, C. d. (1994) Ultrastructure of the ileum epithelium of Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Journal of Morphology, 222(2), 191-201. Author. Transmission electron microscopy of cells from the ileum of M. quadrifasciata anthidioides showed that, although the ileum is an anatomically undifferentiated tube, there are 4 types of epithelial cells, indicating physiological differentiation. The anterior end seems to be less active in reabsorption, while the posterior end contains cells with the typical morphology of an ion pump. Possible mechanisms of absorption in the posterior part of the intestine are discussed. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias de Rio Claro, Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, UNESP, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701265 Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides/Apidae/digestive tract/anatomy/physiology/Melipona/ileum/ultrastructure. Cruz-Landim, C. d. (1996) Micro-colonies of bacteria in Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 56(3), 613-620. D. G. Lowe. The rectum of 3 M. quadrifasciata workers which had been fed sucrose syrup containing 0.5% ruthenium red were dissected, sectioned and examined by transmission EM before and after staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. At least 5 morphologically distinct types of bacteria were detected, grouped in 5 different types of micro-colony; 1 was attached to the rectal epithelium, 2 formed compact masses over the rectal pads, and 2 were in the rectal lumen eveloped by membranes. All the bacteria were bacilliform. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia e Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Instituto de Biociencias de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900104 Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides/Apidae. Cruz-Landim, C. d. (1996) Ultrastructure of haemocytes present during flight muscle differentiation of Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides Lep. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Folia Biologica (Krakow), 44(1/2), 79-84. D. G. Lowe. The ultrastructure of haemocytes present in the dorsal thoracic region of larvae and prepupae of M. q. anthidioides is described. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia e Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Instituto de Biociencias de Rio Claro, UNESP, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900817 Melipona/larvae/prepupae/blood cells/ultrastructure/Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides. Cruz-Landim, C. d. and Serrao, J. E. (1997) Ultrastructure and histochemistry of the mineral concretions in the midgut of bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 47(1), 21-29. Author. Mineral concretions in the midgut of adult Apis mellifera and Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides workers were studied by transmission electron microscopy and histochemically. Two types of mineral deposit were found in the apex of the digestive cells of the posterior midgut: (A) concretions which were organized as granules in a striking arrangement of concentric layers and clear zones, and (B) electron-dense granules inside small vacuoles (0.4-0.7 m). The concretions were composed of calcium, iron and uric acid or its salts; calcium determination gave a positive reaction for B. Morphological and chemical similarities between the mineral concretions of bees and those of other insects suggest that they have an important physiological role regulating the composition of the internal environment and to avoid intoxication. Since concretions and granules are structurally distinct, it is suggested that they are functionally different. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Caixa Postal 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901246 Apis mellifera/Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides/honey bees/Melipona/midgut/minerals. Cruz-Landim, C. d., Serrão, J. E. and Silva de Moraes, R. L. M. (1997) On the ultrastructure of the striated border of midgut digestive cells of Apis mellifera and Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Iheringia, Série Zoologia(82), 127-132. The ultrastructure of the striated border of midgut digestive cells from A. mellifera and M. q. anthidioides was studied by SEM. No significant differences between the 2 species were found. The microvilli of midgut columnar cells were exceptionally elongated (17–22 m), and thicker at the base (0.12 m diameter) than the tip (0.03 m diameter); there were 30–40/ m2. The microvilli contained microfilaments extending into the cortical cytoplasm of the cell. Accession date: 7 July 1998. Call number: 638.121. Library code: Ba. Language: En. . Author address: Dept. Biologia, Inst. Biociências, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus Rio Claro, Caixa Postal 199, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA84/99 honey bees/Melipona/midgut/ultrastructure. Cruz-Landim, C. d., Serrão, J. E. and Silva-de-Moraes, R. L. M. (1996) Cytoplasmic protrusions from digestive cells of bees. Cytobios, 88(353), 95-104. Light and electron microscopy were used to examine midgut cells from Apis mellifera and Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides. Four types (2 large, 2 small) of apical protrusions from the cell surface were seen and these are described and illustrated. The cell apex showed a positive reaction for acid phosphatase. Accession date: 7 July. Call number: 638.121. Library code: Bb. Language: En. . Author address: Dept. Biologia, Inst. Biociências, Univ. Estadual Paulista, CP 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA83/99 honey bees/Melipona/midgut/ultrastructure. Cruz-Landim, C. d. and Serrao, J. E. d. (1994) The evolutive significance of pollen use as protein resource by Trigonini bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Journal of Advanced Zoology, 15(1), 1-5. P. Walker. Pollen grains in the midgut of adult workers of 8 Brazilian Trigona species were studied. Microscopic examination of sections of midgut showed that most of the pollen grains present were intact; some other grains were broken ('content disorganized'), some were empty, but with the outer surface unbroken, and a few broken empty grains were also found. These results do not agree with those of some earlier studies, but they do support the view that the intine in the germinative pore of the pollen grain is permeable to the digestive enzymes of the bee's intestine. However, pollen is not as easily digested as animal proteins, and the part played by these two protein sources in insect evolution is discussed. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Depto de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias, UNESP, Campus de Rio Claro, Caixa Postal 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701274 Apidae/Brazil/midgut/enzymes/Trigona/digestion/pollen/protein metabolism/evolution. Cruz-Landim, C. d. and Silva de Moraes, R. L. M. (1994) Note on unusual material present in the subperitrophic space of the midgut of Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides Lep. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Naturalia (Sao Paulo), 19, 55-61. D. G. Lowe. Unusual structures revealed by transmission electron microscopy are described. The structures were composed of bundles of filaments and deposits of amorphous material. The filaments were arranged in parallel and were covered with regularly arranged dots. Histochemical tests were unable to identify the chemical nature of these structures. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias, 13506-900, UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601279 Apidae/Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides/Melipona/midgut/ultrastructure. Cruz-Landim, C. d. and Silva de Moraes, R. L. M. (1994) Ultrastructural localization of new exocrine glands in legs of social Apidae (Hymenoptera) workers. Journal of Advanced Zoology, 15(2), 60-67. Author. Ultrastructural studies of the basitarsi of the 3 pairs of legs from Scaptotrigona postica, Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides and Apis mellifera workers, with transmission electron microscopy, showed the presence of 2 types of glandular structures a dorsal secretory epidermis and ventral unicellular glands. According to the cellular ultrastructural morphology, the function of the dorsal epithelium seems to be the production of lipidic material, and that of the unicellur glands the production of proteic secretion, both with unknown functions. Only the dorsal secretory epithelium underwent modifications with age of the workers; the unicellular glands always appeared little developed. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, UNESP, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800163 Apis mellifera/Melipona quadrifasciata/Scaptotrigona postica/Apidae/ultrastructure/secretion/worker honey bees/Melipona/Scaptotrigona/legs/glands. Cruz-Landim, C. d. and Silva de Moraes, R. L. M. (1996) Presence of wall-devoid micro-organisms in hypopharyngeal glands of forager bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Microbios, 88(355), 69-77. P. Walker. Mycoplasma-like bodies were found in the axial duct and intracellular canaliculli of the hypopharyngeal glands of Apis mellifera and Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides workers. These microorganisms are described and illustrated. They were not found within cells and there were no cellular changes in the infected glands, so it is suggested that the microorganisms are not pathogenic to bees. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901259 worker honey bees/Melipona/hypopharyngeal glands/Mycoplasmataceae. Cruz-Landim, C. d., Silva de Moraes, R. L. M. and Caetano, F. H. (1994) Ultrastructure of muscle-muscle and muscle-epithelium connections in the crop and proventriculus of bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Acta Microscopica, 3(1), 117-125. D. G. Lowe. Ultrastructural features of muscle connections with epithelial cells and with other muscle fibres in the honey sac and proventriculus of adult worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) and stingless bees (Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides) were studied by means of electron microscopy. Two types of tendon cells and various muscle-to-muscle attachments are described and illustrated. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia e Centro de Estudios de Insetos Sociais, Instituto de Biociencias, UNESP, CP 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701319 Apis mellifera/worker honey bees/Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides/Apidae/tendons/epithelium/honey bees/honey sac/proventriculus/muscles/ultrastructure/Melipona. Cruz-Landim, C. d., Silva-de-Moraes, R. L. M. and Serrao, J. E. (1996) Ultrastructural aspects of epithelial renewal in the midgut of adult worker bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Journal of Comp. Biology, 1(1/2), 29-40. Author. The anterior, middle and posterior regions of the midgut of workers of Apis mellifera and Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides of different ages (house bees, nurse bees and foragers) were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy to correlate the mechanism of epithelial renewal with function and age. The digestive or functional cells are replaced through differentiation of regenerative cells that have remained quiescent since pupation. The results suggest more intense renewal in the anterior and posterior regions of the midgut. The regenerative cells do not undergo mitosis during the adult life of bees and their number decreases as the workers grow older; however, the process of substitution is the same for all regions, ages and species studied. The age or phase in which most renewal is more accelerated is the nurse bee phase. The process of epithelial renewal in the midgut of bees is compared with data available for other arthropods. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias de Rio Claro-UNESP, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801271 Apis mellifera/Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides/Apidae/age/worker honey bees/Melipona/midgut/ultrastructure. Cruz-Landim, C. d. and Yabuki, A. T. (1995) Fine structure and morphogenesis of the micropyle apparatus in bee's eggs. Biocell, 19(2), 125-132. D. G. Lowe. The oocytes of Apis mellifera, Scaptotrigona postica and Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides were examined by light and electron microscopy at various stages in their development and a series of micrographs is presented. The micropylar region has the appearance of a sieved plate, slightly raised in relationship to the oocyte surface; no differences between species were observed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias de Rio Claro, UNESP, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800485 Apis mellifera/Melipona quadrifasciata/Scaptotrigona postica/Apidae/ova/follicles/morphogenesis/honey bees/Scaptotrigona/Melipona/oocytes. Cueto, D. J. d. (1995) 'Apitoxin' [bee venom]: a defence weapon for the honey bee and for human health. Vida Apicola(69), 54-60. Original title or source: Apitoxina. Un arma defensiva para la abeja y la salud del hombre. P. Walker. The composition of honey bee venom is given, and the pharmacological properties of various fractions are described. Studies on the effects of venom and its fractions on animals are reported. Finally, applications in human medicine are discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700756 honey bee venom/pharmacology/medicinal properties. Cugnoli, C., Fioravanti, R. and Pepe, I. M. (1993) A study on retinal photoisomerization catalyzed by a protein from the honeybee visual system. Italian Journal of Biochemistry, 42(3), 165-174. Author. The photoisomerization of all-trans-retinal catalysed by an isomerase purified from honey bee (Apis mellifera) retina is stereospecifically directed toward the formation of 11-cis-retinal, the isomer required for rhodopsin regeneration. A model of the enzymatic reactions was developed, which fits the experimental data. In a particular experiment where irradiation was performed with a laser light, the rate constants of the photoisomerization of all-trans-retinal were dependent on the light intensity and were therefore greatly enhanced. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Istituto di Cibernetica e Biofisica del CNR, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600165 honey bees/compound eyes/isomerases/retinal/isomerization. Cunha, R. A. d. (1991) Revision of the taxonomy of some Meliponinae (Hym., Apidae). Naturalia, São Paulo, 16, 33-53. Original title: Revisão da taxonomia de alguns Meliponinae por métodos fenéticos (Hym. Apidae). Accession date: 1 November 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt, en. . Author address: Dept. de Estatística, Matemática Aplicada e Computacional - Ints. de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, CP 178, 13500 Rio Claro-SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA959/99 Meliponinae/taxonomy/statistical analysis/morphology/Brazil. Cunha, R. A. d. (1994) Phenetic study of the Old World Trigonini (Hymenoptera, Apidae) at the supra-specific level. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 38(3/4), 613-626. Original title or source: Estudo fenetico supra-especifico de Trigonini do Velho Mundo (Hymenoptera, Apidae). D. G. Lowe. Phenetic relationships among 23 genera of Trigonini (13 from Asia and Australia, 10 from Ethiopia) are analysed and discussed. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Estatistica, IGCE, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 13500 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800434 Apidae/Meliponinae/phenetics/classification. Curbelo Velazco, L., Marrero Jimenez, M. and Navarro Pena, D. Y. (1994) Evaluation of the effectiveness of propolis (tinctures and ointments) in different infections of dogs. Revista de Produccion Animal, 8(1), 75-77. Original title or source: Evaluacion de la efectividad del propoleo (tinturas y unguentos) en diferentes afecciones en perros. Author. Of 82 dogs with various diseases and wounds, 62 were treated with a 6% propolis tincture and a 10% propolis ointment, while the other 20 animals were conventionally treated (antibiotics and chemotherapy). Pathologies under treatment were: traumatic wounds, mycoses, otitis, abscesses, bacterial dermatitis, and eye enucleation infected by bacteria. Tinea fungi (Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes) were isolated in the microbiological analysis. Bacteria found were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium pyogenes and Streptococcus spp. Propolis was effective in diminishing clinical healing time. Library code: Bc. Language: Es. Author address: Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Camaguey, Cuba. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800664 hive products/bacterial diseases/fungal diseases/wounds/treatment/veterinary medicine/tinea (disease)/Microsporum canis/Trichophyton mentagrophytes/Pseudomonas aeruginosa/Staphylococcus aureus/actinomyces pyogenes/Streptococcus/propolis/as hive products/dogs/infections/effects. Curda, L. and Plockova, M. (1995) Impedance measurement of growth of lactic acid bacteria in dairy cultures with honey addition. International Dairy Journal, 5(7), 727-733. The effect of honey addition (0, 1, 3, 5 or 10%, w/v) to skim milk on the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus and a mesophilic starter culture (consisting of Lactococcus lactis var. lactis, Lactococcus lactis var. cremoris and Lactococcus lactis var. lactis biovar. diacetylactis) was investigated by monitoring impedance changes. The inhibitory effect of honey doses was evaluated from the course of impedance curves by determining the detection time, the time of maximal difference in impedance change and the slope of the linear part of the impedance curve. Lactobacillus acidophilus was sensitive to the honey concentration 5% regardless of the heat treatment of honey. The maximal inhibitory effect of the growth of the mesophilic starter was produced by unheated honey at 10%, w/v, while the addition of sterilized honey had only limited influence on this culture at any concentration studied. Library code: 15 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Milk and Fat Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701089 cows/milk/lactic acid bacteria/culture/heat treatment/Lactobacillus acidophilus/growth/skim milk/honey/electricity/impedance/measurement/starters/cultured milks/Lactococcus lactis var. lactis/Lactococcus lactis var. cremoris/Lactococcus lactis var. lactis biovar. diacetylactis/Lactococcus lactis/Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis/Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris/inhibition/Lactobacillus/Lactococcus/of Lactobacillus/of Lactococcus/by honey. Cure, J. R. (1989) Revision of Pseudagapostemon Schrottky and description of Oragapostemon gen. n. (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 33(2), 229-335. Original title or source: Revisao de Pseudagapostemon Schrottky e descricao de Oragapostemon, gen. n. (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Vicosa MG, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800831 Apidae/Pseudagapostemon/taxonomy/morphology. Cure, J. R., Bastos Filho, G. S., Oliveira, M. J. F. d. and Silveira, F. A. d. (1993) A survey of wild bees in the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais I. Pasture in the Vicosa region (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Revista Ceres, 40(228), 131-161. Original title or source: Levantamento de abelhas silvestres na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais.I Pastagem na regiao de Vicosa (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). P. Walker. In a 12-month survey, a rich bee fauna was recorded on 3 ha of grassland in this area. A total of 1904 bees were collected, and 169 species were identified, including many from the Anthophoridae and Megachilidae (51 species each); other families present were Halictidae (36 species), Apidae (12), Colletidae (10) and Andrenidae (9). The bees visited 89 plant species belonging to 26 families; almost 30% of visits were to species of Compositae. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Depto. de Biologia Animal, UFV, 36570-000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801135 Apidae/Apoidea/grasslands/biodiversity/foraging/Brazil. Cure, J. R., Bastos Filho, G. S., Oliveira, M. J. F. d. and Souza, O. F. d. (1991) Effect of area size in estimating the density of species in surveys of wild bees. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 7(1-2), 101-110. Original title or source: Influencia do tamanho da amostra na estimativa da riqueza em especies em levantamentos de abelhas silvestres (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). P. Walker. The effects of area size, total time spent collecting specimens, and month of the year are analysed. It is recommended that samples of at least 400 bees should be collected in different types of locality in the region being surveyed. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Museu de Entomologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, 36570 Vicosa, MG, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801134 Apidae/Apoidea/surveys/methodology. Cure, J. R., Thiengo, M., Silveira, F. A. and Rocha, L. B. (1992) Survey of the wild bees of the 'Zona da Mata' of Minas Gerais, Brazil. III. Secondary forest in Vicosa region (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 9(3/4), 223-239. Original title or source: Levantamento da fauna de abelhas silvestres na 'Zona da Mata' de Minas Gerais. III. Mata secundaria na regiao de Vicosa (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Author. The results of this survey are compared with those of a survey of nearby grassland. The forest was richer in species of Anthophoridae and Apidae, but less diverse in Megachilidae. Several species of stingless bees (Meliponinae) and unidentified species of other genera probably depend on the forest environment to survive. Bee population densities and species richness were as large as those found in open vegetation in SE Brazil. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, 36570-000 Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700028 Apidae/Apoidea/Brazil/forests. Cure, J. R. and Wittmann, D. (1990) Callonychium petuniae, a new panurgine bee species (Apoidea, Andrenidae), oligolectic on Petunia (Solanaceae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 25(3), 153-156. D. G. Lowe. C. petuniae is so far known only from various habitats in Rio Grande do Sul, where both males and females forage almost exclusively on purple-flowered Petunia species such as P. integrifolia, P. ovalifolia and P. excellens. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federale de Vicosa, 36570 Vicosa, MG, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800799 Apidae/Petunia/Callonychium petuniae/new species/Brazil/Callonychium/taxonomy/Callonychium/morphology. Curic, S., Orsolic, N., Krsnik, B., Balenovic, T., Valpotic, I., Sulimanovic and Basic, I. (1993) Immune responses of a mouse to bee venom. Stocarstvo, 47(3/4), 131-136. The effect of honeybee [Apis mellifera] venom on humoral and cellular immune responses was tested in CBA mice. Venom was injected s.c. into the left footpad at doses of 0.15, 0.30 or 0.60 mg/mouse, respectively. Mean gamma-globulins and total protein values were significantly elevated (P 0.05) in mice treated with 0.15 or 0.30 mg of bee venom, respectively, compared to those recorded in nontreated controls. The weight of the left popliteal lymph node (LPLN) was significantly higher in mice given 0.30 or 0.60 mg venom than that of the controls. The cellularity of LPLN in venom-treated mice was much greater when compared to the control values. However, no differences in weight and cellularity of the popliteal lymph node were noticed in mice treated with propolis, used as an antigen. There were no differences in weight or cellularity of spleen between treated and control mice. Library code: 11 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zagreb, PO Box 190, 41000 Zagreb, Croatia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800320 honey bee venom/laboratory animals/lymph nodes/immunoglobulins/propolis/serum albumin/blood proteins/Apis mellifera/venoms/mice/immune response/immune response. Curic, S., Tadic, Z., Valpotic, I., Sulimanovic and Basic, I. (1992) The effect of bee venom on tumour growth and metastasis formation of mammary carcinoma in CBA mice. Veterinarski Arhiv, 62(Supplement), S31-S35. The effect of honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom on tumour growth and metastasis formation in mice was studied. Bee venom was injected either subcutaneously (s.c.) or intravenously (i.v.) at various doses. The tumour was a transplantable mammary carcinoma (MCA) weakly immunogenic to the syngeneic CBA mouse. The tumour was generated by injecting 10 MCA cells i.v. When the tumour cells were injected s.c. into the footpad immediately after the bee venom, the growth of the tumour was suppressed regardless of the venom dose. The survival of the mice treated with 0.30 mg of bee venom was longer than the controls'. The number of lung metastases in the mice treated i.v. with 0.15 or 0.075 mg of bee venom was significantly lower (P0.001) than that in nontreated mice. Both doses of bee venom given s.c. did not, however, reduce the number of lung metastases, indicating that the antitumour effect of the venom could be highly dependent on the route of injection. Library code: 10 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zagreb, 41001 Zagtrb, POB 190, Croatia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700374 Hymenoptera/Apidae/Apis mellifera/mice/toxicology/venoms/carcinoma/tumours/suppression/laboratory animals/metastasis/honey bee venom/effects/neoplasms. Curic, S., Valpotic, I., Sulimanovic and Basic, I. (1992) Humoral and cellular immune responses of CBA mice to bee venom. Veterinarski Arhiv, 62(Supplement), S43-S47. The effect of honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom on humoral (-globulin level and total proteins) and cellular immune responses (weight and cellularity of the spleen and lymph nodes) was tested in CBA mice. Bee venom was injected subcutaneously into the left footpad at a dose of 0.15, 0.30 or 0.60 mg per mouse. Mean -globulin and total protein values were significantly elevated (P0.05) in the mice treated with 0.15 mg and 0.30 mg of bee venom, compared with those recorded in nontreated controls. The weight of the left popliteal lymph node (LPLN) was significantly higher (P0.01) in the mice given 0.30 mg or 0.60 mg of bee venom than that of the controls. Also, the cellularity of LPLN in bee venom-treated mice was much greater (P0.05; P0.01) as compared with control values. There were no differences in the weight or cellularity of the spleen between treated and control mice. Library code: 7 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zagreb, 41001 Zagreb, POB 190, Croatia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700375 Hymenoptera/Apidae/mice/laboratory animals/immune response/spleen/lymph nodes/venoms/honey bee venom/effects. Curik, I. and Kezic, N. (1994) [Morphometric differences between Apis mellifera carnica Pollmann from Croatia and Apis mellifera mellifera Linnaeus from Norway]. Poljoprivredna Znanstvena Smotra, 59(4), 405-412. Accession date: 17 August 1998. Call number: 638.123. Library code: X. Language: Sh, en. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA132/99 honey bees/races/Apis mellifera mellifera/Apis mellifera carnica/Croatia/Norway/morphology. Currie, R. W. (1995) Fluvalinate Queentabs: efficacy against the varroa mite and impact on honey bee queen performance. Canadian Honey Council Research Symposium Proceedings 1995. Nipawin, Canada, Canadian Honey Council, 28-29. D. G. Lowe. Queentabs are fluvalinate-impregnated plastic strips that can be placed inside queen cages to kill mites (Varroa jacobsoni). A trial in which queens and worker attendants were confined in cages containing Queentabs for up to 7 days showed that up to 99% of any V. jacobsoni were killed, but there was high mortality of attendant workers. Significant queen mortality also occurred after 7 days. Treatment periods of 3 days did not affect queen survival, but colonies containing these queens showed a stronger trend towards higher supersedure rates than colonies with untreated queens. Caution is advised before using Queentabs. Page(s): 28-29. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Dept. of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700991 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/conferences/queen honey bees/cages/toxicity/fluvalinate/to queen honey bees/of fluvalinate/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/honey bees. Currie, R. W. (1997) Pollination constraints and management of pollinating insects for crop production. Pollen biotechnology for crop production and improvement [edited by Shivanna, K. R.; Sawhney, V. K.]. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 121-151. This chapter discusses the efficiency, costs and benefits of different management strategies that have been developed to maintain and enhance pollinator populations on crops and to increase the rate and quality of pollen transfer under the following headings: increasing pollinator visitation rates (enhancing populations of native pollinators, importing commercially managed pollinators, maintaining pollinator populations on target crops, and spatial distribution of foragers on the crop); resource limitation and managing over-pollination; increasing rate and quality of pollen transfer (agronomic practices, pollinator food preference, and within-colony pollen transfer); and input costs (costs of increasing (i) floral visitation rates and (ii) the rate and quality of pollen transfer). Page(s): 121-151. Library code: 10 pp. of ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900738 books/Pollen biotechnology for crop production and improvement/beneficial insects/crops/pollination/crop production/pollen/pollinators. Currie, R. W., Winston, M. L. and Slessor, K. N. (1992) Effect of synthetic queen mandibular pheromone sprays on honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) pollination of berry crops. Journal of Economic Entomology, 85(4), 1300-1306. Author. Honey bee (Apis mellifera) queen mandibular pheromone was applied to blocks of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) by helicopter and air-blast sprayer, respectively. The number of bees attracted was both dose and crop dependent. Concentrations of 100 queen equivalents (QEQ)/ha of pheromone were most effective in attracting honey bees to cranberry. On blueberry, concentrations of 100 or 1000 QEQ/ha of pheromone were attractive to bees. Concentrations of 10000 QEQ/ha were unattractive to bees foraging on either crop. The results indicate that pheromone applications could increase yield and total revenues on cranberry and blueberry, but the pheromone is not economical to apply in all situations. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A1S6, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600374 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/pollination/honey bees/of Vaccinium macrocarpon/by honey bees/of Vaccinium corymbosum/Vaccinium macrocarpon/Vaccinium corymbosum/queen honey bees/mandibular glands/pheromones/attractants. Currie, R. W., Winston, M. L. and Slessor, K. N. (1992) Effect of synthetic queen mandibular pheromone sprays on honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) pollination of berry crops. Journal of Economic Entomology, 85(4), 1300-1306. Author. Honey bee (Apis mellifera) queen mandibular pheromone was applied to blocks of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) by helicopter and air-blast sprayer, respectively. The number of bees attracted was both dose and crop dependent. Concentrations of 100 queen equivalents (QEQ)/ha of pheromone were most effective in attracting honey bees to cranberry. On blueberry, concentrations of 100 or 1000 QEQ/ha of pheromone were attractive to bees. Concentrations of 10000 QEQ/ha were unattractive to bees foraging on either crop. The results indicate that pheromone applications could increase yield and total revenues on cranberry and blueberry, but the pheromone is not economical to apply in all situations. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A1S6, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600374 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/pollination/honey bees/of Vaccinium macrocarpon/by honey bees/of Vaccinium corymbosum/Vaccinium macrocarpon/Vaccinium corymbosum/queen honey bees/mandibular glands/pheromones/attractants. Currie, R. W., Winston, M. L., Slessor, K. N. and Mayer, D. F. (1992) Effect of synthetic queen mandibular pheromone sprays on pollination of fruit crops by honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 85(4), 1293-1299. Author. Three concentrations of honey bee (Apis mellifera) queen mandibular pheromone were applied to 0.4-ha blocks of apple, Malus domestica, and pear, Pyrus communis, by air-blast sprayer. Concentrations of 1000 queen equivalents (QEQ) (a.i.)/ha increased the number of honey bees foraging on both apple and pear under a wide range of environmental conditions, orchard management systems, and geographical locations. Bee activity on plots sprayed with pheromone concentrations of 0.1 or 10 QEQ (a.i.)/ha did not differ significantly from controls. The pheromone was most effective on the day of application and declined to the level of control plots by the third day. Pheromone application did not result in any increase in yield or fruit quality parameters in apple, but fruit diameter of pears in plots treated with 1000 QEQ/ha was significantly greater than that of pears in unsprayed control plots. It is estimated that in commercial crops this would result in an increased profit of $1055/ha. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A1S6, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600373 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/pollination/honey bees/of Malus pumila/by honey bees/honey bees/of Pyrus communis/by honey bees of Pyrus communis/Malus pumila/Pyrus communis/queen honey bees/mandibular glands/pheromones/attractants. Currie, R. W., Winston, M. L., Slessor, K. N. and Mayer, D. F. (1992) Effect of synthetic queen mandibular pheromone sprays on pollination of fruit crops by honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 85(4), 1293-1299. Author. Three concentrations of honey bee (Apis mellifera) queen mandibular pheromone were applied to 0.4-ha blocks of apple, Malus domestica, and pear, Pyrus communis, by air-blast sprayer. Concentrations of 1000 queen equivalents (QEQ) (a.i.)/ha increased the number of honey bees foraging on both apple and pear under a wide range of environmental conditions, orchard management systems, and geographical locations. Bee activity on plots sprayed with pheromone concentrations of 0.1 or 10 QEQ (a.i.)/ha did not differ significantly from controls. The pheromone was most effective on the day of application and declined to the level of control plots by the third day. Pheromone application did not result in any increase in yield or fruit quality parameters in apple, but fruit diameter of pears in plots treated with 1000 QEQ/ha was significantly greater than that of pears in unsprayed control plots. It is estimated that in commercial crops this would result in an increased profit of $1055/ha. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A1S6, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600373 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/pollination/honey bees/of Malus pumila/by honey bees/honey bees/of Pyrus communis/by honey bees of Pyrus communis/Malus pumila/Pyrus communis/queen honey bees/mandibular glands/pheromones/attractants. Curry, P. S., Waddington, J., Malik, N. and Bowes, G. G. (1995) Nectar sugar production in alfalfa fields treated with several herbicides. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 75(2), 521-524. P. Walker. Nectar sugar production of Medicago sativa [lucerne] was determined on seed-production plots in NE Saskatchewan, Canada, after herbicide applications in autumn or spring. At one site, annual spring treatments for 4 years with metribuzin resulted in significantly less nectar, and therefore less sugar, in flowers in early July than on control plots. In general, however, nectar sugar production was not affected by the herbicide applications, and an increase in sugar was sometimes recorded. It is concluded that cocoon production by Megachile rotundata would not be affected significantly if the bees forage on herbicide-treated crops. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Ducks Unlimited, P.O. Box 2139, Melfort, Saskatchewan S0E 1A0, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800551 metribuzin/chlorsulfuron/hexazinone/dichlobenil/Megachile rotundata/beneficial insects/pollinators/lucerne/Canada/nectar/sugars/Medicago sativa/secretion/yield/herbicides/application/pasture plants/weeds/Saskatchewan. Czubacki, W. (1996) Some details of flowering biology and nectar secretion of limes (Tilia platyphyllos and Tilia cordata). Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 40(1), 15-26. Original title or source: Niektore szczegoy biologii kwitnienia i nektarowania lip (Tilia platyphyllos Scop. i Tilia cordata Mill.). P. Walker. The results of a 2-year study on 25-year-old trees are reported. T. platyphyllos flowered during the last 2 weeks of June and T. cordata at the end of June and first week in July. Numbers of flowers (thousands)/tree were 220-450 and 430-650, respectively. Flowers remained open throughout the day and night; insects foraged on them from morning until evening. Nectar secretion was greatest on days 2 and 3 after opening, and pollen was released mainly on day 2. Sugar concentration in the nectars was 61.5-61.8% and 63.2-71.0%, respectively; the average weight of sugar/flower was 3.5 mg and 2.7 mg, and estimated sugar yield/tree 0.7-1.7 kg and 1.3-1.6 kg, respectively. Library code: Bj. Language: Pl. Author address: Zespo Szko Rolniczych, ul. Szczebrzeska 102, 22-400 Zamosc, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900218 Tilia platyphyllos/Tilia cordata/Poland/Tilia/nectar/flowering/secretion/yield/sugars. Dabkevicius, Z., Apanaviciene, M., Ceksteryte, V. and Racys, J. (1996) Proceedings of the international conference on environmental factors and bee productivity and health, Dotnuva-Akademija, 1-4 August 1996. Vilnius, Lithuania, Lietuvos Zemdirbystes Institutas and Dotnuva-Akademija. Original title or source: Tarptautines konferencijos aplinkos veiksniai ir biciu produktyvumas bei sveikatingumas pranesimai Dotnuva-Akademija, 1996 m. rugpjucio 1-4 d. D. G. Lowe. These proceedings contain 14 papers presented by bee scientists from Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Russia. They cover bee breeding, collection of bee venom, control of Varroa jacobsoni, factors affecting honey bee colony development, disease prevention, relationships between the queen and workers, pollen trapping, and medicinal aspects of honey and pollen. Dabkevicius, Z.; Apanaviciene, M.; Ceksteryte, V.; Racys, J. (Editors). Page(s): 88 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Li. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901212 conferences/beekeeping/Lithuania. Dafni, A. (1996) Autumnal and winter pollination adaptations under Mediterranean conditions. Bocconea(5), 171-181. D. G. Lowe. The Mediterranean autumn (September-November) is characterized by high temperatures at the end of a long drought period, whereas the winter is characterized by relatively low temperatures and periods of rain. Relatively few insects, mainly solitary bees, are active. The effects of these environmental constraints on pollination and the various floral adaptations which enable plants to overcome these adverse conditions are discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Evolution, Haifa 31905, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900004 Mediterranean Region/ flowering plants/ insects/ pollinators. Dafni, A. and Bernhardt, P. (1990) Pollination of terrestrial orchids of southern Australia and the Mediterranean region. Evolutionary biology. Volume 24. M. K. Hecht, B. Wallace and R. J. Macintyre, Plenum Publishing Corp., 193-252. This is a review of non-tropical orchid taxa in two areas where the orchid floras show a high degree of endemism and discrete speciation. Tables show the pollinators of nectariferous orchids which include honey bees, carpenter bees, eusocial bees and solitary bees. Pollination mechanisms are described and discussed, and synecological and evolutionary consequences are examined. In comparing the two regions, examples of divergence and convergence are shown. There are over 200 references. Editor(s): Hecht, M K; Wallace, B; Macintyre, R J. Page(s): 193-252. Accession date: 2 September 1999. Call number: 638.19. Library code: Bb. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Inst. of Evolution, Haifa Univ., Haifa 31999 , Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA926/99 honey bees/Apis mellifera/Apoidea/Orchidaceae/flowers/pollination/mimicry/ evolution/Mediterranean region/Australia. Dafni, A. and Giurfa, M. (1998) Nectar guides and insect pattern recognition - a reconsideration. Anais do III Encontro sobre Abelhas, Ribeirão Preto, 11 a 14 junho de 1998. Z. L. Simões P and et al., 55-66. This review with 80 references, dicusses pattern recognition by insects, especially bees, and nectar guide characteristics of flowers in different plant families. Two new hypotheses are proposed for the possible adaptive value of nectar guides for the compound eye structure and bees' perceptual mechanisms and foraging behaviour. Editor(s): Simões P, Z L et al. Page(s): 55-66. Accession date: . Call number: 638.121.24. Library code: Bd. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Inst. of Evolution, Haifa Univ., Haifa, 31905, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA465/99 honey bees/foraging/flowers, characteristics/vision/Apoidea/nectar guides. Dafni, A. and Giurfa, M. (1998) Nectar guides and insect pattern recognition - a reconsideration. Anais do Encontro sobre Abelhas, 3, 55-66. Some key findings on pattern recognition by insects and on nectar guide characteristics are reviewed. Two new hypotheses are proposed for the possible adaptive value of nectar guides for the compound eye structure, perceptual mechanisms and foraging behaviour of bees: (A) in zygomorphic vertical flowers, the nectar guides are concentrated at the lower part as a response to the specialization of the lower visual field of hymenopteran pollinators in pattern recognition and spatial distribution of colours; (B) the bee's innate scanning behaviour and its tendency to follow an increasing gradient of spectral purity might act as complementary mechanisms in the case of nectar guides, such that bees would scan guides only centripetally in the direction of the reward. The evolution of these flower characteristics is discussed. Accession date: 6 September 1999. Call number: 638.121.2. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author. Author address: Inst. of Evolution, Haifa Univ., Haifa 31905, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA748/99 Hymenoptera/honey bees/workers/Apoidea/vision/colour/flowers/nectar guides/compound eyes/evolution. Dafni, A. and Giurfa, M. (1999) The functional ecology of floral guides in relation to insects behaviour and vision. Evolutionary theory and processes: modern perspectives. S. P. Wasser. Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 363-383. Common hypotheses concerning the ecological and evolutionary implications of nectar guides are reviewed (125 references). Recent findings on the visual perception, recognition and data processing of insects are discussed in relation to colours, shapes and patterns of floral guides. Editor(s): Wasser, S P. Page(s): 363-383. Accession date: 6 September 1999. Call number: 595.79. Library code: Bc. Language: En. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA643/99 Hymenoptera/honey bees/workers/Apoidea/vision/colour/flowers/nectar guides/compound eyes/reviews. Dafni, A. and Kevan, P. G. (1995) Hypothesis on adaptive features of the compound eye of bees: flower-specific specializations. Evolutionary Ecology, 9(3), 236-241. P. Walker. Current knowledge of the existence of acute zones in insect eyes, particularly in relation to bee-flower interactions, is reviewed, with 39 references. Some broad generalizations are suggested correlating the size, use, structure and presentation of flowers with the foraging behaviour, body size and eye design of bees (Apoidea). Special emphasis is given to the differences between small and large bees and the structure and design of the flowers that they forage on. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Evolution, Haifa University, Haifa 39105, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700435 Apidae/flowers/characteristics/Apoidea/compound eyes/foraging. Dafni, A. and Kevan, P. G. (1996) Floral symmetry and nectar guides: ontogenetic constraints from floral development, colour pattern rules and functional significance. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 120(4), 371-377. It was hypothesized that the external and internal visual contours of a flower should complement each other in shape and colour so that the scanning behaviour of an anthophile takes in both sets of contours sequentially on its approach to the flower obviating the need to change direction to land for obtaining nectar and pollen. This hypothesis was tested, with respect to shape, by comparing the symmetries of floral shape (external contours) with the nectar guide colour patterns (internal contours) in several distinct floras. These include the bulbous species of South Africa, species of the Canadian Arctic, alpine flora of the Rocky Mountains and the floras of Israel and the UK. The results showed that only 1% of the total flora examined has nectar guides which are discordant with flower shape (13 of 1320 species). It is suggested that the complementarity of these contours is constrained by floral development. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Evolution, Haifa University, Haifa 31905, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800353 apidae/nectar/constraints/development/colour/pollinators/pollination/flowers/evolution/characteristics. Dafni, A. and Kevan, P. G. (1997) Flower size and shape: implications in pollination. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 45(2/3), 201-211. Author. Flowers of 42 plant species, in mid-anthesis, were sampled at 2 sites in Israel. The outline of each flower was drawn on a plastic sheet, held 1-2 mm above the plane of the tepals, in order to record its 'en face projection'. The en face planar projected area, the contour length, and the ratio between them (contour density) for each flower were measured by hand and sonic-electronic planimeters. Pollinators (various insects) and type of floral reward (nectar and/or pollen) were also recorded. A significant correlation existed between the planar projected area and contour density, which indicates that small flowers have broken outlines. Beetles were associated more with large,rounded (bowl-shaped) flowers. Small bees, in contrast to medium and large bees, were associated significantly more with small flowers having broken outlines (i.e., high contour densities). Each factor examined (pollinator, flower shape, and reward) and each possible interaction among them, was significantly related to the values of each morphological variable. This implies that each category of pollinator is associated with a syndrome of dependent floral characteristics (size, shape, and reward). It is suggested that the greater contour density of smaller flowers compensates for their smaller size by increasing visibility and the broken outline shapes act as 'form guides' in the orientation, landing, and foraging of pollinators on flowers. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900745 angiosperms/Israel/nectar/pollen/Coleoptera/Apidae. Dafni, A., Lehrer, M. and Kevan, P. G. (1997) Spatial flower parameters and insect spatial vision. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 72(2), 239-282. D. G. Lowe. This review, with 219 references, discusses the co-evolution of plants and their insect pollinators with respect to spatial floral cues, such as shape, pattern, size, contrast, symmetry, spatial frequency, contour density and orientation of contours, and the capacities of anthophilous insects to perceive and use these characteristics for optimizing their foraging success. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Evolution, Haifa University, Haifa 31905, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900006 flowers/senses/vision/insects/foraging/characteristics/evolution. Dafni, A. and Neal, P. R. (1997) Size and shape in floral advertisement: measurement, concepts and implications. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Pollination, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, 23-28 June 1996 [edited by Richards, K. W.]. Leiden, Netherlands, International Society for Horticultural Science, 121-140. D. G. Lowe. This review, with 82 references, discusses the importance of size and shape of flowers in the attraction of pollinators. It is suggested that some commonly used measures of flower size are inappropriate for studies of floral attraction and that quantification of floral form is still in a rudimentary state. The advantages and disadvantages of various experimental approaches for evaluating the role of flower shape and size are presented and it is concluded that an understanding of the pollination process would benefit from placing less emphasis on flowers as morphological units and more emphasis on their functional role. Page(s): 121-140. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900365 International symposium on pollination/morphology/size/pollinators. Dafni, A. and O'Toole, C. (1993) On the adaptive geometry of compound eyes in bees in relation to habitat and behaviour. Pollination in tropics: Proceedings of the International Symposium on pollination in tropics, August 8-13, 1993, Bangalore, India [edited by Veeresh, G. K.; Shaanker, R. U.; Ganeshaiah, K. N. (Editors)]. Bangalore, India, International Union for the Study of Social Insects, Indian Chapter, 85-89. J. M. Gedye. The eyes of 3 solitary bee genera from the neotropics (Centris, Euglossa and Xylocopa) were compared with those of 3 palaearctic genera (Colletes, Andrena and Anthophora). Neotropical canopy-foraging bees had eyes with greater relative dorsal projection (28.7% of eye area) than palaearctic surface-foraging bees (17.2%). Canopy bees had rounder eyes and the eye area of males compared with females was 1.66. The corresponding value in surface bees was 0.95. larger eyes conferred greater visual acuity to canopy bees and seemed to be an adaptation for chasing rapid females. The greater head width of canopy bees (6.16 mm compared with 3.97 mm) was thought to give greater depth of visual field enabling the bees to exploit deeper flowers. Page(s): 85-89. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Evolution, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600039 Apidae/Centris/Euglossa/Xylocopa/Colletes/Andrena/Anthophora/beneficial inesects/pollinators/conferences/Apoidea/compound eyes/foraging. Dafni, A. and O'Toole, C. (1994) Pollination syndromes in the Mediterranean: generalizations and peculiarities. Plant-animal interactions in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. M. Arianoutsou and R. H. Groves. Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 125-135. The features of pollination syndromes are reviewed, with special emphasis on plants in the maquis, and on the role of flower colour and core plants at the community level. Attention is drawn to the need for multinational, co-ordinated research on the pollination biology of this region and the associated need for a greater understanding of, and investment in, fundamental research on the taxonomy of bees. Editor(s): Arianoutsou M; Groves, R H. Page(s): 125-135. Accession date: 2 September 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author. Author address: Inst. of Evolution, Haifa Univ., Haifa 31905, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA659/99 Apoidea/pollination/Mediterranean region/flora. Dafni, A. and Shmida, A. (1996) The possible ecological implications of the invasion of Bombus terrestris (L.) (Apidae) at Mt. Carmel, Israel. The conservation of bees [edited by Matheson, A.; Buchmann, S. L.; O'Toole, C.; Westrich, P.; Williams, I. H.]. London, UK, Academic Press for the Linnean Society of London and the International Bee Research Association, 183-200. Author. Bombus terrestris invaded Mt Carmel about 2 decades ago and since then has shown a constant expansion. Observations on bee visits to Arbutus andrachne (1980-1994) and Capparis spinosa (1982 and 1994) showed a progressive increase in B. terrestris, associated with a reduction in honey bees and various species of solitary bees. B. terrestris is active mainly from dawn until 09.00 h, at temperatures as low as 15C and at a relative humidity of up to 95%. Due to the bee's early and very efficient foraging, nectariferous plants are almost empty of nectar by about 09.00 h, causing a clear reduction in the activity of other bees at these plants. Analysis of pollen grains on the bodies of bees and direct observations revealed that the activity of B. terrestris in midsummer, when nectariferous plants are rare, seems to depend on nectar from garden plants. Due to its long flight range, B. terrestris is also able to forage in burnt areas which few other bees are able to exploit because of the scarcity of rewarding plants and their short flight range. It is concluded that the invasion of B. terrestris on Mt Carmel is a threat to the biodiversity of the local bee fauna, including the honey bee. Its practice of nectar robbing may also affect seed production in the plants it exploits. Page(s): 183-200. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701230 Apidae/foraging/nectar/Bombus terrestris/Arbutus andrachne/Capparis spinosa/conferences/Bombus/Israel/relationships/Bombus/Apoidea/biological competition/Bombus/biodiversity. Dag, A., Dotan, S. and Abdul-Razek, A. (1994) Honeybee pollination of strawberry in greenhouses. Hassadeh, 74(10), 92, 1068-1070, 1077. Strawberry cv. Ofra plants were grown in 10-m wide walk-through tunnels. A 5-frame beehive was placed at the entrance to each tunnel. Control plots were covered with plain window net to exclude the bees. The yield of plots exposed to the bees during the 3 winter months (Dec., Jan. and Feb., 1993-94) was 30% higher than that of control plots, the total number of fruits was 8% higher and the average percentage of Class B berries (malformed and small; unfit for export) was reduced from 32 to 13%. Library code: 5 ref., 1 fig. Language: He. Author address: Division of Beekeeping, Extension Service, Ministry of Agriculture, POB 7054 Hakirya, Tel Aviv 61070, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600773 beneficial insects/honey bees/strawberries/pollination/pollinators/Apidae/fruits/quality/protected cultivation/of Fragaria/by honey bees/Fragaria/greenhouse culture. Dag, A. and Eisikowitch, D. (1995) The influence of hive location on honeybee foraging activity and fruit set in melons grown in plastic greenhouses. Apidologie, 26(6), 511-519. P. Walker. Melon (Cucumis melo) is an important winter crop in the hot Arava valley in Israel, which is pollinated by honey bees. Crops are grown in 120-m long, open-ended plastic tunnels which are orientated north-south because of southern windstorms. Observation of honey bee foraging behaviour and analysis of wind direction in experimental plots showed that bee activity was higher in the morning (when stigmas are more receptive) if hives were placed at the northern end of the tunnels. Melon yields were also higher than when hives were located at the southern end. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Botany, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701157 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/melons/Israel/plastic tunnels/site factors/pollination/honey bees/of Cucumis melo/by honey bees/Cucumis melo/protected cultivation/foraging/wind/effects/hives/site selection/fruits/set/Apidae. Dag, A., Kammer, Y., Lasek, G. and Lasek, A. (1995) Comparison of 'in apiary' queen breeding to 'central' breeding in their impact on honey yield. Hassadeh, 75(11), 85-87. D. G. Lowe. An experiment was carried out in Israel to compare the performance of 70 honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera) headed by queens selectively reared 'in apiary' by beekeepers, or queens from the central queen breeding station of the Ministry of Agriculture at Zerifin, or 'self' queens reared by colonies after their original queens were removed. Average spring honey production in the 2 groups of colonies with 'in apiary' queens was 43.3 and 40.1 kg; in the group with 'central' queens it was 42.7 kg and in colonies with 'self-reared' queens it was 39.3 kg. The differences between colonies were not statistically significant. Library code: Bc. Language: He. Author address: Division of Beekeeping, Extension Service, Min. of Agriculture, POB 7054, Hakirya, Tel Aviv 61070, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701403 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/breeding/Israel/beekeeping/management/queen honey bees/production/honey bee colonies/honey-getting capacity. Dag, A., Rotem, Z., Ma'ayan, M. and Binshtok, A. (1996) The attractiveness of different sugars for the honey bee. Hassadeh, 56(4), 83-84, 90. A. Dag. The attractiveness of 50% solutions of sucrose (S), glucose (G), fructose (F) and invert sugar (I, a mixture of G + F) was determined by feeding them to 7 strong honey bee [Apis mellifera] colonies. The test solution (1 litre) was given in an upper feeder and the volume remaining after 2 and 4 h was determined. Average total consumption after 4 h was 817, 606, 446 and 200 ml for S, I, F and G, respectively. A second experiment with 3 weak colonies gave similar results, but differences were not statistically significant. It is concluded that sucrose and invert sugar are the most attractive sugars for the honey bee. Library code: Bc. Language: He. Author address: Beekeeping Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800562 Apis mellifera/feeding/honey bees/sugars/invert sugar/sucrose/fructose/glucose. Dag, A., Slabezki, Y., Efrat, H., Kamer, Y., Yakobson, B. A., Mozes-Koch, R. and Gerson, U. (1997) Control of honey bee tracheal mite infestations with amitraz fumigation in Israel. American Bee Journal, 137(8), 599-602. Author. Honey bee colonies at 2 apiaries in Israel, which were infested with Acarapis woodi, were fumigated 3 times, at weekly intervals, with amitraz. The treatment significantly reduced infestations for at least 2 months at both sites. In a separate assay, amitraz caused almost 100% mite mortality; it is suggested that amitraz may also act as a mite repellent. No adverse effects on adult bees or sealed brood were recorded. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Beekeeping Division, Ministry of Agriculture, POB 7054, Tel Aviv, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900952 honey bees/Apis mellifera/parasites/chemical control/Israel. Dag, A., Yakobson, B. and Weiss, S. (1996) Fumidil B treatment against nosema disease of the honey bee. Yalkut Hamichveret(36), 23-25. Author. The sole approved treatment against nosema disease in Israel is the use of fumagillin (Fumidil B). The present study was carried out on 30 honey bee [Apis mellifera] colonies divided into 3 groups: (1) controls, no treatment; (2) one Fumidil B treatment, in spring; (3) two Fumidil treatments, in autumn and spring. Each treatment regime consisted of 3 feedings of 1.5 g Fumidil B in 1 litre sugar solution, with 10-day intervals between feedings. A monthly check of brood population, adult population and nosema level was carried out during the study (November 1994 - May 1995). The development rate of the brood and adult populations was higher in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2. Higher levels of nosema were found in groups 1 and 2. It is concluded that nosema levels in spring were already too high for the spring treatment to be effective. Spring honey yield was correlated with the level of nosema at the beginning of citrus flowering. The yields of the highest and lowest infested colonies were significantly different (2 and 12 kg, respectively). Library code: Bc. Language: He. Author address: Beekeeping Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800577 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/nosema apis/antibiotics/honey bees/nosema disease/control methods/Israel/fumagillin. D'Agaro, M. (1994) A natural fuel for the smoker : the 'Fau Frol'[rotten wood]. Ape Nostra Amica, 16(4), 12-13. Original title or source: Un combustibile naturale utilizzato nell'affumicatore: il 'Fau Frol'. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601035 honey bee colonies/smoking/decayed wood. D'Agaro, M. and Sebastianutto, R. (1998) The 'underbasket' cage: modification for the determination of honey bee mortality. Ape Nostra Amica, 20(2), 6-8. Original title: 'Gabbia underbasket': modifica per il rilevamento della mortalità delle api. This is an illustrated account of a type of dead-bee trap, 94 × 60 ×10 cm, with a lower part of fine metal mesh (0.2 cm), and an upper part with a wider (2.0 cm) hexagonal mesh which allows dead bees to fall through. The trap is placed on the ground in front of the hive. Accession date: 3 july 1998. Call number: 638.121. Library code: Bj. Language: It. . Author address: Dipartimento di Biologia Applicata alla Difesa delle Piante, Univ. degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA85/99 honey bees/mortality/equipment/traps. Daly, H. V. (1992) A statistical and empirical evaluation of some morphometric variables of honey bee classification. Ordination in the study of morphology, evolution and systematics of insects: applications and quantitative genetic rationals [edited by Sorensen, J. T.; Footit, R.]. Amsterdam, Netherlands, Elsevier Science Publishers, 127-155. D. G. Lowe. The statistical properties and practical use of 25 variables used in honey bee (Apis mellifera) classification were examined, particularly the role of general size in discrimination. Eleven variables were related to size, 3 were measurements unrelated to size, 10 were forewing vein angles, and 1 was a count (hamuli on hindwing). The 820 samples of bees used in the investigation were from sites in Africa, Central America, South America, USA, Europe and Australia, and were regarded as 'African', 'west Mediterranean' and 'central Mediterranean'; 11 'operational taxonomic units' (OTUs) were recognized. Data sets were prepared, either using raw data or with the size-related variables adjusted statistically to remove the contribution of size. The output values of multivariate analysis were clustered to assess phenogram credibility. The best classifications and phenograms were produced using larger numbers of combined size-related and unrelated variables, and also by size-related variables that were size-adjusted. Exclusive use of fewer, size-unrelated or size-adjusted variables gave the lowest correct classifications and less credible phenograms in empirical tests. Page(s): 127-155. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomological Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701353 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/Africa/America/Europe/Australia/phenetics/honey bees/races/classification/statistical analysis/size/morphology. Daly, H. V. (1994) Lectotype designations and holotypes for bees of the genus Hylaeus (Nesoprosopis) described from the Hawaiian islands (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 70(2), 113-121. Lectotypes are designated for 44 species, and holotypes are identified for 13 species, of Hylaeus (Nesoprosopis) that were described by various authors in the period 1853-1926. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800081 Apidae/Hylaeus/taxonomy/USA/Hawaii. Daly, H. V. (1995) Endangered species: doctoral students in systematic entomology. American Entomologist, 41(1), 55-59. A survey was made in 1992 of the number of doctoral students in insect systematics in 56 academic departments in the USA and Canada. There were 111 students reported in 1992 compared with 155 in 1982 (a 28% drop). 40% of the departments surveyed had no doctoral students in insect systematics. Accession date: 15 march 1999. Call number: 595.7. Library code: Bc. Language: En. . Author address: 201 Wellman Hall, University of California at Berkley, Berkley, CA 94720, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA346/99 taxonomy/surveys/students/entomology. Daly, H. V., Danka, R. G., Hoelmer, K., Rinderer, T. E. and Buco, S. M. (1995) Honey bee morphometrics: linearity of variables with respect to body size and classification tested with European worker bees reared by varying ratios of nurse bees. Journal of Apicultural Research, 34(3), 129-145. Author. Worker honey bees from European queens (4 commercial queens from California plus 2 open stock queens and 2 feral queens from Louisiana) were reared with 4 ratios of nurse bees:eggs:0.5:1, 1:1, 5:1, and 100:1. Measurements of 25 morphometric variables were taken from each of 32 samples of usually 10 bees per sample. The treatments resulted in different phenotypes irrespective of the queen or her geographic origin. Workers reared at ratios of 0.5:1, 1:1 and 5:1 were consistently smaller than workers reared at 100:1. Based on the size of the workers reared at 0.5:1, the initial ratio was apparently altered by the nurse bees, who probably destroyed eggs or larvae, to yield a ratio close to 5:1. This homeostatic behaviour under stress produced adult bees closer to normal size. Principal component analysis showed that 11 of 14 variables involving distance measurements were highly related to the first principal or general size component (PC1) in both stressed and normal bees. Such variables, when standardized, had consistent linear regressions on PC1. When morphometrics of the stressed bees were compared with those of large reference populations of European and Africanized bees the correlations of size-related variables with PC1 for European, Africanized, and stressed bees had a similar pattern, but the correlations often differed in magnitude. The slopes of linear regression for most size-related variables of European and Africanized bees were the same. Africanized bees, however, were not simply scaled reductions of the larger European bees, but exhibited differences among most size-related variables in Y intercepts. The induced variation in morphometrics of stressed European bees simulated some features of the covariation observed in normal European and Africanized bees, but differences existed in the magnitudes of correlations, and slopes and Y intercepts of most size-related variables with respect to PC1. Despite the small size of some stressed bees, classification of the abnormal phenotypes by current methods gave only 2 samples misidentified as Africanized. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700595 beneficial insects/morphometrics/principal component analysis/identification/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa/Europe/worker honey bees/size/nutrition/brood care/morphology/stress/effects/nurse honey bees. Damblon, F., Fraval, A., Mtargi, B., Tazi, S. and Zbair, A. (1991) Preliminary results on foraging by honey bees in Morocco. Proceedings of the First Symposium on African Palynology, Rabat, 15-21.5.1989 [edited by Ballouche, A.; Maley, J.]. Rotterdam, Netherlands, A.A. Balkema, 105-119. Original title or source: Recherches preliminaires sur l'affouragement des abeilles au Maroc. D. G. Lowe. This study deals with plant-bee relationships in 3 areas of Morocco: the cork oak forest of Mamora, the large cultivated plain of Gharb and a mixed zone in the Loukkos basin. Pollen analysis of the contents of pollen traps and of honey samples showed that the nectariferous flora is exploited mainly between the end of the humid season (March-April) and the start of the dry season (July-August), when nearly 90% of taxa are visited. Foraging for pollen was more selective the 74 taxa found in pollen loads represented 30% of the available flora. A table lists 156 taxa, showing their occurrence in honeys from the 3 areas, and their beekeeping value (nectar and/or pollen). Page(s): 105-119. Library code: Ba. Language: Fr. Author address: Laboratoire de Palynologie et Dendrochronologie, Institut de Botanique, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700226 nectar plants/pollen plants/honey/pollen analysis/honey bee forage/Morocco/bee-collected pollen. Damus, M. S. and Otis, G. W. (1997) A morphometric analysis of Apis cerana F and Apis nigrocincta Smith populations from southeast Asia. Apidologie, 28(5), 309-323. P. Walker. Samples of honey bees were collected from natural nests and semi-managed hives at many sites in Malaysia, Indonesia and eastern Asia. In an analysis of morphological measurements, which ignored overall size, it was shown that A. cerana cerana and A. c. japonica are distinct from the rest of A. cerana; there are at least 3 other morphologically distinct groups: one ranging from Sri Lanka through Flores and central Sulawesi, one found only in southern Sulawesi and one in Timor. A large phenetic shift was found in the second group. A. nigrocincta was shown to be present over most of western Sulawesi, on Mindanoa and Sangihe. Bees from Luzon, Philippines, previously identified as A. c. philippina were found to be very distinct from both A. cerana and A. nigrocincta; the possibility of their belonging to the latter species is discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900840 honey bees/analysis/populations/geographical variation/Apis cerana/Apis nigrocincta/morphology/variations. Dancer, B. and Barnes, M. (1995) Detection of European foulbrood by DNA hybridisation analysis. Benfleet, UK, Central Association of Bee-Keepers. Author. DNA probes were made by random cloning of restriction fragments of Melissococcus pluton in Escherichia coli. The probes were used in hybridization analysis of different isolates of M. pluton from 10 countries. In dot blots, initial probes were found to be somewhat non-specific. Probes isolated with a modified procedure that eliminated non-specific DNA frequently yielded specific fragments. Such specific probes allowed the unambiguous recognition of M. pluton. The probes were also used in restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. This showed that UK isolates and a Danish isolate were all remarkably homogeneous whereas an isolate from Brazil showed differences in restriction patterns. Page(s): 9 pp. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: School of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Wales College of Cardiff, P.O. Box 915, Cardiff CF1 3TL, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601443 Apis mellifera/bee diseases/UK/Denmark/Brazil/Argentina/USA/Australia/China/India/Zambia/Nepal/honey bee brood/European foul brood/diagnosis/Melissococcus pluton/DNA hybridization/DNA probes/DNA/restriction fragment length polymorphism. Daners, G. and Tellería, M. C. (1998) Native vs. introduced bee flora: a palynological survey of honeys from Uruguay. Journal of Apicultural Research, 37(4), 221-229. In pollen analyses of 21 samples of commercial honeys produced in south-east Uruguay, 66 pollen types were found; 67% of the samples were unifloral. The taxa with the greatest frequencies (> 15% of the pollen in each sample) were Lotus corniculatus, Eucalyptus spp., Echium plantagineum, Eryngium spp., Scutia buxifoliaand Baccharis spp. These taxa, and also the following, were present in >85% of samples: Trifolium pratense, T. repens, Eryngium spp., Salix humboldtiana and Poaceae. Pollen taxa endemic to the Americas constituted 48% of the total, and the majority of the other taxa were from Europe. The honeys analysed typically contained pollen from the native Schinus molle type, Baccharis spp., Eryngium spp., Scutia buxifolia and Salix humboldtiana, together with pollen from the introduced Eucalyptus spp., L. corniculatus, T. pratense, T. repens and Echium plantagineum. Accession date: 4 September 1999. Call number: 638.16. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author. Author address: Palynology Dept, Faculty of Sciences, Iguá 4225, 11400-Montevideo, Uruguay. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1169/99 pollen analysis/pollen/honey/nectar plants/bee forage/Uruguay/Trifolium/Eucalyptus/Echium/Lotus/Schinus. Danforth, B. N. (1991) The morphology and behavior of dimorphic males in Perdita portalis (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 29(4), 235-248. Author. In P. portalis, a ground nesting, communal bee, males are clearly dimorphic. The two male morphs are easily distinguished based on head size and shape into (1) a flight-capable, small-headed (SH) morph that resembles the males of other closely related species and (2) a flightless, large-headed (LH) morph that possesses numerous derived traits, such as reduced compound eyes, enlarged facial foveae and fully atrophied indirect flight muscles. The SH morph occurs exclusively on flowers while the LH morph is found only in nests with females. While on flowers, SH males are aggressive, fighting with conspecific males and heterospecific male and female bees, and they mate frequently with foraging females. The use of artificial observation nests showed that LH males are aggressive fighters; males attacked each other with mandibles agape, and male-male fights always ended in the death of one male. LH males are highly attentive to the behaviour of females; they spend increasing amounts of time near open cells during cell provisioning, and mating only takes place immediately prior to oviposition when females are forming the accumulated pollen and nectar into a ball. Based on larvae reared to adulthood in the laboratory, the two male morphs occur in equal proportions. The behaviour of males in closely related species, especially P. texana, and the origin and maintenance of male dimorphism are discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Snow Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600115 Apidae/Perdita portalis/dimorphism/Perdita/males/head/size/variation/Perdita/aggression/mating. Danforth, B. N. (1991) Female foraging and intranest behavior of a communal bee, Perdita portalis (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 84(5), 537-548. Author. Female P. portalis are ground-nesting, partially bivoltine, communal bees that inhabit the deserts and arid grasslands of Arizona, New Mexico and northern Mexico. From 2 to 29 adult females may share a single nest. Nests are commonly reused from year to year and may become very large, with 200 overwintering prepupae, although some new nests are started each year. By constructing artificial, below-ground observation nests, it was possible to observe the details of cell provisioning and of female nestmate interactions within the nest. The details of cell construction, pollen collection, pollen ball formation, and oviposition are described. There was no evidence of cooperation among female nestmates or reproductive division of labour, nor was there any indication of intraspecific cleptoparasitism. The behaviour of female P. portalis is compared with the behaviour of females in other species of Perdita and with what is known of the intranest behaviour of other bees. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Snow Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600116 Perdita portalis/Apidae/nesting/reproduction/Perdita/females/foraging/nests/oviposition/relationships/Perdita. Danforth, B. N. (1994) Taxonomic review of Calliopsis subgenus Hypomacrotera (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae), with special emphasis on the distributions and host plant associations. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 70(4), 283-300. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700470 Apidae/distribution/USA/Calliopsis/taxonomy/foraging. Danforth, B. N. (1996) Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of the Perdita subgenera Macrotera, Macroteropsis, Macroterella and Cockerellula (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 55(16), 635-692. D. G. Lowe. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of 21 Perdita subgenera was carried out, based on 32 external and internal morphological characters. The analysis shows that the genus Perdita is clearly monophyletic. Changes in taxonomy, as a consequence of this analysis, are described. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900109 Apidae/Perdita/phylogeny/taxonomy. Danforth, B. N. (1999) Emergence dynamics and bet hedging in a desert bee, Perdita portalis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 266, 1985-1994. P. portalis [Andrenidae] uses several novel mechanisms to cope with harsh and unpredictable conditions in a xeric habitat. For example, its diapausing behaviour follows a 'bet-hedging' emergence pattern. Also, larvae with low average body weight are significantly more likely to emerge than heavy larve, and larval emergence is induced by exposure to high humidity. The 'bet hedging' is compared with that of angiosperm seeds in an arid environment. Accession date: 15 October 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bc. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Dept of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853-0901, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA960/99 Perdita/Andrenidae/diapause/angiosperms/desert. Danforth, B. N. and Eickwort, G. C. (1997) The evolution of social behavior in the augochlorine sweat bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) based on a phylogenetic analysis of the genera. The evolution of social behavior in insects and arachnids. J. C. Choe and B. J. Crespi. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 270-292. The published literature on the social behaviour of the halictid tribe Augochlorini is reviewed, and a generic-level phylogeny is presented. The augochlorine genera show a wide range of social behaviour, from solitary nesting to eusociality, and there is considerable within-species variation. Most species can be characterized as facultatively solitary to semisocial; 3 genera, Augochlorella, Pereirapis and Augochlora (Oxystoglossella), contain primitively eusocial species. A phylogenetic analysis using 81 morphological characters indicates that eusociality arose once within the tribe, in the common ancestor of Augochlorella, Ceratalictus, Pereirapis and Augochlora sensu lato. The results also suggest that eusociality in the Augochlorini arose independently of its origin in the Halictini. The existence of solitary behaviour in at least one species of Augochlora sensu stricto can be most parsimoniously explained as a reversal to solitary nesting from a eusocial ancestor. Finally, the sole kleptoparasitic genus in the Augochlorini, Temnosoma, appears closely related to its presumed host, Augochloropsis sensu lato. The importance of these results for other studies of social evolution in this tribe of bees is discussed. Editor(s): Choe, J C; Crespi, B J. Page(s): 270-292. Accession date: 5 aug 1998. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bd. Language: En. . Author address: Dept. Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA12/99 Augochlorini/social behaviour/phylogeny/evolution. Danforth, B. N. and Freeman-Gallant, C. R. (1996) DNA fingerprinting data and the problem of non-independence among pairwise comparisons. Molecular Ecology, 5(2), 221-227. D. G. Lowe. The extent of covariation in multilocus DNA fingerprinting was assessed in studies on voles, birds and the sand bee Perdita texana. The amount of variation found is regarded as a problem in assessment of genetic similarity within and between geographically disjunct populations and 2 corrective procedures are described and compared. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901087 rodents/birds/Apidae. Danforth, B. N. and Neff, J. L. (1992) Male polymorphism and polyethism in Perdita texana (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 85(5), 616-626. Author. Males of P. texana, a communal, ground-nesting, univoltine bee, show striking variation in head size and shape; larger males have disproportionately large heads and disproportionately undersized thoraces. As body size increases, the components of head shape that increase most strongly allometrically are the dimensions of the sites of attachment of the mandibular adductor muscles, the length of the mandibles, and the gap between the mandibular bases. Males also vary in where they spend the night. Some enter the nests of females during mid- to late afternoon, whereas others enter closed Opuntia flowers, where they remain until the next day. Males in nests leave early in the morning and join other males and females on flowers, where mating can be observed during the period of female foraging (11.00-14.00 h [CST]). Head size-shape is not related to the site chosen for the night, but rather to male-male combat on flowers and the ability to grasp females during copulation. Larger-headed males were more successful in male-male combat on flowers and had higher reproductive success on flowers. Selection appears to favour large-headed males, but the persistence of small-headed males suggests a balanced polymorphism maintained either by temporally and spatially varying selection, or size-dependent differences in investment costs, such that small males, although lower in fitness, are cheaper for females to produce. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600114 Apidae/Perdita texana/Opuntia/Perdita/males/head/size/variation/Perdita/aggression/mating. Danforth, B. N., Neff, J. L. and Barretto-Ko, P. (1996) Nestmate relatedness in a communal bee, Perdita texana (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae), based on DNA fingerprinting. Evolution, 50(1), 276-284. Author. P. texana is a facultatively communal bee species, with up to 28 females per nest. Multilocus DNA fingerprinting was used to test the hypothesis that nestmates are more closely related to each other than are non-nestmates. The mean band sharing proportion among pairwise nestmate comparisons did not differ significantly from the mean among non-nestmate comparisons, but some nestmates showed very high band sharing proportions (in excess of the upper 95% confidence limit for the non-nestmate mean). These individuals almost certainly were related, probably as half-sib sisters, however, they comprised a very small percentage of the nestmate populations. The results indicate that kin selection is unlikely to play an important role in the evolution and maintenance of communal nesting. Communal societies most likely arise because of the mutualistic benefits of cooperative nesting, including accelerated nest founding and improved nest defence. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901174 Perdita texana/Apidae. Danforth, B. N. and Visscher, P. K. (1993) Dynamics of a host-cleptoparasite relationship: Holcopasites ruthae as a parasite of Calliopsis pugionis (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae, Andrenidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 86(6), 833-840. Author. At 5 sites in California, USA, parasitism rate of host cells varied from 0 to over 30%, with an overall parasitism rate of 6.6% when data from all sites were combined. Significant influences on parasitism rate included site, nest density, and date of excavation, and density had a significant interaction with date. Together these factors accounted for 97% of the variance in parasitism rate. The sex ratio of the host bee was significantly influenced by parasitism rate, host nest density, and date, which together explained 88% of the variance in host sex ratio. Possible explanations for the dynamics of this host-parasite relationship are discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600868 Apidae/Holcopasites ruthae/Calliopsis pugionis/Calliopsis/nests/parasitism/by Holcopasites/Calliopsis/of Calliopsis/Holcopasites/parasites/Holcopasites/host parasite relationship. Daniels, R. S., Hamid, A., Rogers, R. E. L. and MacKenzie, K. (1999) Membrane-barrier delivery of formic acid, a chemical used for mite control of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Apicultural Research, 38(1/2), 63-69. During treatment of honey bee colonies with formic acid for the control of Varroa jacobsoni, bee-keepers are repeatedly exposed to the acid in liquid and vapour form. The vapour concentrations are significant, but the greater danger is exposure from direct contact of the concentrated acid with the skin. A barrier method using a latex membrane is described, and data are presented for the safe, effective and inexpensive delivery of 10±1, mean ± s.e. (n = 6) g/day of 65% (v/v) formic acid as vapour. Accession date: 6 September 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author. Author address: Dept of Chemistry, Univ. of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S 0A2, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1128/99 honey bees/Apis mellifera/Varroa jacobsoni/formic acid/control methods/beekeepers/health hazards/skin sensitivity. Danka, R. G., Loper, G. M., Villa, J. D., Williams, J. L., Sugden, E. A., Collins, A. M. and Rinderer, T. E. (1994) Abating feral Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera L) to enhance mating control of European queens. Apidologie, 25(6), 520-529. P. Walker. A total of 38 feral Africanized colonies were found within 2 km of a commercial mating apiary for European queens in Costa Rica. Abatement methods (baits, drones as poison carriers) killed or severely weakened 21 of the colonies. Mating control in 27 queens before abatement and 26 after abatement was estimated by comparing morphological characteristics and allozyme frequencies. Multivariate discriminant analysis classified 63% and 85%, respectively, as European. These and other results suggested that abatement may be useful in combination with other methods of mating control, but it would not achieve acceptable mating control if used alone in heavily Africanized areas. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Honey-Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601028 beneficial insects/mating/Costa Rica/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa/wild honey bee colonies/destruction/beekeeping/management/queen honey bees/production. Danka, R. G., Rinderer, T. E., Kuznetsov, V. N. and Delatte, G. T. (1995) A USDA-ARS project to evaluate resistance to Varroa jacobsoni by honey bees of Far-Eastern Russia. American Bee Journal, 135(11), 746-748. P. Walker. This project was set up to study Varroa jacobsoni, and the possibility of honey bee resistance to it, in Far-Eastern Russia from where the mites were spread to the west. In preliminary sampling of colonies in Primorsky, varroa was found in all of them, but at fairly low population levels. In an ongoing study on 50 experimental colonies, brood infestation levels were low in the summer (0-5%), and the rate of mite-fall was also much lower than in the USA, but bees were not immune to varroa. Beekeepers in the area treat infested colonies either chemically or by removal of drone brood. Few feral colonies exist. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701043 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/Russia/resistance/arthropod pests/mites/pest resistance/hosts/Russian Far East. Danka, R. G. and Villa, J. D. (1994) Preliminary observations on the susceptibility of Africanized honey bees to American foulbrood. Journal of Apicultural Research, 33(4), 243-245. D. G. Lowe. This investigation took place in Coyolito, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, using 10 Africanized colonies established from locally caught swarms, and 10 European (Italian and Carniolan) colonies derived from queens imported from Hawaii, USA. Hygienic behaviour of workers was tested by puncturing, with a pin, a total of 50 prepupae or pupae (in groups of 7 and 8 cells) from each of 9 colonies of each bee type. After 1, 2 and 3 days, the number of cells remaining capped and the number of uncapped cells having dead brood not wholly removed were counted. Uncapping of dead brood was similar for the bee types on day 1. European colonies had fully uncapped brood by day 2, whereas uncapping in Africanized colonies was not complete until day 3. Removal of uncapped dead brood was greater among European colonies than Africanized colonies on days 1 and 2. The European bees had virtually completed brood removal on day 2, but 6 of the Africanized colonies had dead brood present on day 2, and 3 still had dead brood on day 3. Physiological susceptibility to infection was evaluated by treating larvae with enough Bacillus larvae spores to induce moderate mortality; larvae were obtained from 8 colonies of each type. Mortality of treated Africanized larvae was lower than that of European larvae. Survival of control larvae did not differ between bee types. The differences in behavioural and physiological susceptibility to AFB are discussed. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600253 beneficial insects/Bacillus larvae/Costa Rica/honey bee brood/American foul brood/honey bees/susceptibility/eviction/races/Apis mellifera/Europe/tropical Africa. Danka, R. G. and Villa, J. D. (1994) Resistance to infestation by tracheal mites in Buckfast honey bees: field test and investigations of mechanisms. American Bee Journal, 134(12), 831. Original title or source: [Abstract]. P. Walker. The following honey bees (Apis mellifera) were compared: (A) Buckfast bees from England, (B) Carniolans from Yugoslavia, (C) Survivor, developed from Louisiana colonies known to have been infested with Acarapis woodi, (D) Unchallenged, developed from a feral Louisiana population not exposed to A. woodi. After experimental infestation with the mites, infestation levels increased more rapidly in C and D than in A and B, where they remained below 15%. Other colony characteristics were also recorded and it is concluded that it is feasible to select for resistance to A. woodi. In a further study on A and C, differences in resistance were demonstrated. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics & Physiology Lab., ARS, USDA, 1157 Ben Hur Rd., Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601045 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ parasites/pests/honey bees/Acarapis woodi/of honey bees/resistance/variation. Danka, R. G. and Villa, J. D. (1996) Influence of resistant honey bee hosts on the life history of the parasite Acarapis woodi. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 20(6), 313-322. P. Walker. Uninfested young adult workers were taken from 10 honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies known to be resistant to A. woodi (R) and from 8 susceptible colonies (S). The test bees were exposed to mites in infested colonies for 4, 9 or 21 days and then examined. A lower percentage of R bees than S bees became infested with foundress mites. In comparing individual S and R bees which became infested, S had more foundress mites; mite fecundity was similar in both types of host. The percentage infestation results corresponded well with results from an earlier field test with these honey bee lines, so the bioassay described could be useful in assessing honey bee resistance to the mite. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900245 Apis mellifera/beenficial insects/parasites/infestation/pests/honey bees/Acarapis woodi/of honey bees/resistance/reproduction. Danka, R. G. and Villa, J. D. (1996) Comparative susceptibility of Africanized honey bees from south Texas to infestation by Acarapis woodi. Southwestern Entomologist, 21(4), 451-456. D. G. Lowe. The susceptibility of honey bees to A. woodi infestation was assessed by exposing uninfested young adult workers from test colonies to A. woodi in the brood nests of 4 inoculation colonies (43, 48, 68 and 83% of adult bees infested). The colonies tested were: (1) Africanized, from Texas; (2) resistant European (Buckfast) from the UK; (3) susceptible European from Louisiana. The proportion of bees that became infested, the number of female mites per infested bee, and the number of immature mites produced per infested bee, were determined. For these 3 parameters, Africanized bees were more similar to resistant European bees than susceptible European bees. Mean mite reproduction in the 3 bee types did not differ. The nature of the resistance to A. woodi in Africanized honey bees is discussed and it is concluded that it is due to disruption of the mite's migratory phase (but not its reproductive phase). Although Africanized honey bees from Texas show a measure of resistance to A. woodi this does not exceed that of European stocks commercially available in the USA. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901325 Acarapis woodi/Apis mellifera/Texas/pests/tropical Africa/Europe/USA. Danka, R. G. and Villa, J. D. (1998) Evidence of autogrooming as a mechanism of honey bee resistance to tracheal mite infestation. Journal of Apicultural Research, 37(1), 39-46. Infestations of tracheal mites (Acarapis woodi) were measured in honey bees (Apis mellifera) whose autogrooming ability had been impaired by having legs or segments of legs amputated. Bees of two stocks, one more resistant (Buckfast) and one more susceptible (Louisiana) to A. woodi infestation, were tested by performing amputations on uninfested, young (0 – 24 h) adult bees, exposing the treated bees to mites in infested colonies, then retrieving and dissecting the bees to measure parasitism. In both stocks, bees that had mesothoracic legs amputated had greatly increased mite abundances. However, the relative increase in infestation was greater in resistant bees. Mite infestation increased as more (0 vs. 1 vs. 2) mesothoracic legs were removed. In bees with only one leg removed, mite infestations were greater on the treated side. In subsequent tests with resistant stock bees only, removing the mesotarsi resulted in infestations equalling those found when entire mesothoracic legs were removed, but amputating the 4 distal mesotarsomeres or the metatarsi resulted in less significant increases. Restraining rather than removing mesothoracic legs also resulted in increased infestation.Young (0 –24 h) bees were more affected than older (3–4 days) bees by leg removal, indicating that a factor other than autogrooming accounts for the low susceptibility of older bees to tracheal mites. The results indicate that autogrooming is an important mechanism of protection against tracheal mites, especially in bees known to have genetically-based resistance to the parasite. Accession date: 25 june 1998. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bb. Language: En. . Author address: Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Lab., ARS, USDA, 1157 Ben Hur Rd., Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA224/99 honey bees/pests/Acarapis woodi/resistance/grooming/legs/age. Danka, R. G., Villa, J. D., Rinderer, T. E. and Delatte, G. T. (1995) Field test of resistance to Acarapis woodi (Acari: Tarsonemidae) and of colony production by four stocks of honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 88(3), 584-591. The characteristics of 4 stocks of Apis mellifera were evaluated in colonies managed commercially for honey production at 3 locations in the USA (1 north-central location (Iowa) and 2 south-central locations (Mississippi, Texas)). Stocks were compared for 1 year beginning in October 1991 to determine the levels of infestation by tracheal mites, Acarapis woodi, and to ascertain survival rates, levels of honey production and sizes of adult and brood populations. Test stocks were ARS-Y-C-1 (A. mellifera carnica imported from Yugoslavia), Buckfast (imported from the United Kingdom), Survivor (developed from colonies in a Louisiana apiary and believed to have had a severe tracheal mite infestation), and Unchallenged (developed from a feral Louisiana population never exposed to tracheal mites). Stocks were initially represented by 15-20 colonies at each location. After an initial inoculation of mite-infested bees in the autumn, infestation percentages increased more markedly in the susceptible (Survivor and Unchallenged) stocks than in the resistant (ARS-Y-1 and Buckfast) stocks. Mean infestation percentages in the resistant stocks remained 15% and thus were below levels associated with economic damage. Mean infestation percentages in susceptible stocks ranged from 13 to 95% at each site during the final 6 months of the study. Numbers of mites/infested bee differed between stocks in 4 of 21 samples; mite numbers tended to be greatest in Survivor bees and least in Buckfast bees. Mortality increased more rapidly among susceptible colonies than among resistant colonies as infestation increased in 1992. Honey production was greatest by Buckfast, intermediate by Survivor and least by the Unchallenged and ARS-Y-C-1 colonies. Differences in population sizes of adult bees and brood occurred in approximately half the samples taken in spring and autumn; Survivor and Buckfast colonies were most populous. Stock characteristics showed no interaction of genotype with environment, i.e., location. The results supported the feasibility of an approach using genetically regulated resistance to manage problems caused by tracheal mites. Library code: 20 ref. Language: En. Author address: Honey-Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701410 social insects/insects/natural enemies/survival/honey bees/honey bee colonies/hive products/pest resistance/genetic resistance/genetics/mites/genotypes/Apis mellifera carnica/USA/Mississippi/Texas/Iowa/Apis mellifera/Acarapis woodi/hosts/Apis mellifera/pathogens/pests/of honey bees/resistance/size/honey-getting capacity/death/brood rearing. Danty, E., Cornuet, J. M. and Masson, C. (1994) Honeybees have putative olfactory receptor proteins similar to those of vertebrates. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie III, Sciences de la Vie, 317(12), 1073-1079. D. G. Lowe. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of worker honey bee (Apis mellifera ligustica) cDNA with degenerate primers derived from mammalian olfactory receptor genes gave products from which it was possible to clone 4 DNA fragments from putative odour receptor genes. The conclusion that honey bees possess olfactory receptor proteins similar to those of vertebrates was supported by amino acid sequence similarity with published sequences from vertebrates and hydrophilicity profiles corresponding to 4 of the 7 known trans-membrane domain receptor genes. The results are discussed in the context of the evolution of the olfactory receptor genes. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: INRA-CNRS (URA 1190), Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800149 Apis mellifera/honey bees/DNA/genes/senses/smell. Darby, T. (1994) Build a radial extractor. Bee Culture, 122(10), 582-587. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601106 honey/extraction/centrifugation. Darchen, R. J. (1993) Males [drone honey bees] the unappreciated. Abeilles et Fleurs(424;435), 2-5;3-6. Original title or source: Les males, ces incompris. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700197 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/drone honey bees. D'Arcy, B. R., Rintoul, G. B., Rowland, C. Y. and Blackman, A. J. (1997) Composition of Australian honey extractives. 1. Norisoprenoids, monoterpenes, and other natural volatiles from blue gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon) and yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) honeys. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45(5), 1834-1843. P. Walker. Volatile compounds were extracted from 8 samples of E. melliodora honey and 7 of E. leucoxylon honey by ethyl acetate treatment. GC and GC/MS analyses led to the identification of 55 compounds, including norisoprenoids, monoterpenes, benzene derivatives, aliphatic compounds and Maillard reaction products. Thirteen compounds were identified quantitatively for the first time in honey. Comparison of the results with those for 8 other types of Australian honey showed that certain compounds are characteristic for each of the 2 Eucalyptus honeys examined. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Queensland, Gatton College, 4345 Queensland, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901389 honey/Eucalyptus/volatile compounds/composition/Eucalyptus melliodora/Eucalyptus leucoxylon/forest trees/multipurpose trees. Dasgan, H. Y., Ozdogan, A. O., Abak, K. and Kaftanoglu, O. (1997) Comparison of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) and bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) as pollinators for melons (Cucumis melo L.) grown in greenhouses. 1st International ISHS Symposium on Cucurbits 20-23 May 1997. Adana, Turkey, University of Cukurova, 19. Original title or source: [Abstract]. D. G. Lowe. The total yields of melon plants pollinated by B. terrestris were similar to those of plants pollinated by A. mellifera, but average fruit weight, size and seeds/fruit were higher for fruits from the plants pollinated by B. terrestris. Page(s): 19. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture University of Cukurova, 01330 Adana, Turkey. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900787 pollination/honey bees/Bombus/Cucumis melo/greenhouse culture/honey bees/Apis mellifera/Bombus terrestris/beneficial insects/pollinators/melons. Dashad, S. S. and Sharma, J. K. (1993) Relative abundance of insect visitors on blooms of certain cultivars of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Crop Research (Hisar), 6(3), 491-498. Studies were carried out in Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India, on the abundance of honeybees and dipterans on 7 varieties of apple at 3 different times during the day (0900-1000, 1200-1300 and 1500-1600 h). Apis cerana indica was the most abundant insect, followed by Episyrphus balteatus, A. mellifera, Eristalis tenax and A. dorsata. Orthellia sp. was the least abundant insect recorded. Of the different apple varieties, cvs. Red Gold and Richared attracted the greatest and lowest number of insects, resp. Library code: 8 ref. Language: En. Author address: College of Horticulture, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni 173 230, Himachal Pradesh, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700535 insects/beneficial insects/Apidae/Hymenoptera/Syrphidae/Diptera/Muscidae/pome fruits/honey bees/Apis cerana indica/Apis mellifera/Apis dorsata/apples/orchards/Episyrphus balteatus/Eristalis tenax/Neomyia/India/Himachal Pradesh/pollinators/foraging/Malus pumila/Apis/species. Dashad, S. S. and Sharma, J. K. (1994) Foraging rate of insect visitors on blooms of various cultivars of apple (Malus domestica Borkh). Annals of Biology (Ludhiana), 10(1), 75-79. The foraging behaviour of honey bees and dipteran flies markedly affects the pollination of apple flowers. The foraging rate (number of flowers visited/min) of nectar, pollen and nectar-pollen insect foragers (Apis spp., Episyrphus balteatus, Eristalis tenax and Orthellia [Neomyia] spp.) on 7 cultivars of apple (Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Red Gold, Royal Delicious, Richared, Ruspippin and Tydeman's Early Worcester) was investigated at Solan during 1988-89. Pollen gatherers had a higher foraging rate than nectar and nectar-pollen foragers. Dipteran flies had low foraging rates compared with honey bees. The highest foraging rate was observed on Golden Delicious, and the lowest rate on Ruspippin. Library code: 4 ref. Language: En. Author address: College of Horticulture, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni 173230 (H. P), India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700934 Malus pumila/honey bees/Apis/cultivars/flowers/nectar/pollen/apples/pollination/pollinators/Apidae/Episyrphus balteatus/Eristalis tenax/Orthellia/Neomyia/insects/India/Himachal Pradesh/foraging/Diptera. Dathe, H. H. (1994) Studies on systematics and taxonomy of the genus Hylaeus F.(Apidae, Colletidae). 1. Hylaeus annulatus (L.) a holarctic, Hylaeus aborigensis sp. n. a new Siberian species. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 44(2), 441-445. Original title or source: Studien zur Systematik und Taxonomie der Gattung Hylaeus F. (Apidae, Colletinae). 1. Hylaeus annulatus (L.) eine holarktische, Hylaeus aborigensis sp. n. eine neue sibirische Art. Library code: Ba. Language: De. Author address: Projektgruppe Entomologie, Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Fachhochschule Eberswalde, Schicklerstrasse 5, D-16225 Eberswalde, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800084 Apidae/Hylaeus/taxonomy. Dathe, H. H. (1995) Studies on systematics and taxonomy of the genus Hylaeus F. (Apidae, Colletinae): 2. Clarification and redescription of species from Arab countries. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 45(1), 155-174. Original title or source: Studien zur Systematik und Taxonomie der Gattung Hylaeus F. (Apidae, Colletinae). 2. Klarung und Neubeschreibung von Arten arabischer Lander. Library code: Ba. Language: De. Author address: Projektgruppe Entomologie, Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Fachhochschule Eberswalde, Postfach 100238, D-16202 Eberswalde, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800082 Apidae/Hylaeus/taxonomy. Dathe, H. H., Heide, A. v. d. and Witt, R. (1996) Record of a new masked bee for Europe Hylaeus lepidulus Cockerell, 1924 (Hym., Apidae). Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte, 40(3), 157-163. Original title or source: Nachweis einer neuen Maskenbiene fur Europa Hylaeus lepidulus Cockerell, 1924 (Hym., Apidae). D. G. Lowe. The nomenclatural status of 2 bee species which have been confused under the name H. gracilicornis in the literature H. gracilicornis and H. lepidulus is discussed, and their European distribution and habitat preferences are described. Library code: Ba. Language: De. Author address: Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Schicklerstr. 5, D-16225 Eberswalde, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900811 Hylaeus gracilicornis/Hylaeus lepidulus/Apidae/Hylaeus/taxonomy. Dauguet, J. C., Bert, M., Dolley, J., Bekaert, A. and Lewin, G. (1993) 8-Methoxykaempferol 3-neohesperidoside and other flavonoids from bee pollen of Crataegus monogyna. Phytochemistry, 33(6), 1503-1505. The flowers of C. monogyna are widely used in traditional medicine. A new flavonol glycoside, 8-methoxykaempferol 3-neohesperidoside, and 3 known compounds (8-methoxykaempferol 3-O--D-glucoside, 8-methoxykaempferol and kaempferol 3-neohesperidoside) were isolated from the MeOH extract of bee pollen of C. monogyna (collected from Palaiseau, France). Their structures were elucidated from spectral and chemical analyses. Library code: 11 ref. Language: En. Author address: Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et de Phytochimie, Faculte de Pharmacie, 1 Rue Vaubenard, 14032 Caen Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600760 Crataegus monogyna/medicinal plants/plant composition/pollen/spectral analysis/chemical analysis/chemical structure/flavonols/glycosides/flavonoids/bee-collected pollen/hive products/as hive products/Crataegus/flavonoids. Davidenko, I. K. and Mikitenko, G. D. (1994) The preparation and use of nurse colonies at the Ukrainian steppe queen rearing station. Bdzhil'nitstvo, 21, 15-18. Library code: Bj. Language: Uk. Author address: Poltavskii Filial Institutu Bdzhilnitstva im P. I. Prokolovicha UAAN, Kiev, Ukraine. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700250 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/beekeeping/management/virgin queen honey bees/production/Ukraine. Davies, G. (1997) Pollen sources for honey bees in Ireland. Beekeeping, 63(10), 238-240. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900935 honey bee forage/Irish Republic. Davis, A. (1995) Investigation of nectar and pollen production, and the pollination of borage (Borago officinalis L.). Canadian Honey Council Research Symposium Proceedings 1995. Nipawin, Canada, Canadian Honey Council, 50-54. D. G. Lowe. Studies were carried out at 4 commercial borage fields in Saskatchewan, Canada, in 1993-1994. The fields had apiaries nearby or around their borders. Hives were weighed regularly and pollen loads were collected in pollen traps. Individual foraging insects (97% were honey bees) and their activities were identified and recorded. Increases in hive weight during the borage flowering period averaged 148 lbs in 1993 and 281 1bs in 1994. There was considerable variation between colonies in the proportion of borage pollen in pollen loads, averages varying from 5% to 40%. There was a strong preference among foraging bees for nectar over pollen. These preliminary results indicate that borage is an excellent honey plant that makes an important, late-season addition to Saskatchewan bee forage. Laboratory studies and field observations have indicated that honey bees are satisfactory pollinators of borage. Page(s): 50-54. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700933 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/honey/Canada/conferences/foraging/honey bees/nectar/pollen/Borago officinalis/nectar plants/pollination/of Borago officinalis/by honey bees. Davis, A. J. and Tribe, G. D. (1996) Room to spare? Is Drosophila flavohirta Malloch, exploiting Eucalyptus gomphocephala A. DC flowers, in an incomplete guild? African Entomology, 4(2), 277-280. D. G. Lowe. D. flavohirta lays eggs in the flowers of eucalypts, including E. gomphocephala. The larvae which develop feed on nectar and pollen, and the adults feed on pollen. Feeding by D. flavohirta reduces nectar availability for honey bees (Apis mellifera). This study in South Africa showed that D. flavohirta larvae are significantly aggregated in the flowers, within racemes, thus allowing the potential co-existence of other floricolous species on the flowers. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900013 Drosophila flavohirta/Eucalyptus gomphocephala/South Africa/forest trees. Davis, A. R. (1997) Influence of floral visitation on nectar-sugar composition and nectary surface changes in Eucalyptus. Apidologie, 28(1), 27-42. Author. Floral nectaries and their production of major nectar carbohydrates were studied in 3 species of Eucalyptus in Australia. In E. cosmophylla, E. grandis and E. pulverulenta, the nectary is located on the inner surface of the hypanthium, below the stamen filaments. Nectary surfaces possess hundreds of modified stomata that are solitary, distributed uniformly, asynchronous in development, and serve as exits for nectar flow. Nectar yields per bagged flower were greatest in E. cosmophylla and least in E. grandis, correlating with flower size but not with nectary stomatal density. The nectar of E. pulverulenta was sucrose-rich, but hexose-rich in the others. Few changes in nectar carbohydrate composition were detected between flowers whether protected or continually exposed to visitors (e.g. honey bees) and whether young or old, indicating an overall constancy in composition for the long period of nectar availability. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, 112 Science Place, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900005 Eucalyptus cosmophylla/Eucalyptus grandis/Eucalyptus pulverulenta/Australia/Eucalyptus/nectaries/nectar/nectar/sugars/Eucalyptus/nectar/secretion/forest trees/plant morphology/flowers/insects/nectar/plant composition/Eucalyptus. Davis, A. R. (1997) Further miscellaneous constituents of corbicular pollen loads from Apis mellifera: petals, stamens, anther threads, and thrips. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Pollination, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, 23-28 June 1996 [edited by Richards, K. W.]. Leiden, Netherlands, International Society for Horticultural Science, 199-206. D. G. Lowe. Microscopical examination of pollen loads from OAC pollen traps fixed to hives in 4 apiaries in Saskatchewan, Canada (1993-95) and corbicular pollen taken from honey bee (Apis mellifera) foragers captured in the field revealed the presence of whole, individual petals and stamens of Brassica sp. (probably canola), strands closely resembling cellulosic, non-lignified threads from Echium plantagineum that spanned the stomium at anther dehiscence, and immature and adult Thysanoptera (thrips). Page(s): 199-206. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900696 honey bees/Apis mellifera/International symposium on pollination/Brassica/Echium plantagineum/Thrips. Davis, A. R. (1997) Pollination efficiency of insects. Pollen biotechnology for crop production and improvement [edited by Shivanna, K. R.; Sawhney, V. K.]. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 87-120. Insects visiting flowers to collect nectar, pollen and other rewards often serve as important incidental agents of pollination. The efficiency of insect species as pollinators varies greatly. In this chapter, emphasis is placed on (a) the interactions between foraging insects, (b) comparison of pollinating abilities of insect sexes and castes, (c) comparisons of nectar and pollen foragers, (d) insect tongue length and its influence on flower visitation patterns, (e) characteristics of pollen grains and insect body hairs, and their influence on pollen movement, and (f) pollen removal, and various other pollen losses, during insect visits. To date, most of the knowledge on insect pollination efficiency is derived from plant species growing in natural settings. Additional research is required for agricultural and horticultural crops. Some recommendations are given for future studies aimed at identifying the relative importance of different insect species as pollinators in agriculture. The importance of obtaining data within a plant species, for both insect removal and deposition of pollen, is emphasized. Page(s): 87-120. Library code: 10 pp. of ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N 5E2, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900737 books/Pollen biotechnology for crop production and improvement/pollination/plants/pollinators/beneficial insects/pollen/crops. Davis, A. R., Fowke, L. C., Sawhney, V. K. and Low, N. H. (1996) Floral nectar secretion and ploidy in Brassica rapa and B. napus (Brassicaceae). II. Quantified variability of nectary structure and function in rapid-cycling lines. Annals of Botany, 77(2), 223-234. P. Walker. Floral features, especially nectary morphology and nectar production, were compared in haploid, diploid and tetraploid lines of B. rapa and in allotetraploid B. napus. Pollen grains are described. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800728 brassica campestris/nectaries/nectar/ploidy/Brassica napus/nectar/Brassica/flowers/morphology. Davis, A. R., Sawhney, V. K., Fowke, L. C. and Low, N. H. (1994) Floral nectar secretion and ploidy in Brassica rapa and B. napus (Brassicaceae). I. Nectary size and nectar carbohydrate production and composition. Apidologie, 25(6), 602-614. Author. Haploid (n = 10), diploid (2n = 20) and tetraploid (4n = 40) lines of Brassica rapa (= B. campestris), and a line of allotetraploid (4n = 38) B. napus, were examined to determine whether ploidy can influence nectar production. Flowers of all lines developed functional nectaries. Overall, nectar sugars consisted almost exclusively of glucose and fructose. Sucrose was detected in only 15% of samples, usually in trace amounts. For all levels of ploidy, 95% of total nectar sugar per flower was expelled from the lateral (inner) pair of glands. These glands were directly supplied with phloem alone, whereas the median (outer) glands, which were poor nectar yielders, usually did not receive any vascular supply. Haploids produced only 30% as much nectar sugar as 2n and 4n lines of B. rapa, which in turn exuded only 44-50% of the average quantity of nectar sugar released by B. napus. A linear regression (r = 0.803) of mean lateral-nectary volume on average total nectar sugar per flower was determined for all plants of B. rapa, but this was modified (r = 0.445) when data for B. napus were included. In all lines, opportunity exists for selection for high nectar sugar production. Plants yielding the most floral nectar sugar had high frequencies (80-95%) of lateral glands that were symmetrical and of uniform size within a flower. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601406 Brassica campestris/Brassica napus/nectar/ploidy/effects/secretion/yield/nectaries/sugars. Dawar, R., Ali, T. and Qaiser, M. (1994) Hybridization in Sida ovata complex. II. Evidence from breeding studies. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 26(1), 83-97. Breeding studies reconfirmed hybridization between S. ovata and S. tiagii. Results of pollination experiments and pollen-ovule ratios revealed that both parents and the hybrid showed facultative autogamy. A Chrysis sp. (Hymenoptera) was responsible for pollen transfer between S. ovata and S. tiagii in natural populations. Bembix and Bombus spp., were specific pollinators for S. ovata, Apis and Vespa spp. for S. tiagii, and a Ponera sp. for the hybrid. The limited number of hybrids may be due to less frequent visitation of common pollinator (Chrysis sp.) along with the incomplete reproductive barrier between the parents. Restricted gene flow was also indicated by the lower fruit and seed set in hand pollinated reciprocal crosses of the putative parents compared with self pollination. Backcrosses were impeded by the absence of common pollinators between the parents and hybrid and meiotic irregularities, indicated by the failure of hand pollinated backcrosses. Library code: 8 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701179 pollinators/insects/beneficial organisms/backcrossing/sexual reproduction/mating systems/gene flow/hybrids/Sida ovata/Sida tiagii/interspecific hybridization/pollination/pollination/of Sida/by insects/Sida/pollination. Dawicke, B. L., Otis, G. W., Scott-Dupree, C. and Nasr, M. (1992) Host preference of the honey bee tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi (Rennie)). Experimental & Applied Acarology, 15(2), 83-98. Author. Field and laboratory bioassays were used to test the preference of A. woodi for drones versus workers. Groups of newly-emerged drones and workers were marked and introduced into either heavily infested colonies (field bioassays) or into cages of infested bees obtained from the field colonies (laboratory bioassays). Seven days later all of the marked bees in each bioassay were removed. The numbers of mites of each life stage in each drone or worker target bee of each experiment were counted. Mite prevalence values for the two castes were not found to differ significantly in either experiment. However, the caste of the target bee was shown to influence the migration of the adult female mites. Drones contained a greater number of migratory female mites and greater total numbers of all mite stages compared to workers. The results indicate that migrating female mites preferentially infest drones and suggest that the role of drones in the dissemination and population dynamics of A. woodi needs to be examined further. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600248 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/parasites/pests/honey bees/Acarapis woodi/of honey bees/host preferences/drone honey bees/worker honey bees/infestation. Dawson, C. (1996) New Zealand Beekeepers Technical Library: how it started and Foundation Life Members. New Zealand Beekeeper, 3(3), 11. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800118 beekeeping/libraries/New Zealand. Day, J. H., Buckeridge, D. L. and Welsh, A. C. (1994) Risk assessment in determining systemic reactivity to honeybee stings in sting-threatened individuals. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 93(4), 691-705. The diagnostic parameters (sting rate, venom-specific RAST IgE, venom-specific RAST IgG, venom-specific IgG, venom-specific skin test) of 224 individuals at risk of Apis mellifera sting were evaluated, a level of risk was assigned on the basis of a hypothetical risk model, and then each subject was sting challenged with a live bee. Of the 70 subjects at the lowest risk level, only 3 (4.3%) experienced equivocal or mild systemic reactions, whereas 8 (72.7%) of the 11 at the highest risk level experienced systemic reactions, of which 5 (45.5%) were severe. Increase in risk level was associated with an increased proportion of systemic reactions. Venom-specific RAST IgE was the best single predictor of reactivity (likelihood ratio = 0.759). Venom-specific skin testing at a concentration of 0.1 g/ml was a better discriminator than a concentration of 1.0 g/ml but did not predict one severe systemic reaction. 3 methods of prediction of risk and severity of reaction were examined; the one that assessed risk in the most clinically useful manner was similar to the hypothetical risk model. This model compared well with classical methods of risk assessment and may be used to assess high-risk individuals exposed to honeybees when management could include prophylactic immunotherapy. Library code: 35 ref. Language: En. Author address: Division of Allergy and Immunology, Kingston General Hospital, 76 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario, K7L 2V7, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700923 risk assessment/IgE/IgG/risk/arthropod allergies/skin tests/RAST/anaphylaxis/Apis mellifera/man/stings/hypersensitivity/honey bees/allergies. Day, M. C. (1991) Towards the conservation of aculeate Hymenoptera in Europe. Strasbourg, France, Council of Europe. Author. The Hymenoptera Aculeata is reviewed in the context of conservation imperatives. An assessment is made of the evolution of faunas, their zoogeography, and the ecological constraints and behavioural requirements which determine their present-day distributions. Both the beneficial and the deleterious effects of man on their populations are discussed, and indications for further research given. Specific examples from diverse groups are evaluated to illustrate these perspectives. The difficulty of coordinating information of this kind, particularly Red Lists, for a relatively large, diverse and fragmentarily-known group is emphasized. The value of species of aculeate Hymenoptera as potential tools for sensitive biotope analysis is discussed. The 33-page appendix of aculeate Hymenoptera in European Red Data lists contains many species of bees. Page(s): 77 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: British Museum (Natural History), London, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600401 Apidae/Hymenoptera/beneficial insects/Hymenoptera Aculeata/Apoidea/Europe/conservation. Dayrell, I. O. and Vital, N. C. (1991) Comparison between two official methods for hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) determination in honey. Ciencia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 11(1), 137-141. Original title or source: Comparacao entre dois metodos oficiais para determinacao de hidroximetilfurfural (HMF) em mel brasileiro. P. Walker. In the analysis of 20 honey samples, HMF contents determined by the AOAC (1984) method were lower than values given by the Winkler method. The former is considered to be more exact, and the procedure is simpler. It is therefore recommended that the AOAC method should replace the Winkler method in Brazilian legislation. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Divisao de Bromatologia e Toxicologia, Servico de Qui[mi]ca Bromatologica, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, CEP, 30550 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600717 honey/composition/HMF/Brazil/analytical methods/analysis/determination. De Guzman, L., Rinderer, T. E., Stelzer, J. A. and Anderson, D. (1998) Congruence of RAPD and mitochondrial DNA markers in assessing Varroa jacobsoni genotypes. Journal of Apicultural Research, 37(1), 49-51. DNA extracts from V. jacobsoni collected from USA, Europe, Morocco, Russia, Brazil, Puerto Rico and Japan, were analysed by using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker OPE-07 and Sst I restriction endonuclease treatment of the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO-1) gene. V. jacobsoni from Japan, Brazil and Puerto Rico (Japanese type) lacked a 766 bp band revealed by OPE-07 in mites from the other sources. Sst I produced bands at 236 and 338 bp in the Japanese type of mite and a single band at 519 bp in the other (Russian) type, found in Europe, Morocco, Russia and USA. The significance of these findings in relation to breeding honey bees for Varroa resistance is discussed. Accession date: 25 june 1998. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bb. Language: En. . Author address: Honey-Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Lab., ARS, USDA, 1157 Ben Hur Rd., Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA225/99 honey bees/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/DNA/genetic variation/genotypes. De Guzman, L. I. (1994) Tolerance potential and defense mechanisms of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) to Varroa jacobsoni Oud. (Acari: Varroidae) and Acarapis species (Acari: Tarsonemidae), PhD Thesis, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical college, USA. Author. Comparative resistance or tolerance of 4 stocks of Apis mellifera to V. jacobsoni, A. dorsalis, A. externus and A. woodi, was investigated using choice (bioassay) and field experiments. A. m. carnica from Yugoslavia (ARS-Y-C-1), A. m. carnica from Canada (Hastings), an F hybrid between ARS-Y-C-1 and Hastings and a general Louisiana stock were evaluated. A tolerance index showed that Hastings, ARS-Y-C-1 and F hybrid exhibited some degree of tolerance to V. jacobsoni. These stocks lived longer with higher levels of Varroa infestation in worker pupae and on adult honey bees. The Louisiana stock was more susceptible to Varroa infestation, showing an earlier death at lower levels of infestation. Regardless of the stock, V. jacobsoni had similar reproductive success based on the number of mites per infested pupa (1-10 mites), number of foundress Varroa per infested pupa (1-3 females), number of progeny per female (0-5 progeny), number of progeny per infested pupa (0-7 progeny), and proportion of infested pupae containing infertile foundresses (0-47%). Apparently, differences in the duration of the capped stage of the 4 stocks did not influence the ability of Varroa to reproduce. ARS-Y-C-1 stock had the longest capped period and the shortest was observed in the F hybrid. The Louisiana stock seemed to have better grooming behaviour than the other stocks, indicated by a higher number of recovered dead mites. However, this characteristic did not influence the stock's ability to tolerate mite infestations. ARS-Y-C-1 and the F hybrid also showed considerable resistance to A. woodi. Tracheal mite infestations of these stocks consistently remained at about 10% in 2 field trials. This level is well below the level (25%) reported to cause economic damage in honey bee colonies. Using a bioassay, resistance to A. woodi displayed by ARS-Y-C-1 stock was comparable to that of Buckfast bees and their reciprocal hybrids. The Louisiana and Hastings stocks had the highest levels of tracheal mite infestation. A. dorsalis was most prevalent in the Hastings stock and levels of A. externus were higher on ARS-Y-C-1, F hybrid and Louisiana stocks. Page(s): xii + 156 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801381 beneficial insects/Apis mellifera/ectoparasites/parasites/USA/Louisiana/Canada/Yugoslavia/hybrids/theses/Varroa jacobsoni/Acarapis/resistance/honey bees/pests/of honey bees/Acarapis woodi/Acarapis dorsalis/Acarapis externus/reproduction/development/grooming/races/Apis mellifera carnica. De Guzman, L. I. and Delfinado-Baker, M. (1995) Identification of a new species of Varroa associated with Apis koschevnikovi in Borneo. American Bee Journal, 135(12), 827. Original title or source: [Abstract]. P. Walker. Mite specimens were collected from A. koschevnikovi drone brood and compared with those collected from A. cerana colonies. Comparative measurements are given for 9 morphological characters which differed significantly between the Varroa specimens. The new species may be distinguished from V. jacobsoni by its lack of a seta on the trochanter of the palpus, and other morphological features. Also, it is larger, has long and wide-looped petritremes, more setae on the marginal endopodal shields, and fewer setae and pores on the sternal shield. No cross infestation of the two mite species on the two Apis species was found, and the new Varroa species may be specific to A. koschevnikovi. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics, & Physiology Lab., USDA-ARS, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701072 honey bees/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/taxonomy/new species/conferences/pests/Varroa/of honey bees/species/Borneo/Apis koschevnikovi/species/species/morphology/mites/arthropod pests/hosts. De Guzman, L. I. and Delfinado-Baker, M. (1996) A new species of Varroa (Acari: Varroidae) associated with Apis koschevnikovi (Apidae: Hymenoptera) in Borneo. International Journal of Acarology, 22(1), 23-27. The general morphology and RAPD banding pattern of adult females of Varroa rindereri sp. nov. collected from drone brood of Apis koschevnikovi, a cavity-nesting bee in Borneo, is described and illustrated. This is the 3rd known species of Varroa recorded from cavity nesting bees in Asia, the others being V. jacobsoni and V. underwoodi. The new species resembles V. jacobsoni. Morphological and molecular differences between the two species are discussed. Library code: 9 ref. Language: En. Author address: USDA/ARS Honey-Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Research Laboratory, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800116 varroa underwoodi/natural enemies/pollinators/arthropod pests/beneficial insects/Apis koschevnikovi/Varroa rindereri/hosts/ectoparasites/Borneo/taxonomy/new species/Varroa jacobsoni/varroa/apis/pests/honey bees/of honey bees/morphology/pests. De Guzman, L. I. and Rinderer, T. E. (1994) Comparative resistance of different stocks of Apis mellifera L. to infestation by tracheal mites. American Bee Journal, 134(12), 833. Original title or source: [Abstract]. P. Walker. Carniolan honey bees imported from Yugoslavia were compared with Hastings and Louisiana bees and a Carniolan Hastings hybrid. High initial levels of A. woodi infestation decreased in the Carniolan and hybrid colonies and then remained at about 10%. In the USA lines, levels were 62% and 76%, respectively. Similar trends were found in a second study. Individual bees had different mite loads: initial loads of 8.8-11.4 mites/bee fell to 1-7 mites on Carniolan and hybrid bees, but increased to 13 on Hastings and 18 on Louisiana bees. In a further comparative study, the resistance of the Carniolan bees was similar to that of Buckfast bees. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics & Physiol. Lab., ARS, USDA, 1157 Ben Hur Rd., Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601048 beneficial insects/parasites/pests/honey bees/Acarapis woodi/of honey bees/resistance/variation/races/Apis mellifera carnica. De Guzman, L. I. and Rinderer, T. E. (1999) Identification and comparison of Varroa species infesting honey bees. Apidologie, 30(2-3), 85-95. V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi and V. rindereri are obligatory parasites of honey bees. The key morphological characters, host range and geographic distribution of these species are reviewed. The occurrence of different genotypes of V. jacobsoni, their geographic distribution and virulence on honey bee hosts are discussed. Accession date: 29 July 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En, fr, de. Author. Author address: ARS, USDA, Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Lab., 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA837/99 Varroa jacobsoni/Varroa underwoodi/Varroa rindereri/honey bees/parasites/Apis/review. De Guzman, L. I., Rinderer, T. E., Delatte, G. T. and Macchiavelli, R. E. (1996) Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans tolerance in selected stocks of Apis mellifera L. Apidologie, 27(4), 193-210. P. Walker. The relative tolerance of the following were studied in field conditions in Florida, USA: A. m. carnica from Yugoslavia (Y) and from Canada (C), and F hybrids of Y and C, and bees from a commercial source in Louisiana (L). Mite-free colonies were each inoculated with about 50 V. jacobsoni in July and the levels of infestation and of adult bee populations and brood were monitored. Tolerance of the mites was lowest in L (the colonies died at low infestation levels), whereas Y, C and their hybrids all survived longer with higher levels of infestation. However, mite reproductive success was similar in all stocks. It is concluded that care must be taken in the characteristics used as the basis for selection of bees for mite tolerance. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Honey-Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801017 honey bees/ectoparasites/resistance/Yugoslavia/Canada/USA/hybrids/reproduction/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/tolerance/Apis mellifera/races/Apis mellifera carnica/hosts/Florida. De Guzman, L. I., Rinderer, T. E. and Lancaster, V. A. (1995) A short test evaluating larval attractiveness of honey bees to Varroa jacobsoni. Journal of Apicultural Research, 34(2), 89-92. Author. A controlled experiment which utilized a larval transfer (grafting) technique was used to evaluate attractiveness of larvae from 4 different stocks of honey bees (Apis mellifera) to Varroa jacobsoni. The stocks of honey bees were: ARS-Y-C-1 (A. m. carnica, from Yugoslavia), Hastings (A. m. carnica, from Canada), an F hybrid between ARS-Y-C-1 and Hastings, and a Louisiana stock. Newly hatched larvae (target larvae) from each test stock were grafted into an area at the centre of a brood frame occupying 8 rows of 20 cells (160 cells). After larval transfer, each brood frame containing target larvae was introduced into a Varroa-infested colony. Inspection of the frames 2 weeks later showed that ARS-Y-C-1 pupae were less frequently infested than Hastings and Louisiana pupae (20% vs. 36% and 40%), while the infestation rate of the hybrids was intermediate (29%). The stocks did not differ in other parameters of Varroa infestation (mite load per infested pupa, number of females per infested pupa, number of progeny per female, number of progeny per infested pupa, and proportion of infested cells containing infertile females). The results indicate that larvae of the ARS-Y-C-1 stock, which has been selected for resistance to V. jacobsoni, are less attractive to female mites than the larvae of some other honey bee stocks. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Honey-Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Research Laboratory, USDA/ARS, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700272 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/host preferences/larvae/resistance/infestation/variation/laboratory methods. De Guzman, L. I., Rinderer, T. E., Lancaster, V. A., Delatte, G. T. and Stelzer, A. (1999) Varroa in the mating yard: III. The effects of formic acid gel formulation on drone production. American Bee Journal, 139(4), 304-307. Colonies treated with formic acid gel removed drone eggs from combs and delayed much of their drone production. These colonies produced less than half the number of drones produced in control colonies. Adult drone survival was also reduced: only 24% were still alive at 10 days old compared with 49% in controls. It is recommended that formic acid should not be used on colonies that are actively producing drones. Queen producers are advised to rear sufficient drones, bearing in mind the results of this study. Accession date: 2 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author. Author address: USDA, ARS, Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA838/99 Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/formic acid/drone honey bees/brood rearing/mating stations. De Guzman, L. I., Rinderer, T. E. and Stelzer, J. A. (1999) Occurrence of two genotypes of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. in North America. Apidologie, 30(1), 31-36. Samples of V. jacobsoni from 15 US states, 3 provinces of Canada and from central Mexico were analysed by RAPD. Both the Russian and Japanese genotypes were found in USA and Canada, but only the Russian genotype in Mexico. The results suggest that North America, especially USA, has had more than one introduction of the mites. Differences in virulence among strains of V. jacobsoni may be the basis for reports of regional variation in honey bee resistance to the mite. Accession date: 23 June 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: . Author. Author address: USDA, ARS, Honey-Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA546/99 Varroa jacobsoni/genotypes/USA/Canada/Mexico/honey bees/resistance to pests/RAPD. De Guzman, L. I., Rinderer, T. E. and Whiteside, R. R. (1996) A scientific note on the occurrence of Varroa mites on adult worker bees of Apis nuluensis in Borneo. Apidologie, 27(5), 429-430. P. Walker. Adult workers from an experimentally mixed colony of A. nuluensis and A. cerana were examined for mites. Two Varroa species were found on A. nuluensis: 2 V. jacobsoni mites and one mite like V. underwoodi (but with slight differences). Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Honey-Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800875 honey bees/beneficial insects/Apis cerana/ectoparasites/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/Varroa/species/Borneo/Varroa/Apis nuluensis/Varroa. De Jong, D. (1996) Africanized honey bees in Brazil, forty years of adaptation and success. Bee World, 77(2), 67-70. D. G. Lowe. The author reviews how beekeeping practice and public attitudes in Brazil have changed since Africanized honey bees began to spread through the country 40 years ago. Once beekeepers had learned to cope with the highly defensive behaviour of these bees, and to improve their equipment and management techniques, Brazilian beekeeping was able to adapt to the Africanized honey bee. It has now been recognized that Africanized honey bees have several advantages when compared with European honey bees; their colonies build up much faster, they are more resistant to parasites and diseases (including EFB, Acarapis woodi, Varroa jacobsoni and nosema disease), they are better pollinators, they produce more honey, and they are adapted to severe climates such as that in the Brazilian cerrado. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Genetics Department, Medical College, University of Sao Paulo, 14.049.900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701303 beekeeping/Brazil/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa. De Jong, D. and Gonçalves, L. S. (1998) The Africanized bees of Brazil have become tolerant to varroa. Apiacta, 33(3), 65-70. Research on Varroa jacobsoni infestation levels in Brazil over the last 20 years is summarized. Infestation levels first increased quickly, but after 10 years they were below 10% and they are now very low. Accession date: 23 June 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, USP, 14.149-900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA538/99 honey bees, pests, Varroa jacobsonii/Brazil/Africanized honey bees. De Jong, D., Morse, R. and Siggins, J. (1994) The African experience. Bee Culture, 122(8), 453-461. The effects of the spread of Africanized honey bees through Brazil and Mexico, and the response by beekeepers in adapting their methods, are described and discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601328 beneficial insects/beekeeping/Brazil/Mexico/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa. De Jong, D. and Soares, A. E. E. (1997) An isolated population of Italian bees that has survived Varroa jacobsoni infestation without treatment for over 12 years. American Bee Journal, 137(10), 742-745. P. Walker. In 1984, 20 colonies of Italian honey bees (Apis mellifera ligustica) were introduced to Fernando de Noronha, an island near the equator and 345 km off the Brazilian coast. There are now about 50 colonies in hives and an unknown feral population. Although the colonies were infested with Varroa jacobsoni when they were introduced, they have not been treated, and there is no evidence of significant damage to the bees or colony mortality. Mean infestation rates were about 26 mites/100 bees in 1991, 19/100 bees in 1993 and 14/100 bees in 1996. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Dept. de Genetica, Faculdade de Medina, USP, 14.049-900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900980 pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/resistance/races/Apis mellifera ligustica. Debevec, M., Bounias, M. and Popeskovic, D. (1992) Changes in the properties of honeybee haemolymph -glucosidases following dithiothreitol dissociation of native complexes. International Journal of Biochemistry, 24(7), 1087-1091. Author. The higher relative molecular mass (M) forms of larval worker honey bee blood -glucosidases are dissociated by dithiothreitol (DTT) into lower M electrophoretic forms, without any important loss of activity. The maximum velocity remains unchanged and the apparent dissociation constant is slightly increased. However, the Hill coefficient decreases from 1.0 in controls to 0.7 in presence of 600 mm DTT. In the absence of both DTT and substrate, the major native enzyme form, isolated by gel filtration, spontaneously rearranges to give 3 additional minor forms, 1 of lower M and 2 of higher M. These data are consistent with the hypothesis of substrate-directed aggregation of enzyme protomers into functional complexes. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 370, 11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600180 Apis mellifera/worker honey bees/larvae/blood/-glucosidases/kinetics. DeBold, K. and Fondell, T. (1996) Beekeeping in the Central African Republic. Bee World, 77(2), 103-107. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Africare, BP 153, La Kouanga, Bangui, Central African Republic. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701298 beekeeping/Central African Republic. DeClerck-Floate, R. and Richards, K. W. (1997) Pollination ecology and biocontrol: developing release strategies for seed-feeding insects on Dalmatian toadflax. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Pollination, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, 23-28 June 1996 [edited by Richards, K. W.]. Leiden, Netherlands, International Society for Horticultural Science, 379-384. D. G. Lowe. Linaria dalmatica is a noxious rangeland weed in Canada. It is planned to control this weed by releasing a seed weevil, Gymnetron antirrhini, and a study was initiated in 1994 in order to investigate pollination requirements, pollinators and seed-setting efficiency of L. dalmatica at different altitudes in SW Alberta. Seventeen species of bumble bees (Bombus spp.), honey bees (Apis mellifera) and Megachile periherta were identified as pollinators, with bumble bees being most common (97% of observations). Flowering and seed production ended early in the autumn at dry sites. Preliminary results indicated that it would be best to release G. antirrhini early in summer and at lower altitudes to increase its chances of successful establishment. Page(s): 379-384. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, P. O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900405 Bombus/Apis mellifera/Megachile periherta/Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/Linaria dalmatica/Canada/seed predation/Gymnetron antirrhini/International symposium on pollination. Decot, B. (1998) Traditional beekeeping in Benin. Belgique Apicole, 62(3), 85-89. Original title: Apiculture traditionnelle beninoise. Accession date: 8 september 1998. Call number: 638.14. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA173/99 beekeeping/Benin/fixed-comb hives. Dedej, S. (1994) Morphometric analysis of Apis mellifera L. populations from south-eastern Europe. Atti XVII Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia, Udine, Italy, 13-18 Giugno, 1994. Udine, Italy, Accademia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia and Societa Entomologica Italinana, 823-826. Original title or source: Confronto morfometrico fra popolazioni di Apis mellifera L. dell'Europa sud-orientale. Author. Honey bee populations from Albania were compared with Apis mellifera carnica, A. m. macedonica and A. m. ligustica populations from Croatia, Greece and Italy respectively. Fifteen characters of the right forewing were used in the discriminant analysis of the data. The honey bee populations from Albania were found to be hybrids between A. m. carnica and A. m. macedonica. The populations from north-eastern Albania seemed to be more similar to A. m. carnica than to the other races. Page(s): 823-826. Library code: Bd. Language: It. Author address: Cattedra di Zoocolture, Facolta di Veterinaria, Universita di Agricoltura di Tirana, Tirana, Albania. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601376 beneficial insects/Apis mellifera ligustica/Apis mellifera carnica/Apis mellifera macedonica/Croatia/Greece/Italy/conferences/Apis mellifera/Albania/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/Europe/morphology. Dedej, S., Biasiolo, A. and Piva, R. (1994) Alloenzymatic characterization of Apis mellifera L. samples from Albania. Atti XVII Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia, Udine, Italy, 13-18 Giugno, 1994. Udine, Italy, Accademia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia and Societa Entomologica Italinana, 827-830. Original title or source: Caratterizzazione alloenzimatica di campioni di Apis mellifera L. provenienti dall'Albania. Author. An electrophoretic analysis of alleles for 4 enzymes, est-3, mdh-1, me and ao, made possible genetic differentiation between 8 samples of Apis mellifera (Albania), 3 samples of A. m. ligustica (Italy), 2 samples of A. m. carnica (Croatia) and 2 samples of A. m. macedonica (Greece). Page(s): 827-830. Library code: Bd. Language: It. Author address: Cattedra di Zoocolture, Facolta di Veterinaria, Universita di Agricoltura di Tirana, Tirana, Albania. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601375 Apis mellifera ligustica/Apis Mellifera carnica/Apis mellifera macedonica/beneficial insects/Italy/Croatia/Greece/conferences/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/Europe/Apis mellifera/Albania/enzyme polymorphism/genetic variation. Dedej, S., Biasiolo, A. and Piva, R. (1996) Morphometric and alloenzymatic characterisation in the Albanian honeybee population Apis mellifera L. Apidologie, 27(3), 121-131. Author. Samples of honey bees collected from 8 locations in Albania were compared with Apis mellifera carnica, A. m. macedonica, and A. m. ligustica populations from Croatia, Greece and Italy, respectively. Using an electrophoretic analysis of 4 enzyme systems and discriminant analysis of 15 morphometric characters of the right forewing, it was shown that Albania represents an area of hybridization between A. m. carnica and A. m. macedonica. The area should be considered the southern limit of the distribution of A. m. carnica. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Animal Production, Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800943 Apis mellifera/Albania/honey bees/hybridization/enzyme polymorphism/genetic variation/morphology/races/Apis mellifera carnica/Apis mellifera ligustica/Apis mellifera macedonica. Dedej, S., Hartfelder, K., Aumeier, P., Rosenkranz, P. and Engels, W. (1998) Caste determination is a sequential process: effect of larval age at grafting on ovariole number, hind leg size and caphalic volatiles in the honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica). Journal of Apicultural Research, 37(3), 183-190. Artificial queen rearing with worker larvae grafted at different developmental stages resulted in gradual effects on ovary size (number of ovarioles per ovary), as well as hind leg and wax gland structures in adults. A significant decrease in ovariole number was observed when third instar larvae were grafted. Basitarsus shape was affected when fourth instar larvae were grafted. Queen-worker intermediates developed when early-fifth instar worker larvae were transferred. As newly emerged adults, spectra of cephalic volatiles of queens and workers are still very similar, and do not yet exhibit the caste-specific elements of the mandibular glands. At one day after emergence, most of the dominant compounds in these spectra are represented at higher levels in workers. Accession date: 17 May 1999. Call number: 638.145. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: Bee Division of the Dept. of Animal Production, Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA507/99 Apis mellifera carnica/honey bees/queen rearing/grafting/larvae/age/ovary development/ovarioles/hind leg size/basitarsus/queen pheromones/caste determination. Dedej, S. and Manehasa, M. (1994) Beekeeping in Albania is also affected by varroa. Apitalia, 21(19/20), 13-17. Original title or source: L'apicoltura in Albania anch'essa alle prese con la varroa. D. G. Lowe. Beekeeping in Albania, including traditional methods, is briefly described. Varroa jacobsoni was first found in Albania in 1979 and subsequently caused severe damage to beekeeping, especially in 1981-85 when over 30000 colonies were destroyed. Methods used to control varroa are listed. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Cattedra di Zooculture, Facolta di Veterinaria di Tirana, Tirana, Albania. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601445 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/control methods/chemical control/honey bees/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/Albania. Defilippi, A., Piancone, G., Prandtatter, A. and Tibaldi, G. P. (1995) Honey quality: Ion chromatographic determination of formic acid. Industrie Alimentari, 34(337), 495-497, 503. Original title or source: La qualita del miele: Determinazione mediante cromatografia ionica dell'acido formico. Formic acid is progressively replacing acaricides traditionally used against varroa. A simple isocratic ion chromatographic method for determining formic acid in honey is described which is reliable and has excellent sensitivity. Honey, previously diluted by a factor of 20-200 according to probable formic acid concentration, is applied to a Dionex 2010i ion chromatograph having a main column of Ion Pac AS12A and a guard column of Ion Pac AG12A (injection 25 l), and eluted with a mobile phase buffered at pH 10.1, which contains 0.25 mM NaCO + 2.75 mM NaHCO and flows at 1 ml/min; detection is conductiometric, giving a detection limit of about 2 mg/kg. Results are presented for samples of 8 types of honey from 5 suppliers and 29 locations. Formic acid concentrations found varied widely, from 5-17 mg/kg for orange, cherry and Robinia honeys to 354-1342 mg/kg for chestnut honeys. Library code: 9 ref. Language: It. Author address: Laboratorio di Sanita Pubblica, Sez. Chimica, Azienda U.S.L. 9, Regione Piemonte, Via Saudino 3, 10015 Ivrea, TO, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701095 detection/electrical conductivity/Citrus sinensis/Prunus cerasus/Castanea sativa/Robinia/honey/composition/formic acid/Italy/determination/ion exchange chromatography/analytical methods/chromatography/chromatography. Defilippi, A., Piancone, G. and Tibaldi, G. P. (1995) Honey quality: HPLC determination of caffeine in orange honey. Industrie Alimentari, 34(333), 6-8. Original title or source: La qualita dei mieli: metodica HPLC per la determinazione della caffeina nei mieli d'arancio. P. Walker. A simple and rapid HPLC method was developed for the determination of caffeine in honey. Caffeine content of 12 orange honeys produced in Catania, Sicily, ranged from 1.89 to 8.47 mg/kg. Library code: Bc. Language: It. Author address: Laboratorio di Sanita Pubblica, U.S.S.L. 40; via Saudino 3, 10015 Ivrea, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800624 sicily/Italy/oranges/citrus sinensis/honey/Citrus/composition/caffeine/analytical methods/chromatography. DeFoliart, G. R. (1999) Insects as food: why the Western attitude is important. Annual Review of Entomology, 44, 21-50. The traditional use of insects as food continues to be widespread in tropical and subtropical countries and to provide significant nutritional, economic and ecological benefits for rural communities. Examples are given from several countries in Africa, Asia and South America. Diffusion of the western bias against insects as food in these continents is detrimental, because it is gradually causing a reduction in valuable nutrition provided by insects. There are 134 references. Accession date: 22 Sept 1999. Call number: 595.7. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author. Author address: Dept Entomology, 545 Russell Laboratories, 16 Linden Drive, Univ. Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA641/99 insects as food/honey bee brood. DeGrandi-Hoffman, G. and Buchmann, S. (1995) Some new perspectives on the pollination of hybrid sunflowers. American Bee Journal, 135(9), 628-629. P. Walker. The following conclusions were drawn from a series of tests and observations on Helianthus annuus. When honey bees forage on male-fertile (MF) flowers and then move to male-sterile (MS) flowers, they transfer thousands of pollen grains. Most honey bees foraging in MS rows obtain pollen that has been transferred from MF flowers; they spread this pollen as they move along the MS row. Wild bees also contribute to cross-pollination by transferring large amounts of pollen from MF to MS. Bees in MS rows were mostly honey bees; wild bees and honey bees thus appear to complement each other's activities rather than competing for resources. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701152 Apis mellifera/Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/pollen/sunflowers/hybrids/pollination/honey bees/Apoidea/of Helianthus annuus/by honey bees/by Apoidea/Helianthus annuus. DeGrandi-Hoffman, G. and Martin, J. H. (1995) Does a honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony's foraging population on male-fertile sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) affect the amount of pollen on nestmates foraging on male-steriles? Journal of Apicultural Research, 34(3), 109-114. Author. The relationship between a honey bee colony's foraging population on male-fertile (MF) sunflowers and the amount of sunflower pollen on the bodies of nestmates both in the hive (free-running-bees), and departing the hive (departing bees) was determined. There was not a significant relationship between the size of a colony's foraging population on MF sunflowers and the amount of sunflower pollen on the bodies of free-running or departing bees. Departing and free-running bees had considerably less pollen on their bodies than foragers in male-sterile (MS) rows. Pollen-free worker honey bees forced to forage on MS capitula (forced foragers) in rows next to (MS-1) and 6 rows away from MF plants (MS-7) obtained amounts of sunflower pollen on their bodies comparable to those counted on foragers randomly sampled in those rows. The distribution of pollen on the bodies of forced and random foragers in both MS rows was similar. Honey bees (and perhaps other bees) that forage on MS plants apparently obtain much of the sunflower pollen on their bodies from previously-visited MS capitula. Therefore, most foragers do not need to visit MF capitula first or acquire sunflower pollen in the hive from nestmate contacts in order to pollinate MS sunflowers. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700775 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/pollination/honey bees/of Helianthus annuus/by honey bees/Helianthus annuus/body parts/pollen/foraging/Helianthus annuus/Helianthus annuus. Degrandi-Hoffman, G., Mayer, D., Terry, I. and Li, D. (1995) Validation of PC-REDAPOL: fruit set prediction model for apples. Journal of Economic Entomology, 88(4), 965-972. The personal computer version of the REDAPOL apple fruit set prediction model has been validated in Arizona and Washington orchards. The PC-REDAPOL computer simulation model is designed to predict the percentage of flowers setting fruit on apple trees. PC-REDAPOL predictions were within the 95% CI of the actual average percentage of flowers setting fruit in 16 out of 23 model validation tests. The model also accurately predicted fruit set on limbs where honey bee, Apis mellifera, visitation and pollination were stopped at different points during flowering. PC-REDAPOL has all the features of the original REDAPOL model, plus additions such as the ability to update estimates of the honey bee foraging population on apple trees during a simulation, pest management information, and a degree-day calculator. The program runs on IBM compatible personal computers. Library code: 18 ref. Language: En. Author address: Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701510 Malus pumila/beneficial insects/apples/fruits/set/models/pollination/pollinators/Apis mellifera/computers/monitoring/fruit set/fruit set/computer simulation/honey bees/of Malus pumila/by honey bees. DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Spivak, M. and Martin, J. H. (1993) Role of thermoregulation by nestmates on the development time of honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) queens. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 86(2), 165-172. Author. Worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) in queenless colonies constructed emergency queen cells on the periphery of the brood area on a comb when ambient temperatures were high, and in the centre of the comb when ambient temperatures were low. Queen cells in the centre of the hive's broodnest were maintained at significantly higher temperatures and had a greater chance of emerging than queen cells located on the periphery. Temperatures around cells from which queens emerged fluctuated by 10C even though ambient temperatures had a range of 25. The average temperatures around cells from which queens emerged were 32.3-34.9; lower averages occurred during the winter trials. Queens took an average of 15.4-17.4 d to develop. The central brood area of a colony had a significantly higher temperature with a narrower range than around any queen cell. The base temperature for degree-day accumulation during the postcapping interval for the queens in this study was 20.9, and queens required an average of 98.1 DD (range, 80.0-115 DD) to complete the postcapping stage. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USADA-ARS, 2000 E. Allen Road, Tucson, AZ85719, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600178 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/queen honey bees/development/temperature/effects/honey bee colonies/thermoregulation. DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Templin, M., Buchmann, S. L. and Erickson, E. H., Jr. (1996) BK-ECONOMICS: a money management model for beekeepers. American Bee Journal, 136(5), 331-337. P. Walker. This software package for beekeepers has been constructed for Apple-MacIntosh computers. The program enables a beekeeper to keep track of income and expenditure, and thus cash flow and likely profit or loss. Some of the simulations that are possible are described, with figures. The second component of the program is a database containing statistics and useful information for each USA state. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, 2000 E. Allen Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800559 beekeeping/management/economics/computer software/USA. Delaplane, K. S. (1992) Controlling tracheal mites (Acari: Tarsonemidae) in colonies of honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) with vegetable oil and menthol. Journal of Economic Entomology, 85(6), 2118-2124. P. Walker. Each of 40 honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies infested with Acarapis woodi was given one of 3 treatments: (A) vegetable oil, (B) menthol, (C) A + B, or not treated (control), from late Feb. until mid-April. Infestations (% bees infested) were monitored until early Aug. By early April, treatment C had reduced infestation, and on all later sampling dates, all treatments had reduced infestation. A was as effective as B; C was the most effective. For those individual bees that were infested, the severity of infestation was not affected by treatment (with one exception). Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600646 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/parasites/chemical control/pests/honey bees/Acarapis woodi/of honey bees/control methods/menthol/plant oils/control. Delaplane, K. S. (1995) Effects of terramycin antibiotic and apistan acaricide on colonies of honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) infested with Varroa jacobsoni (Parasitiformes: Varroidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 88(5), 1206-1210. The effects of the antibiotic terramycin [oxytetracycline] and the acaricide Apistan [tau-fluvalinate] were tested on colonies of Apis mellifera in Georgia, USA, infested with Varroa jacobsoni. Interest in antibiotics stems from the possibility that V. jacobsoni vectors pathogens. Each of 20 colonies randomly received 1 of 4 treatments: 7 applications (28.3 g, 198.1 g total) of a standard Terramycin and powdered sucrose mixture; 2 Apistan strips; Terramycin and Apistan; or no treatment as an experimental control. Terramycin increased the body weight of hive bees of mixed ages and of newly emerged adult bees. Apistan increased the body weight of hive bees of mixed ages, maintained colony population size during a period of apiary-wide decline, decreased the number of V. jacobsoni per newly emerged bee, and decreased the incidence of misshapen newly emerged bees. Overall, the effects of Terramycin antibiotic and Apistan acaricide on V. jacobsoni-infested colonies were favourable or neutral, and no interactions between the 2 products were detected. Library code: 21 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701031 oxytetracycline/honey bees/effects/colonies/hymenoptera/apidae/varroidae/arthropod pests/mites/insects/beneficial insects/pollinators/acaricides/Apis mellifera/Varroa jacobsoni/hosts/ectoparasites/USA/Georgia/tau-fluvalinate/control/chemical control/pests/of honey bees/control methods/vectors/pathogens/diseases/prevention/fluvalinate. Delaplane, K. S. (1995) Bee foragers and their pollen loads in South Georgia rabbiteye blueberry. American Bee Journal, 135(12), 825-826. Original title or source: [Abstract]. P. Walker. Bees foraging on Vaccinium ashei flowers were surveyed on 4 days in late March. Apis mellifera foragers were by far the most numerous, but most were robbing nectar and only 3.2% were pollen collectors (P). Of Bombus impatiens workers and queens, 76.3% and 38%, respectively, were P. Other occasional visitors were Habropoda laboriosa (13.3% P) and Xylocopa micans and X. virginica (nectar robbers). Examination of pollen from the bodies of some bee samples collected from the flowers showed that the percentage of Vaccinium pollen was highest on B. impatiens (70.2%), followed by A. mellifera (67.7%), H. laboriosa (58.1%) and X. virginica (29.5%). The percentage of Vaccinium pollen was higher on the bodies of legitimate foragers than on robbers. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700931 Apis mellifera/Bombus impatiens/Habropoda laboriosa/Xylocpa micans/Xylocopa virginica/Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/pollen loads/blueberries/USA/Georgia/conferences/foraging/honey bees/Habropoda/Xylocopa/Bombus/Vaccinium ashei/Apoidea. Delaplane, K. S. (1995) Taking the bite out of mites with vegetable oil and antibiotics. Canadian Honey Council Research Symposium Proceedings 1995. Nipawin, Canada, Canadian Honey Council, 23-27. D. G. Lowe. Previous studies on the effects of extender patties (vegetable oil + sugar) on Varroa jacobsoni infestations are summarized and a brief account of an experiment on the effects of Terramycin [oxytetracycline] and Apistan [fluvalinate] on varroa-infested honey bee colonies is given. Both substances caused an increase in the body weight of mature bees. Terramycin also caused an increase in the weight of newly emerged bees and Apistan caused a decrease in mites/bee. The results for Terramycin may have been due to its effects on pathogens carried by the mites. There were no harmful interactions when the substances were applied together. Page(s): 23-27. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701077 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pathogens/antibiotics/conferences/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/fluvalinate/oxytetracycline/plant oils. Delaplane, K. S. (1996) Practical science research helping beekeepers. I. Tracheal mites. Bee World, 77(2), 71-81. D. G. Lowe. The history of research into Acarapis woodi, particularly the development of control methods, is reviewed, with 50 references. Aspects covered include: chemical acaricides, vegetable oil extender patties, bee breeding for resistance to A. woodi, and control by using colony manipulations. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, 311 Hoke Smith Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701411 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/parasites/Acari/chemical control/acaricides/plant oils/breeding/pests/honey bees/Acarapis woodi/of honey bees/control methods/reviews. Delaplane, K. S. (1996) Beekeeping perspectives gained in Albania. American Bee Journal, 136(11), 792-795. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800889 beekeeping/Albania. Delaplane, K. S. (1997) Practical science research helping beekeepers. 2. Colony manipulations for honey production. Bee World, 78(1), 5-11. D. G. Lowe. Research which has indicated ways in which the beekeeper can manipulate colonies to achieve high honey production is reviewed, with 27 references. The main object should be to maximize colony populations in time for the major nectar flows. It is better to use large combs Langstroth (20 43 cm) or larger to stimulate colony growth. Swarming should be discouraged by reversing hive bodies (putting a relatively empty bottom body on top of the upper one), by dividing colonies to reduce congestion in strong colonies, and by equalizing colony populations within an apiary. Vigorous, young queens should be used to keep the level of queen mandibular pheromone high; in many parts of the world this means requeening every 2 or 3 years, but a universal requeening schedule has not yet been arrived at. Empty combs should be supplied in honey supers to moderate crowding and stimulate honey storage. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, 311 Hoke Smith Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800989 beekeeping/management/honey/production. Delaplane, K. S. (1997) Practical science research helping beekeepers. 3. Varroa. Bee World, 78(4), 155-164. D. G. Lowe. This review of recent research on Varroa jacobsoni, with 43 references, deals with the following topics: chemical control of varroa (fluvalinate, flumethrin, bromopropylate, formic acid, essential oils); diagnosis; hive manipulations to control infestations; breeding honey bees for varroa resistance/tolerance. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, 463 Biological Sciences Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900978 reviews/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/acaricides/diagnosis/chemical control/breeding/resistance/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/control methods. Delaplane, K. S. (1998) Strictly for the hobbyist: the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida, in the southeast. American Bee Journal, 138(12), 884-885. Includes a description of adult beetles and larvae, and of some of their activities. Accession date: 2 June 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: Dept Entomology, Univ. Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA539/99 Aethina tumida/pests of honey bees/USA, south-eastern states/small hive beetle. Delaplane, K. S. (1999) Effects of the slatted rack on brood production and its distribution in the brood nest. American Bee Journal, 139(6474-476). In newly-installed package honey bee colonies, the slatted rack significantly increased the proportion of brood reared near the hive entrance, but did not affect the quantity of brood produced. The experiment was replicated over 3 years. Accession date: 10 September 1999. Call number: 638.124. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author. Author address: Dept of Entomology, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1060/99 brood rearing/package honey bees/floorboards/hive parts. Delaplane, K. S. and Hood, W. M. (1997) Effects of delayed acaricide treatment in colonies infested with Varroa jacobsoni in the southeastern U.S. Piedmont. American Bee Journal, 137(3), 222. Original title or source: [Abstract]. P. Walker. Infested Apis mellifera colonies in two USA states (Georgia and S. Carolina) were treated with Apistan [fluvalinate] for about 60 days, starting in June, August or October. By December, bee populations in August-treated colonies were 3.5 times higher than in untreated apiaries, 1.8 times higher than in October-treated apiaries, and no different from those in June-treated apiaries. Month of treatment did not affect the average body weight of a bee. In December, state treatment interactions were found for mite populations, number of brood cells and percentage of brood with disease-like symptoms. Results suggest that in this area acaricide treatment late in the season is justified at (A) 3000-bee ether roll mite levels of 15 and (B) overnight adhesive bottom board mite levels of 117, in colonies with approx. 24800 bees and 1825 cm brood. These conditions occur in mid-August. Models were developed to explain the relationship of mite populations with methods A and B. B is the better predictor. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Dept. of Entomology, 311 Hoke Smith Bldg., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801377 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/mathematical models/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/seasonal variation/fluvalinate/USA/Georgia/South Carolina/population dynamics. Delaplane, K. S. and Hood, W. M. (1997) Effects of delayed acaricide treatment in honey bee colonies parasitized by Varroa jacobsoni and a late-season treatment threshold for the south-eastern USA. Journal of Apicultural Research, 36(3/4), 125-132. Author. This study was carried out using 72 honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in the piedmont region of Georgia and S. Carolina, USA, in April 1995. Colonies were started with standard 0.9-kg packages containing small V. jacobsoni populations, and managed optimally as for honey production. Within each state, each apiary was assigned one of the following treatments: (1) treatment with Apistan (fluvalinate) in June, (2) treatment in August, (3) treatment in October, or (4) no treatment. By December, bee populations were optimum in August-treated apiaries. Month of treatment did not affect bee body weight. There were treatment by state interactions for number of sealed brood cells, colony mite populations, and percentage of brood cells with disease-like symptoms. The results suggest that late-season acaricide treatments in first-year colonies in southeastern USA are justified at colony mite populations of 3172 <+-> 324, 300-bee ether roll mite levels of 15 <+-> 1.4, and overnight adhesive bottom board insert mite levels of 117 <+-> 15 in colonies with 24808 <+-> 2245 bees and 1825 <+-> 327 cm sealed brood; these conditions occurred in mid-August. Bottom board inserts were more reliable predictors of colony mite populations than the ether roll method. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900990 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/diagnosis/USA/Georgia/South Carolina. Delaplane, K. S. and Hood, W. M. (1998) Optimal timing of acaricide treatments in mature, overwintered colonies infested with varroa mites. American Bee Journal, 138(4), 292-293. A continuation of the work reported in Journal of Apicultural Research (1997) [see AA 990/98] is described. In this trial comparable colonies in 4 apiaries were treated with Apistan [fluvalinate] strips: in February (F), for 56 days; or in August (A); or in F + A; or continuously (C). In early autumn, the average colony population was highest in C, followed by F + A, then A, F, control. The number of brood cells was also highest in C, followed by F + A, and there was no visible abnormal brood in these colonies. In beekeeping practice, continuous treatment is not advisable, but treatment F + A seems to be a good alternative. Accession date: 21 September 98. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: Dept. Entomology, Univ. Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA226/99 honey bees/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/control methods/fluvalinate. Delaplane, K. S. and Lozano, L. F. (1994) Using terramycin in honey bee colonies. American Bee Journal, 134(4), 259-261. P. Walker. In the USA, terramycin [oxytetracycline] is the only medication approved for preventing and controlling AFB. As some label instructions are not completely clear, mixing and using instructions for 3 formulations are summarized here; mixing instructions for terramycin extender patties are included. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600657 Apis mellifera/bee diseases/beneficial insects/honey bee brood/American foul brood/control methods/oxytetracycline/USA. Delduque, M. (1999) Tayra. Zum Zum, 33(288 (mar/abr)), 6-7. Original title: Irara. This mammal (Eira barbarta, Mustelidae), which occurs only between southern Mexico and northern Argentina, causes damage to honey bee colonies and hives when it takes honey. Its behaviour is described, and measures that beekeepers can take aginst it are listed. Accession date: 26 July 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: Pt. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA839/99 pests of honey bees/mammals/Mustelidae/beekeeping/Latin America. Delfinado-Baker, M. and Peng, C. Y. S. (1995) Varroa jacobsoni and Tropilaelaps clareae: a perspective of life history and why Asian bee-mites preferred European honey bees. American Bee Journal, 135(6), 415-420. Reviews the life history of the two mite species, especially development times on Apis mellifera in different environments. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700684 honey bees/Apis mellifera/ectoparasites/pests/Tropilaelaps clareae/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/life cycle/development/host parasite relationships. Delfinado-Baker, M., Rath, W. and Boecking, O. (1992) Phoretic bee mites and honeybee grooming behavior. International Journal of Acarology, 18(4), 315-322. The phoretic behaviour of Varroa jacobsoni, Tropilaelaps clareae, Acarapis woodi and the deutonymphs of a uropodid mite is reviewed, with new information concerning the attachment pattern of V. jacobsoni. Of attached female V. jacobsoni, 79.4% were in the lateral intergites III and IV of Apis mellifera and A. cerana, and 96% were on the left side of the abdomen. A. mellifera was much less able to remove the mites by grooming than A. cerana. It is suggested that grooming limits the distribution of phoretic attachments and reduces the numbers of phoretic mites undergoing dispersal. Library code: 39 ref. Language: En. Author address: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, B-046, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600254 dispersal/beneficial insects/pollinators/arthropod pests/mites/natural enemies/Acari/Varroidea/Laelapidae/Acarapidae/Hymenoptera/Apidae/grooming/honey bees/Apis mellifera/Apis cerana/Varroa jacobsoni/Tropilaelaps clareae/Acarapis woodi/Uropodidae/hosts/Apis/parasitoids/biology/behaviour/pests/of honey bees/phoresy/host parasite relationships/pests/pests/pests. Delmas, C., Vidon, D. J. M. and Sebald, M. (1994) Survey of honey for Clostridium botulinum spores in eastern France. Food Microbiology, 11(6), 515-518. Ninety samples of honey produced in eastern France, and 26 samples of honey originating from various countries, were analysed for the presence of Clostridium botulinum spores. Although eight samples were found positive when using the mouse toxicity test, none of the strs isolated from the positive samples were identified as C. botulinum. This result is consistent with the hitherto rare occurrence of cases of infant botulism reported in France. Library code: 15 ref. Language: En. Author address: D.J.M. Vidon, Laboratoire Interregional de la DGCCRF, Chemin du Routoir, F-67401 Illkirch, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700726 pathogens/microbial contamination/bacteria/honey/Clostridium botulinum/spores/France/contamination/France. Demas, G. E. and Brown, M. F. (1995) Honey bees are predisposed to win-shift but can learn to win-stay. Animal Behaviour, 50(4), 1041-1045. Author. The ability of honey bees (Apis mellifera) to avoid returns to locations recently depleted of sugar solution (win-shift) or to return to locations recently depleted of sugar solution (win-stay) was tested. Bees collected sugar solution from a small matrix of 6 cells. During each of a series of trials, they first visited a randomly determined set of 3 cells. They were then allowed to freely choose between the 6 cells, with the contingencies encouraging either win-shift or win-stay behaviour. Previous research has indicated that honey bees use spatial working memory to discriminate previously visited cells from unvisited cells in this experimental preparation. In the present experiment, bees in the win-shift condition tended to choose previously unvisited cells throughout the experiment. Bees in the win-stay condition learned to choose previously visited cells over the course of the experiment. These results indicate that bees choose locations based on previous visits, either being attracted to, or repelled from, locations recently depleted of forage. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Psychology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800137 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bees/learning/memory. Demeter, M. (1981) Mating flights of the queen honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) and seasonal mating success in Israel. Rehovot, Israel, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem. On the coastal plain of Israel, flight periods of queens and drones overlapped throughout the year. Times of day for mating flights were more affected by season than by climatic variations; influential factors were diurnal rhythm and/or the azimuth of the sun and/or the angle of the zenith. Queen mating was 100% successful in all months except Sept. (only 70% due to shortage of drones). Test colonies headed by queens aged 2-10 months had similar honey yields. These results do not agree with those of previous reports which have suggested that queen mating is successful only in spring and Sept. Dissertation: MSc thesis. Page(s): 40. Accession date: 2 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.121. Library code: Bt. Language: He, en. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA738/99 mating, honey bees/Apis mellifera, Israel/theses. Dempsey, C. E., Bazzo, R., Harvey, T. S., Syperek, I., Boheim, G. and Campbell, I. D. (1991) Contribution of proline-14 to the structure and actions of melittin. FEBS Letters, 281(1/2), 240-244. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Biochemistry Department, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX13QU, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600366 structure activity relationships/honey bee venom/melittin/structure/effects/proline. Demuro, P. and Tuberoso, C. (1994) The honey market in Sardinia. Annali della Facolta di Economia dell'Universita di Cagliari(10), 523-541. Original title or source: Il settore del miele in Sardegna. Library code: Ba. Language: It. Author address: Dipartimento di Economia, Universita di Cagliari, Viale Fra' Ignazio 74, 09123 Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701087 honey/trade/Italy/Sardinia. Deng, G. and Waddington, K. D. (1997) Methoprene does not affect food preferences and foraging performance in honey bee workers. Journal of Insect Behavior, 10(2), 229-235. The fundamental determinants of division of labour among honey bee (Apis mellifera) workers are age, genotype, and environment. These determinants work through intermediate physiological channels to realize particular patterns of division of labour. The change of juvenile hormone (JH) titre in worker bees is one such channel. Previous studies concentrated on the impact of JH on timing of in-hive and foraging activity. Studies were carried out to examine the effects of JH on task specialization and the collection of pollen or nectar by same-age bees and the possible impact on JH titre on foraging performance was tested. Methoprene treatments were conducted after workers began to forage inside a flight room. It was found that methoprene, a JH analogue, had no effect on preferences for pollen or nectar and, also, did not influence nectar foraging rate, nectar load size, and foraging span. Library code: 20 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900892 honey bees/foraging/performance/Apis mellifera/methoprene/effects/growth regulators. Deowanish, S., Nakamura, J., Matsuka, M. and Kimura, K. (1996) MtDNA variation among subspecies of Apis cerana using restriction fragment length polymorphism. Apidologie, 27(5), 407-413. P. Walker. Adult honey bees were collected from 27 A. cerana colonies at 22 locations for restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of their mitochondrial DNA. Using 10 restriction enzymes, several A. cerana groups could be discriminated, including those from: Japan; Nepal, Vietnam and north to central Thailand; Korea-Tsushima; Taiwan; south Thailand; Philippines. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Honeybee Science Research Center, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo 194, Japan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800860 honey bees/mitochondria/DNA/variation/Apis cerana/geographical variation. Depaoli, M. and Barbina, M. T. (1992) Solid-phase extraction and gas chromatographic determination of flumethrin residues in honey. Pesticide Science, 34(1), 61-63. A gas chromatographic method to determine flumethrin (Bayvarol) in honey samples is described. The method consists of solid-phase extraction with RP C-18 cartridges, clean-up if required on silica cartridges, and quantitation of the active ingredient with an electron capture detector using deltamethrin as internal standard. Compared to previous methods it is very rapid, and a number of samples can be prepared simultaneously. The minimum detectable quantity is 0.005 mg/kg and mean recoveries are of the order of 95%. Language: En. Author address: Ctr. Reg. Sperimentaz. Agr., Friuli Venezia Giulia, I-33050 Pozzuolo, Friuli, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700328 honey/pesticide residues/flumethrin/analytical methods/gas chromatography. Derakhshifar, I. (1994) Occurrence of Bacillus larvae spores in Austrian honeys. Apidologie, 25(5), 475-476. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. A total of 68 honey samples, especially from small-scale beekeepers, were examined; 62% contained B. larvae spores, and a quarter of these honeys came from colonies in which the beekeeper had reported some clinical symptoms of AFB. However, half the colonies producing honey containing spores did not show AFB symptoms. Even some colonies that had been treated for the disease produced honey containing 500-1000 10 spores/5 g. The importance of early detection of the disease and correct treatment procedures are stressed. Library code: Bj. Language: En\De\Fr. Author address: Hohere Bundeslehranstalt und Bundesamt fur Wein- und Obstbau mit Institut fur Bienenkunde, Hauptstrasse 14, A-2540 Bad Voslau, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601055 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/bee diseases/spores/honey bee brood/American foul brood/diagnosis/Austria/honey/contamination/Bacillus larvae. Derakhshifar, I. (1995) The appearance of [American] foul brood spores in Austrian honeys as a diagnostic method for the early recognition of foul brood populations. Bienenvater, 116(11), 464-469. Original title or source: Das Auftreten von Faulbrutsporen in osterreichischen Honigen als diagnostische Methode zur Fruherkennung von Faulbrutherden. P. Walker. A total of 149 honeys from 7 different parts of Austria were tested for the presence of Bacillus larvae spores. In 1993, 58% were positive and in 1994, 71%. The number of spores present varied widely (average 333 colony-forming units (cfu)/5 g honey). Clinical symptoms of AFB were observed in 49% of the colonies which produced the honeys containing spores, but not in any colonies which produced honeys with negative results. Spore counts in the honeys of 4 infected colonies decreased after treatment for the disease; results depended on the methods of treatment. This study shows that the presence of spores in honey can be useful in early diagnosis of AFB, and that beekeepers should use effective treatments for the disease to prevent its incidence increasing further. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Author address: Institut fur Bienenkunde, Hohere Bundeslehranstalt und Bundesamt fur Wein- und Obstbau, Hauptstrasse 14, A-2540 Bad Voslau, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701416 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/bee diseases/honey bee brood/American foul brood/diagnosis/Austria/honey/contamination/Bacillus larvae. Deschaux, O. and Bizot, J. C. (1997) Effect of apamin, a selective blocker of Ca-activated K-channel, on habituation and passive avoidance responses in rats. Neuroscience Letters, 227(1), 57-60. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Service de Pharmacologie, Centre d'Etudes du Bouchet, ETCA, BP no. 3, 91710 Vert le Petit, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901071 honey bee venom/apamin/effects/rats/learning. Deschaux, O., Bizot, J. C. and Goyffon, M. (1997) Apamin improves learning in an object recognition task in rats. Neuroscience Letters, 222(3), 159-162. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Service de Pharmacologie, Centre d'Etudes du Bouchet, ETCA- BP no. 3, 91710 Vert le Petit, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901070 honey bee venom/apamin/effects/rats/learning. Descottes, P. (1999) Use of honey in surgery: the healing of wounds and their treatment with honey. L'Abeille de France(844), 20. Original title: De l'utilisation du miel en chirurgie: la cicatrisation des plaies et leur traitement par le miel. In a trial with 63 patients, two groups with wounds 5-6.9 cm across were treated conventionally, and patients in a third group (average wound size 13.1 cm) were treated with honey. Complete healing took 49-59 days in the first two groups and 55-61 days in the third group. Accession date: 16 april 1999. Call number: 638.167. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA601/99 honey, uses/wound dressings/medicinal properties. Desh, R., Sharma, S. D. and Sharma, O. P. (1994) Effect of varied infestation levels of tracheal mite, Acarapis woodi Rennie on Apis mellifera Linnaeus. Journal of Insect Science, 7(1), 97-98. Studies showed that when populations of Acarapis woodi in tracheae of Apis mellifera increased to beyond 35, the bees turned into crawlers. At this stage, more than 75% of bees of a colony were found to be infested. Forager bees could sustain a population of about 10 mites per unit trachea. Library code: 4 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur 176 062, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800222 beneficial insects/insects/arthropods/mites/honey bees/Apis mellifera/Acarapis woodi/hosts/ectoparasites/pests/of honey bees/infestation/effects. Deshmukh, L. S. and Borse, B. T. (1996) Acute renal failure following multiple stings by honeybees. Indian Pediatrics, 33(9), 781-783. Two case reports are described for (5-month-old and 8-year-old) male children that were admitted to the Government Hospital, Aurangabad, Bihar, India, with multiple honeybee [Apis mellifera] stings, and managed on the lines of acute renal failure. Renal failure was ascribed in one case to haemolysis and in the other to a serum sickness-like reaction. Library code: 5 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College, Aurangabad 431 001 (MS), India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900884 children/infants/allergic reactions/hypersensitivity/anaphylaxis/renal failure/urine analysis/case reports/haemolysis/honey bees/Apis mellifera/man/stings/India/envenomation/Bihar. Desmond, A. (1995) Capensis threat to Zimbabwean beekeeping. Beeline, 32(2), 10-16. See AA 908/94.\0BD. G. Lowe. This article discusses the possibility of the Cape honey bee, Apis mellifera capensis, spreading to Zimbabwe and having a deleterious effect on that country's beekeeping as it has done in South Africa [e.g. see Allsopp, M. South African Bee Journal (1993) 65 (6) 127-136]. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700620 honey bees/races/Apis mellifera capensis/beekeeping/Zimbabwe. Detlaff, T. A. (1995) Dimensionless criteria for development duration of Drosophila embryos, larvae, and pupae and for honey bee embryos in tables of normal development. Ontogenez, 26(2), 125-131. Library code: Bc. Language: Ru. Author address: Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 26, Moscow, 117808 Russia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800490 Apis mellifera/Drosophila/larvae/pupae/honey bees/embryonic development. Detoma, P. and Ozino, O. I. (1991) Propolis activity on microorganisms from a hospital source. Annali di Microbiologia ed Enzimologia, 41(2), 231-236. Original title or source: Azione della propoli su microorganismi dell'ambiente ospedaliero. P. Walker. Propolis (0.08-9.00 mg/ml) was added to cultures of microorganisms known to be resistant to many antibiotics. Propolis inhibited the growth of all isolates tested of Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, but was inactive on 5 other microorganisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella sp.). When the tests were repeated in the presence of various antibiotics, a synergistic or antagonistic action was apparent in many tests. Library code: Ba. Language: It. Author address: U.S.S.L. 47, Biella (VC), Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701494 Streptococcus/Staphylococcus aureus/Candida albicans/Pseudomonas aeruginosa/Escherichia/coli/Klebsiella pneumoniae/Proteus mirabilis/Salmonella/antibiotics/resistance/inhibition/microorganisms/propolis/of microorganisms/by propolis/hive products/as hive products. Detzel, A. and Wink, M. (1993) Attraction, deterrence or intoxication of bees (Apis mellifera) by plant allelochemicals. Chemoecology, 4(1), 8-18. Author. The influence of 63 plant allelochemicals (alkaloids, terpenes, glycosides, etc.) on the feeding behaviour of honey bees (Apis mellifera) was tested in terms of deterrency and attraction by feeding them to caged bees in 20% sugar solutions at concentrations of 1%,, 0.01% or 0.001% (wt/vol). For 39 compounds a deterrent (mostly alkaloids, coumarins and saponins) and for 3 compounds an attractive response (mostly terpenes) was obtained in choice tests. Under no-choice conditions, 17 of 29 allelochemicals caused mortality at concentrations between 0.003 and 0.6%. Especially toxic were alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides and cyanogenic glycosides. The data show that bees which may be confronted with plant allelochemicals in nectar and pollen are not especially adapted (i.e. insensitive) to the plants' defence chemistry. GLC and GLS/MS data are given on the alkaloid composition of nectar and pollen of Brugmansia aurea, Atropa belladonna and Lupinus polyphyllus. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universitat Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700585 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/nectar/pollen/alkaloids/plants/allelochemicals/honey bees/feeding/effects/toxicity/to honey bees/of allelochemicals/of alkaloids. Devaud, J. M., Quenet, B., Gascuel, J. and Masson, C. (1994) A morphometric classification of pupal honeybee antennal lobe neurones in culture. NeuroReport, 6(1), 214-218. Author. Both intrinsic (programmed) and extrinsic (non-programmed) factors are thought to play a role in the morphogenesis of neurons in the honey bee antennal lobe (the first relay station in the olfactory pathway) during development. This paper presents results for a morphometric and statistical analysis of a large population of pupal honey bee antennal lobe neurons grown in primary culture. Quantitative parameters were used to characterize neuronal shapes. On the basis of such morphometric measurements, an automatic classification allowed 3 morphological types to be distinguished. Their main characteristics are presented and the role of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in their determination is discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, INRA-CNRS, URA 1190, 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700164 Apis mellifera/honey bees/pupae/brain/neurons/tissue culture. Devaux, C., Knibiehler, M., Defendini, M. L., Mabrouk, K., Rochat, H., Rietschoten, J. v., Baty, D. and Granier, C. (1995) Recombinant and chemical derivatives of apamin. Implication of post-transcriptional C-terminal amidation of apamin in biological activity. European Journal of Biochemistry, 231(3), 544-550. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Laboratoire d'Ingenierie des Proteines, CNRS URA 1455, IFR Jean Roche, Faculte de Medecine-Nord, Bd P. Dramard, Marseille, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800314 neurotoxicity/honey bee venom/apamin/derivatives/characteristics/structure. Devyatkin, A. M. (1995) Influence of lucerne-protection materials on bees. Zashchita Rastenii (Moskva)(8), 33. The leaf-cutting bee Megachile rotundata, introduced from Canada, has recently begun to be used as a pollinator of seed lucerne in the Krasnodar region of Russia. Results are given of laboratory tests in which some 20 substances and mixtures including organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides, chitin-synthesis inhibitors, insecticidal microbiological preparations, fungicides and organic acids were evaluated for their effect on the pollinator. Mortalities are given, and levels of toxicity are ascribed. 'Isolation times' for the bees are established. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700856 nontarget effects/fungicides/lucerne/pollinators/Russia/Canada/mortality/Megachile rotundata/insecticides/microbial pesticides/pyrethroid insecticides/insect growth regulators/chitin synthesis inhibitors/effects/pesticides/toxicity/to Megachile rotundata/of insecticides. Dewan, S. M. A. L. (1995) Foraging and resource utilization of Apis spp. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of Bangladesh, PhD Thesis, University of Wales, Cardiff, UK. Author. To examine the potential for beekeeping in the rice-growing areas of Bangladesh, a 2-year field investigation was undertaken at 5 sites in the Dhaka region. Observations on Apis cerana, A. dorsata and A. florea revealed that more foragers collected nectar only than pollen only or both nectar and pollen. The peaks of pollen collection were at 10.00 h for all species of bees whereas the peaks of nectar collection were different. The diurnal patterns of foraging by A. cerana and A. dorsata were similar. All the species started foraging before 05.00 h and continued later than 18.00 h except in winter, when the daytime is shorter. Surplus honeys were extracted in winter (from Brassica napus) and in spring (from Litchi chinensis). A total of 86 plant species were visited, of which 29 were foraged on by all 3 bee species, and 29 by A. cerana and A. dorsata. Cocos nucifera (pollen) and Musa paradisiaca (nectar) were visited by all 3 species of bees throughout the year. Amaranthus spinosus, Benincasa hispida, Moringa oleifera, Phoenix sylvestris, Tamarindus indica and Ziziphus mauritiana were the other important plants visited by the 3 Apis species. A total of 132 plants were identified from 233 pollen samples collected from A. cerana colonies. Species of Amaranthaceae, Averrhoaceae, Cruciferae, Leguminosae, Myrtaceae, Palmae, Rhamnaceae, Rutaceae and Sapindaceae were represented most in the pollen samples. Cocos nucifera was the major source of pollen for A. cerana; the others were Brassica napus, Phoenix sylvestris, Borassus flabellifer and Amaranthus spinosus. Pollen analyses of 39 honey samples showed that A. cerana utilized 118 plants for nectar collection. The greatest number of pollen types in the samples was 23 and the lowest was 4. Of the total honey samples, 4 were unifloral and 35 were multifloral. Twenty-five plant species occurred either as dominant ( 45%) or secondary (16-45%) in the samples. Brassica napus, Litchi chinensis and Ziziphus mauritiana were the predominant species. Page(s): xxviii + 294 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900122 foraging/honey bees/nectar/pollen/Apis cerana/Apis dorsata/Apis florea/circadian rhythm/seasonal fluctuations/Bangladesh/honey bee forage/theses. Dewitz, R., Lamprecht, I., Schmolz, E. and Schricker, B. (1994) Comparison of heat production rates of European (Apis mellifera carnica) and Egyptian honey bees (Apis mellifera lamarckii). Apidologie, 25(5), 476-478. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. The average weight of a forager was 120 mg for A. m. carnica (C) and 78 mg for A. m. lamarckii (L). Average weight-dependent heat production rates, determined in a microcalorimeter, were higher for L than for C at all temperatures (20-40C), and the differences were significant except at 30. Heat production rate for L was constant between 30 and 40. Library code: Bj. Language: En\De\Fr. Author address: Freie Universitat Berlin, Institut fur Biophysik, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600568 beneficial insects/worker honey bees/weight/heat production/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera carnica/honey bees/Apis mellifera lamarckii. Dhileepan, K. (1994) Variation in populations of the introduced pollinating weevil (Elaeidobius kamerunicus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its impact on fruitset of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in India. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 84(4), 477-485. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kerala, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700413 oil pams/pollinators/beneficial insects/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/fruit set/population dynamics/pollination/of Elaeis guineensis/by Coleoptera/Elaeis guineensis/India/Elaeidobius kamerunicus. Dhillon, M., Roberts, C., Nunn, T. and Kuo, M. (1992) Mapping human T cell epitopes on phospholipase A: the major bee-venom allergen. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 90(1), 42-51. Phospholipase A (PLA), the major bee [Apis mellifera] venom allergen, was purified by gel filtration, inactivated by denaturing and carboxymethylating its cysteine residues. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from an individual (HLA-DR2, Dw52, DQ1 and DQ3) allergic to bee stings were used to generate cell lines specific for PLA and a control antigen, tetanus toxoid. These lines were 90% CD3, 64% CD4 and 20% CD8 by fluorocytometry analysis. T-lymphocyte epitope mapping done with 12 overlapping synthetic peptides of PLA revealed 2 immunodominant epitopes. These epitopes correspond to amino acid sequences 50-69 and 83-96 of PLA. Cytokine interleukin-4 and interferon- secretion was studied from PLA- and tetanus toxoid-specific cell lines. Interleukin-4 secretion was common to both cell lines but only tetanus-toxoid cell lines secreted interferon-. No interferon- was found to be secreted by PLA-specific cell line in response to stimulation by PLA or the 2 immunodominant peptides. Library code: 42 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and immunology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600763 Hymenoptera/Apidae/honey bee venom/phospholipase A2/T lymphocytes/epitopes/allergens/arthropod allergies/cytokines/Apis mellifera/man/hypersensitivity/allergies/phospholipase A/phospholipase A/lymphocytes. Dhuley, J. N., Mujumdar, S. M., Mujumdar, A. M. and Naik, S. R. (1996) Laboratory studies on contact toxicity of aureofungin in Apis cerana indica Fabr. Indian Bee Journal, 58(4), 207-208. In these tests, the fungicide aureofungin was used at concentrations much higher than the recommended dose. From the results it is concluded that, in field use, aureofungin would not be toxic to honey bees. Accession date: 11 september 1998. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: Dept. Pharmacology & Toxicology, Res. Div., Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd., Pimpri, Pune 411 018, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA227/99 toxicity/honey bees/aureofungin/Apis cerana. Diaz Abraira, C. L. (1993) Apicultural terms in [different regions of] Galicia. Boletin Apicola(48), 22-29. Original title or source: Apicultura e toponimia en Galicia. Library code: Bj. Language: Galician. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601319 beekeeping/terminology/Spain/Galicia. Díaz Lifante, Z. (1996) Reproductive biology of Asphodelus aestivus (Asphodelaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 200(3/4), 177-191. A. aestivus has a large number of showy, pinkish-white flowers, high nectar and pollen production, and requires cross-pollination by insects. The phenology and reproductive biology of this species were studied at Seville, Spain, in 1987–1988. Total nectar production per flower varied from 2.34 to 9.16 l/day, with a sugar content of 38.1–91.9% (mean 64.5%). Hymenoptera were the most frequent flower visitors and included the bee species Xylocopa violacea, Anthophora spp., Megachile spp., Chelostoma spp., Anthidium spp. and Apis mellifera. The larger Hymenoptera, e. g. X. violacea, appeared to be the most efficient pollinators. Accession date: 29 june 1998. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bc. Language: En. . Author address: Dept. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Fac. Biología, Univ. Seville, Apdo. Correos 1095, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA13/99 pollination/Apoidea/Asphodelus. Diaz Losada, E., Fernandez Gomez, E., Alvarez Carro, C. and Saa Otero, P. (1996) Contribution to the understanding of the floral origin and chemical composition of bee-collected pollen in Galicia, Spain. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, Seccion Biologica, 92(1-4), 195-202. Original title or source: Aportacion al conocimiento del origen floral y composicion quimica del polen apicola de Galicia, Espana. P. Walker. The contents of pollen traps on 2 hives were analysed from April to September 1992. Contents of water, sugars, fatty acids, proteins and amino acids are reported; values for the last 3 groups were high. Of the fatty acids, the following were present in the highest concentrations: palmitic, linolenic, linoleic and stearic acids. The amino acids present in the highest concentrations were glutamic acid, proline and aspartic acid. Results of analyses to determine pollen types are presented in detail. The most abundant pollen types were Cytisus scoparius, Raphanus raphanistrum, Echium vulgare, Rubus, Castanea sativa, Erica umbellata and Halimium alyssoides. Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Orense, 32004 Orense, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901421 foraging/honey bees/pollen/hive products/composition/bee-collected pollen/sugars/amino acids/fatty acids/proteins/water/Spain. Diaz Losada, E., Gonzalez Porto, A. V. and Saa Otero, M. P. (1994) Evaluation of biogeographical factors in the production of bee-collected pollen in NW Spain. Trabajos de palinologia basica y aplicada. X Simposio de Palinologia (A.P.L.E.). Valencia, Spain, Universidad de Valencia, 87-98. Original title or source: Evaluacion de factores biogeograficos en la produccion de polen apicola en el NW de Espana. Page(s): 87-98. Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Vigo, Facultad de Ciencias de Orense, 32004 Orense, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700754 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollen/hive products/as hive products/bee-collected pollen/Spain. Diaz Losada, E., Gonzalez Porto, A. V. and Saa Otero, M. P. (1997) Contribution to the understanding of the flora of apicultural interest in the NW of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain). Nova Acta Cientifica Compostelana, Bioloxia, 7, 75-87. Original title or source: Contribucion al conocimiento de la flora de interes apicola en el NW de la Peninsula Iberica (Espana). P. Walker. The contents of pollen traps on 6 hives (3 apiaries) in Orense province, Galicia, were analysed from April to August/September. The most numerous pollen types were Cytisus scoparius, Erica umbellata, Castanea sativa, Halimium alyssoides, Cistus psilosepalus and Echium vulgare. However, the amounts of each type varied between colonies, even between those in the same apiary. Colonies also differed in the types of less common taxa collected. Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias de Orense, Universidad de Vigo. 32002 Orense, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901307 pollen plants/Spain/foraging/honey bees/pollen. Diaz Losada, E., Gonzalez Porto, V., Fernandez Gomez, E. and Saa Otero, M. P. (1995) Contribution to the study of the selective utilization by Apis mellifera L. of the local flora in one apiary in the NW of the Iberian peninsula (Galicia). Acta Botanica Malacitana, 20, 115-122. Original title or source: Contribucion al estudio de la utilizacion selectiva por Apis mellifera L. de la flora local en un colmenar del NW de la Peninsula Iberica (Galicia). D. G. Lowe. The flowering phenology of 63 pollen-yielding plants of this region of Spain was investigated by means of analyses of pollen loads collected by pollen traps. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Facultad de Ciencias de Orense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Orense, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700966 honey bee forage/phenology/pollen plants/Spain/flowering date. Diaz Losada, E. and Saa Otero, M. P. (1995) The colour of pollen: study of the pollen loads collected by Apis mellifera in the NW of Spain. Vida Apicola(70), 36-43. Original title or source: El color del polen: estudio de las cargas recogidas por Apis mellifera L. en el noroeste de Espana. P. Walker. Pollen trap contents were pooled and sorted into groups of the same colour. Using Pantone 747R as a colour standard, each group was assigned a scientific colour, and its plant source was identified by microscopy. The colours are reproduced in a chart which shows the colour(s) found for each pollen type, and a table gives the percentage of each pollen present in 11 samples. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias de Orense, Orense, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700753 honey bee forage/pollen loads/colour/variation/pollen plants/Spain. Diaz-Achirica, P., Prieto, S., Ubach, J., Andreu, D., Rial, E. and Rivas, L. (1994) Permeabilization of the mitochondrial inner membrane by short cecropin-A-melittin hybrid peptides. European Journal of Biochemistry, 224(1), 257-263. A number of cecropin-A-melittin hybrid peptides have previously been shown to be potent antibacterial agents. In this report their action on biological systems is analysed using rat liver mitochondria as a test system. It is demonstrated that the longest peptide, cecropin-A-(1-8)-melittin(1-18) permeabilizes the mitochondrial inner membrane allowing the movement of both charged and non-charged solutes. Concentrations used have already been shown to be bactericidal. This effect is also demonstrated under respiring conditions where succinate oxidation is uncoupled. Shorter analogues also permeabilize mitochondria although at ten-fold higher concentrations. Heparin potentiates the peptide effects at low concentrations, while at high concentration it becomes inhibitory. It is proposed that the cecropin-melittin analogs disrupt the mitochondrial membrane in a detergent-like mode rather than by creating selective channels as had been previously suggested. Library code: 39 ref. Language: En. Author address: Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701144 melittin/membranes/mitochondria/biochemistry/peptides/effects/honey bee venom/derivatives/effects. Diaz-Losada, E., Gonzalez-Porto, A. and Saa-Otero, M. P. (1996) Botanical nature of apicultural pollen in northwest Spain. Bee Science, 4(1), 14-20. P. Walker. Contents of a pollen trap, fitted to a hive of Apis mellifera, were examined twice a month during May-October. Most pollen was collected during May, June and July (40-80 g/day). Each sample was separated by colour and identified by microscopic examination; 36 pollen types were found during the study; the most common were from Raphanus raphanistrum, Cytisus scoparius, Rubus spp. and Castanea sativa. Honey samples were also analysed for pollen, and 15 of the same pollens were found, plus a further 12 types. A survey was made of plant species in the area and phenology was recorded for each. It is concluded that the pollen taxa identified in the colony's pollen and honey are typical of the vegetation, and that there are also many other species not used by the bees. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Natural Resources and Natural Medicine, Faculty of Science, 32004 Orense, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800554 honey bee forage/pollen plants/Spain. Dickinson, J. A. and McKone, M. J. (1992) Insect floral visitors to four species of tall-grass prairie composite (Asteraceae: Heliantheae). Prairie Naturalist, 24(3), 159-174. Author. Investigations were carried out on insects that visited flowers of Heliopsis helianthoides, Rudbeckia hirta, Ratibida pinnata and Helianthus rigidus on Hillside Prairie in SE Minnesota, USA. Pollen was removed from most florets of R. pinnata during the morning, indicating multiple daily visits to individual heads. The 4 species were visited by 13 native bee species from 5 families, including both specialists of composites and floral generalists. H. helianthoides was visited mostly by generalist bees, R. hirta was visited mostly by composite specialist Andrena bees, and R. pinnata was visited by both specialists and generalists. Several bees had peak activity in the morning, the time when pollen was presented in newly opened florets. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) rarely visited the study plants, and did not exclude native bees. During flowering of R. pinnata, 12 beehives (about a half-million bees) were introduced to the site. There was no increase in honey bee visitation when the hives were present. (Honey bees are opportunistic foragers, and might visit species of Heliantheae under other circumstances). Many flies (Diptera) also visited the flowers. Toxomerus marginata (Syrphidae) was particularly common on R. pinnata. When H. rigidus was in flower in August, the flower-feeding beetles Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus (Cantharidae) and Diabrotica barberi (Chrysomelidae) were abundant and may have interfered with pollination by other insects. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Psychology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800032 Apidae/Andrena/Apis mellifera/Heliopsis helianthoides/Rudbeckia hirta/Ratibida pinnata/Helianthus rigidus/grasslands/USA/Minnesota/prairies/Asteraceae/foraging/Apoidea. Dietz, A. and Humphreys, W. J. (1995) Egg surface features of the honey bee (Apis mellifera ligustica) viewed with the scanning electron microscope. American Bee Journal, 135(12), 826-827. Original title or source: [Abstract]. P. Walker. Three SEM micrographs show the following. (A) A unique and atypical extrusion, or enlargement, occurs on the dorsal or convex side of the egg. (B) The micropyle region is characterized by a pitted area with shallow depressions about 1 m in diameter interspersed with smaller pits (0.2 m). The positions of the pits or openings seem to differ on each egg and may be made by spermatozoa penetrating the chorion. (C) A network of hexagonal ridges covers the whole surface except for the micropyle region, and the opposite pole, which is covered with a layer of adhesive material. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700913 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/conferences/USA/honey bees/ova. Dietz, A. and Vergara, C. (1995) Africanized honey bees in temperate zones. Bee World, 76(2), 56-71. D. G. Lowe. Present knowledge concerning the behaviour of Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera) in temperate and subtropical areas is reviewed, with 76 references. The authors include results from their own studies, mainly in Argentina, with data from other parts of the world. Aspects dealt with include the defensive behaviour of Africanized honey bees, susceptibility to Varroa jacobsoni, overwintering, laboratory studies in a refrigeration chamber, feeding (for overwintering and stimulative feeding), and brood rearing. It is concluded that Africanized honey bees will probably eventually occupy most of the USA, but they will probably not be as successful as in Latin America. Possible effects on USA beekeeping are discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600987 beneficial insects/beekeeping/USA/Latin America/reviews/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa/behaviour/Argentina/temperate zones/climate/effects. Digrak, M., Yilmaz, O., Celik, S. and Yildiz, S. (1995) In vitro antimicrobial effect of propolis and its fatty acids. Gda, 20(4), 249-255. Original title or source: Propolisteki yag asitleri ve antimikrobiyal etkisi uzerinde in vitro arastirmalar. Author. An ethanolic extract of propolis was found to have antibacterial activity against a range of commonly encountered cocci and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacilli, including human tuberculosis bacilli. Nervonic, palmitic and stearic acids were extracted from propolis in concentrations of 15.8, 9.6 and 2.72 mg/g, respectively. Language: Tr. Author address: Firat Universitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakultesi Biyoloji Bolumu, 23169-Elazig, Turkey. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800298 antibacterial properties/bacteria/inhibition/bacteria/propolis/of bacteria/by propolis/hive products/as hive products/fatty acids. Digrak, M., Yilmaz, O. and Ozcelik, S. (1995) In vitro antimicrobial effect of propolis collected in Elazg region. Turkish Journal of Biology, 19(3), 249-257. Original title or source: Elazg yoresinden toplanan propolisin antimikrobiyal etkisi uzerinde in vitro arastrmalar. Ethanolic extract of propolis was found to have antibacterial activity against a range of commonly encountered cocci and Gram positive and Gram negative rods. In screening studies, different concn of ethanolic extract of propolis completely inhibited the growth of Bacillus megaterium DSM 32, B. subtilis IMG 22, B. brevis, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 50071, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus sp., Enterobacter aerogenes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans, but did not inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Library code: 19 ref. Language: Tr. Author address: Biyoloji Bolumu, Fen Edebiyat Fakultesi, Frat Universitesi, Elazg, Turkey. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701125 propolis/antifungal properties/Candida albicans/Saccharomyces cerevisiae/antifungal agents/hive products/as hive products/inhibition/bacteria/of bacteria/by propolis. Diharce, C. (1996) Peru: Alto Maranon. The special beekeeping of the Amazon forest. Vida Apicola(76), 30-37. Original title or source: Peru, El Alto Maranon. La peculiar apicultura de la selva amazonica. P. Walker. This article describes a beekeeping project using Langstroth hives; the bees are descendants of Apis mellifera ligustica (no Africanization in this area). The average yields of honey, which has a water content of 20-22%, are 15-20 kg/hive. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800476 Apis mellifera ligustica/honey bees/honey/beekeeping/Peru. Dimitrov, P. and Dimitrova, Z. (1994) Studies on the honey bee (Apis mellifera) population density in lucerne crops grown for seed under the conditions of northeastern Bulgaria. Selskostopanska Nauka, 32(1/2), 18-20. Author. Studies carried out in 1982-87 at 23 sites in NE Bulgaria showed that the number of honey bees (Apis mellifera) foraging in lucerne seed crops varied from 0/ha to 1340/ha. The results indicate that it is necessary to establish the population density of honey bees required for pollination without causing any deleterious effects on wild bees (Apoidea) and their pollinating activities. Library code: Bc. Language: Bg. Author address: Dobrovdja Institute for Wheat and Sunflower, General Toshevo, Bulgaria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700604 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/Apidae/Iucerne/foraging/honey bees/Medicago sativa/Bulgaria/seed crops. Dimitrov, P., Dimitrova, Z. and Piskov, A. (1994) Density of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) on rows of the self-pollinated sunflower line 2607 in seed production of Albena hybrid. Helia, 17(21), 53-56. Author. Studies on the production of hybrid sunflower seed were carried out in 1989-91 in Dobroudja, Bulgaria, in order to determine the effects of the spacing of the female line rows (line 2607) from the male line row on the density of Apis mellifera on the female line rows. The results of the investigation showed that on an average day, when the population density of A. mellifera was from 6 to 40 bees per 100 heads, there was no correlation between the traits studied, i.e., the row spacing between the self-pollinated line 2607 and the male line in a 5:1 planting design and the density of honey bees on the rows. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Dobroudja Wheat & Sunflower Institute, 9520 General Toshevo, Bulgaria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700381 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/pollinators/sunflowers/pollination/of Helianthus annuus/by honey bees/Helianthus annuus/row spacing/Helianthus annuus/hybrid seed production. Dimitrov, P. G. (1997) The seasonal dynamics of flight in Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Pollination, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, 23-28 June 1996 [edited by Richards, K. W.]. Leiden, Netherlands, International Society for Horticultural Science, 299-302. Author. Studies were conducted in Bulgaria in the region of the Dobroudja Wheat and Sunflower Institute during 1989-1991, from the beginning of March till the end of October. B. terrestris flies in this region from about 20 March to 30 October. Maximum flight occurs during June and July. The flight period of B. terrestris varied yearly from 169 to 226 days. Page(s): 299-302. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Dobroudja Wheat and Sunflower Institute, 9520 General Toshevo, Bulgaria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900422 Bombus terrestris/Apidae/life cycle/flight/International symposium on pollination. Dimov, V., Ivanovska, N., Bankova, V. and Popov, S. (1992) Immunomodulatory action of propolis: IV. Prophylactic activity against Gram-negative infections and adjuvant effect of the water-soluble derivative. Vaccine, 10(12), 817-823. P. Walker. A wax-free, water-soluble derivative of propolis was found to increase the resistance of mice to experimental infection with Gram-negative bacteria. In in vitro tests, however, it did not inhibit the growth of some strains. It is suggested that the propolis derivative had an effect on the animal's defence system. The antigenic properties of the derivative were also examined. These and other results suggest that the capacity of the propolis derivative to prevent infections may be largely due to macrophage activation. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 G. Bonchev St, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600344 Gram negative bacteria/defence mechanisms/macrophages/mice/disease resistance/propolis/effects/hive products/as hive products. Dindo, M. L., Campadelli, G. and Gambetta, A. (1992) Notes on Xylocopa violacea and X. valga nesting in the trunks of the fossil forest of Dunarobba (Umbria). Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia `Guido Grandi' della Universita degli Studi di Bologna, 46, 153-160. Original title or source: Note su Xylocopa violacea L. e Xylocopa valga Gerst. (Hym. Anthophoridae) nidificanti nei tronchi della foresta fossile di Dunarobba (Umbria). Author. The results are reported of some observations carried out in the fossil forest of Dunarobba, Italy. This forest, which is attributed to the last part of the upper Pliocene, consists of numerous trunks belonging to Taxodioxylon gypsaceum, a fossil taxon closely related to the living species Sequoia sempervirens. Since fossilization occurred through mummification, the woody substance of the trunks is still present. In some trunks considerable nesting activity of Xylocopa violacea and X. valga was observed. Moreover, in one of the nests of X. valga, larvae and pupae of Satyrameoba etrusca (Bombyliidae) were found. This species had previously been recorded as a parasite of X. violacea. The damage caused by the two carpenter bees is so severe as to endanger the preservation of the forest. Library code: Ba. Language: It. Author address: Istituto di Entomologia 'Guido Grandi'dell'Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600123 Apidae/Xylocopa violacea/Xylocopa valga/forests/old and fossil wood/Xylocopa/nests/Italy/Xylocopa/pests/as pests/conservation/Hymenoptera/insect pests/Taxodioxylon gypsaceum/damage/Xylocopa. Dinel, H., Levesque, M. and Jambu, P. (1992) Effects of long-chain aliphatic compounds on the germination and initial growth of corn, radish and spinach seedlings, and on hydrological properties of a sand growth medium. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 72(2), 107-112. Author. A greenhouse and laboratory study was carried out to determine the effects of various amounts (0.5-2.0%) of long-chain aliphatic compounds (LCA) of beeswax on the germination and initial growth (25 d) of corn, radish and spinach seedlings, and on the hydraulic properties of the sand growth medium. Complete emergence was obtained for corn, irrespective of aliphatic addition, whereas the germination rate of the other 2 species decreased gradually as the amount of aliphatics added increased. With 2% LCA, 40% and 60%, respectively, of radish and spinach seeds failed to germinate. Dry matter yields of the 3 crops were reduced by the incorporation of aliphatics. The inhibitory effect of LCA on radish and spinach seedlings, coupled with a reduced plant density, resulted in a more dramatic yield reduction. Although there was a slight increase in the total porosity of the sand treated with LCA, the addition of LCA markedly decreased amounts of pores in the 25-100-m class. It was concluded that the LCA influenced seed germination to various degress, depending on the plant species, and that these compounds had a definite inhibitory effect on growth of seedlings, mainly through changes in the hydraulic properties of the sand. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A0C6, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600339 growing media/beeswax/properties/aliphatic compounds/seed germination/effects/sand/hydrology. Diniz, N. M., Soares, A. E. E. and Pecci, V. B. (1994) Africanized honey bee control program in Ribeirao Preto City, Sao Paulo, Brazil. American Bee Journal, 134(11), 746-748. A. G. Matheson. Africanized honey bees (AHB) arrived in the city of Ribeirao Preto, Brazil, in 1964. The numbers of AHB swarms recorded and exterminated by the city's fire department from 1968 to 1993 are given; swarm numbers increased linearly from 1968 to 1981 but exponentially from 1981 to 1989 (possibly as a result of large areas of sugar cane being planted around the city). From 1988 AHB swarms have been captured in 5-frame cardboard Langstroth nucleus hives, baited with foundation made of beeswax and oil extracted from lemon grass (Cymbopogum citratus) in the ratio 10:1, with captured swarms being used by beekeepers or destroyed. Intense swarm removal has been followed by a decrease in the number of swarms reported. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Genetics Department Block A, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto-USP, Ribeirao Preto SP, CEP 14049-900, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601037 plant oils/attractants/Cymbopogum citratus/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa/Brazil/swarms/taking swarms/wild honey bee colonies/destruction. Diniz-Filho, J. A. and Pignata, M. I. B. (1994) Quantitative genetics of multivariate morphometric variation in the neotropical stingless bee, Scaptotrigona postica (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae). Revista Brasileira de Genetica, 17(3), 259-265. Author. Measurements of 15 morphological characteristics were made on 150 S. postica bees, collected from 15 hives. Heritabilities for these characteristics ranged from 0.799 to 0.201. Genetic and phenotypic correlation matrices were highly associated. Phenotypic patterns of correlation were more associated with functional or developmental systems than genetic ones. There was, however, more overall integration in genotypic than in phenotypic components of morphometric variation. This was expected as most parts of the body of holometabolous insects are derived from imaginal discs in such a way that final patterns of morphometric variation are not determined until relatively late in development. General results indicate that phenotypic patterns alone can be used to test evolutionary hypotheses in S. postica. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Goias, CP 131, 74001-970 Goiania, GO, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601298 Apidae/beneficial insects/Scaptotrigona/morphology/variation/genetics. Diniz-Filho, J. A. F. (1995) Canonical trend surface analysis of morphometric variation in Africanized honey bees from Brazil. Journal of Apicultural Research, 34(2), 65-72. Author. Canonical trend surface analysis (CTSA) is a powerful multivariate statistical method that finds linear combinations of morphological data which have maximum correlation with geographic space. In this study, CTSA was applied to morphometric variation among 42 Africanized honey bee populations from Brazil. Results were compared with principal component analysis (PCA) and matrix comparison between D Mahalanobis and geographic distances, using the Mantel test. CTSA can be more effective than other multivariate techniques in describing multivariate spatial patterns and, consequently, in suggesting evolutionary explanations for their origin. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Goias, CP 131, CEP 74.001-970, Goiania, GO, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700209 honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa/Brazil/morphology/statistical analysis/multivariate analysis/biogeography/evolution. Diniz-Filho, J. A. F. (1996) Clinal morphometric variation in Africanized honey bees under racial admixture hypothesis. Journal of Apicultural Research, 35(3/4), 104-109. Author. Geographical variation in Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Brazil usually has been attributed to distinct levels of racial admixture between African and European honey bees. Morphometric variation in southern and northeastern Brazil has now been studied to see if it is within the limits established by the racial admixture model based on isoenzymes, proposed by Lobo et al.[Evolution (1989) 43 (4) 794-802] and Lobo & Krieger [Heredity (1992) 68 (5) 441-448]. Most of the characters showed small deviations from expected in the same direction (larger bees) for both regions, and this may be attributed to scaling effects or to an uncertainty about average values in the introduced A. m. scutellata population. Morphometric data can be considered to be within the limits established by the racial admixture model, supporting the hypotheses previously proposed to explain its geographic patterns. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Goias, CP. 131, CEP 74.001-970, Goiania, GO, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800950 Apis mellifera scutellata/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa/Apis mellifera/Brazil/geographical variation/biogeography/clines/morphology. Diniz-Filho, J. A. F. (1996) Population ecology and diffusion of Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in South America. Naturalia (Sao Paulo), 21, 141-145. See AA 179/92.\0BD. G. Lowe. The spread of Africanized honey bee populations in Brazil after 1956 was modelled using diffusion equations, based on bivariate normal distribution and exponential growth. The results indicate that the northward diffusion may be associated with increasing colonization ability, as suggested by Ratnieks (1991) [The 'African'honey bee. San Francisco, USA; Westview Press, 108-135]. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Goias, 74001-970 Goiania, GO, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900191 honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa/Brazil/population ecology/diffusion models/ecology. Diniz-Filho, J. A. F., Araujo, E. D. d. and Pignata, M. I. B. (1995) Evolution of size and shape in stingless bee workers (Apidae, Meliponinae): patterns of phylogenetic autocorrelation. Comun. Mus. Cienc. Tecnol., PUCRS, Seri. Zool., 8, 61-71. Author. Patterns of size and shape variation in workers of 18 stingless bee species were described using principal component analysis of 32 characters, and subjected to phylogenetic autocorrelation analysis to evaluate adaptive effects on morphology. Matrices of differences among species in each of the first 3 principal components were compared with matrices containing 2 distinct phylogenetic hypotheses of relationship among species, using matrix correlations and Mantel tests. The overall levels of phylogenetic inertia for morphometric variation were equal to 27.857% and 13.333% for the two phylogenies used, most of them related to the first principal component (body size). This supports the hypothesis of low evolutionary constraints and important adaptive trends related to resource exploitation in workers of highly eusocial bee species. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Goias, Cx Postal 131. CEP 74001-970 Goiania, GO, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801181 Apidae/Brazil/Meliponinae/size/variation/phylogeny/morphology. Diniz-Filho, J. A. F. and Balestra, R. (1996) A multivariate analysis of ecological similarity in social Apidae based on floral resource exploitation. Naturalia (Sao Paulo), 21, 85-93. D. G. Lowe. Multivariate statistical techniques were used to analyse data on foraging by 17 species of social Apidae (subfamilies Apinae, Meliponinae and Bombinae) on 193 plants in Sao Paulo, Brazil. A significant matrix correlation between ecological associations and body size differences among species was found; there was no strong pattern related to type of plant or species morphology. It is suggested that ecological and coevolutionary processes are factors in bee community structure. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Goias, 74001-970 Goiania, GO, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900054 foraging/Apidae/community ecology/multivariate analysis/ecology. Diniz-Filho, J. A. F. and Bini, L. M. (1994) Space-free correlation between morphometric and climatic data: a multivariate analysis of Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in Brazil. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 4(2), 195-202. Author. Morphometric patterns of Africanized honey bees and their relationship with climatic variation from 40 Brazilian localities were investigated using a set of multivariate analyses. There was a strong canonical correlation between morphometric and climatic data, suggesting that adaptation and natural selection are occurring. However, both morphometric and climatic data were spatially autocorrelated. When this spatial effect was removed, by using a canonical trend surface analysis, the results showed no significant relationship between morphometric and climatic data. other explanations for morphometric variation of Africanized honey bees are considered. The historical records of the migration of these bees, together with spatial analysis of morphological and molecular data suggest that the most parsimonious explanation is related to a demic diffusion process. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Goias, CP 131, CEP 74001-970 Goiania, GO, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800946 honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa/biogeography/Brazil/morphology/climate/effects. Diniz-Filho, J. A. F. and Malaspina, O. (1994) Quantitative genetics of morphometric divergence between Italian and African honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Naturalia (Sao Paulo), 19, 81-88. D. G. Lowe. The morphometric divergence between Apis mellifera scutellata and A. m. ligustica was examined by comparing 15 morphological characteristics of samples of 100 bees of each of these subspecies. The values were analysed by univariate analysis of variance, which showed significant differences between the two subspecies. It was assumed that this divergence is primarily due to genetic adaptations to distinct environmental conditions, and the long-term evolutionary models of Lande [see Evolution (1976) 30: 314-334 and (1979) 33: 402-416] were used to evaluate the intensity of natural selection necessary to produce the differences and the selection gradient associated with each character. The results indicate that the actual divergence pattern observed could have been produced by only weak selective pressures. It is suggested that the hypothesis of divergence within populations of Africanized honey bees in the Americas due to strong selective pressures cannot be ruled out simply because of the short time span (about 35 years) for divergence. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Goias, 74001-970, Goiania, GO, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601379 honey bees/morphology/evolution/races/Apis mellifera scutellata/Apis mellifera ligustica. Diniz-Filho, J. A. F. and Malaspina, O. (1995) Evolution and population structure of Africanized honey bees in Brazil: evidence from spatial analysis of morphometric data. Evolution, 49(6), 1172-1179. Author. Studies based on isoenzymatic patterns of geographical variation have revealed that the Africanized honey bee does not constitute a single population, but exists as several local populations with various degrees of admixture with European honey bees. New data on morphometric patterns of Africanized honey bees, collected at 42 localities in Brazil, were analysed using univariate and multivariate (canonical) trend surface and spatial autocorrelation analyses. The clinal patterns of variation found for genetically independent characters (wing size characters and some wing venation angles) are concordant with previous studies of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) allelic frequencies and support the hypothesis that the larger honey bees in southern and southeastern Brazil originated by racial admixture in the initial phases of African honey bee colonization. Geographical variation patterns of Africanized honey bee populations reflect a demic diffusion process in which European genes were gradually lost because of the higher fitness of the African gene pool in neotropical environmental conditions. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Goias, CP. 131, 74001-970, Goiania, Goias, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800947 honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa/biogeography/population genetics/Brazil/morphology/genetics. Diniz-Filho, J. A. F. and Malaspina, O. (1996) Geographic variation of Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in Brazil: multivariate morphometrics and racial admixture. Brazilian Journal of Genetics, 19(2), 217-224. Author. The correspondence between morphometric and isozymic geographic variation patterns of Africanized honey bees in Brazil was analysed. Morphometric data consisted of mean vectors of 19 wing traits measured in 42 local populations distributed throughout the country. Isozymic data concerned allelic frequencies of malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and were obtained from Lobo & Krieger [Heredity 68: 441-448, 1992]. The two data sets were analysed through canonical trend surface, principal components and spatial autocorrelation analyses, and showed north-south clines, demonstrating that Africanized honey bees in southern and southeastern Brazil are more similar to European honey bees than those found in northern and northeastern regions. Also, the morphometric variation is within the limits established by the racial admixture model, considering the expected values of Africanized honey bee forewing length (WL) in southern and northeastern regions of Brazil, estimated by combining average values of WL in the 3 main subspecies involved in the Africanization process (Apis mellifera scutellata, A. m. ligustica and A. m. mellifera) with racial admixture coefficients. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Goias, Caixa Postal 131, 74001-970 Goiania, GO, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800948 honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa/Brazil/biogeography/morphology/enzyme polymorphism/genetic variation/malate dehydrogenase/morphometrics/variation/isoenzymes/population genetics/Apis mellifera mellifera/Apis mellifera ligustica/Africanized honey bees/Apis mellifera scutellata/variation. Diniz-Filho, J. A. F., Malaspina, O. and Cavalheri, D. H. (1994) Genetic and within-colony environmental components of variation in the hamuli number of Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Revista Brasileira de Genetica, 17(3), 255-258. D. G. Lowe. Variations in hamuli number for worker Africanized honey bees from 16 managed colonies in Rio Claro, Brazil, were analysed by the methodology of Oldroyd & Moran [Australian Journal of Biological Sciences (1983) 36: 323-332], modified to account for within-colony environmental variation. The estimated heritability, assuming that queens mated with 17 unrelated drones, was 0.6768 <+-> 0.2991. The within-colony environmental variance component was not significant. The results indicate that the heritability of hamuli number is not seriously affected by within-colony environmental factors in this particular population of honey bees. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Goias, CP 131, 74001-970 Goiania, GO, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601360 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/Brazil/worker honey bees/hamuli/variation/genetics/honey bees/races/tropical Africa/honey bees/genetic variation. Dinovic, K. and Mladenovic, M. (1997) Downward ventilation in a hive caused by bees activity known as organized depression. In summer, bees in a hive with openings at the top and bottom cause a downward current of air, described as organized depression by fanning. During flowering of black locust [Robinia pseudoacacia], when air temperature was 25º , RH 75-80% and the colony was collecting 3 kg nectar/day, the speed of the of air being expelled through the entrance was 0.5-1 m/s; volume of air circulating in the hive was 160-210 dm3 , and pressure 3 Pa. Paper presented at the XXXVth International Apicultural Congress, Antwerp, Belgium, 1-6 Sept. 1997. Page(s): 30. Accession date: . Call number: 638.124. Library code: Bd. Language: En, Fr, Ru. Author. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA479/99 Apis mellifera/worker honey bees/behaviour/fanning to regulate atmosphere in hive. Dippel, K. (1999) Beekeeping land register opens up new possibilities. Allgemeine Deutsche Imkerzeitung, 33(1), 18-21. Original title: Imkerei-Kataster eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten. Details of 8000 apiaries (so far) in Hessen, Germany, have been entered into a data bank. The project is described, with examples of computer-generated maps. Accession date: 26 July 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bj. Language: De. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA724/99 beekeeping/Germany/Hessen/databases. Disney, R. H. L. and Bartareau, T. (1995) A new species of Dohrniphora (Diptera: Phoridae) associated with a stingless bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Australia. Sociobiology, 26(3), 229-239. D. G. Lowe. D. trigonae, from a nest of Trigona carbonaria in Queensland, is described. The larvae and adult females feed on the stored pollen provisions of the host bee. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900121 Dohrniphora trigonae/ Trigona carbonaria/Apidae/ parasites/Australia/Queensland/ pollen. Dittmann, F. and Steiner, J. (1997) Intercellular connection between the lyrate organ and the growing oocyte in Varroa jacobsoni as revealed by Lucifer Yellow dye-coupling. Journal of Apicultural Research, 36(3/4), 145-149. Author. Micro-injected Lucifer Yellow CH (LY) was used to study cytoplasmic continuity and transport between the lyrate organ and the developing oocyte in the ovary of V. jacobsoni. When LY was injected into the lyrate organ of young female mites in their phoretic phase, movement of the dye towards the late stage 2 oocyte did not occur. Further oocyte development was initiated by transfer of young female mites into brood cells of Apis mellifera shortly after capping ('reproductive phase' of mites). Uptake of blood from an L5 (feeding phase) bee larva coincided with the migration of LY both from one lobe of the lyrate organ to the other as well as from the lyrate organ towards the oocyte. Translocation of LY in vitro reflects the alimentation of oocytes (nutrimentary oogenesis) and highlights the pattern of intercellular transport during oogenesis. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Developmental Physiology, Zoological Institute, University of Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900991 Apis mellifera/honey bees/ectoparasites. Dittrich, M. (1995) Time course of color induction in the honeybee. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 177(2), 207-217. P. Walker. Colour induction in the honey bee was investigated in experiments in which an individual bee walked in a dark arena and was trained to a self-luminant stimulus presented from below. In dual-choice tests the dark background was replaced by a coloured induction stimulus. Choice behaviour was recorded by TV camera and analysed by computer. Successive colour induction was separated from simultaneous induction by analysis of the walking paths. Only successive colour induction occurred. Simultaneous effects were not observed. That is, a stimulus acted as a colour inducing stimulus only when the bee crossed this stimulus. Thus, the colour perceived by a given eye region is dependent on the viewing history, but not on the stimuli presented simultaneously on neighbouring parts of the retina. The data suggest that colour induction is complete after a few seconds. Photoreceptor adaptation is sufficient to explain the observed time course. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Konigin-Luise-Strasse 28-30, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800908 Apis mellifera/behaviour/photoreceptors/learning/senses/honey bees/vision/colour. Dittrich, M. (1995) A quantitative model of successive color induction in the honeybee. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 177(2), 219-234. P. Walker. After training individual honey bees to a colour stimulus of constant intensity, they were given choice tests with the same stimulus at different intensities. In most tests, the training intensity was chosen. This can be explained by bees' ability to discriminate chromaticness (hue and saturation) according to the Bezold-Brucke shift. Bees adapted to chromatic stimuli during their choices. It is concluded from behavioural data that, in adaptation, adjustment in photoreceptor sensitivity in one receptor also affects the sensitivity of others (co-adaptation). A quantitative model of adaptation to chromatic stimuli was developed by extending the linear adaptation model. The most likely mechanism of co-adaptation is optical coupling by lateral filtering. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Konigin-Luise-Strasse 28-30, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800909 Apis mellifera/behaviour/photoreceptors/learning/senses/honey bees/vision/colour/mathematical models. Dixon, D. and Lafreniere, R. (1997) 1997 recommendations for administering antibiotics and acaricides to honey bee colonies. Winnipeg, Canada, Manitoba Agriculture. Page(s): 7 pp. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Apiculture Section, Soils & Crops Branch, Manitoba Agriculture, 201-545 University Cresent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5S6, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900588 honey bees/Apis mellifera/American foul brood/European foul brood/Nosema disease/bee diseases/Canada/oxytetracycline/fumagillin/fluvalinate/formic acid/menthol. Djordjevic, S. P., Noone, K., Smith, L. and Hornitzky, M. A. Z. (1998) Development of a hemi-nested PCR assay for the specific detection of Melissococcus pluton. Journal of Apicultural Research, 37(3), 165-174. A pair of oligonucleotide primers (MP1 and MP2) were used for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a 486 base pair (bp) fragment of the 16S rRNA gene of 26 geographically diverse Australian Melissococcus pluton (causative agent of European foulbrood) isolates. PCR primers spanning a region of the 16S rRNA gene from position 893-1377 failed to amplify a product when template DNA from a wide range of pathogenic and saprophytic bacteria were used including Paenibacillus larvae, Paenibacillus alvei, Enterococcus faecium and Spiroplasma melliferum. The PCR did, however, reliably amplify a 486 bp fragment (when the annealing temperature was lowered by 5°C) using template DNA isolated from the phylogenetically-related bacterium Enterococcus faecalis. PCR amplicons generated from E. faecalis and M. pluton were readily distinguished by digestion with the restriction endonuclease Hinfl and electrophoresis in 1.5% agarose or by electrophoresis in 1% agarose containing bisbenzidene/polyethylene glycol. A hemi-nested PCR requiring a combination of primers MP1 and a third primer, MP3, which spanned 25 nucleotides from position 1168-1144 and internal to the 486 bp amplicon generated by primers MP1 and MP2 was developed. The hemi-nested PCR amplified a 276 bp M. pluton-specific product that was not amplified with E. faecalis DNA. In sensitivity studies, the PCR assay could reliably detect approximately 1-10 organisms/ml. This level of sensitivity was achieved using crude DNA templates (boiled cell Iysate) prepared using Instagene matrix. The PCR assay could also detect M. pluton in brood with European foulbrood. Accession date: 27 April 1999. Call number: 638.154. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author. Author address: NSW Agriculture, Elizabeth Macarthur Agric. Inst., Private Mail Bag 8, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA520/99 Melissococcus pluton/European foulbrood/DNA/polymerase chain reaction/oligonucleotide primers/electrophoresis/Australia. Djuric, G., Popovic, D. and Todorovic, D. (1996) Activity variations and concentration factors for natural radionuclides in a 'soil-plant-honey' system. Environment International, 22(SUP1), S361-S363. The activity of natural radionuclides (Ra, U, U, Th, and K) was measured in soils, meadow flowers, and honey from a mountain region in West Serbia. No statistically significant differences in the contents of natural radionuclides in soil or meadow flora from different soils (shale or limestone) were obtained, although concentrations were generally higher in shale soils than in soils mainly composed of limestone rocks. Activity of Ra, U, and U in plants was below minimal detectable concentrations (0.4 - 0.1 Bq/kg). The content of Th was higher in meadow flora from shale soils. For K, there were no significant differences in its concentrations in plants from different soils. The activity of natural radionuclides in honey did not depend on the type of soil or meadow flora, but the variations for U and U concentrations were high. Concentration factors for 'soil-honey' phase were in the range 0.01-0.07, while for 'soil-plant' and 'plant-honey' phase they could be calculated only for Th and K and were in the range 0.1-3.0 and 0.09-0.02, respectively. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bul. JA 18, 11000 Beograd, Yugoslavia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901026 radon/uranium/thorium/potassium/radionuclides/soil/flowers/plants/honey/shale soils/limestone/mountain areas/Yugoslavia/conferences. Dobbeling, I., Brasch, J., Henseler, T. and Folster-Holst, R. (1995) Relevance of skin test and specific IgE in immunotherapy with bee and wasp venom. Allergologie, 18(4), 151-155. Original title or source: Intrakutan-Test und spezifisches IgE als Indikatoren einer erfolgreichen Hyposensibilisierung gegen Insektengifte. Intracutaneous skin tests with Hymenoptera venom were conducted for 6 years on 101 German patients with Hymenoptera venom allergy. They had all been treated by specific immunotherapy. Specific serum IgE levels were also evaluated. The results indicate that neither intracutaneous skin tests nor specific IgE levels are sufficient to evaluate the therapeutic response. Only a concomitant decrease of both parameters, skin reactivity and specific serum IgE levels, can be used as an indicator of successful immunotherapy. Library code: 23 ref. Language: De. Author address: Hautklinik der Christian-Albrechts-Universitat, Schittenhelmstrasse 7, D-24105, Kiel, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700807 arthropod allergies/RAST/IgE/diagnosis/skin tests/Apidae/Vespidae/man/stings/therapy/Hymenoptera/hypersensitivity/immunotherapy/venoms/allergies/honey bee venom/usage/immune desensitization/venoms/venoms/allergies/antibodies. Dobrzanski, Z., Roman, A., Gorecka, H. and Koacz, R. (1994) Metals and macro- and micro-elements in honey from areas [of Poland] polluted by industrial plants. Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna, 27(2), 157-160. Original title or source: Zawartosc pierwiastkow szkodliwych oraz makro- i mikroelementow w miodach pszczelich z rejonow skazen przemysowych. D. G. Lowe. A survey was carried out to determine the lead, cadmium, arsenic, zinc and copper contents of honeys harvested in spring and summer 1993, in a copper-contaminated area (LGOM) of Poland and in the Lubsza region of W. Silesia. The lead content of 75%, and arsenic content of 25%, of LGOM samples exceeded acceptable limits for these elements. The lead content of all honey samples from Lubsza was above the acceptable limit. The maximum contents of lead, cadmium, arsenic, zinc and copper found were 1.93, 0.11, 0.30, 7.23 and 0.35 mg/kg, respectively (minimum amounts 0.09, 0.01, 0.02, 0.34 and 0.13 mg/kg). The analyses showed that 25 other elements were present in the honeys. Library code: Ba. Language: Pl. Author address: Katedra Higieny Zwierzat i Srodowiska Hodowlanego, Akademia Rolniczej, 51-617 Wrocaw, ul. Dicksteina 3, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800277 honey/impurities/lead/cadmium/arsenic/zinc/copper/pollution/metals/Poland/heavy metals. Dobson, H. E. M. (1993) Bee fauna associated with shrubs in two California chaparral communities. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 69(1), 77-94. Author. The bee faunas visiting spring-blooming shrubs in the chaparral of northern California were compared between 2 localities having similar plant species but different climatic regimes. Bees were collected from mid-March to mid-July during 2 consecutive years that were characterized by different rainfall. In the Inner Coast Ranges of Napa County, with a mediterranean climate, 73 bee species from 6 families were recorded on 11 shrub species; Megachilidae was the most species-rich family, followed by Andrenidae and Halictidae. Immediately inland from the coast in Marin County, where the frequently cool, foggy conditions are unfavourable for many solitary bees, the bee fauna had only half the number of species and a third the number of individuals; there were very few Megachilidae and a relatively high abundance of bumble bees. Of the 81 total species at both sites, close to one-third were shared between sites; the introduced honey bee (Apis mellifera) was ubiquitous. A greater number of species were collected during the year of normal rainfall, most species were recorded in low abundance, and females comprised two-thirds of the collected specimens. Shrubs of the genus Ceanothus attracted the greatest diversity of bees. Comparison with other regional bee surveys shows the inland site here to be most typical of other areas with chaparral. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600035 Apidae/Caenothus/Apis mellifera/Apoidea/chaparral/USA/California/climate/effects/shrubs/foraging. Dobson, H. E. M., Groth, I. and Bergstrom, G. (1996) Pollen advertisement: chemical contrasts between whole-flower and pollen odors. American Journal of Botany, 83(7), 877-885. P. Walker. In each of 3 plant species that offer pollen as the only food reward for pollinators, the odour of the pollen was different from that of the whole flower. Quantitative results are reported for the volatiles in pollen and flowers of Papaver rhoeas, Filipendula vulgaris and Lupinus polyphyllus. It is suggested that pollen odour is used by pollen-foraging insects to discriminate between plant species and also to assess reward availability in individual flowers. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Chemical Ecology, Department of Botany, Goteborg University, S-413 19 Goteborg, Sweden. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801113 insects/foraging/pollinators/smell/Papaver/flowers/pollen/volatile compounds/Filipendula/Lupinus. Dobson, H. E. M. and Peng, Y. S. (1997) Digestion of pollen components by larvae of the flower-specialist bee Chelostoma florisomne (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 43(1), 89-100. Author. Pollen digestion in larvae of the solitary bee C. florisomne, a pollen-specialist (oligolectic) species on Ranunculus spp., was investigated using histological techniques. Serial sections from the alimentary canal were selectively stained and examined for disappearance of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates from ingested Ranunculus pollen grains. During digestion, pollen contents were observed to gradually extrude through the grain apertures. Most of the digestion of lipids and proteins occurred in the anterior- and median-midgut, whereas carbohydrates disappeared more slowly and mainly in the median- and posterior-midgut. In the hindgut, pollen comprised mainly empty exine shells which were crushed and often broken, suggesting that some components of the wall are degraded during digestion. Lipids were completely digested, but small quantities of proteins and carbohydrates were often still present in grains in the posterior midgut/hindgut. The pollenkitt appeared to be completely absorbed, with none evident in the posterior midgut or in larval faeces. The findings indicate that this bee has the digestive equipment necessary to effectively remove and absorb the nutrients present in its restricted food source. Comparison with similar studies in adult honey bees suggests that differing digestive abilities might be an underlying factor in pollen specialization in bees. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901149 Chelostoma florisomne/Apidae. Dobson, J. (1995) NZ bee genetic improvement group a unique response to the challenge. New Zealand Beekeeper, 2(2), 7-9. A. G. Matheson. A honey bee (Apis mellifera) stock improvement programme in New Zealand is operated by a private company owned by 25 beekeepers. The shareholders evaluate over 1 season 7-10 selected queens for brood viability and colony performance. The best queen from each group is returned to the programme manager in autumn to be used for rearing 10000 drones, and 250 queens which are inseminated with semen pooled from drones reared from all the best queens. Queens thus produced are evaluated during the next season. With shareholders conducting evaluations the annual programme budget is only c. NZ$ 15000. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601031 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/genetic improvement/honey bees/breeding/New Zealand/queen honey bees/testing/selection/companies. Dochkova, B. (1995) Study of Osmia coerulescens L. (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) a pollinator for lucerne. I. Biological and ecological features. Rasteniev'dni Nauki, 32(6), 61-63. Studies during 1988-91 showed that visible morphological features of the solitary bee species O. coerulescens [O. caerulescens] allow it to be distinguished readily from other species and its pollinating activity in seed production stands to be monitored. Under the environmental conditions of the central area of north Bulgaria, the species produces 2 generations a year, the second being the important one for the purposes of seed production. The species can be reproduced artificially and used for supplementary pollination of lucerne and other herbage crops. Library code: 7 ref. Language: Bg. Author address: Institut po Furazhite, Pleven, Bulgaria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800715 lucerne/pollinators/herbage crops/Medicago sativa/pollination/Osmia caerulescens/Osmia/of Medicago sativa/by Osmia/Osmia/domestication/life cycle. Dochkova, B. (1995) Study of Osmia coerulescens L. (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) a pollinator for lucerne. II. Pollinating and building activity. Rasteniev'dni Nauki, 32(6), 64-66. Studies during 1988-91 in the Pleven area of Bulgaria indicated that only the females of this solitary bee species engage in nest building and pollinating activity. They opened and pollinated 87.5% of visited Medicago sativa flowers and 98.4 to 100% of visited flowers of Lotus corniculatus and Onobrychis sativa [O. viciifolia]. Osmia coerulescens [O. caerulescens] settled readily into artificial nests made of wild cane or of wood and appeared suitable for limited open pollination of lucerne breeding material. Library code: 9 ref. Language: Bg. Author address: Institut po Furazhite, Pleven, Bulgaria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800716 lucerne/sainfoin/pollinators/Medicago sativa/Lotus corniculatus/Onobrychis viciifolia/pollination/Osmia caerulescens/Osmia/of Medicago sativa/by Osmia/Osmia/domestication/nests. Doczkal, D. and Schmid-Egger, C. (1992) Additions to the bee fauna of Baden-Wurttemberg. Carolinea, 50, 173-176. Original title or source: Erganzungen zur Wildbienen-fauna Baden-Wurttembergs (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Library code: Ba. Language: De. Author address: Hansjakobstrasse 7, 7502 Malsch, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600031 Apidae/geographical distribution/Apoidea/Germany/Baden-Wurttemberg. Dogaroglu, M. and Evren, H. S. (1993) Effects of Langstroth and Dadant-Blatt hive types on honey production and colony population in Thrace region, Turkey. T.Ü. Tekirdäg Ziraat Fakültese Dergisi, 2(1), 91-97. Original title: Trakya bölgesinde Langstroth ve Dadant-Blatt kovan tiplerinin bal verimi ve koloni gelisimi üzerine etkileri. Brood rearing activity and honey production were not significantly different in Apis mellifera colonies kept in the two types of hives. Colony populations were significantly different between the groups; the number of frames covered with bees was higher in Langstroth hives, but the frame surface area covered with bees was higher in Dadant-Blatt hives. Accession date: 2 September 1999. Call number: 638.14. Library code: Bc. Language: Tr. . Author address: Tekirdag Ziraat Fakültesi Zootekni, Bölümü, Turkey. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA789/99 movable-comb hives/Langstroth hive/Dadant-Blatt hive/Apis mellifera/Turkey/brood rearing/honey bee colonies/size. Dogaroglu, M. and Ortac, T. (1992) Effect of pollen production on brood rearing activity and swarming tendency in honey bee colonies. T.Ü. Tekirdag Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), 201-205. Original title: Bal arisi (Apis mellifera L.) kolonilerinde polen üretiminin kulucka üretimi ve ogul egilimi üzerine etkileri. The effects of fitting pollen traps to hives during the swarming season were studied. Mean brood production in the test colonies was 7621 cm2 compared with 7956 cm2 in control colonies (no traps). Mean numbers of swarm cells were 27.54 and 45.25, respectively. The differences were not statistically significant. Accession date: 3 September 1999. Call number: 638.178. Library code: Bc. Language: Tr, en. Author. Author address: T.Ü. Tekirdag Ziraat Fakültesi Zootekni, Bölümü, Turkey. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA908/99 pollen trapping/brood rearing/swarming/Apis mellifera. Dogaroglu, M., Ozder, M. and Polat, C. (1992) Comparisons on performance of important Turkish honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) races and ecotypes in the Thrace region. Doga, Turk Veterinerlik ve Hayvanclk Dergisi, 16(2), 403-414. Original title or source: Turkiye'deki onemli bal ars (Apis mellifera L.) rk ve ekotiplerinin trakya kosullarnda performananslarnn karslastrlmasi. P. Walker. The colony performances of 4 honey bee (Apis mellifera) ecotypes or subspecies found in Turkey were evaluated. Colony population growth and brood rearing activity were greatest in the Mugla ecotype (M), then, in decreasing order, Thrace ecotype (T), A. m. caucasica (C), A. m. anatolica (A). Values for M were significantly different from the others. Differences in queen and colony survival rates, swarming tendency, foraging activity and aggressiveness were not statistically significant. Mean honey yields were 23.2, 19.5, 30.0 and 24.9 kg, respectively; the difference between C and T was statistically significant. Library code: Bc. Language: Tr. Author address: Tekirdag Ziraat Fakultesi, Trakya Universitesi, Tekirdag, Turkey. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700612 swarming/foraging/behaviour/honey-getting capacity/Apis mellifera/Turkey/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera caucasica/Apis mellifera anatolica/honey bee colonies/performance. Dollin, A. (1999) Australia's first survey on stingless beekeeping. The fascinating results. Aussie Bee(10), 6-7. Reports survey results from 257 stingless bee beekeepers. Accession date: 26 July 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA660/99 Meliponinae/beekeeping/Australia/stingless bees/surveys. Dollin, A. and Heard, T. (1997) Keeping Australian stingless bees in a log or box. Native Bees of Australia Series, Booklet 5. North Richmond, NSW, Australia, Australian Native Bee Research Centre. Describes methods of keeping Trigona carbonaria or T. hockingsi in a hollow log or a box. Different box designs and methods of dividing a colony and harvesting honey are described. Page(s): 14. Accession date: 27 July 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bc. Language: En. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA661/99 Trigona/domestication/Meliponinae/beekeeping/Australia. Domingo, B. (1995) Ecuador: Cuenca and Guayas abundance in a country that is good to its bees. Vida Apicola(70), 26-35. Original title or source: Ecuador: Cuenca y Guayas la abundancia de un pais generoso con sus abejas. P. Walker. The following topics are covered for these 2 quite different states. Cuenca (in the south): hives used, the bees and their diseases, bee forage, hive products, and alcoholic drink made from honey. Guayas (on the coast): history of beekeeping, development programme, yields, bee forage, pollination of melon crops, and beekeeping with stingless bees. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700573 beekeeping/Ecuador. Domingo, B. (1995) Ecuador: Tungurahua [state] migratory beekeeping in the rhythm of Africanized bees. Vida Apicola(69), 26-35. Original title or source: Ecuador: Tungurahua trashumancia al ritmo de las abejas africanizadas. P. Walker. This state is situated in the central Andes. This account of beekeeping here with Africanized bees includes information on types of hive, migration, diseases, honey and pollen production, and the beekeeping association, as well as the problems encountered by beekeepers. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700574 migratory beekeeping/Ecuador/beekeeping/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa. Dominguez, D. A. and Bande, J. M. (1992) Cuban research in beekeeping technology: conservation of combs by chemical methods. Actualidad Apicola(61), 15-17. Original title or source: Investigaciones cubanas en tecnologia apicola. Conservacion de panales por medios quimicos. P. Walker. Wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae (18 or 36 days old) on empty combs were all killed by treatment with phosphamine [phosphine] at 3 different doses. When used later, the treated combs did not repel bees and did not increase mortality in adult workers or brood. In another test, wax moth larvae (30 days old, also prepupae and pupae) were killed by sulfur vapour. Naphthalene vapour was not very effective in killing 20-day-old wax moth larvae; the winter temperatures were probably too low for sufficient vaporization. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Estacion Experimental Apicola, Carretera de El Cano-Wajay, km 0, Arroyo Arenas, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900256 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/parasites/chemical control/pests/honey bees/Galleria mellonella/of honey bees/control methods/phosphine/naphthalene/sulfur/combs/movable-comb hives/fumigation. Donohoe, P. J., Heddle, R. J., Sykes, P. J., Fusco, M., Flego, L. R. and Zola, H. (1995) IgE cells in the peripheral blood of atopic, nonatopic, and bee venom-hypersensitive individuals exhibit the phenotype of highly differentiated B cells. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 95(2), 587-596. Author. IgE cells in peripheral blood of atopic donors, donors hypersensitive to bee venom, and non-atopic control donors were analysed with 2- and 3-colour flow cytometry. Although the percentage of IgE cells varied among these groups, the overall phenotypic patterns were similar. Most IgE cells did not display typical B-cell markers, such as CD19, CD20, and CD21. A significant proportion of these cells stained for CD38, indicating that they were more differentiated. Bee venom-hypersensitive donors had a small population of IgE cells with a specificity for phospholipase A2. The phospholipase A2 cells displayed a phenotype similar to that of the IgE cells. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Clinical Immunology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800315 honey bees/Apis mellifera/arthropod allergies/man/immunoglobulins/hypersensitivity/phenotypes/honey bee venom/allergies/antibodies/phospholipase A/allergens. Donovan, B. J. (1996) Progress with biological control of wasps. New Zealand Beekeeper, 3(4;5), 14-15;12-13. P. Walker. Vespula germanica, a pest of honey bees, has been present in New Zealand for over 50 years, and V. vulgaris arrived and spread in the 1980s; its numbers are especially high in S. Island beech forests. Part I describes the introduction, breeding and establishment of Sphecophaga vesparum vesparum, a parasite of the wasps; this and another introduced subspecies, S. v. burra, do not attack honey bees. Part 2 considers other wasp predators which may be considered for introduction: an Israeli Sphecophaga, a European beetle Metoecus paradoxus and Bareogonalos species of parasitoids, but further importations will be limited by lack of funding. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801026 Vespula germanica/Vespula vulgaris/predators/honey bees/Apis mellifera/parasitism/Sphecophaga vesparum/pests/Vespula/of honey bees/Vespula/New Zealand/parasitoids/Vespula/control methods/biological control. Donze, G. (1995) Behavioural attributes of the ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni during its reproductive phase in the capped brood of the honey bee Apis mellifera, These Doctorat, Universite de Neuchatel, France. Original title or source: Adaptations comportementales de l'acarien ectoparasite Varroa jacobsoni durant sa phase de reproduction dans les alveoles operculees de l'abeille mellifere Apis mellifera. Author. A new and simple technique with transparent polystyrol cells was developed which allows observations of capped honey bee brood. These artificial worker and drone cells, infested naturally in hives, were observed round the clock via video recording under standardized conditions in an incubator. The observations described show that soon after the beginning of the bee's prepupal stage, the female mite forms a faecal accumulation (FA) on the back wall of the cell near the prepupal anus. The FA serves as a rendezvous site for all Varroa life stages which rest on it between their feeding bouts. Finally, adult offspring mate on the FA. Shortly after the moult of the honey bee prepupa, the foundress mite invests a long time in preparing a single feeding site, preferentially situated on the ventral side of the fifth segment. In most cells a single feeding site is used at the same time by all descendants of one or more females. The investment by foundress mites in establishing the feeding site is critical since no protonymphs survive on pupae without a prepared feeding site. At the outset of the protonymphal stage a behavioural rhythm is acquired and is reinforced thereafter. Once fed, a mite leaves the feeding site, returns to the cell wall, rests on the FA, and usually defaecates. When hungry the mite returns to the bee and searches for the feeding site. The same path is usually used and the duration of successive journeys grows shorter. This is true for both the foundress and her descendants. This optimalizes their search efficacy and thus they become less sensitive to the effects of competition. A multifactorial analysis indicated that V. jacobsoni compartmentalizes its behaviour for the best use of the small space available. The main advantages are the avoidance of fouling the food source, the avoidance of crowding at the feeding site, the easy encounter of mates on the FA, and the possibility for individuals to find zones away from the centre of activity for moulting. Nevertheless, use of a single feeding site leads to competition for food when the number of mites in the cell increases. The youngest mite stages have to wait longer to occupy the feeding site and they are often displaced by the more mature stages. This may explain the reduced number of maturing daughter mites in multiinfested cells compared to singly infested ones. Despite this, multiinfested cells occur regularly. The frequency distributions of infesting mites per cell are not random in drone cells, but are overdispersed, with negative binomial distributions. Males are scarce in singly infested cells but more frequent in multiinfested ones. This increases the proportion of female offspring which can be fertilized. Mating occurs just after ecdysis, as soon as females arrive at the FA. The females mate more than once as long as no other freshly moulted female arrives at the FA. Dissections showed that the number of spermatozoa in the spermatheca increases with rematings, indicating that sperm mixing occurs when more than one Varroa foundress is present in a cell; this allows outbreeding. The production of mated female offspring per foundress reaches an optimum in cells infested by 2 mature females. [The Results section of this thesis is in English, the other sections are in French]. Page(s): 153 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701428 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/honey bee brood/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/mating/reproduction/feeding/development/behaviour/theses. Donze, G., Fluri, P. and Imdorf, A. (1998) How many matings are necessary for varroa mites? Schweizerische Bienen-Zeitung, 121(2), 90-94. Original title or source: Wie viele Begattungen sind bei Varroamilben notig?. P. Walker. In each reproductive cycle the female mite (Varroa jacobsoni) lays 5-6 eggs in 30 h. A male offspring matures first and mates with females as they mature. Mating usually takes place on a pile of faeces deposited by the mother mite on the top of the cell. The process of mating is described. The male actually transfers a sperm packet to the female using a hollow mouthpart. In 71% of matings the whole process lasts less than 3 min. The male mates as often as possible with the first female to mature, then mates successively with the next female which matures about 30 h later. In one observation, the first female was mated 8 times, the second one 4 times and the third one twice before the bee in the cell emerged. Spermatozoa were counted in the spermathecae of females mated (A) once, (B) twice or (C) 3 times in an incubator. There were none in A, 0-26 in 14 B and more than 24 in all except one of 11 C; 3 of the last group had more than 40. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Author address: Institut de Zoologie, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2007 Neuchatel, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901349 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/mating/reproduction/spermatozoa. Donze, G., Fluri, P. and Imdorf, A. (1998) A highly organized life in a small space: the development of varroa mites in the sealed brood of the honey bee colony. Schweizerische Bienen-Zeitung, 121(1), 26-33. Original title or source: Hochorganisiertes Leben auf kleinem Raum: die Fortpflanzung der Varroa-Milben in den verdeckelten Brutzellen der Bienenvolker. P. Walker. The activities of female mites inside transparent polystyrene cells containing worker and drone brood were observed and recorded with a video camera. Detailed descriptions of the mites' behaviour include the following: movements of the female in the cell; feeding positions on the honey bee larva and prepupa; position of the pile of faeces (where the female mite spends 90% of her time until she lays an egg) and position of the eggs. The mite's behaviour ensures that she is not damaged by the bee brood, and also that she does not damage her host too much. In worker cells, 1-1.5 reproductive daughter mites were found, and in drone cells 1.5-2. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Author address: Institut de Zoologie, Universitat, 2007 Neuchatel, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901356 pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/life cycle/reproduction/Apis mellifera/ectoparasites/laboratory methods. Donze, G. and Guerin, P. M. (1994) Behavioral attributes and parental care of Varroa mites parasitizing honeybee brood. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 34(5), 305-319. P. Walker. Observations were made on the behaviour and movements of fertilized female V. jacobsoni introduced into artificial cells containing Apis mellifera drone and worker larvae. A single mite could produce 2-4 adult fertilized females during the development period of a worker (270 h) or drone (330 h), in spite of the disturbance of cocoon spinning and the subsequent changes in the bee. The mite prepared a feeding site for her nymphs on the bee pupa and accumulated faeces at a site nearby on the cell wall. The latter also served as a rendezvous site for mating of the offspring. Communal use of the feeding site led to competition between mites. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Apiculture, Federal Dairy Research Institute, 3097 Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701426 Apis mellifera/honey bees/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/host parasite relationships/honey bee brood/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/behaviour/reproduction. Donze, G. and Guerin, P. M. (1997) Time-activity budgets and space structuring by the different life stages of Varroa jacobsoni in capped brood of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Journal of Insect Behavior, 10(3), 371-393. The mite Varroa jacobsoni reproduces in honey bee brood cells. The behavioural activity and use of space by infesting females of V. jacobsoni and progeny were quantified in transparent artificial brood cells. The time-activity budget of both infesting and developing mites converged toward a stable pattern which was established during the bee prepupal stage of the infesting mites and the protonymphal stage of mite progeny. The pattern was such that infesting females and offspring eventually divided their activity between the faecal accumulation on the cell wall, which served as the rendezvous site for newly moulted individuals, and the feeding site prepared on the pupa by the foundress. Other parts of the cell wall were used for oviposition and moulting, away from the faecal accumulation on which activity of mobile stages was concentrated. Space structuring and the time-activity budget in V. jacobsoni probably evolved to enhance the number of fertilized females produced within the capped brood, where space and time are limiting factors. These behavioural adaptations parallel those of other mite species which show group behaviour within cavities. Library code: 30 ref. Language: En. Author address: Federal Dairy Research Institute, Department of Apiculture, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, 3097 Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900967 natural enemies/mites/Acari/ectoparasites/honey bees/Apis/development/oviposition/moulting/Varroa jacobsoni/behaviour/reproductive behaviour. Donze, G., Herrmann, M., Bachofen, B. and Guerin, P. M. (1996) Effect of mating frequency and brood cell infestation rate on the reproductive success of the honeybee parasite Varroa jacobsoni. Ecological Entomology, 21(1), 17-26. Author. The reproductive biology of Varroa jacobsoni was studied in natural and transparent artificial brood cells using time-lapse video recordings. The observations showed that mating of female offspring occurs just after ecdysis and as soon as they arrive on the faecal accumulation prepared by the mother. Such females are remated for as long as no other freshly moulted female arrives on the faecal accumulation. The number of daughter offspring per infesting female decreases at higher rates of infestation per cell, but there is a higher probability of finding a male within multi-infested cells. The number of mated daughters per mother is maximal in cells with 2 foundress females. The frequency distributions of infesting mites in drone cells are aggregated, and approximate to negative binomial distributions. It is suggested that this increases the mite's mean reproductive success. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Apiculture, Federal Dairy Research Institute, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, 3097 Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701420 apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/reproduction/mating. Dosio, E. (1996) Beekeeping in Burkina Faso. Apicoltore Moderno, 87(2), 77-84. Original title or source: Apicoltura in Burkina Faso. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800897 beekeeping/Burkina Faso. Dosio, E. (1997) Promoting rational beekeeping in Burkina Faso. Apicoltore Moderno, 88(3), 121-128. Original title or source: Attivita di promozione dell'apicoltura razionale in Burkina Faso. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Buttigliera Alta, Turin, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901220 beekeeping/Burkina Faso. Dozet, B. M., Mandelc, S., Skoric, D. and Farkas, B. (1993) Use of honey bees for controlled interpollination of wild Helianthus annuus L. and Helianthus petiolaris ssp. petiolaris Nuttall. Helia, 16(19), 69-76. D. G. Lowe. This study evaluated 4 methods of pollination: caged with honey bees; open pollination; hand pollination using mixed pollen; self-pollination. The test included 11 populations of wild H. annuus and 6 populations of H. petiolaris petiolaris. The method of controlled pollination with bees produced significantly higher numbers of achenes than the other 3 methods in all but 2 H. annuus populations. With H. petiolaris, bee pollination produced a lower number of achenes than open-pollination. Compared with a colony kept outside, the caged honey bee colony had a lower population, fewer pollen stores, a lower rate of honey storage and brood rearing ceased when the queen stopped laying after 60 days inside the isolation cage. Colonies used in cages for pollination should be supplied with frames of pollen. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 21000 Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701158 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/cages/pollination/honey bees/of Helianthus annuus/by honey bees/of Helianthus petiolaris/Helianthus annuus/Helianthus petiolaris. Dramstad, W. and Fry, G. (1995) Foraging activity of bumblebees (Bombus) in relation to flower resources on arable land. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 53(2), 123-135. P. Walker. The forage plants used by bumble bees were recorded during May-August in SE Norway, in an area where some remnants of semi-natural habitat occur among cereal crop fields. Transect techniques were used to assess use by the bees of vegetation along field boundaries, and in a small woodland 'island'. The 7 Bombus species identified visited a small fraction of available flowering species; only 9 of 78 species received more than 5 bee visits. All Bombus species preferred perennial plants, and made most visits to the least disturbed and open sites. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology and Nature Conservation, PO Box 5014, Agricultural University of Norway, N-1432 AAS, Norway. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800069 Apidae/wild flowers/habitats/foraging/Bombus/agricultural land/ecology/Norway. Dreisig, H. (1995) Ideal free distributions of nectar foraging bumblebees. Oikos, 72(2), 161-172. P. Walker. Optimal foraging theory predicts that foragers should distribute themselves on a resource so that individual food intake rate (gain) is the same at all local areas or patches. Nectar-foraging bumble bees (several Bombus spp.) were observed on areas of Viscaria vulgaris and of Anchusa officinalis. Bee distributions resulted in a nectar gain/flower which was independent of plant size or plant density or rate of nectar production/flower. A computer simulation showed that the bee distributions and their equalization of nectar gain could be explained partly by the bees' systematic search for nectar (using an optimal rejection threshold gain to avoid recently depleted flowers), and partly by a non-random plant choice (preference for large plants and high nectar producers). Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Dept of Population Biology, Univ. of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800061 Apidae/Viscaria vulgaris/Anchusa officinalis/foraging/Bombus/nectar/computer simulation. Dreisig, H. (1997) Why do some nectar foragers perch and others hover while probing flowers? Evolutionary Ecology, 11(5), 543-555. Author. Diurnal hawk moths (Hemaris fuciformis) and bumble bees (Bombus pascuorum) were observed foraging for nectar in flowers of Viscaria vulgaris. The moths hovered in front of the flowers, while the bees perched on them. The moths had a faster probing rate than the bees, and consequently also had higher gross and net rates of energy gain. A model is presented that shows that hovering only yields a higher net rate of energy gain (NREG) than perching when nectar volumes are high due to low competition. The difference in NREG of perchers and hoverers decreases with an increase of competition, and eventually perching yields the highest NREG. This is an effect of the higher cost of hovering. The results suggest that hovering can evolve as a pure evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) only if competition is reduced, for example by co-evolutionary specializations with plants. The possibility that it has evolved as a mixed ESS (i.e. individuals can both hover and perch depending on the resource level) is discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Population Biology, Copenhagen University, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901132 Viscaria vulgaris/Hemaris fuciformis/Apidae/evolution. Dreller, C., Fondrk, M. K. and Page, R. E., Jr. (1995) Genetic variability affects the behavior of foragers in a feral honeybee colony. Naturwissenschaften, 82(5), 243-245. P. Walker. Foragers returning to a feral colony of European Apis mellifera (in California, USA) were collected, killed and separated into pollen collectors and nectar collectors (there were no water collectors). By DNA fingerprinting (RAPD, 20 markers from 8 different primers), bees were divided into 8 groups. Pollen and nectar foragers were distributed non-randomly: in 4 groups one type predominated and in 4, the other type. The results thus showed that genotypic variability represents a level of social organization for the task specialization of foragers. The implications of this are discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Theodor-Boveri-Institut der Universitat, Lehrstuhl fur Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701338 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/genotypes/DNA fingerprinting/USA/California/foraging/honey bees/wild honey bee colonies/worker honey bees/genetic variation. Dreller, C. and Kirchner, W. H. (1993) Hearing in honeybees: localization of the auditory sense organ. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 173(3), 275-279. P. Walker. Experiments were carried out to identify the sensory structures in Apis mellifera that detect the sound signals made by dancing workers. Sound stimuli (265 Hz) were used to train bees to a feeder, after which they had one or both antennae removed or immobilized, or various hairs or bristles removed, and were then re-tested. Results showed that near-field sounds were not detected by mechanosensory hairs on the antennae or head, or by the bristle fields at the joints of the antennae; the sensor was a chordotonal organ in the pedicel of the antenna, called Johnston's organ, which responds to air particle oscillations. Bees in which this organ was not experimentally manipulated displayed an undisturbed auditory sense. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Theodor-Boveri-Institut fur Biowissenschaften der Universitat, Lehrstuhl fur Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600960 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/sounds/senses/worker honey bees/hearing/antennae/sense organs. Dreller, C. and Kirchner, W. H. (1993) How honeybees perceive the information of the dance language. Naturwissenschaften, 80, 319-321. P. Walker. The mechanism by which Apis mellifera workers perceive the information given by dancing bees was studied by excising parts of the head of follower bees and observing if they found the food source indicated by a dancing bee. The necessary information was successfully perceived by bees lacking their antennal tips; these contain most of the mechanoreceptors, so it is concluded that tactile interactions are not involved. Also, the sensory hairs on the head were not important. But both antennae were needed for successful perception of the near-field sound signals emitted by dancing bees. This indicates that the antennae contain sound receptor structure(s) and that a binaural mechanism may be involved in decoding information on the direction of a food source. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Theodor-Boveri-Institut fur Biowissenschaften der Universitat, Lehrstuhl fur Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600962 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/sounds/senses/worker honey bees/hearing/antennae/sense organs. Dreller, C. and Kirchner, W. H. (1994) Hearing in the Asian honeybees Apis dorsata and Apis florea. Insectes Sociaux, 41(3), 291-299. P. Walker. Individual A. dorsata foragers were first trained by exposing them to a sound when they visited a feeder and were then tested with sounds of frequencies and amplitude similar to that produced by a dancing bee. The results showed clearly that the bees perceived the sounds. In similar experiments with A. florea, the bees also perceived sounds, although dancing A. florea bees rarely emit sounds. The existence of an auditory sense in this species is discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Theodor-Boveri-Institut fur Biowissenschaften der Universitat, Lehrstuhl fur Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Am Hubland,D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600918 beneficial insects/sounds/senses/worker honey bees/hearing/Apis dorsata/Apis florea. Dreller, C. and Kirchner, W. H. (1995) The sense of hearing in honey bees. Bee World, 76(1), 6-17. D. G. Lowe. Present knowledge about hearing in honey bees is reviewed, with 30 references. Recent research involving sound signals composed of high air particle oscillations (rather than sound pressure changes), and aversive conditioning and learning experiments, are described. These revealed that honey bees (Apis mellifera) can hear sounds of low pitch up to 500 Hz which are sensed in the distal joint of the pedicel of the antenna. The deflection of the antennal flagellum by the sound stimulates sensory stuctures called scolopidia which form the ring-shaped Johnston's organ within the pedicel. The scolopidia are attached to the intersegmental membrane of the joint and when this is moved by deflections of the flagellum action potentials are produced which travel along the antennal nerve to the brain. The use of hearing in A mellifera, particularly during dance communication, is discussed. Experiments in India have shown that A. dorsata (which produces dance sounds) and A. florea (which does not) also hear low-pitched sounds. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Theodor-Boveri-Institut fur Biowissenschaften der Universitat, Lehrstuhl fur Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Am Hubland, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600521 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/sounds/senses/honey bees/hearing/Apis dorsata/Apis florea/antennae/sense organs/communication/by sounds. Dreyfuss, M. F., Lotfi, H., Marquet, P., Debord, J., Daguet, J. L. and Lachatre, G. (1994) Pesticide residue determination in honey and apples by HPLC and GC. Analusis, 22(5), 273-280. Original title or source: Analyse de residus de pesticides dans des miels et des pommes par CLHP et CPG. Author. Two HPLC and GC methods on capillary column which allow the simultaneous determination of 18 pesticides in honey and apples were developed. A good separation of most pesticides was achieved using each method. The limits of sensitivity ranged from 0.025 to 0.2 ppm. These methods, HPLC and GC, require respectively a liquid-liquid extraction and a solid-liquid one, allowing sample purification and residue concentration. The procedure yields reproducible results with adequate sensitivity for routine monitoring of pesticide residues in these products. Library code: Bc. Language: Fr. Author address: Service de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, Hopital Universitaire Dupuytren, 87042 Limoges Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800276 pest control/nontarget effects/apples/honey/pesticide residues/analytical methods/chromatography/determination/analysis/HPLC/gas chromatography. Drimjias, N. and Karabournioti, S. (1995) Characteristics of Greek Thymus honey. Apiacta, 30(2), 33-39. P. Walker. Results of pollen grain analyses, and some physicochemical characteristics, are reported for 199 Thymus honeys collected in 1991-1994 from 7 areas on the Greek mainland (A) and 7 islands (B). Generally, values for HMF, pH and electrical conductivity were similar in A and B samples, but statistically significant differences were found in water content (A averaged 16.70%, B 17.48%) and in diastase (amylase) activity (A 27.14, B 20.21); the lowest values were found for honeys from the island of Kos (average 11.84). In 25 of 34 B samples, Thymus pollen constituted more than 35% of the total pollen; on the other hand, samples from wetter areas with a wider variety of flowering plants had lower levels of Thymus pollen. It is concluded that the lower limit of 45% required for a Thymus honey is too high, and excludes some Greek unifloral Thymus honeys. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Bee Culturing Co. 'Attiki', 29 P. Mela Street, 12131 Peristeri, Athens, Greece. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701105 HMF/pH/electrical conductivity/water content/amylase/honey/Thymus/Greece/pollen analysis/composition/characteristics. Driscoll, J. (1999) Beekeeping in Pitcairn Island. New Zealand Beekeeper, 5(1), 16-17. Under a development project, 7 of the 50 families are keeping 30 honey bee colonies in Langstroth hives, and producing good quality honey. An inspection of 20 managed and 7 feral colonies showed that they are generally free from diseases and pests. Any future imports of bees will be strictly controlled. Accession date: 23 June 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bj. Language: En. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA411/99 beekeeping/Pitcairn Island. Driss, M. R., Zafzouf, M., Sabbah, S. and Bouguerra, M. L. (1994) Simplified procedure for organochlorine pesticides residue analysis in honey. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 57(1), 63-71. A simplified method for analysing organochlorine (OC) insecticide residues in honey was devised using capillary column gas chromatography. The honey was dissolved in water, which was then extracted with petroleum ether and purified on a Florisil micro-column. Recovery for the pesticides studied (HCH, lindane, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, DDE, dieldrin and DDT) was 90% at 3 concentration levels. Their limits of quantification (LOQs) lay between 0.27 and 0.48 ng/g. This technique was applied to 28 honey samples from various countries (Tunisia, Venezuela, Russia, Canada, Italy, France, Egypt, Madagascar and China). p,p-DDE was the most common compound detected (24 samples, 85.7%) and its mean concentration was 0.58 ng/g. The highest p,p-DDE samples came from the developing countries, where until recently OC insecticides were heavily used. Library code: 35 ref. Language: En. Author address: Departement de Chimie, Faculte des Sciences, Campus Universitaire, Le Belvedere, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700331 organochlorine insecticides/gas chromatography/insecticide residues/HCH/lindane/aldrin/heptachlor epoxide/DDE/dieldrin/DDT/residues/honey/analytical methods/pesticide residues/residues/techniques/analysis/insecticides/insecticides/residues. Drobak, B. K. and Watkins, P. A. C. (1994) Inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate production in plant cells: stimulation by the venom peptides, melittin and mastoparan. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 205(1), 739-745. Accession date: 17 August 98. Call number: 638.178. Library code: X. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA297/99 honey bee venom/melittin/inositol phosphates/Daucus carota. Droege, G. (1993) The honey bee from A to Z: a lexicon. Berlin, Germany, Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag Ehrenwirth. Original title or source: Die Honigbiene von A bis Z: ein Lexikalisches Fachbuch. D. G. Lowe. This encyclopaedic reference work contains descriptive and definitive entries for words and concepts associated with the science and practice of beekeeping, and for individuals and organizations who have been prominent in the field of apiculture, especially in Germany. The book is illustrated and well cross-referenced. Page(s): 325 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800465 beekeeping/reference works/books. Drumond, P. M., Bego, L. R. and Melo, G. A. R. (1995) Nest architecture of the stingless bee Plebeia poecilochroa Moure & Camargo, 1993 and related considerations (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia(79), 39-45. Author. Nests of P. poecilochroa were collected from hollows in house walls and earth banks in Guarapari, Espirito Santo, Brazil. The nest entrances were small, circular holes, surrounded by dark resin and with no outer tube. The brood cells were arranged in regular horizontal combs (sometimes in spirals), and not surrounded by an involucrum. Numerous pillars connected the brood combs to each other, to lateral parts of the nest and to the storage pots. Observations under laboratory conditions on the behaviour of the virgin queen and swarming are reported. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia, Setor Ecologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto - Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, CEP 14040-901 - Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801196 Apidae/trigona/nests. Drumond, P. M., Bego, L. R., Zucchi, R., Yamane, S. and Sakagami, S. F. (1997) Oviposition process of the stingless bees. XIX. Plebeia (Plebeia) poecilochroa with highly integrated oviposition process and small colony size (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Japanese Journal of Entomology, 65(1), 7-22. P. poecilochroa shares, with 3 other consubgeneric stingless bees, P. droryana, P. emerina and P. remota, the following features: (1) brood cells are typically combed, obligatorily batched and synchronously built; (2) food provisioning is synchronous and made under high agitation; (3) caste interactions are distinctly agonistic but partly ritualized; (4) worker eggs are laid on combs long before food provisioning in cells. However, P. poecilochroa differs from P. droryana and P. emerina by the absence of an involucrum (except in one of the 3 observed nests in which a simple layer covered the lower half of brood combs) and differs from all 3 other consubgeners by a much smaller colony size and the prolonged presence of semi-open cells during operculation. In addition, among stingless bee taxa so far studied, this species is unique in sharing a well integrated POP (provisioning and oviposition process) and small batch size. Accession date: 14 July 1998. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bb. Language: En. . Author address: Dept. Biologia, Fac. Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (USP), 14040-901 Riberião Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA14/99 Plebeia/nests/oviposition/queens/laying workers/relationships. Drumond, P. M., Zucchi, R., Mateus, S., Bego, L. R., Yamane, S. and Sakagami, S. F. (1996) Oviposition behavior of the stingless bees, XVII. Plebeia (Plebeia) droryana and an ethological comparison with other meliponine taxa (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Japanese Journal of Entomology, 64(2), 385-400. Author. Studies of P. droryana kept in heated observation hives or simple wooden boxes showed that the cell provisioning and oviposition process (POP) of this species is mainly characterized by: (1) batched oviposition; (2) synchronously constructed and provisioned brood cells; (3) interactions between castes remarkable for the queen's frequent and abrupt motions allied to her aggressiveness, eliciting complex and diversified worker behaviour; (4) worker-produced trophic eggs laid anywhere on the comb long before food provisioning, and eaten either by the queen or by other workers. Although the POP of most stingless bees always shows some agitation involving both castes, mainly at food provisioning of cells, the agitation seen in P. droryana reached the highest level, comparable to that in Nannotrigona and Mourella. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto (USP), 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801197 Apidae/Plebeia droryana/trigona/oviposition/trigona/females/relationships. Drumond, P. M., Zucchi, R., Yamane, S. and Sakagami, S. F. (1996) Oviposition behavior of the stingless bees XVIII. Plebeia (Plebeia) emerina and P. (P.) remota, with a preliminary ethological comparison of some Plebeia taxa (Apidae, Meliponinae). Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Ibaraki University(45), 31-55. P. Walker. Several types of behaviour were found to be similar in P.(P.) droryana and the 2 title species: brood cells typically form a comb in one plane; eggs are laid in batches; brood cells are synchronously constructed and provisioned; interactions between castes are distinctly agonistic and partly ritualized; worker eggs are mostly laid on the comb before the climax of the food provisioning and oviposition process. Some differences between the species are described. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801193 Apidae/ova/brood/trigona/females/oviposition. Duay, P. R. (1996) A technique for installing mating nuclei with Africanized honey bees. Bee World, 77(4), 212-215. D. G. Lowe. The main problems experienced by beekeepers setting up mating nuclei with Africanized honey bees are: absconding, aggression between workers of different colonies when these are mixed prior to establishing nuclei, fusion of swarms of workers leaving recently established nuclei, low tendency to rest on the comb. A basic condition of the method described is that workers from different colonies are not mixed. The brood and food frames to be used are selected on the previous day and put in the upper hive body over a queen excluder after shaking off all the bees. During the transfer of frames, the bees (including those in neighbouring hives if necessary) are calmed with smoke. Bees in the lower hive body are driven up into the upper hive body by smoking at the entrance. The selected frames, with adhering bees, can then be transferred. Five-frame nuclei (2 food stores, 2 brood, 1 empty) are usually used. A screened transport cover is put on each nucleus and the entrance is closed with foam rubber until after the nucleus has been moved to the mating apiary. After 24-48 h, the screen cover is replaced with a normal cover and a ripe queen cell or virgin queen is introduced. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Depto. de Genetica, Bloco A, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 14049.900 Ribeirao Preto, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800564 honey bees/mating/mating hives/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa/honey bee colonies/manipulations/nucleus honey bee colonies. Duch, E. S. and Hau, M. E. (1998) Most important melliferous plants in the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) and main characteristics of their pollen. I. Ecology and peninsular environment. Apiacta, 33(1), 22-30. This review, with 20 references, deals with the following aspects: beekeeping in the Yucatan peninsula; geological and climatic characteristics of the Yucatan peninsula; vegetation; effect of the flora on honey characteristics; flowering calendar for bee plants of the Yucatan peninsula; general characteristics of pollen. Accession date: 11 August 98. Call number: 638.132. Library code: Bj. Language: En. . Author address: Inst. Tech. Mérida, Div. Estudios Postgrado e Investigación, Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA158/99 nectar plants/Mexico/pollen/morphology. Duch, E. S. and Hernandez Chavez, J. d. C. (1994) Characterization of honeys gathered from tahonal (Viguiera dentata, var. heliantoides) [Asteraceae] and tzi'tzil'che (Gimnopodium [Gymnopodium] antigonoides Blake) [Polygonaceae] flowers by their mineral content utilizing discriminant analysis. Revista Espanola de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Alimentos, 34(4), 450-457. P. Walker. Contents of individual mineral elements in 40 tahonal and 20 tzi'tzil'che honey samples, produced mostly in Yucatan, Mexico, were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Average values (ppm) were (tahonal first): Ca 57.61, 70.11; Mg 8.94, 21.68; Na 41.9, 46.74; K 455.23, 755.88; Fe 6.05, 3.45. Mn and Cu were not detected in measurable amounts. The two honeys differed significantly in their contents of Mg, of K and of Fe; the total mineral content of tzi'tzil'che honey was higher than that of tahonal. On the basis of these results, it is possible to discriminate honeys from these two plants. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Instituto Tecnologico de Merida, Graduates and Investigation Center, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800257 calcium/magnesium/sodium/potassium/iron/Mexico/Asteraceae/Viguiera dentata/Polygonaceae/Gymnopodium antigonoides/discriminant analysis/honey/composition/minerals/Viguiera/Gymnopodium/metals/Viguiera/Gymnopodium. Duchateau, M. J., Hoshiba, H. and Velthuis, H. H. W. (1994) Diploid males in the bumble bee Bombus terrestris. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 71(3), 263-269. Author. The frequency of occurrence of colonies that produce diploid males after brother-sister (50%) and nephew-niece (37.5%) matings proves that in B. terrestris the sex is determined by a single multi-allelic sex locus. Diploid males developing normally into adults make up 50% of the diploid brood. In the laboratory the growth rate of colonies with diploid males is influenced only slightly. Of 41 colony-founding queens caught from a natural population, all produced a colony without any diploid males. Therefore, the number of sex alleles in this population is estimated to be at least 24. This suggests that in commercial rearing systems for bumble bees, involving several generations, the occurrence of diploid males can largely be prevented by a good crossing scheme. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Laboratory of Comparative Physiology, University of Utrecht, PO Box 80.086, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700054 Bombus terrestris/Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/breeding/Bombus/males/diploidy/Bombus/sex determination/genes. Duchateau, M. J. and Marien, J. (1995) Sexual biology of haploid and diploid males in the bumble bee Bombus terrestris. Insectes Sociaux, 42(3), 255-266. Author. Colonies of B. terrestris producing diploid males were obtained by brother-sister and nephew-niece matings. The diploid males were similar in appearance to the haploid males, except that they were smaller. The size of the testis of diploid males, relative to the length of the radial cell, was smaller than that of haploid males. There was overlap in the frequency distribution with respect to body size and testis size. The spermatozoa of diploid males were larger than those of the haploids and the vasa deferentia contained far less spermatozoa than those of haploid males of the same age. Countings and measurements of the spermatozoa, therefore, can give the best indication about the ploidy of the males. Diploid males were successful in mating. They mated at a younger age than haploid males and they died sooner. The number of viable offspring of diploid males, however, was very low. No queen that mated with a diploid male produced a colony, but a few queens did produce some progeny. These might have been triploid males and workers. In B. terrestris higher ploidy results in smaller individuals, whereas in several other species of Hymenoptera it has been found to result in larger individuals. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Comparative Physiology, Ethology and Socio-Ecology Group, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80.086, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800410 Apidae/reproduction/Bombus terrestris/queens/size/spermatozoa/mating/biology/males/Bombus/diploidy. Duchateau, M. J. and Velthuis, H. H. W. (1992) How to make a good tomato pollinator from a common earth bumble bee [Bombus terrestris]: solved and unsolved problems in bumble bee biology in relation to the use of bumble bees in agriculture. Bees for pollination. Proceedings of an EC workshop, Brussels, 2-3 March 1992 [edited by Bruneau, E.]. Brussels, Belgium, Commission of the European Communities, Division for the Coordination of Agricultural Research, 113-119. Page(s): 113-119. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Laboratory of Comparative Physiology, University of Utrecht, PO Box 80.086, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601565 Bombus terrestris/Apidae/beneficial insects/pollinators/tomatoes/conferences/pollination/Bombus/of Lycopersicon/by Bombus/domestication/Bombus/Lycopersicon/greenhouse culture. Dudko, P. and Kurpisz, M. (1996) Eradication of subclinical mastitis. Part II. Efficacy of dry cow therapy and use of propolis. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 52(7), 462-466. Original title or source: Nieantybiotykowe sposoby eliminacji stanow podklinicznych mastitis. II Skutecznosc leczenia w zasuszeniu antybiotykami i propolisem. Library code: 37 ref. Language: Pl. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900683 cattle diseases/cattle/mammary gland diseases/propolis/drug therapy/antibiotics/bovine mastitis/nonspecific immunostimulation/alternative medicine/dry period/mastitis/propolis/hive products/as hive products/effects/mastitis/veterinary medicine/uses. Dudler, T., Altmann, F., Carballido, J. M. and Blaser, K. (1995) Carbohydrate-dependent, HLA class II-restricted, human T cell response to the bee venom allergen phospholipase A2 in allergic patients. European Journal of Immunology, 25(2), 538-542. Accession date: 18 August 1998. Call number: 638.178. Library code: X. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA298/99 honey bee venom/phospholipase A/allergies/allergens/antibodies/T lymphocytes/man. Dudler, T., Machado, D. C., Kolbe, L., Annand, R. R., Rhodes, N., Gelb, M. H., Koelsch, E., Suter, M. and Helm, B. A. (1995) A link between catalytic activity, IgE-independent mast cell activation, and allergenicity of bee venom phospholipase A. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore), 155(5), 2605-2613. The authors explored the possibility that the nonimmunological interaction of an allergen with cells of the innate immune system might result in a release of mediators that promote IgE isotype selection in adaptive responses. Using the bee venom allergen phospholipase A (PLA) and a mutant variant lacking enzymatic function, they show that PLA, but not its catalytically inactive variant, was able to induce IgE-independent mediator release, including IL-4, from rodent mast cells. Assessing the in vivo relevance of these observations, they found that repeated injections of low doses of active enzyme into mice induce the synthesis of high levels of PLA-specific IgE, while immunization with the inactive form yields no detectable IgE response. Both antigens were similarly immunogenic when high doses of antigen were used for immunization. These findings suggest that mast cells might be a source of IL-4 at the onset of specific immunity against sources of allergens such as bee venom that contain PLA and support the concept that the biological action of an antigen on cells of the innate immune system can play a key role in determining adaptive immune responses. Library code: 52 ref. Language: En. Author address: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Davos, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800670 honey bee venom/IgE/immunoglobulins/mast cells/catalysis/interleukins/immunity/immune response/rats/Apis mellifera/venoms/phospholipase A2/allergens/phospholipase A/phospholipase A/allergens/phospholipase A/effects. Dudler, T., Schneider, T., Annand, R. R., Gelb, M. H. and Suter, M. (1994) Antigenic surface of the bee venom allergen phospholipase A2: structural and functional analysis of human IgG4 antibodies reveals potential role in protection. Journal of Immunology, 152(11), 5514-5522. Accession date: 18 August 98. Call number: 638.178. Library code: X. Language: En. . Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA299/99 honey bee venom/phospholipase A/antigens/antibodies/immunoglobulins/allergies. Dudley, R. (1995) Extraordinary flight performance of orchid bees (Apidae: Euglossini) hovering in heliox (80% He/20% O). Journal of Experimental Biology, 198(4), 1065-1070. Author. Air density is a major determinant of aerodynamic force production, therefore gas mixtures of variable density can be used to investigate insect flight performance non-invasively. When 3 species of orchid bees (Eulaema meriana, Euglossa imperialis and Euglossa dissimula) were allowed to hover inside an airtight acrylic tube, bees hovering in heliox (80% He/20% O) exhibited dramatic increases in lift and power output relative to flight in normal air. Stroke amplitude increased significantly in heliox, while wingbeat frequency was unchanged; mean lift coefficients in heliox increased significantly relative to values for hovering in normal air. Mean muscle mass-specific power output for flight in heliox mixtures ranged from 130 to 160 W/kg, substantially exceeding values determined from isolated asynchronous muscle preparations as well as limits postulated from the results of load-lifting experiments. The uses of different gas mixtures in the evaluation of animal flight performance are discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700489 Apidae/Eulaema/Euglossa/flight/performance/aerodynamics/muscle physiology/helium/laboratory methods. Dudley, R. and Ellington, C. P. (1990) Mechanics of forward flight in bumblebees. II. Quasi-steady lift and power requirements. Journal of Experimental Biology, 148, 53-88. Author. Measurements were made of the steady-state lift and drag forces acting on the wings and bodies of Bombus terrestris queens and workers. The aerodynamic force and pitching moment balances for bumble bees previously filmed in free flight [see Journal of Experimental Biology (1990) 148: 19-52] were calculated. A detailed aerodynamic analysis was used to show that quasi-steady aerodynamic mechanisms are inadequate to explain even fast forward flight. Calculations of the mechanical power requirements of forward flight show that the power required to fly is independent of air speed over a range from hovering flight to an air speed of 4.5 m/s. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700061 Bombus flavifrons/Apidae/beneficial insects/Bombus/flight/aerodynamics/mechanics. Dudley, R. and Ellington, C. P. (1990) Mechanics of forward flight in bumblebees I. Kinematics and morphology. Journal of Experimental Biology, 148, 19-52. Author. Using high-speed cinematography, bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) in free flight were filmed over a range of forward airspeeds. A detailed description of the wing tip and body kinematics was obtained from a 3-dimensional reconstruction of the 2-dimensional film image. A technique for determining quantitatively the angle of attack of the wing was developed. Kinematic parameters found to vary consistently with airspeed were body angle, stroke plane angle, geometrical angle of attack, and rotational angles of the wings at the ends of half-strokes. Results of a morphological analysis of the wings and bodies of those bees filmed in free flight are presented for use in calculations of the lift and power requirements of forward flight. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zooloogy, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801162 Bombus terrestris/Apidae/Bombus/flight. Duffield, R. M., Simon-Jordan, C., Riddick, E. W. and Wheeler, J. W. (1990) Exocrine secretions of bees. X. 3,7-dimethyl-deca-2,6-dien-1,10-diol: a sex-specific compound from Nomada annulata (Hym.; Anthophoridae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 16(4), 1069-1076. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700075 Nomada annulata/Apidae/Anthophoridae/Nomada/pheromones/secretion. Duggan, R. M. (1993) Beekeeping on the island of Rodrigues. Surrey, UK, published by the author. D. G. Lowe. Rodrigues Island is in the Indian Ocean, about 400 miles NE of Mauritius, and has an area of about 42.5 square miles. In 1993 there were over 120 beekeepers with 616 colonies (expected to rise to 750 by December 1993). The author describes various aspects of the island's beekeeping, including management methods, pests and diseases (no brood diseases or Acarapis woodi have been found), bee forage, honey production and marketing. Page(s): 26 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600502 beekeeping/Indian Ocean/Rodrigues Island. Duhayon, G. and Rasmont, P. (1993) Phenology of large bees (Bombus, Xylocopa and Habropoda) in the Maures massif (France, Var). Inventaire et cartographie des invertebres comme contribution a la gestion des milieux naturels francais. Actes du seminaire tenu au Mans les 6 et 7 novembre 1992. [edited by Lhonore, J.; Maurin, H.; Guilbot, R.; Keith, P.]. Paris, France, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 165-168. Original title or source: Phenologie des grands apoides (Hymenoptera, Apoidea: Bombus, Xylocopa, Habropoda) dans le massif des Maures (France, Var). Author. The phenology of Bombus terrestris, Megabombus ruderatus, M. pascuorum, Xylocopa violacea and Habropoda tarsata in this area of southern France is described. Page(s): 165-168. Library code: Bc. Language: Fr. Author address: Laboratoire de Zoologie, Universite de Mons-Hainaut 19, Avenue Maistriau, 7000 Mons, Belgium. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600071 Apidae/Bombus terrestris/Bombus ruderatus/Bombus pascuorum/Xylocopa violacea/Habropoda tarsata/Bombus/Xylocopa/Habropoda/phenology/France. Dujin, T., Jovanovic, V. and Suvakov, D. (1994) Efficacy of therapeutic agents against varroa (Varroa jacobsoni): effects of fluvalinate. Veterinarski Glasnik, 48(7), 525-530. Original title or source: Proucavanje efikasnosti terapijskih sredstava u borbi protiv varoe (Varroa jacobsoni): ispitivanje delovanja preparata 'Fluvalinat'. D. G. Lowe. Studies were carried out in 1991-92, in Serbia, on 14 experimental honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies infested by Varroa jacobsoni. Applications of fluvalinate were made in spring and autumn, and the numbers of dead mites were determined 2, 4, 10, 25 and 30 days after application. The number of dead mites averaged 45-71/hive after 2 days, falling to 2-13/hive after 30 days. The average total number of dead mites/hive was 81-134. Inspections of drone brood in summer showed that 11% of larvae and pupae were infested with 1-3 mites. Library code: Bc. Language: Sh. Author address: Institut za Veterinarstvo, Poljoprivredni Fakultet, Novi Sad 21001, Serbia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701435 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/acaricides/Serbia/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/fluvalinate. Dujin, T., Jovanovic, V. and Suvakov, S. (1995) Efficacy of therapeutic agents against Varroa jacobsoni on bees: results of the 2-year use of fluvalinate. Veterinarski Glasnik, 49(2/3), 127-131. Original title or source: Proucavanje efikasnosti delovanja terapijskih sredstava protiv Varroe jacobsoni u pcela - rezultati ispitivanja dvogodisnje primene preparata fluvalinat. Library code: 5 ref. Language: Sr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701037 bee diseases/fluvalinate/Varroa/acaricides/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods. Dukas, R. (1995) Transfer and interference in bumblebee learning. Animal Behaviour, 49(6), 1481-1490. Author. Learning one task may enhance the learning of a subsequent task (transfer), but the learning of a new task may also interfere with the memory of a previously learned task. When bumble bees (Bombus occidentalis) were tested for the magnitudes of transfer and interference between two related learning events they showed no evidence for positive transfer from one learning task to another, but they showed an initial reduction in performance after switching from task 2 back to task 1. After being trained to switch back and forth between two tasks, bees no longer showed an initial reduction in performance after switching. The results suggest that bees cannot generalize from one learning incident to another in the manner required in this experiment, and that they can learn to alternate between certain distinct tasks with no reduction in performance. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z2, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800066 Bombus occidentalis/Apidae/Bombus/learning. Dukas, R. and Real, L. A. (1993) Effects of recent experience on foraging decisions by bumble bees. Oecologia, 94(2), 244-246. Author. The temporal and spatial scales employed by foraging bumble bees (Bombus spp.) in sampling their environment and making foraging decisions should depend both on the limits of memory and on the pattern of rewards in the habitat. An analysis of data from previous experiments to determine how recent foraging experience by bumble bees affects their flight distances to subsequent flowers showed that a single visit to a flower was sufficient to affect the flight distance to the next flower. Longer sequences of 2 or 3 visits had an additional effect on the subsequent flight distance of individual foragers. This suggests that bumble bees can integrate information from at least 3 flowers for making a subsequent foraging decision. The existence of memory for floral characteristics, at least at this scale, may have significance for floral selection in natural environments. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600067 Bombus/foraging/memory. Dukas, R. and Real, L. A. (1993) Effects of nectar variance on learning by bumble bees. Animal Behaviour, 45(1), 37-41. Author. The variation in standing crops of nectar among flowers within a species is usually very high. This nectar variance may decrease a forager's ability to estimate the mean reward offered by alternative plant species. Consequently, learning performance under high nectar variance may be reduced. To examine this prediction, bumble bees (Bombus bimaculatus) were tested for their abilities to learn to discriminate rewarding from non-rewarding flowers under 4 levels of nectar variance. The learning rate of bees was significantly lower with nectar variance than with no variance. However, learning rates did not differ among the 3 levels of nectar variance. The results suggest that under increasing nectar variance bees do not increase sampling period, but instead base their foraging decisions on the less reliable information from a certain maximum number of flowers sampled. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600068 foraging/Bombus/nectar/secretion/yield/variation/learning. Dukas, R. and Real, L. A. (1993) Learning constraints and floral choice behaviour in bumble bees. Animal Behaviour, 46(4), 637-644. Author. Insects foraging on flowers for nectar tend to restrict their visits to a single species of plant while bypassing other equally rewarding species. This behaviour may result from perceptual limitations, the demands of energetic efficiency, or both. Perceptual limitations may be the product of underlying constraints on the processing of information by pollinators. Foraging simultaneously on several species can lower foraging efficiency through reduced ability to recognize the preferred species among others. This hypothesis was tested in laboratory experiments with bumble bees (Bombus impatiens). Bees learned to discriminate between 1 non-rewarding floral type and either 1, 2 or 3 rewarding floral types that differed only in colour. Bees' learning rates were higher in experimental sessions with fewer numbers of rewarding floral types. The results suggest that when bees forage on an increasing number of floral types, their ability to discriminate between these and non-rewarding types is reduced considerably. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600076 foraging/Bombus/nectar/learning. Dukas, R. and Real, L. A. (1993) Effects of recent experience on foraging decisions by bumble bees. Oecologia, 94(2), 244-246. Author. The temporal and spatial scales employed by foraging bumble bees (Bombus spp.) in sampling their environment and making foraging decisions should depend both on the limits of memory and on the pattern of rewards in the habitat. An analysis of data from previous experiments to determine how recent foraging experience by bumble bees affects their flight distances to subsequent flowers showed that a single visit to a flower was sufficient to affect the flight distance to the next flower. Longer sequences of 2 or 3 visits had an additional effect on the subsequent flight distance of individual foragers. This suggests that bumble bees can integrate information from at least 3 flowers for making a subsequent foraging decision. The existence of memory for floral characteristics, at least at this scale, may have significance for floral selection in natural environments. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600067 Bombus/foraging/memory. Dukas, R. and Real, L. A. (1993) Effects of nectar variance on learning by bumble bees. Animal Behaviour, 45(1), 37-41. Author. The variation in standing crops of nectar among flowers within a species is usually very high. This nectar variance may decrease a forager's ability to estimate the mean reward offered by alternative plant species. Consequently, learning performance under high nectar variance may be reduced. To examine this prediction, bumble bees (Bombus bimaculatus) were tested for their abilities to learn to discriminate rewarding from non-rewarding flowers under 4 levels of nectar variance. The learning rate of bees was significantly lower with nectar variance than with no variance. However, learning rates did not differ among the 3 levels of nectar variance. The results suggest that under increasing nectar variance bees do not increase sampling period, but instead base their foraging decisions on the less reliable information from a certain maximum number of flowers sampled. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600068 foraging/Bombus/nectar/secretion/yield/variation/learning. Dukas, R. and Visscher, P. K. (1994) Lifetime learning by foraging honey bees. Animal Behaviour, 48(5), 1007-1012. Author. Experiments with 47 marked worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) were carried out in order to assess lifetime aspects of learning, based on their foraging success from inception of foraging until death. The net rate of forage uptake by new foragers was low and gradually increased to approximately twice the initial rate after a week of foraging. This period coincided with the median lifespan of the foragers. Hence, forager honey bees apparently spend a considerable portion of their lifespan learning and improving their foraging skills. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700193 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/foraging/honey bees/worker honey bees/learning/lifespan/age/effects. Dukas, R. and Waser, N. M. (1994) Categorization of food types enhances foraging performance of bumblebees. Animal Behaviour, 48(5), 1001-1006. Author. The classification of food items into a selected set of categories can significantly enhance information processing by a foraging animal. The ability of bumble bees, Bombus flavifrons, to form simple categories of floral colours was tested. Bees recognized categories in a way that enhanced their ability to discriminate between rewarding and non-rewarding flowers. Bees also recognized novel members of learned categories. Both memorization and generalization based on similarity between floral types could be ruled out as the mechanisms underlying bees' behaviour. It is most likely that bees learned to attend to the stimulus that reliably identified members of a certain category; a similar mechanism may be commonly used by many other species including humans. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800063 Apidae/Bombus flavifrons/Bombus/foraging/learning/flowers/colour. Dumitrescu, M., Crisan, I. and Esanu, V. (1993) Antiherpetic activity of aqueous propolis extract. 2. Activity of lectins in aqueous propolis extract. Revue Roumaine de Virologie, 44(1/2), 49-54. Original title or source: Mecanisme de l'action antiherpetique de l'extrait aqueux de propolis. II. Action des lectines de l'extrait aqueux de propolis. D. G. Lowe. The studies described indicate that aqueous extracts of propolis contain lectins. They were detected in human fibroblast extracts previously treated with the propolis extract. The presence of lectins was confirmed by SDS-PAGE. Library code: Ba. Language: Fr. Author address: Institut de Virologie 'Stefan S. Nicolau', 285 Sos. Mihai Bravu, 79650 Bucarest 77, Romania. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701130 propolis/hive products/as hive products/lectins. Dumitrescu, M., Esanu, V. and Crisan, I. (1992) Antiherpetic activity of aqueous propolis extract. 1. Antioxidant activity in cultures of human fibroblasts. Revue Roumaine de Virologie, 43(3/4), 165-173. Original title or source: Mecanismes de l'action antiherpetique de l'extrait aqueux de propolis. I. Action anti-oxydante sur cultures fibroblastes humains. Author. A model of redox state modulation in human fibroblasts is presented. The fibroblasts were treated by some oxidative stress-inducing agents and an aqueous propolis extract. The latter acted as an antioxidant, protecting the cells. The global redox state of fibroblasts oxidatively modulated was quantitatively measured by their lysate action on haemoglobin electronic spectra in the presence and absence of hydrogen peroxide. These spectra confirmed the protective action of propolis against oxidation in the fibroblasts. Library code: Ba. Language: Fr. Author address: Institut de Virologie 'Stefan S. Nicolau', 285 Sos. Mihai Bravu, 79650 Bucharest 77, Romania. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701134 propolis/hive products/as hive products/antioxidative agents. Dunn, R. D., Weston, K. M., Longhurst, T. J., Lilley, G. G., Rivett, D. E., Hudson, P. J. and Raison, R. L. (1996) Antigen binding and cytotoxic properties of a recombinant immunotoxin incorporating the lytic peptide, melittin. Immunotechnology, 2(3), 229-240. The construction, production and functional analysis of a recombinant immunotoxin obtained by fusion of genes which encode an antibody fragment (scFv) with an oligonucleotide encoding melittin are reported. The antibody fragment was derived from a murine monoclonal antibody, K121, which recognises a specific epitope (KMA) expressed on the surface of human K myeloma and lymphoma cells, and on human free K Bence Jones protein. The scFv of K121 was constructed by PCR to link V and V genes via an oligonucleotide which encodes a flexible, hydrophilic peptide. An oligonucleotide encoding melittin and the peptide marker sequence FLAG was fused to the scFv construct using a similar linker peptide. The gene construct (scFv-mel) was inserted into the secretion vector pPOW and expressed in Escherichia coli (TOPP2). Expression of the recombinant scFv-mel gene and purification of the protein product was monitored by Western blot analysis. Following purification by anti-FLAG affinity chromatography, the recombinant immunotoxin (scFv-mel) was assessed for antigen binding and for cytotoxic activity by flow cytometry using antigen-expressing and non-expressing cell targets. The scFv-mel was found to exhibit binding and killing properties consistent with the specificity of the original K121 antibody. Moreover, the cytolytic activity of the scFv-mel was significantly greater on a molar basis than that of native melittin alone. The data presented constitute the first report of a melittin-based recombinant immunotoxin and demonstrate that such a membrane active immunotoxin can be synthesised in a bacterial expression. Library code: 43 ref. Language: En. Author address: Immunobiology Unit, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900331 genetic engineering/toxins/toxinology/antigens/cytotoxicity/recombinant toxins/antibodies/Escherichia coli/melittin/immunotoxins/gene expression/honey bee venom. Dunn, R. D., Weston, K. M., Longhurst, T. J., Lilley, G. G., Rivett, D. E., Hudson, P. J. and Raison, R. L. (1996) Antigen binding and cytotoxic properties of a recombinant immunotoxin incorporating the lytic peptide, melittin. Immunotechnology, 2(3), 229-240. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Immunobiology Unit, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901065 Apis mellifera/cytotoxicity/recombinant toxins/honey bee venom/melittin/immunotoxins/genetic engineering. Durante, S. P. (1994) Contribution to the knowledge of Chrysosarus (Dactylomegachile) trochantina (Vachal 1909) comb. nov. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Neotropica, 40(103/104), 41-44. Original title or source: Aportes al conocimiento de Chrysosarus (Dactylomegachile) trochantina (Vachal 1909) comb. nov. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Library code: Bb. Language: Es. Author address: Depto. Cientifico de Entomologia, Museo de la Plata, Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700478 Apidae/megachile/taxonomy/morphology. Durante, S. P. and Diaz, N. P. (1993) Taxonomic study of Eumegachile Friese 1899: Eumegachile (Sayapis) planula (Vachel 1908) comb. nov. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Neotropica, 39(101/102), 93-100. Original title or source: Estudio taxonomico de Eumegachile Friese 1899: Eumegachile (Sayapis) planula (Vachal 1908) comb. nov. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Library code: Bb. Language: Es. Author address: Depto. Cientifico de Entomologia, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700488 Apidae/Eumegachile/taxomomy/morphology. Durrer, S. and Schmid-Hempel, P. (1994) Shared use of flowers leads to horizontal pathogen transmission. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 258(1353), 299-302. P. Walker. Laboratory-reared colonies of Bombus lucorum and B. terrestris were used in these experiments; workers in 5 of the 12 nests were naturally infected with Crithidia bombi, an intestinal trypanosome pathogen. Uninfected bees became infected after visiting Echium vulgare flowers that had been visited by infected bees, or that had been contaminated experimentally with sugar solution containing the pathogen. It is concluded that the pathogen is transmitted through shared use of flowers. Important floral characteristics such as nectar availability or inflorescence architecture may affect transmission. Therefore, in addition to energetic considerations, pollinator foraging strategies could also be governed by the risk of contacting pathogens. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: ETH Zurich, Experimental Ecology, ETH-Zentrum NW, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701233 Apidae/Bombus lucorum/Bombus terrestris/beneficial insects/Crithidia bombi/Trypanosomatidae/flowers/parasitism/by Crithidia/Bombus/of Bombus/Crithidia/parasites/transmission/foraging/Bombus/nectar. Durrer, S. and Schmid-Hempel, P. (1995) Parasites and the regional distribution of bumblebee species. Ecography, 18(2), 114-122. Author. It has been hypothesized that widely distributed and abundant species should harbour more parasite species, which could give them a competitive advantage in local species assemblages because of their better adaptation to the parasites. In this study, data were obtained over a 2-year period for species assemblages of bumble bees (Bombus spp.), and their parasites, at 12 sites in Switzerland. The 12 parasitic species found in and on the 11 Bombus species included dipteran and hymenopteran parasitoids, nematodes, mites and protozoa. The mean number of parasite species per host species ranged from 1 to 8. The number of parasite species per average host individual (parasite load) ranged from 0.09 to 0.75. In cross-species comparisons, the number of parasite species per host species was positively correlated with regional distribution, i.e. the number of sites a host species occupied in the region, and with the average local host abundance. The same relationships were found for parasite load. In addition, parasite load correlated positively with average colony size of the host species, but not with body size of the individuals. Bumble bee species were bimodally distributed. When separated into widely distributed and locally occurring species, common hosts harboured more parasite species than rare ones. Moreover, workers of common species individually had higher parasite loads. From these results, it is concluded that some of the necessary preconditions for parasites being able to affect the distribution and occurrence of their hosts are met in bumble bees. The findings support a general pattern that parasite loads correlate positively with local abundance and geographical distribution of their hosts. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: ETH Zurich, Experimental Ecology, ETH-Zentrum, NW, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800058 Apidae/parasites/Diptera/Hymenoptera/Nematoda/Acari/protozoa/geographical distribution/adaptation/Switzerland/parasitism/Bombus/of Bombus/entomophilic nematodes. Durst, C., Eichmuller, S. and Menzel, R. (1994) Development and experience lead to increased volume of subcompartments of the honeybee mushroom body. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 62(3), 259-263. P. Walker. Morphometric analysis of the subcompartments of mushroom bodies in the brains of Apis mellifera workers showed that the volumes of the subcompartments depend on the age and experience of the adult bee. Except in the visual input region, a significant age-dependent increase in neuropile volume was observed. The olfactory and visual input regions showed experience-related differences. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie, FU Berlin, Konign-Luise-Strasse 28/30, 14195 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800922 Apis mellifera/brain/development/worker honey bees/corpora pedunculata/volume/age/effects. Dustmann, J. H. (1995) From the work of the Bee Research Institute for Lower Saxony, Celle [Germany]. 1994 Annual Report. Deutsches Bienen Journal, 3(6), 16-27. Original title or source: Aus der Arbeit des Niedersachsischen Landesinstitutes fur Beienenkunde, Celle. Jahresbericht 1994. P. Walker. Work in the various fields is summarized, including: beekeeping practice, queen rearing and performance testing, honey, varroosis, effects of certain races on local bees. Publications by staff in 1994 are listed. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700883 beekeeping/research institutes/Germany/reports. Dustmann, J. H. (1997) From the work of the Bee Research Institute for Lower Saxony, Celle [Germany]. 1996 Annual Report. Deutsches Bienen Journal, 5(6), 27-38. Original title or source: Aus der Arbeit des Niedersachsischen Landesinstitutes fur Bienenkunde, Celle. Jahresbericht 1996. P. Walker. Work in the various fields is summarized including: beekeeping practice, honey analyses, pollen analysis, rearing, bee diseases and pests, wild bees. Publications by staff are listed. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900473 beekeeping/research institutes/Germany/reports. Dustmann, J. H. (1999) From the work of the Bee Research Institute for Lower Saxony, Celle [Germany]. 1998 Annual Report. Deutsches Bienen Journal, 7(6), 27-37. Original title: Aus der Arbeit des Niedersächsischen Landesinstitutes für Bienenkunde, Celle. Jahresbericht 1998. Work in the various fields is summarized including: beekeeping practice, honey analyses, bee breeding, diseases and pests. Publications by staff are listed. Accession date: 2 Sept 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bj. Language: De. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA725/99 beekeeping research institutes/Germany. Dvir, T. (1997) The unique properties of honey as related to its application in food processing. Bee products: properties, applications, and apitherapy [edited by Mizrahi, A.; Lensky, Y.]. New York, USA, Plenum Publishing Corporation, 83-87. Page(s): 83-87. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Human Nutrition Unit, Ministry of Agriculture, 12 Aranya St., Tel Aviv, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801431 honey/characteristics/uses/food processing/properties. Dyer, F. C. (1993) How honey bees find familiar feeding sites after changing nesting sites with a swarm. Animal Behaviour, 46(4), 813-816. See AA 220/95.\0BP. Walker. Results of field experiments with 4 artificial Apis mellifera swarms and with trained foragers showed that honey bees can orientate directly to familiar feeding sites shortly after changing nest sites. This confirmed the finding of Robinson & Dyer [Animal Behaviour (1993) 46 (2) 311-320] that re-nesting honey bees can rapidly reorganize their responses to familiar features of their environment. The study also challenges the assumption that the large-scale memory representation used by a honey bee to navigate while foraging consists of a set of specific foraging paths radiating from a single nesting site in a landscape. It is suggested that the process involved in how bees learn to find a feeding site is, perhaps, independent of the nest location. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601004 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bees/orientation/foraging/memory/swarms/behaviour. Dyer, F. C. (1996) Spatial memory and navigation by honeybees on the scale of the foraging range. Journal of Experimental Biology, 199(1), 147-154. This paper reviews recent work by the author and others on navigation and learning in foraging honey bees, particularly the following aspects: (1) how bees learn the spatial relationships among widely separated locations in a familiar terrain; (2) how bees learn the pattern of movement of the sun over the day; (3) whether, and if so how, bees learn the relationships between celestial cues and landmarks. Accession date: 18 August 98. Call number: 638.121.24. Library code: X. Language: En. . Author address: Dept. Zoology, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA116/99 honey bees/foraging/learning/orientation. Dyer, F. C. and Dickinson, J. A. (1994) Development of sun compensation by honeybees: how partially experienced bees estimate the sun's course. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91(10), 4471-4474. P. Walker. Incubator-reared Apis mellifera workers were first allowed to fly out and see the sun only during the late afternoons and then, on a cloudy day, in the morning and early afternoon, when their waggle dances were observed. Throughout the morning, the directions of these dances showed that the bees expected the sun to be in an approximately stationary position about 180 from the average solar azimuth that they had experienced on previous evenings; from about noon onwards, they used the evening azimuth. This pattern of behaviour suggests that honey bees are innately informed of the general pattern of solar movement, such that they can generate an internal representation which incorporates spatial and temporal features of the sun's course although they have never directly seen it. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701308 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bees/orientation/sun/learning/memory. Dyer, F. C. and Seeley, T. D. (1994) Colony migration in the tropical honey bee Apis dorsata F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Insectes Sociaux, 41(2), 129-140. Author. Seasonal migration by colonies of A. dorsata was monitored in a rain forest habitat in northeastern Thailand. Colonies arrived in the area during the end of the dry season, reproduced, and then departed early in the rainy season. During the immigration phase, early-arriving colonies stayed only temporarily, as if assessing habitat quality. Colonies departing after a long stay always left barren combs behind, suggesting that they had left in response to deteriorating resource quality. These observations support the idea that migration allows colonies to track seasonally varying resources in different regions. Observations of a colony preparing for migration suggested that the dance language is involved in organizing the colony's departure, but that dancers signal only the direction to be taken, rather than, as in dances to feeding sites, both the direction and distance of a particular location. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700549 beneficial insects/honey bee colonies/honey bees/swarming/migration/Apis dorsata/Thailand/communication/dances/by dances. Eady, C., Twell, D. and Lindsey, K. (1995) Pollen viability and transgene expression following storage in honey. Transgenic Research, 4(4), 226-231. Transgenic plants of tobacco and Arabidopsis that produce genetically marked pollen, expressing the reporter gene uidA (encoding GUS), were generated to determine whether pollen proteins can be expressed and are stable in honey, a potential route by which foreign proteins might enter the wider environment. Hydrated tobacco pollen was found to lose viability rapidly in honey, while pollen in the natural dehydrated form remained viable for at least several days and in some cases several weeks, as determined by FDA staining activity and germinability. Dehydrated pollen was capable of transient foreign gene expression, following microprojectile bombardment, after incubation in honey for at least 120 h. PCR amplification of transgene sequences in pollen of transgenic plants revealed that pollen DNA can remain relatively intact after 7 weeks in honey. GUS enzyme activity analysis and SDS-PAGE of pollen proteins revealed that foreign and native pollen proteins are stable in pollen incubated in honey for at least 6 weeks. It is concluded that pollen may represent an ecologically important vector for transgenic protein products. Library code: 27 ref. Language: En. Author address: Department of Botany, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701090 tobacco/transgenic plants/gene expression/genes/environmental impact/biosafety/Nicotiana tabacum/Arabidopsis thaliana/genetic transformation/pollen/honey/honey/viability/in honey. Eardley, C. D. (1993) Complementary descriptions and new synonyms of some Afrotropical Anthophoridae (Hymenoptera). African Entomology, 1(2), 145-150. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Biosystematics Division, Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600849 Apidae/Anthophoridae/Africa/taxonomy/morphology. Eardley, C. D. (1993) The African species of Pachymelus Smith (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Phytophylactica, 25(4), 217-229. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Biosystematics Division, Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600897 Apidae/Pachymelus/morphology/Africa. Eardley, C. D. (1994) The genus Amegilla Friese (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) in Southern Africa. Entomology Memoir - Republic of South Africa, Department of Agriculture(91), 68. D. G. Lowe. The southern African species of Amegilla are revised. Seven new species are described and 18 new synonyms are given. A key for the identification of the the 31 species in the genus is provided. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Biosystematics Division, Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600424 Apidae/anthophora/Africa/southern Africa/taxonomy. Eardley, C. D. (1996) The genus Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). African Entomology, 4(1), 37-92. D. G. Lowe. This genus of colletid bees is endemic to southern Africa. It comprises 31 species and is represented in most biotypes. All species, including 11 new species, are described. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Biosystematics Division, Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800832 Apidae/new species/Scrapter/taxonomy/morphology. Eardley, C. D. and Mansell, M. W. (1993) Preliminary report on the natural occurrence of insect pollinators in a mango orchard. Yearbook - South African Mango Growers' Association, 13, 127-128. Insects visiting mango flowers on a farm in the Letsitele Valley were sampled at hourly intervals over a 3-day period. A total of 1323 insect visits were recorded. Honey bees were excluded from the survey, but they frequently visited flowers throughout the day. The most abundant bees were Braunsapis bouyssoui and B. facialis (17%). Blow flies were the most frequent visitors, with Rhyncomya forcipata Villeneuve (30%) the most common. House flies (Musca domestica) were also observed on flowers. Language: En. Author address: Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600019 Apidae/Hymenoptera/Muscidae/Diptera/Mangifera indica/beneficial insects/Braunsapis/Braunsapis bouyssoui/Braunsapis facialis/mangoes/pollination/pollinators/Rhyncomya/Rhyncomya forcipata/Musca domestica/insects/of Mangifera indica/by insects/by Braunsapis. Eardley, C. D. and Mansell, M. W. (1993) Preliminary report on the natural occurrence of insect pollinators in a mango orchard. Yearbook - South African Mango Growers' Association, 13, 127-128. Insects visiting mango flowers on a farm in the Letsitele Valley were sampled at hourly intervals over a 3-day period. A total of 1323 insect visits were recorded. Honey bees were excluded from the survey, but they frequently visited flowers throughout the day. The most abundant bees were Braunsapis bouyssoui and B. facialis (17%). Blow flies were the most frequent visitors, with Rhyncomya forcipata Villeneuve (30%) the most common. House flies (Musca domestica) were also observed on flowers. Language: En. Author address: Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600019 Apidae/Hymenoptera/Muscidae/Diptera/Mangifera indica/beneficial insects/Braunsapis/Braunsapis bouyssoui/Braunsapis facialis/mangoes/pollination/pollinators/Rhyncomya/Rhyncomya forcipata/Musca domestica/insects/of Mangifera indica/by insects/by Braunsapis. Eardley, C. D. and Mansell, M. W. (1994) Preliminary report on the natural occurrence of insect pollinators in a litchi orchard. Yearbook - South African Litchi Growers' Association, 6, 13-14. A survey of 2 litchi orchards revealed that many insects other than honey bees visited flowers (data tabulated) but that most of these were present in such low numbers that their influence as pollinators could be assumed to be negligible. The aggressive behaviour of the honey bees also influenced visits by other insects. Language: En. Author address: Biosystematics Division, Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600774 honey bees/beneficial insects/Litchi/pollination/pollinators/Apidae/insects/insects/insects/South Africa/insects/of Litchi/by honey bees/by insects. Eardley, C. D. and Mansell, M. W. (1994) Report on the natural occurrence of insect pollinators in an avocado orchard: second report. Yearbook - South African Avocado Growers' Association, 17, 117-118. P. Walker. In 2 avocado orchards in Pretoria, South Africa, insects visiting flowers were recorded and samples were collected for identification. Four species of wild bees and many species of flies (Diptera) were recorded, but the number from each species was very low. Many insect visitors were nectar robbers and carried little or no pollen. The main pollinator (over 80% of insect visits) was Apis mellifera, although its numbers varied from season to season. It may be possible to increase the population density of some other potential pollinators, e.g. Allodape microsticta. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Biosystematics Division, Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700778 Apis mellifera/Allodape microsticta/Apidae/Diptera/beneficial insects/pollinators/avocados/South Africa/pollination/honey bees/insects/of Persea americana/by honey bees/by insects/Persea americana. Eardley, C. D. and Mansell, M. W. (1994) Report on the natural occurrence of insect pollinators in a mango orchard. Yearbook - South African Mango Growers' Association, 14, 65-66. D. G. Lowe. A total of 816 visits by species of Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera were recorded in a flowering mango orchard in Letsitele Valley, S. Africa, in August 1993. The most abundant insects were small carpenter bees (Braunsapis spp., 188 visits), the blowflies Stomorhina rugosa (87) and Rhyncomya forcipata (76), and honey bees (Apis mellifera, 51). Most insects occurred in low numbers and robbed flowers of nectar. Because of their small size, the Braunsapis species are considered to be the most efficient pollinators of the tiny mango flowers. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800046 Apidae/Apis mellifera/Hymenoptera/Stomorhina rugosa/Rhyncomya forcipata/Coleoptera/Diptera/Lepidoptera/beneficial insects/pollinators/mangoes/South Africa/pollination/Braunsapis/insects/of Mangifera/by Braunsapis/by insects/Mangifera/foraging/insects/Mangifera. Ebbersten, K. (1996) Genetic relationships, generation interval and effective population size in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.), Thesis, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), Uppsala, Sweden. D. G. Lowe. Evidence is presented that all genes in bees are inherited as autosomal genes and not as sex-linked genes as commonly suggested. The male and female gametes contain the same genetic information and both originate from a queen. Queens thus are the reproductive individuals and the male gametes are one generation older than the female gametes. Honey bees can be regarded as a monoecious (one sex) species with systematically overlapping generations. Each diploid breeding individual (a queen) acts as a father and a mother. Genetic relationships and inbreeding consequently must be calculated using similar methods as for farm animals. A consequence of this is that pedigrees of honey bees must be constructed in a mode analogous to pedigrees for farm animals. Drones are haploid and genetically equivalent to sperms or the haploid gametophytes producing gametes in certain plant species. Calculation of inbreeding and relationships using the covariance (tabular) method is described. The problem of finding methods for analysis of effective population size in honey bees was approached from two principally different perspectives; calculation using formulae, and simulation using a stochastic simulation model. A fundamental conclusion of this study is that effective population size in honey bee populations should be estimated according to the formula presented by Hill [Theoretical Population Biology (1972) 3 : 278-289] which can be used for random mating populations with overlapping generations. It is concluded that simulation using a stochastic model is an appropriate method for analysis of gene dispersal properties of populations with irregular breeding structures. Any population structure can be analysed by the simulation method presented in this thesis provided that the pedigree is known, even if a mathematic function describing the parameters of the actual population structure is non-existent. An unexpected result of this study was that the effective population size of honey bees seems to be as large as or even larger than estimates earlier presented in the literature. The effective size of naturally breeding honey bee populations is about four times the number of colonies according to results presented in this thesis. A final conclusion is that a naturally breeding honey bee population seems to have an optimal breeding structure as regards its potential to maintain genetic variation. It seems unlikely that this capacity can be increased by artificial means. Page(s): 260 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7023, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800208 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/inbreeding/genetic drift/haploidy/diploidy/mating systems/gene transfer/honey bees/genetics/breeding/population genetics/effective population size/relationships/mathematical models/simulation models/theses. Ebel, G. (1994) Health from the bee pharmacy. Bee products their natural 'vital power' and curative effect. Geneva, Switzerland, Ariston Verlag. Original title or source: Gesundheit aus der Bienen-Apotheke: Bienenprodukte ihre naturliche Vitalkraft und Heilwirkung. P. Walker. This book gives much practical information on the use of hive products in apitherapy, including detailed instructions for making and using various formulations. An earlier edition was published in 1988 as part of a book entitled Bienensegen. The book includes a short reading list, a list of useful addresses and a subject index. Page(s): 222 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701445 honey/bee-collected pollen/royal jelly/propolis/beeswax/honey bee venom/hive products/medicinal properties/books. Eberlein-Konig, B., Ullmann, S., Thomas, P. and Przybilla, B. (1995) Tryptase and histamine release due to a sting challenge in bee venom allergic patients treated successfully or unsuccessfully with hyposensitization. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 25(8), 704-712. Hyposensitization with bee venom leads to full protection in most, but not all patients with IgE-mediated systemic reactions to bee stings. A study was done to determine the relationship of clinical reactivity to the release of mediators and to changes of antibody concentrations in the peripheral circulation at a bee (Apis mellifica [A. mellifera]) sting challenge test. Blood was sampled before (0 min) and at 15, 60 and 180 min after a sting challenge from 19 patients on hyposensitization. Of these, 6 still reacted and 13 were protected. Histamine, mast cell tryptase, bee venom-specific IgE and IgG in the serum, and histamine release from peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) upon exposure to bee venom were determined. Tryptase above the detection level was found only at 15 (60) min in 4 of 6 (1 of 6) patients who reacted. After the sting challenge there was a significant increase of the histamine levels in patients who reacted at 15 min (P 0.05) and in patients who did react at 60 and 180 min (P 0.01). The total histamine content of PBL was significantly decreased after 15 and 60 min in patients who reacted (P 0.01) and in those that did not (P 0.05). Bee venom-induced histamine release was significantly reduced in patients reacting and those that did not at 15 min (P 0.05), and was significantly decreased in reactors also at 60 and 180 min (P 0.05/0.01). Specific IgG antibodies showed a minor decrease (P 0.05) after the sting challenge in both groups, whereas specific IgG did not change significantly. These results indicate that bee venom anaphylaxis is associated with the release of mediators from both mast cells as well as basophils. Successful hyposensitization does not induce a state of immunological non-reactivity, but rather alters the magnitude and the pattern of mediator release. Library code: 37 ref. Language: En. Author address: Dermatologische Klinik und Poliklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munchen Frauenlobstrasse 9-11, 80337 Munchen, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701138 anaphylaxis/histamine/basophils/immune desensitization/arthropod allergies/tryptase/IgG/IgE/immunoglobulins/Apis mellifera/man/stings/therapy/hypersensitivity/immunotherapy/venoms/honey bee venom/allergies/usage/antibodies. Eberlein-Konig, B., Ullmann, S., Thomas, P. and Przybilla, B. (1995) Tryptase and histamine release due to a sting challenge in bee venom allergic patients treated successfully or unsuccessfully with hyposensitization. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 25(8), 704-712. P. Walker. Patients who had undergone hyposensitization with bee venom were challenged by the sting of a live bee; 13 who did not react and 6 who did were investigated. Histamine release differed significantly between the two groups; specific IgG antibodies decreased slightly in both groups, and specific IgE did not change significantly. It is concluded from the results that bee venom anaphylaxis is associated with the release of mediators from both mast cells and basophils. Successful hyposensitization does not induce a state of immunological non-reactivity, but rather it alters the magnitude and the pattern of mediator release. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Dermatologische Klinik und Poliklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801456 Apis mellifera/arthropod allergies/venoms/immunotherapy/man/treatment/IgG/IgE/tryptase/honey bee venom/allergies/usage/immune desensitization/histamine/antibodies. Ebert, P. R. (1996) Isolation of megabase-sized DNA fragments from the honey bee (Apis mellifera) genome. Journal of Apicultural Research, 35(3/4), 124-125. D. G. Lowe. Previously published procedures were modified in order to achieve reproducible isolation of megabase-sized DNA from laying queen honey bee ovaries. The technique involves the disruption of ovary tissue in the presence of EDTA, the embedding of the disrupted tissue in agarose and the removal of lipids and proteins. The DNA is stable during storage at 4C for at least 1 year, and is readily digested with restriction enzymes. The ovaries from a single queen produce enough DNA for 20-30 digestion reactions. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biochemistry, Department of Entomology and the Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Pest Management, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800920 laboratory methods/honey bees/DNA/queen honey bees/ovaries/techniques/Apis mellifera/genome analysis. Ebert, P. R., Hileman, J. P. I. and Nguyen, H. T. (1995) Primary sequence, copy number, and distribution of mariner transposons in the honey bee. Insect Molecular Biology, 4(2), 69-78. Author. A single honey bee mariner transposon (TnM1a) was sequenced, revealing a transpositionally non-autonomous element of 937 bp delimited by 30 bp perfect inverted terminal repeats. The element is flanked by the TA duplication typical of mariner elements in general. There are approximately 435 copies of TnM1a homologous elements per haploid genome. These elements appear, by Southern blot analysis, to be dispersed throughout the genome. Thirteen individual genomic clones with an average size of 15 kb, were found to contain only a single element each, which also suggests that the elements are not tightly clustered. Finally, mariner elements are neither inactivated by methylation nor sequestered into a methylated fraction of the genome. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800482 Apis mellifera/genomes/transposable elements/distribution/honey/honey bees/DNA. Ebmer, A. W. (1994) Systropha difformis Smith 1879 and Systropha inexspectata n. sp., the two representatives of the Old World genus Systropha Illiger 1806 (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae: Rophitinae). Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 26(2), 807-821. Original title or source: Systropha difformis Smith 1879 und Systropha inexspectata n. sp., die beiden ostlichen Vertreter der altweltlichen Gattung Systropha Illiger 1806 (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae: Rophitinae). Library code: Ba. Language: De. Author address: Kirchenstrasse 9, A-4048 Puchenau, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801202 Systropha difformis/Systropha inexspectata/Apidae/Systropha/taxonomy/Systropha/morphology. Ebmer, A. W. (1995) Asiatic Halictidae, 3. The species group of Lasioglossum carinate-Evylaeus (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae: Halictinae). Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 27(2), 525-652. Original title or source: Asiatische Halictidae, 3. Die Artengruppe der Lasioglossum carinate-Evylaeus (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae: Halictinae). Some new taxa are described and descriptions of some previously unknown males and females are given. Library code: Ba. Language: De. Author address: Kirchenstrasse 9, A-4048 Puchenau, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800812 Apidae/Lasioglossum/taxonomy/morphology. Ebmer, A. W. (1995) Hymenopterological notes from Austria. 2. (Insecta: Hymenoptera Aculeata). Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 27(1), 273-277. Original title or source: Hymenopterologische Notizen aus Osterreich 2 (Insecta: Hymenoptera Aculeata). Seven species of Apoidea and one sphecid wasp, which have been noted only rarely in Austria, are discussed. Library code: Ba. Language: De. Author address: Kirchenstrasse 9, A-4048 Puchenau, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801132 Apidae/Sphecidae/Apoidea/Austria. Ebmer, A. W. (1996) Asiatic Halictidae, 5. Data on the aculeate fauna of the Ussuri region with consideration of adjoining areas (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae: Halictinae). Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 28(1), 261-304. Original title or source: Asiatische Halictidae, 5. Daten zur Aculeaten-Fauna der Ussuri-Region unter Berucksichtigung der angrenzenden Gebiete (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae: Halictinae). Comprehensive documentation is given for species of Halictus and Lasioglossum occurring in the Ussuri and Amur regions of Russia (adjoining the Sea of Japan). Library code: Ba. Language: De. Author address: Kirchenstrasse 9, 4048 Puchenau, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800808 Apidae/Halictus/Lasioglossum/Russia. Ebmer, A. W. (1996) Asiatic Halictidae, 4. Two new and unusual carinate Lasioglossum Evylaeus species from China (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae: Halictinae). Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 28(1), 237-246. Original title or source: Asiatische Halictidae, 4. Zwei neue und aussergewohnliche Lasioglossum carinate-Evylaeus Arten aus China (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae: Halictinae). Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) melli and L. (Evylaeus) oncocephalum are described. Library code: Ba. Language: De. Author address: Kirchenstrasse 9, 4048 Puchenau, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800813 Apidae/new species/Lasioglossum/taxonomy/China/morphology. Ebmer, A. W. (1996) Hymenopterological notes from Austria. 5. (Insecta: Hymenoptera Aculeata). Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 28(1), 247-260. Original title or source: Hymenopterologische Notizen aus Osterreich 5 (Insecta: Hymenoptera Aculeata). Twenty-five species of Apoidea and one masarid wasp, which have been noted only rarely in Austria, are discussed. Library code: Ba. Language: De. Author address: Kirchenstrasse 9, 4048 Puchenau, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801131 Apidae/Masaridae/Apoidea/Austria. Ebmer, A. W., Maeta, Y. and Sakagami, S. F. (1994) Six new halictine bee species [Lasioglossum spp.] from Southwest Archipelago, Japan (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Shimane University(28), 23-36. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Kirchenstrasse 9, A-4048, Puchenau, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700500 Halictidae/Apidae/lasioglossum/Lasioglossum/Japan/taxonomy/morphology. Echazarreta, C. and Pasteur, K. (1997) The trade in honey from Yucatan [Mexico]. Apitec(3), 11-15. Original title or source: La comercializacion de la miel Yucateca (la. Parte). Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901003 honey/exports. Echazarreta, C. M. (1993) The biology and reproductive behaviour of Africanized and European honey bee drones (Apis mellifera L.) in tropical Yucatan, Mexico, PhD Thesis, University of Wales College of Cardiff, UK. Author. The production of worker and drone brood and comb by Africanized (A) and European (E) honey bee colonies was examined, along with the development, sexual maturation and mating flight behaviour of drones. The 2 bee types reared similar amounts of brood and developed similar, large colonies. However, A colonies showed an earlier production of brood, which may allow A drones to mate in a period of the year with no competition from E drones. Later, when E drones are available, competition for queens may occur. E colonies built more comb during a year than A colonies, which indicates a higher investment in the permanent nest. E drones were heavier than A drones, and had heavier testes, seminal vesicles and mucous glands. However the ratio of such sexual organs to absolute body weight was higher in A than in E drones. This may illustrate a more efficient investment in reproductive tissue at the cost of smaller body energy reserves. This may have less selective advantage in the tropics than in temperate regions. E drones started their flight activity earlier in life and had higher losses during orientation flights than A drones. Later, when sexual maturation was attained, A drones made longer mating flights with greater frequency than those of E drones. Drones in search of queens were found flying at an aerial location which met the known characteristics of a drone congregation area. The colony strategies and individual behavioural traits of drones examined in this study showed that A drones may have greater reproductive success than E drones. Therefore, after the arrival of the first A swarms in the Yucatan area, higher reproductive success may explain the flow of African genes into the European honey bee population. Page(s): 258 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700938 honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/Europe/tropical Africa/drone honey bees/size/mating/flight/reproduction/development/brood rearing/honey bee colonies/Mexico/theses. Echazarreta, C. M. (1994) Africanized honey bees in Yucatan [Mexico], and efforts to provide appropriate assistance to the beekeeping industry. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Trinidad and Tobago, 7-12 September 1992. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 173-175. Page(s): 173-175. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Universidad de Yucatan, Ap. Post 4-116 Merida, 97100 Yucatan, Mexico. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600503 conferences/beneficial insects/beekeeping/Mexico/Yucatan/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa. Echazarreta, C. M. (1997) Apiculture in Yucatan, Mexico: production, marketing and export. Perspectives for honey production in the tropics: proceedings of the NECTAR symposium held in Utrecht, 18 December 1995 [edited by Sommeijer, M. J.; Beetsma, J.; Boot, W.-J.; Robberts, E.-J.; Vries, R. de]. Bennekom, Netherlands, Netherlands Expertise Centre for Tropical Apicultural Resources, 89-101. Author. The historical background to beekeeping in Yucatan, Mexico, is described, from beekeeping with stingless bees practised by the ancient Mayas to present-day beekeeping with modern equipment. The modern beekeeping industry with honey bees has developed in the last 80 years, leading to a significant contribution to world honey production from the 1980s. In an area of 141523 km, a managed bee population of about 750000 colonies yield 22000 t of honey per year. Three factors have contributed to the success of the honey industry in Yucatan. First, the wild flora, with a large variety of plant species; second, the introduction of gentle Italian bees together with modern equipment; and third, the establishment of co-operatives and beekeepers' associations that allowed the standardization of large volumes of honey and control of its price in the internal market. In the last 10 years Africanized bees, varroa, prices of honey and bee equipment and changing climate have strongly affected beekeeping in Yucatan. Economic instability in the country and high interest on bank loans have recently worsened the situation for beekeepers. Page(s): 89-101. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900861 conferences/beekeeping/honey/trade. Echazarreta, C. M. and Paxton, R. J. (1997) Comparative colony development of Africanized and European honey bees (Apis mellifera) in lowland neotropical Yucatan, Mexico. Journal of Apicultural Research, 36(2), 89-103. Author. Annual schedules of brood production and comb construction in Africanized (AHB) and European (EHB) honey bee colonies in Yucatan, Mexico, were determined for colonies given an unrestricted cavity volume. Total areas of worker and drone capped brood and areas of worker- and drone-sized wax cells constructed in a 'test frame' were quantified at regular intervals. The brood production and comb construction schedules of both bee types all showed a single annual peak between December and June, the dry season and the period of greatest resource abundance. The peaks of worker and drone brood production in AHB colonies preceded those in EHB colonies. Over the year, EHB colonies contained slightly more capped worker brood and the same amount of capped drone brood as AHB colonies. The estimated annual production was similar in the 2 bee types, averaging 68250 workers and 3650 drones. The relationship between the amount of capped drone brood and capped worker brood in a colony was similar for the 2 bee types, suggesting that similar factors influenced drone brood production in AHB and EHB colonies. The differences between bee types in their schedules of wax comb construction were less clear, though EHB colonies constructed a greater total amount of comb, and AHB colonies constructed more drone comb. AHB colonies built up faster than EHB colonies, and AHB colonies invested less in colony maintenance (comb construction) than EHB colonies. The results contradict those of other studies of AHB and EHB colonies as the differences between the 2 bee types in their total annual production of drones and workers were slight or non-existent, possibly reflecting the unlimited cavity volumes available to the colonies, or the local provenance of the EHB colonies. The results are discussed in relation to beekeeping in the neotropics. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Apicultura, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Ap. Postal 4-116, Merida, Yucatan 97100, Mexico. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900202 honey bee colonies/development/seasonal cycle/honey bees/brood rearing/combs/construction/by honey bees/Apis mellifera/Mexico/races/Europe/tropical Africa. Echazarreta, C. M., Quezada-Euan, J. J. G. and Pasteur, K. L. (1997) Beekeeping in the Yucatan peninsula: development and current status. Bee World, 78(3), 115-127. D. G. Lowe. This review of beekeeping in Yucatan, Mexico, covers the history of Yucatan beekeeping, beekeeping as an activity of peasant farmers, characteristics of present-day beekeepers, vegetation and climate, honey production and export, the Africanization of honey bees, diseases and pests, pollination, meliponiculture, future prospects. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Apicultura, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Yucatan, Apartado Postal 4-116, Yucatan 97100, Mexico. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900142 beekeeping/Mexico. Echazarreta González, C. (1999) Characterization of beekeeping in the peninsula of Yucatan. Apitec(16), 12-17. Original title: Caracterización de la apicultura en la Península de Yucatán. Information was obtained from a survey of 120 beekeepers in 1992 and 1996. More than 70% of them had 10-50 colonies (av. 37). Details reported here include: the location of a beekeeper's apiaries, mode of transport to them, arrangement of hives and protection from wind, etc. A few beekeepers produced more than 1500 kg annually, and 72% produced 100-900 kg. Most beekeepers recognized and treated diseases; the most common disease was 'mal de octubre (spring sickness), followed by foul brood. The most serious pests were ants, especially Eciton burchelli paruispinum. The main nectar flows occur in March-May. Accession date: 15 September 1999. Call number: 638.1(1/9). Library code: Bj. Language: Es. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA1010/99 beekeeping/Mexico/Yucatan/diseases/pests/ants/apiaries/honey production. Eckert, C. D., Winston, M. L. and Ydenberg, R. C. (1994) The relationship between population size, amount of brood, and individual foraging behaviour in the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. Oecologia, 97(2), 248-255. P. Walker. Colonies were manipulated so that 4 had much brood (c. 9600 cm each) and 4 had little (c. 1600 cm each). While brood levels remained significantly different, colonies in the first group had higher proportions of pollen foragers, and individual foragers collected larger pollen loads. In a second experiment, colonies were manipulated to contain c. 35000 adult workers each (large, L) or 10000 (small, S). Individual foragers from L made longer foraging trips and collected larger nectar loads. These results suggest that they worked harder than S foragers. Both experiments show that the behaviour of foragers is affected by the state of the colony. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B. C. V5A 1S6, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700188 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/foraging/honey bees/nectar/pollen/honey bee colonies/size/honey bee brood/variation/effects. Edapi, European Documentation in Apiculture for, P. and Information (1998) Dossier: Gaucho. Abeilles & Cie(67), 23-31. Original title: Carnet europeen. Dossier: le Gaucho. Gaucho (a.i. imidacloprid) is a seed dressing that confers long-term pest resistance on plants. It has been used in France since 1990 and is applied especially to sunflower and maize seed. This Carnet europeen contains four short articles on the possible repellent and toxic effects of Gaucho-treated plants on foraging honey bees. A further concern is that imidacloprid may transfer through the soil to untreated plants on which bees forage. Discussions between beekeeping bodies and the manufacturer are summarized. Accession date: 16 april. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. P Walker. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA540/99 pesticides/toxicity, to honey bees/imidacloprid/Gaucho. Ede, R. M., Wilkins, A. L., Lu, Y. and Tan, S. (1993) Novel Nor-sesquiterpenoids in New Zealand honeys II. Isolation and structural characterisation of meliracemoic acid. Tetrahedron Letters, 34(42), 6795-6798. D. G. Lowe. The isolation of meliracemoic acid from the honey of the New Zealand kamahi tree (Weinmannia racemosa), and the determination of its structure, are described. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Chemistry, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701475 Weinmannia/honey/New Zealand/composition/sesquiterpenoids. Edwards, M. (1995) Site management for aculeate populations. Benfleet, UK, Central Association of Bee-Keepers. D. G. Lowe. The habitat requirements of aculeate Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and ants) are discussed and management advice for some broad habitat types (coastal cliffs, meadows and arable fields, heathland, old quarries and sand pits) is given. Page(s): 8 pp. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Lee-Side, Carron Lane, Midhurst, West Sussex GU29 9LB, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701187 Apidae/Vespidae/Formicidae/beneficial insects/wild flowers/foraging/nesting/coastal areas/meadows/heathlands/sand pits/agricultural land/Hymenoptera/habitats/ecology/conservation/land management/resource conservation. Edwards, M. (1996) Optimizing habitats for bees in the United Kingdom a review of recent conservation action. The conservation of bees [edited by Matheson, A.; Buchmann, S. L.; O'Toole, C.; Westrich, P.; Williams, I. H.]. London, UK, Academic Press for the Linnean Society of London and the International Bee Research Association, 35-45. Author. The author presents a personal view of land management for the benefit of bees, based upon his experiences as a consultant to national and local conservation and planning organizations. It is based upon a series of case studies illustrating opportunities and techniques for maintaining and improving bee populations and diversity and is intended as a practical introduction to the conservation of bee faunas for land managers as well as a starting point for discussion. The case-study habitats described are grazing marsh and associated dry areas, deciduous woodland, lowland heath and sand workings. The presence of flowers in a 'natural environment' is often taken for granted; the provision of areas of nesting habitat for bees rarely is. Consequently management advice is frequently primarily concerned with the provision of a suitable nesting habitat. The management of food sources is most important where oligolectic bees are involved, although the wider issue of which plants are suitable forage plants for the best conservation of the bee fauna also needs to be considered. Questions addressed include: what general advice can be given to site managers; is there a need for survey before advice is offered; and is it possible to offer brief training to site managers which will help them recognize potentially important areas within their sites? The need for evaluation of the effectiveness of the suggested management is examined and a number of possible monitoring systems are discussed. Page(s): 35-45. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Lea-side, Carron Lane, Midhurst, Surrey GU29 9LB, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701196 Apidae/beneficial insects/wild flowers/nesting/foraging/marshes/deciduous forests/heathlands/sand pits/conferences/Apoidea/habitats/UK/ecology/conservation/monitoring/land management/resource conservation. Edwards, M. (1996) Bombus distinguendus: review and preliminary action plan, September 1996. Edinburgh, UK, Scottish Natural Heritage. D. G. Lowe. Details are given of the distribution, abundance, identification and ecology of B. distinguendus in the UK. Current threats to its survival and actions which could be taken to encourage natural populations are discussed. Page(s): 34 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800796 Bombus distinguendus/Apidae/beneficial insects/Bombus/nature conservation/UK. Edwards, M. (1998) UK B.A.P. Bumblebee Working Group report, 1998. Midhurst, W. Sussex, UK, U.K.B.A.P. Bumblebee Working Group. The background to, and the outline programme for, the 1998 research by the Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) Bumblebee Working Group are given, and a summary of generalized habitat requirements for the maintenance of viable bumbl bee populations is presented. This considers the partial habitat requirements of bumble bees in relation to their foraging, nesting, hibernation and mating needs. Preliminary ideas on the possibility of habitat restoration are discussed. Studies on the autoecology of three species, Bombus distinguendus, B. humilis and B. sylvarum are described in detail. Suggestions are made forfuture research. Page(s): 45. Accession date: 2 August 1999. Call number: 595.799. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA662/99 Bombus/UK/biodiversity/distribution/foraging/nests/surveys /conservation. Edwards, R. (1996) BWARS: bees, wasps and ants recording society: starter pack. Huntingdon, UK, NERC Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (ITE). The 1st section of this booklet is concerned with the conservation of bees, wasps and ants, with reference to conservation value, habitat requirements and the British fauna. The next section deals with the collection and preservation of aculeate Hymenoptera, including the use of traps. The identification of aculeates is discussed in section 3, with a key to British social wasps. Recording collections, encouraging bees in a garden and photographing aculeates are considered in the final 2 sections. A list of dealers of entomological supplies is included. Edwards, R. (Editor). Page(s): 66 pp. Library code: 9 pp. of ref. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800372 nature conservation/techniques/collections/Vespidae/taxonomy/keys/UK/Hymenoptera/conservation/books/books/conservation/identification/collection. Edwards, R. (1997) Provisional atlas of the aculeate Hymenoptera of Britain and Ireland. Part 1. Huntingdon, UK, NERC Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. D. G. Lowe. This provisional atlas, which covers Britain, Ireland and the Channel Islands, includes maps and profiles of 55 species of ants, wasps and bees. The bees included are 4 species of Colletes, 4 species of Osmia, and 1 species each of Hylaeus, Anthidium, Stelis Ceratina. The entry for each species includes information (where available) on distribution, status (Britain only), habitat, flight period, pollen or prey collected, nesting biology, flowers visited, and parasites. There is an 8-page bibliography, gazetteer of places named in the text, a list of plant names, and a species index. Edwards, R. (Editor). Page(s): 139 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4901092 Apidae/Formicidae/Vespidae/Sphecidae/Pompilidae/Mutillidae/ Hymenoptera/UK/maps/books/Hymenoptera. Efem, S. E. E. (1993) Recent advances in the management of Fournier's gangrene; preliminary observations. Surgery, 113(2), 200-204. Author. Twenty cases of Fournier's gangrene managed conservatively with systemic antibiotics and topical application of unprocessed honey (group A) were compared with 21 similar cases managed by the orthodox method (group B) during the same period. Group A received oral amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and metronidazole in addition to daily topical application of honey to the gangrenous scrotum, whereas group B underwent wound debridement, wound excision, secondary suturing, and in some cases scrotal plastic reconstruction in addition to receiving a mixture of systemic antibiotics dictated by culture and sensitivity results. The organisms cultured in both groups were similar. Even though the average duration of hospitalization was slightly longer in group A (4.5 weeks) as opposed to group B (4 weeks), topical application of honey showed distinct advantages over the orthodox method. Three deaths occurred in group B, whereas no deaths occurred in group A. The need for anaesthesia and expensive surgical operation was obviated. Response to treatment and alleviation of morbidity were faster in group A. Honey may therefore revolutionize the treatment of this disease. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: University Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600334 amoxicillin/clavulanic acid/metronidazole/surgery/ fungi/bacteria/honey/medicinal properties/scrotum/man/necrosis/inhibition/microorganisms/of microorganisms/by honey. Efem, S. E. E., Udoh, K. T. and Iwara, C. I. (1992) The antimicrobial spectrum of honey and its clinical significance. Infection, 20(4), 227-229. Author. The antimicrobial spectrum of honey was investigated by placing two drops into each of the wells made on culture media on which pure cultures of various organisms obtained from surgical specimens were grown. The organisms were grown under both aerobic and anaerobic environments. Fungal cultures of common fungi causing surgical infections or wound contaminations were mixed with 100, 50 and 20% unprocessed honey. Growth inhibition was complete in the media containing 100%, partial in media containing 50% and no inhibition was produced by 20% honey. Unprocessed honey inhibited most of the fungi and bacteria causing wound infection and surgical infection except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridium oedematiens. Apart from Streptococcus pyogenes, which is only moderately inhibited, golden syrup, a sugar syrup with similar physical properties as honey, did not inhibit any of the bacteria or fungi tested, demonstrating that honey is superior to any hypertonic sugar solution in antimicrobial activity. Honey is thus an ideal topical wound dressing agent in surgical infections, burns and wound infections. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: University Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600335 fungi/bacteria/wounds/surgery/honey/medicinal properties/inhibition/microorganisms/of microorganisms/by honey/wound dressings/man/antibacterial properties/antifungal properties. Eguaras, M., Marcangeli, J., Oppedisano, M. and Fernandez, N. (1994) Seasonal changes in Varroa jacobsoni Oud. reproduction in temperate climates of Argentina. Bee Science, 3(3), 120-123. Author. Varroa jacobsoni reproduction was studied for 2 years at Gral Pueyrredon, Gral Alvarado and Balcarce districts, Argentina. The highest reproduction rate and rate of increase occurred during the winter and summer months. In these seasons each reproductive female produced more than 3 individuals; in all cases one of them reached the adult stage. The number of non-reproductive females was inversely correlated with the reproductive rate. The results show a differential reproductive efficacy of the mite throughout the seasons. These variations may be related to physiological changes in honey bees. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: CONICET, Lab. de Artropodos, Univ. Nac. de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700670 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/Argentina/reproduction/seasonal variation/population dynamics. Eguaras, M., Marcangeli, J., Oppedisano, M. and Fernandez, N. (1995) Mortality and reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni in resistant colonies of honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Argentina. Bee Science, 3(4), 174-178. P. Walker. The colonies (European A. mellifera) were in an area with a temperate climate where V. jacobsoni had been present for 12 years. When mite populations were monitored in 1990-91, levels remained low, or developed slowly, although no chemical treatment was applied. Further studies in these resistant colonies showed that 30% of dead mites were injured (leg(s) or cuticle of idiosoma), although daily mortality was similar to that in some control colonies. Mite reproduction differed considerably: only 30% of female mites in resistant colonies had offspring compared with 60% in control colonies; the percentage of females in the offspring was significantly higher in resistant colonies. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Lab. de Artropodos, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas), Univ. Nac. Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4701045 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/resistance/Argentina/arthropod pests/mites/pest resistance/hosts. Eguaras, M., Marcangeli, J., Oppedisano, M., Fernandez, N. and Garcia, O. (1996) Resistance to mites. Studies on honey bee colonies in SE Buenos Aires, Argentina. Vida Apicola(75), 56-60. Original title or source: 'Resistencia' al acaro. Ensayos en colmenas de abejas del sudeste de Buenos Aires, Argentina. P. Walker. Varroa jacobsoni infestation levels were compared monthly for 2 years in 2 groups of Apis mellifera: (A) commercial colonies; and (B) colonies with apparent resistance to the mites. Levels of varroa infestation were highest in summer, with a maximum of 30% in A but only 7.5% in B; levels in A were also higher than in B until the end of the year, and annual averages were 17% and 5.1%, respectively. In B, 30% of dead mites had mutilations, e.g. one or more legs missing. In A the level of non-reproductive females (average 31%) was much lower than in B (60%). The mechanisms of resistance are discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Laboratorio de Artropodos, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800237 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/Acari/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/resistance/Argentina/hosts. Eguaras, M., Marcangeli, J., Oppedisano, M. and Sardella, N. (1998) Prevalency and parasitic intensity of the trachea mite (Acarapis woodi), in the hives of Argentina. Apiacta, 33(2), 46-48. Ten hives in a ditrict of Buenos Aires province were sampled monthly during 1994. The percentage of infested bees was higher in the winter, increasing to 4% in July then decreasing to 0.4% in Nov. No. mites per trachea was also highest in winter, especially in July when 62 of the 88 bees examined had over 50 mites; 4 bees had over 100. Accession date: 23 June 1999. Call number: 638.155/158. Library code: Bj. Language: En. P Walker. Author address: Laboratorio de Artrópodos, Dep. Biología, Fac. de Cs. Exactas y Naturales, Univ. Nac. de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350 (7600), Mar del Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: AA541/99 honey bees, pests, Acarapis woodi/Argentina. Eguaras, M., Quiroga, S. and Garcia, O. (1996) The control of Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Gamasida) by means of organic acids. Apiacta, 31(2), 51-54. P. Walker. Infested Apis mellifera colonies, in Buenos Aires state, Argentina, were treated with 15% lactic acid or 60% formic acid. The treatments, which were carried out in July and August (winter) when the colonies had brood, were repeated a further 3 times during the next 2 weeks. Lactic acid killed only an average of 68.5% of mites present, but formic acid killed 91.7%. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Laboratorio de Artropodos, Depto. de Biologia, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350 - 3 piso, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801045 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/Argentina/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/formic acid/lactic acid. Eichenseer, M., Eisele, S. and Disch, R. (1994) Allergic contact dermatitis to propolis and Unguentum leniens. Allergologie, 17(6), 265-267. Original title or source: Gleichzeitiges Vorliegen von Kontaktallergien auf Propolis und Unguentum leniens. The cases of 2 patients aged 20 and 41 years with allergic contact dermatitis to propolis, Cera flava and Unguentum leniens are reported from Switzerland. These contact allergies are probably the result of residues of propolis in Cera flava, but Unguentum leniens is also a possible Cera flava containing agent, in turn containing propolis. Library code: 4 ref. Language: De. Author address: Tobelmuhlestrasse 2, CH-7270 Davos-Platz, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4700346 Unguentum leniens/Cera flava/arthropod allergies/skin tests/dermatitis/allergens/hive products/propolis/man/allergies/Switzerland/as hive products/allergies. Eichmuller, S. and Schafer, S. (1995) Sensory neuron development revealed by taurine immunocytochemistry in the honeybee. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 352, 297-307. Author. The formation of ommatidia in the compound eyes and sensilla on the antennae of the honey bee was followed and the development of their sensory neurons was traced using an antiserum against taurine as a marker. Taurine-like immunoreactivity (Tau-IR) was expressed in sensory neurons of several modalities, namely visual, olfactory, gustatory, and mechanosensory. Staining intensity was very high in the larva and in the first half of the pupal stage and gradually decreased towards the end of metamorphosis. In the photoreceptor cells of the compound eyes, Tau-IR could be detected from the fifth larval instar onwards, prior to differentiation of other components of the ommatidium. In the midstage larvae, a few presumably mechanosensory neurons were labelled in the pedicellus of the developing antenna. The majority of the antennal sensory neurons, located on the flagellum, started to exhibit Tau-IR upon pupation, long before any cuticular specializations such as sensory hairs or plates were detectable. All known types of antennal sensilla were identified and it could be shown that all of them were innervated by Tau-IR sensory neurons. Functional implications of taurine during development are discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Freie Universitat Berlin, Institut fur Neurobiologie, 14195 Berlin, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4800157 Apis mellifera/larvae/pupae/beneficial insects/taurine/honey bees/antennae/sense organs/development/neurons/compound eyes. Eickwort, G. C., Eickwort, J. M., Gordon, J. and Eickwort, M. A. (1996) Solitary behavior in a high-altitude population of the social sweat bee Halictus rubicundus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 38(4), 227-233. Author. Observations of an H. rubicundus population at Gothic (altitude 2850 m), Colorado, USA, in the summers of 1984 and 1988, showed that in the subalpine region of the Rocky Mountains this bee has a solitary life cycle, although it is social in other parts of its known range. The brood is protandrous, with a nearly equal investment in the sexes. Productivity averages 6.5 offspring per foundress female, similar to the second brood of social nests in New York, but less than the combined productivity of both New York broods. Leucophora sp. (Anthomyiidae) is the principal cause of brood mortality in Colorado. Foundress females in about half the nests survive until brood emerge as adults. Retention of these foundresses decreases offspring mortality by 68%. Comparable abilities to express solitary behaviour with a single brood may characterize other eusocial halictine lineages that have successfully invaded high altitudes in the Rocky Mountains. The apparent inability to do this may help explain the absence of other eusocial halictine bees and polistine wasps at high altitudes. The possible effects of this ability on the latitudinal distributions of other insects are discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4900436 Halictus rubicundus/Apidae. Eijnde, J. v. d. (1994) The pollination of aubergines (Solanum melongena L.) in glasshouses with honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) and bumble bees (Bombus terrestris L.). Apidologie, 25(5), 450-452. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. Aubergines grown in glasshouses in the Netherlands are usually pollinated by weekly spraying of Tomatone, a plant hormone preparation. In a trial, 5 honey bee colonies were put in a 1-ha glasshouse. The flowers, which produce pollen but no nectar, were visited more frequently by bees when the colonies were fed with a sugar paste. This also helped the colonies to survive longer, and they functioned well for 5 months. Honey bees were successfully used for pollination from January to October, and the yield was as high as when Tomatone was used. In another 1-ha glasshouse, 5 bumble bee colonies were insufficient for pollination, so more were introduced. At least 10 colonies/ha were needed. Library code: Bj. Language: En\De\Fr. Author address: Research Centre for Insect Pollination and Beekeeping, Ambrosiushoeve, Ambrosiusweg 1, 5081 NV Hilvarenbeek, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4600780 Apis mellifera/Bombus terrestris/beneficial insects/pollinators/aubergines/pollination/honey bees/Bombus/of Solanum melongena/by honey bees/by Bombus/Solanum melongena/greenhouse culture. Eijnde, J. v. d., Steen, J. v. d. and Smeekens, C. (1994) Bumble bees contribute little to pear pollination. Fruitteelt (Den Haag), 84(17), 30-31. Original title or source: Hommels dragen weinig bij aan de perebestuiving. In a pear orchard comprised of the cultivars Conference and Doyenne du Comice, artificially raised bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) were introduced at the onset of flowering and subsequently the numbers of daily visits to the flowers were recorded at intervals. During flowering only 6 artificially reared and 3 wild bumble bees were recorded visiting the flowers, compared with 282 honey bees and 170 other insects. In a trial with Comice on the effects of enclosing the flower trusses (to exclude insects), with or without hand pollination, the numbers of fruits produced/100 flowers both before and after the June drop were by far the lowest with enclosed flowers without hand pollination; differences in fruit numbers between the other treatment combinations were not significant. Library code: 1 pl. Language: Nl. Author address: Proefcentrum Ambrosiushoeve, Hilvarenbeek, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601163 Pyrus communis/honey bees/Bombus terrestris/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pears/pollination/pollinators/Apidae/fruits/development/Bombus/domestication/Bombus/of Pyrus communis/by Bombus. Eijnde, J. v. d. and Velde, H. v. d. (1995) Improvement of pollen exchange between honeybees (Apis mellifera) by using hive entrance bristles. Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society, 6, 23-24. D. G. Lowe. A wooden device with a perspex cover (42 7.5 cm) was fixed in front of the hive entrance so that bees leaving the hive were forced to crawl between (A) 2 pig's bristle brushes or (B) 2 rollers covered with cotton wool; a third group (C) of hives (n = 4) had no entrance fittings. Samples of bees (6/day) leaving the hives to forage in an apple orchard were examined for pollen grains of different genera; the numbers of plant genera/bee were 1.95, 1.74 and 1.33 for B, A, C, respectively (57 bees/group were examined). Pollen grains of 7 genera were identified: Malus (on 64% of bees), Taraxacum (51%), Salix (35%), Lamium (13%), Tussilago (2%), Amelanchier (2%) and Cucurbita (2%). Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Research Centre for Insect Pollination and Beekeeping 'Ambrosiushoeve', Ambrosiusweg 1, 5081 NV Hilvarenbeek, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801340 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/pollinators/apples/honey bees/pollen/transfer/hive entrance fittings/movable-comb hives. Eijnde, J. v. d. and Vette, N. (1993) Nosema infection in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and bumblebees (Bombus terrestris L.). Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society, 4, 205-208. P. Walker. Nosema spores were isolated from honey bees and bumble bees and then fed to the brood stages and adults of each species. N. apis did not infect bumble bees and N. bombi did not infect honey bees. N. bombi was characterized by the following: (A) it affected only the larval stages of B. terrestris; (B) it developed in the Malpighian tubules as well as in the midgut of bumble bees; (C) the spores are oval-shaped and 5 m long. It is possible to rear B. terrestris colonies free of Nosema if young queens are selected from clean colonies and hygiene is maintained during rearing. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Research Center for Insect Pollination and Beekeeping 'Ambrosiushoeve', Ambrosiusweg 1, 5081 NV Hilvarenbeek, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601054 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/Bombus terrestris/bee diseases/honey bees/Bombus/nosema disease/Nosema apis/Nosema bombi/infectivity. Eischen, F. (1995) Varroa resistance to fluvalinate. American Bee Journal, 135(12), 815-816. P. Walker. Recent reports from northern Italy of fluvalinate resistance in Varroa jacobsoni are reviewed. Resistance to some other chemical treatments (e.g. phenothiazine, tetradifon) has also been reported. In USA, where Apistan (fluvalinate) is the only permitted treatment product, it is recommended that care is taken to use Apistan only as recommended, and that a second, different treatment product should also be permitted. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A & M University System, 2415 East Hwy. 83, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4801069 Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/chemical control/phenothiazine/tetradifon/USA/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/acaricide resistance/Italy/fluvalinate/mites/arthropod pests/hosts/resistance/acaricides/resistance. Eischen, F. A. (1994) Producing European honey bee queens in an Africanized area. American Bee Journal, 134(12), 832. Original title or source: [Abstract]. P. Walker. During flowering of melon plants in Rio Grande Valley, Texas, USA, 968 colonies headed by European queens were moved on to study fields; 128 nuclei with mature queen cells were also brought into the area. During the queen mating period, the flying drone population was estimated to be over 67000. Enzyme analysis of progeny resulting from matings during this time showed high levels of enzymes characteristic of European bees. When the trial was repeated in another area, mating control was even better, probably because the population of feral Africanized drones was lower than at the first study site. It is concluded that flooding an area with European drones is a practical way of breeding European queens, with almost 95% mating control. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Texas Agr. Exper. Station, Texas A&M Univ., 2415 E. Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4601029 beneficial insects/mating/USA/Texas/beekeeping/management/queen honey bees/production/drone honey bees/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/Europe/honey bees/tropical Africa. Eischen, F. A. (1998) The effect of supplemental pollen feeding on pollen collection by honey bees. American Bee Journal, 138(4), 293. The pollen collected in pollen traps on 12 hives was weighed daily for 14 days; on days 6–9, test colonies were given 30 g pollen (corn pollen (C) or non-corn pollens) or wheast mixed with 10 g sucrose in a soft paste. These colonies collected slightly more pollen than unfed control colonies did. Pollen trays on C colonies contained 27% corn pollen